38:, and is more common in males than in females. Thus, the android fat distribution of men is about 48.6%, which is 10.3% higher than that of premenopausal women. In other cases, an ovoid shape forms, which does not differentiate between men and women. Generally, during early adulthood, females tend to have a more peripheral fat distribution such that their fat is evenly distributed over their body. However, it has been found that as females age, bear children and approach menopause, this distribution shifts towards the android pattern of fat distribution, resulting in a 42.1% increase in android body fat distribution in postmenopausal women. This could potentially provide evolutionary advantages such as lowering a woman's center of gravity making her more stable when carrying offspring.
256:
android fat distribution and hypertrophic fat cells. It is not just general obesity that is a consequence of android fat distribution but also other health consequences. There are connections between high android fat distributions and the severity of diseases such as acute pancreatitis - where the higher the levels of android fat are, the more severe the pancreatitis can be. An increase in android fat distribution is positively correlated with foot pain and disability associated with foot pain. Foot pain is reported to be the second most common musculoskeletal symptom in children who are obese. Even adults who are overweight and obese report foot pain to be a common problem.
333:
6.9 kg and women showed a total body fat mass increase of 4.5 kg between the ages of 35 and 65. These observed differences could be due to a difference in muscularity. Australian
Aborigines who live a hunter gatherer lifestyle, have been noted to have high levels of obesity (with an android fat distribution) when they switch to a Westernized lifestyle. This is because in comparison to their previous lifestyle where they would engage in strenuous physical activity daily and have meals that are low in fat and high in fiber, the Westernized lifestyle has less physical activity and the diet includes high levels of carbohydrates and fats.
20:
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252:, however when the amount is too high they develop male psychological characteristics and male physical characteristics of muscle mass, structure and function and an android adipose tissue distribution. Women who have high amounts of androgen and thus an increase tendency for android fat distribution are in the lowest quintiles of levels of sex-hormone-binding globulin and more are at high risks of ill health associated with android fat
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89:). This allows for hypertrophic obesity and hyperplastic obesity. Two different receptors, alpha and beta fat cell receptors, vary in their ability to facilitate or inhibit fat mobilization. Alpha-receptors are predominately in the lower body thus more abundant in gynoid patterns and Beta-receptors are predominantly in the upper body and so more abundant in android patterns.
312:. Liposuction improves quality of life in everyday activities and issues regarding ones psychological state or social life after liposuction are less serious. It has been found that abdominal exercise alone cannot reduce android fat around the trunk and abdomen so liposuction is often a short term solution.
264:
Body fat can impact on an individual mentally. High levels of android fat have been linked to poor mental wellbeing, including anxiety, depression and body confidence issues. On the reverse, psychological aspects can impact on body fat distribution too. Women classed as being more extroverted tend to
255:
High levels of android fat have been associated with obesity and diseases caused by insulin insensitivity, such as diabetes. Insulin responsiveness is dependent on adipose cell size. The larger the adipose cell size the less sensitive the insulin. Diabetes is more likely to occur in obese women with
295:
As WHR is associated with a woman's pregnancy rate, it has been found that a high waist-to-hip ratio can impair pregnancy, thus a health consequence of high android fat levels is its interference with the success of pregnancy and in-vitro fertilisation. Body fat distribution is also related to the
279:
Central obesity is measured as increase by waist circumference or waist–hip ratio (WHR). Increase in waist circumference > 102 cm (40 in.) in males and > 88 cm (35 in.) in females. However increase in abdominal circumference may be due to increasing in subcutaneous or visceral fat,
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show android fat distributions more often than younger men which may be due to lifestyle changes, or hormonal changes related to age. Older adults have a greater waist-to-hip ratio than young adults which indicates high levels of android fat in older adults. Computed tomography studies show that
328:
Cultural differences in the distribution of android fat have been observed in several studies. Compared to
Europeans, South Asian individuals living in the UK have greater abdominal fat. Asian Indians living in the USA have high levels of body fat in contrast to their muscle mass and BMI Newborn
228:
Android fat is also associated with a change in pressor response in circulation. Specifically, in response to stress in a subject with central obesity the cardiac output dependent pressor response is shifted toward a generalised rise in peripheral resistance with an associated decrease in cardiac
97:
Hormonal disorders or fluctuations can lead to the formation of a lot of visceral fat and a protruding abdomen. Medications such as protease inhibitors that are used to treat HIV and AIDS also form visceral fat. Android fat can be controlled with proper diet and exercise. A poor diet with lack of
236:
among individuals, which relates to various health issues among individuals. Android body fat distribution is related to high cardiovascular disease and mortality rate. People with android obesity have higher hematocrit and red blood cell count and higher blood viscosity than people with gynoid
332:
A difference in body fat distribution was observed between men and women living in
Denmark (this includes both android fat distribution and gynoid fat distribution), of those aged between 35 and 65 years, men showed greater body fat mass than women. Men showed a total body fat mass increase of
77:
circulation leads to fat deposits around areas such as the thighs, the hips and the buttocks. Therefore, measuring a person's oestrogen to testosterone ratio can reveal their predicted gynoid to android fat distribution. Android fat develops as a back-up source of energy when the male body is
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The android, or male pattern, fat distribution has been associated with a higher incidence of coronary artery disease, in addition to an increase in resistance to insulin in both obese children and adolescents. Studies have also related central abdominal obesity (indicated via increased
64:
Android fat is readily mobilized by deficits in energy balance. It is stored in different depots to gynoid fat: android fat is stored in the upper body and can present a so-called "apple-shaped" body, while gynoid fat is stored in the lower body and can result in a "pear-shaped" body.
1491:
Nadler, E. P.; Reddy, S.; Isenalumhe, A.; Youn, H. A.; Peck, V.; Ren, C. J.; Fielding, G. A. (2009). "Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding for morbidly obese adolescents affects android fat loss, resolution of comorbidities, and improved metabolic status".
349:. Premenopausal women tend to show a more gynoid fat distribution than post-menopausal women - this is associated with a drop in oestrogen levels. An android fat distribution becomes more common post-menopause, where oestrogen is at its lowest levels. Older
68:
Android fat cells are mostly visceral - they are large, deposited deep under the skin and are highly metabolically active. The hormones they secrete have direct access to the liver. The presence of fat in the trunk and upper body in males is facilitated by
329:
babies in India also show similar differences in their body fat distribution. There is a difference in waist-to-hip ratio (WHRs) between Indian people and
Africans living in South Africa such that Indians have greater WHRs compared to African people.
853:
Fox, Caroline S.; Massaro, Joseph M.; Hoffmann, Udo; Pou, Karla M.; Maurovich-Horvat, Pal; Liu, Chun-Yu; Vasan, Ramachandran S.; Murabito, Joanne M.; Meigs, James B.; Cupples, L. Adrienne; D'Agostino, Ralph B.; O'Donnell, Christopher J. (2007).
78:
experiencing an imbalance, whereas gynoid fat develops after puberty, in order to better prepare the body for supporting a potential infant. 50% of the variance in abdominal fat mass observed in humans is due to genetic factors.
296:
sex ratio of offspring. Women with large waists (a high WHR) tend to have an android fat distribution caused by a specific hormone profile, that is, having higher levels of androgens. This leads to such women having more sons.
1837:
Rimm, E. B.; Stampfer, M. J.; Giovannucci, E.; Ascherio, A.; Spiegelman, D.; Colditz, G. A.; Willett, W. C. (1995). "Body size and fat distribution as predictors of coronary heart disease among middle-aged and older US men".
307:
is a medical procedure used to remove fat from the body, common areas being around the abdomen, thighs and buttocks. Liposuction does not improve an individual's health or insulin sensitivity and is therefore considered a
1704:
Laulu, M; Simmons, D; Rush, E; Plank, L; Chandu, V (Dec 17, 2004). "Body size, body composition, and fat distribution: a comparison of young New
Zealand men of European, Pacific Island, and Asian Indian ethnicities".
291:
Waist to hip ratio is determined by an individual's proportions of android fat and gynoid fat. A small waist to hip ratio indicates less android fat, high waist to hip ratio's indicate high levels of android fat.
1147:
Tanamas, S.; Wluka, A.; Berry, P.; Menz, H.; Strauss, B.; Davies-Tuck, M.; et al. (2012). "Relationship between obesity and foot pain and its association with fat mass, fat distribution, and muscle mass".
1104:
Mery, C. M.; Rubio, V.; Duarte-Rojo, A. E. S.; Suazo-Barahona, J.; Peláez-Luna, M.; Milke, P.; Robles-DĂaz, G. (2002). "Android fat distribution as predictor of severity in acute pancreatitis".
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Kirchengast, S.; Gruber, D.; Sator, M.; Hartmann, B.; Knogler, W.; Huber, J. (1997). "Menopause-associated differences in female fat patterning estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry".
315:
Another method of reducing android fat is
Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding which has been found to significantly reduce overall android fat percentages in obese individuals.
56:) in individuals with an android distribution compared to a gynoid distribution. There are other health consequences beyond these, including psychological consequences.
895:
Wysocki, M; Krotkiewski, M; Braide, M; Bagge, U (3 January 1991). "Hemorheological disturbances, metabolic parameters and blood pressure in different types of obesity".
1527:
McKeigue, PM; Shah, B; Marmot, MG (1991). "Relation of central obesity and insulin resistance with high diabetes prevalence and cardiovascular risk in South Asians".
1421:
Brorson, H; Ohlin, K; Olsson, G; Langstrom, G; Wiklund, I; Stvensson, H (2006). "Quality of life following liposuction and conservative treatment of arm lymphedema".
48:
Jean Vague, a physician from
Marseilles, France, was one of the first individuals to bring to attention the increased risk of developing certain diseases (e.g.,
34:
mainly around the trunk and upper body, in areas such as the abdomen, chest, shoulder and nape of the neck. This pattern may lead to an "apple"-shaped body or
1241:
Steele JR, Mickle KJ, Munro B. Fat flat frail feet: how does obesity affect the older foot. XXII Congress of the
International Society of Biomechanics; 2009.
1872:
Schwartz, R., Shuman, W., Bradbury, V., Cain, K., Fellingham, G., & Beard, J. et al. (1990). Body Fat
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Davis, C.; Cerullo, D. (1996). "Fat distribution in young women: Associations and interactions with behavioural, physical and psychological factors".
122:
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Aucouturier, J; Meyer, M; Thivel, D; Taillardat, M; Duché, P (2009). "Effect of android to gynoid fat ratio on insulin resistance in obese youth".
586:
856:"Abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue compartments: association with metabolic risk factors in the Framingham Heart Study"
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compared to young adults. These changes in android fat distribution in older adults occurs in the absence of any clinical diseases.
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Vispute, S. S.; Smith, J. D.; LeCheminant, J. D.; Hurley, K. S. (2011). "The effect of abdominal exercise on abdominal fat".
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and it is the visceral fat which increases the risk of coronary diseases. The visceral fat can be estimated with the help of
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Furnham, A.; Tan, T.; McManus, C. (1997). "Waist-to-hip ratio and preferences for body shape: A replication and extension".
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169:
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Mueller, W. H.; Joos, S. K. (1985). "Android (centralized) obesity and somatotypes in men: association with mesomorphy".
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The cellular characteristics of adipose tissue in android and obese women are different. Android type have larger fat (
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73:. Testosterone circulation causes fat cells to deposit around the abdominal and gluteofemoral region, whereas in women
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Differences in body fat distribution are found to be associated with high blood pressure, high triglyceride, lower
1280:"An android body fat distribution in females impairs the pregnancy rate of in-vitro fertilization-embryo transfer"
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Ley, C. J.; Lees, B.; Stevenson, J. C. (1992). "Sex-and menopause-associated changes in body-fat distribution".
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1986:
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529:"Association of the android to gynoid fat ratio with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a cross-sectional study"
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obesity. Blood pressure is also higher in those with android obesity which leads to cardiovascular disease.
2532:
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Heitmann, BL (1991). "Body fat in the adult Danish population aged 35-65 years: an epidemiological study".
1193:"Prevalence and correlates of foot pain in a population-based study: the North West Adelaide health study"
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Ley, CJ; Lees, B; Stevenson, JC (1992). "Sex-and menopause-associated changes in body-fat distribution".
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1022:"Disorded fat storage and mobilization in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes"
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O'Dea, K (1991). "Westernization and non-insulin-dependent diabetes in
Australian Aborigines".
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45:, whereby fat around the hips, thighs, and bottom results in a "pear"-shaped body.
1572:"Body composition visceral fat, leptin and insulin resistance in Asian Indian Men"
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Yang, Ling; Huang, Hangkai; Liu, Zhening; Ruan, Jiaqi; Xu, Chengfu (15 May 2023).
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2018:
1964:
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Blouin, K; Boivin, A; Tchernof, A (2008). "Androgens and body fat distribution".
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217:(HDL) cholesterol levels and high fasting and post-oral glucose insulin levels
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1815:
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Ali, A.; Crowther, N. (2005). "Body fat distribution and insulin resistance".
1396:"What is liposuction? What are the risks and benefits of havings liposuction?"
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Ali, A; Crowther, N (2005). "Body fat distribution and insulin resistance".
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1321:"sex differences of offspring-parents obesity: Angely hypothesis revisited"
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have increased gynoid fat percentage Women normally have small amounts of
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Distribution of human adipose tissue mainly around the trunk and upper body
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Ali, A; Nigel, C (2005). "Body fat distribution and insulin resistance".
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Android fat distributions change across life course. The main changes in
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if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
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Banerji, MA; Faridi, N; Atluri, R; Chaiken, RL; Lebovitz, HE (1999).
488:"Body Fat Distribution and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: An Update"
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Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
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show high amounts of android fat tissue. In contrast, patients with
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1913:
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587:"How does the type of fat you have affect your risk of disease?"
85:) cells whereas gynoid type have increased number of fat cells (
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650:
1447:
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Wass, P.; Waldenström, U.; Rössner, S.; Hellberg, D. (1997).
894:
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Wells, JCK (2007). "Sexual dimorphism of body composition".
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Exercise Physiology for Health, Fitness, and Performance
225:) with increases in peripheral fasting insulin levels.
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Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
1020:
Lewis, G; Carpentier, A; Adeli, K; Giacca, A (2003).
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Example of android fat accumulation in a teenage male
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Carbohydrate Metabolism in Pregnancy and the Newborn
1450:
The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research
1318:
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1526:
1190:
706:
382:The Evolutionary Biology of Human Female Sexuality
98:exercise is likely to increase android fat level.
1191:Hill, C.; Gill, T.; Menz, H.; Taylor, A. (2008).
715:
610:
2713:
1758:
929:
820:Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
526:
407:
767:"Liposuction Info: Fat Cells and Your Anatomy"
136:Please review the contents of the section and
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734:
259:
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646:
644:
41:Android fat distribution is contrasted with
1801:
1649:
1494:Journal of the American College of Surgeons
685:
2187:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
1905:
1891:
1761:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2528:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
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1319:Abu-Rmeileh, N; Watt, G; Lean, M (2011).
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354:older adults have a two-fold increase in
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18:
973:"The android woman – a risky condition"
741:Plowman, Sharon; Smith, Denise (2008).
485:
323:
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716:Sutherland, H.W; Stowers, J.M (1978).
613:Personality and Individual Differences
410:American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
336:
101:
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745:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
450:
232:There are differences in android and
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2427:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
1368:
990:10.1046/j.1365-2796.1996.364690000.x
403:
401:
375:
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105:
30:describes the distribution of human
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486:Despres, J.-P. (4 September 2012).
13:
2563:Medical Scientist Training Program
1852:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117385
1197:Journal of Foot and Ankle Research
268:
14:
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1506:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2009.07.022
1253:Psychology, Health & Medicine
930:Kirchengast, S; Huber, J (2004).
873:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.675355
505:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.067264
398:
368:
240:Women who are infertile and have
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1840:American Journal of Epidemiology
1679:International Journal of Obesity
949:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.08.018
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832:10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.148
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2553:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
1987:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
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299:
138:add the appropriate references
1:
1652:South African Medical Journal
1150:Arthritis Care & Research
793:South African Medical Journal
688:South African Medical Journal
635:10.1016/s0191-8869(96)00241-3
361:
2533:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
2300:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
1912:
1541:10.1016/0140-6736(91)91164-p
1462:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181fb4a46
977:Journal of Internal Medicine
909:10.1016/0021-9150(91)90253-y
265:have less android body fat.
7:
1629:10.2337/diabetes.48.12.2422
1369:Wenk, G (7 February 2016).
1075:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.09.001
384:. Oxford University Press.
123:reliable medical references
10:
2738:
465:10.1016/j.beem.2007.04.007
272:
260:Psychological consequences
152:"Android fat distribution"
59:
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1816:10.1080/03014468500007911
1265:10.1080/13548509608400015
665:10.1080/03014469700004762
546:10.3389/fnut.2023.1162079
242:polycystic ovary syndrome
129:or relies too heavily on
92:
2487:Transplantation medicine
2378:Clinical neurophysiology
2295:Obstetric anesthesiology
2215:Interventional radiology
1975:Digestive system surgery
1297:10.1093/humrep/12.9.2057
215:high-density lipoprotein
28:Android fat distribution
2358:Intensive care medicine
2332:Mass gathering medicine
2177:Maternal–fetal medicine
1804:Annals of Human Biology
1734:Ethnicity & Disease
1576:J Clin Endocrinol Metab
971:BJORNTORP, PER (1996).
936:Fertility and Sterility
653:Annals of Human Biology
275:Gynoid fat distribution
234:gynoid fat distribution
43:gynoid fat distribution
1950:Cardiothoracic surgery
1874:Journal of Gerontology
1589:10.1210/jcem.84.1.5371
1394:Nordqvist, Christian.
1039:10.1210/edrv.23.2.0461
533:Frontiers in Nutrition
319:Individual differences
24:
2601:Personalized medicine
2460:Reproductive medicine
2385:Occupational medicine
2339:Evolutionary medicine
1773:10.1093/ajcn/55.5.950
1210:10.1186/1757-1146-1-2
422:10.1093/ajcn/55.5.950
273:Further information:
22:
2621:Traditional medicine
2581:Alternative medicine
2448:Addiction psychiatry
2262:Transfusion medicine
2257:Medical microbiology
2172:Gynecologic oncology
2024:Reproductive surgery
1371:"Your Brain on Food"
1340:10.3378/027.083.0406
591:weight-loss.yoexpert
345:are associated with
324:Cultural differences
2643:History of medicine
2626:Veterinary medicine
2433:Preventive medicine
2285:Adolescent medicine
2127:Infectious diseases
337:Age related changes
102:Health consequences
2591:Molecular oncology
2548:Doctor of Medicine
2538:Master of Medicine
2455:Radiation oncology
2327:Emergency medicine
2280:Addiction medicine
2247:Clinical chemistry
2242:Clinical pathology
2034:Transplant surgery
1992:Orthopedic surgery
1970:Colorectal surgery
1713:(1207): 117–1207.
1402:. Knowledge Center
1400:Medical News Today
1284:Human Reproduction
380:Thornhill (2008).
25:
2709:
2708:
2543:Master of Surgery
2507:
2506:
2492:Tropical medicine
2438:Prison healthcare
2353:Hospital medicine
2317:Disaster medicine
2307:Aviation medicine
2122:Hospital medicine
2029:Surgical oncology
2014:Pediatric surgery
2008:
1955:Endocrine surgery
1876:45(6), M181-M185.
1846:(12): 1117–1127.
1623:(12): 2422–2429.
1535:(8738): 382–386.
1162:10.1002/acr.20663
1118:10.1159/000066099
1026:Endocrine Reviews
752:978-0-7817-8406-1
727:978-3-540-08798-4
498:(10): 1301–1313.
211:
210:
187:
2729:
2699:
2698:
2689:
2679:
2678:
2669:
2668:
2659:
2658:
2363:Medical genetics
2348:General practice
2225:Nuclear medicine
2100:Gastroenterology
2056:Vascular surgery
2006:
1933:
1932:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1884:
1883:
1877:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1591:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1456:(9): 2559–2564.
1445:
1439:
1438:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1375:Psychology Today
1366:
1360:
1359:
1325:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1299:
1290:(9): 2057–2060.
1275:
1269:
1268:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1222:
1212:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1041:
1017:
1011:
1010:
992:
968:
962:
961:
951:
927:
921:
920:
892:
886:
885:
875:
850:
844:
843:
815:
809:
808:
788:
782:
781:
779:
777:
763:
757:
756:
738:
732:
731:
713:
704:
703:
683:
677:
676:
648:
639:
638:
628:
608:
602:
601:
599:
597:
583:
577:
576:
566:
548:
524:
518:
517:
507:
483:
477:
476:
448:
442:
441:
405:
396:
395:
377:
310:cosmetic surgery
246:anorexia nervosa
206:
205:
197:
194:
188:
186:
145:
114:
113:
106:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2647:
2636:Chief physician
2569:
2514:
2503:
2497:Travel medicine
2482:Sports medicine
2465:Sexual medicine
2405:Palliative care
2400:Pain management
2344:Family medicine
2322:Diving medicine
2268:
2196:
2158:
2151:
2067:
2060:
2019:Plastic surgery
1965:General surgery
1945:Cardiac surgery
1926:
1924:
1916:
1911:
1881:
1880:
1871:
1867:
1835:
1831:
1800:
1796:
1757:
1753:
1730:
1726:
1702:
1698:
1675:
1671:
1658:(11): 878–880.
1648:
1644:
1609:
1605:
1568:
1564:
1525:
1521:
1489:
1485:
1446:
1442:
1419:
1415:
1405:
1403:
1392:
1388:
1379:
1377:
1367:
1363:
1323:
1317:
1313:
1276:
1272:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1189:
1185:
1145:
1141:
1102:
1098:
1059:
1055:
1018:
1014:
969:
965:
928:
924:
897:Atherosclerosis
893:
889:
851:
847:
816:
812:
799:(95): 878–880.
789:
785:
775:
773:
771:liposuction4you
765:
764:
760:
753:
739:
735:
728:
714:
707:
694:(11): 878–880.
684:
680:
649:
642:
626:10.1.1.517.1397
609:
605:
595:
593:
585:
584:
580:
525:
521:
484:
480:
449:
445:
406:
399:
392:
378:
369:
364:
339:
326:
321:
302:
277:
271:
269:Waist–hip ratio
262:
223:waist–hip ratio
207:
203:
198:
192:
189:
146:
135:
131:primary sources
115:
111:
104:
95:
62:
36:central obesity
17:
12:
11:
5:
2735:
2725:
2724:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2693:
2683:
2673:
2663:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2574:Related topics
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2523:Medical school
2519:
2517:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2477:Sleep medicine
2474:
2473:
2472:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2290:Anesthesiology
2287:
2282:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2220:Neuroradiology
2217:
2206:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2157:Obstetrics and
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2072:
2070:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2041:
2039:Trauma surgery
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2002:Otolaryngology
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1930:
1928:subspecialties
1918:
1917:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1887:
1879:
1878:
1865:
1829:
1810:(4): 377–381.
1794:
1767:(5): 950–954.
1751:
1740:(2): 171–187.
1724:
1696:
1685:(8): 535–545.
1669:
1642:
1603:
1582:(1): 137–144.
1562:
1519:
1500:(5): 638–644.
1483:
1440:
1413:
1386:
1361:
1334:(4): 523–530.
1311:
1270:
1259:(2): 159–167.
1243:
1234:
1183:
1156:(2): 262–268.
1139:
1112:(6): 543–549.
1096:
1069:(3): 272–280.
1053:
1032:(2): 201–229.
1012:
983:(2): 105–110.
963:
922:
887:
845:
826:(9): 826–831.
810:
783:
758:
751:
733:
726:
705:
678:
640:
619:(4): 539–549.
603:
578:
519:
478:
459:(3): 415–430.
443:
416:(5): 950–954.
397:
390:
366:
365:
363:
360:
338:
335:
325:
322:
320:
317:
301:
298:
270:
267:
261:
258:
209:
208:
201:
199:
118:
116:
109:
103:
100:
94:
91:
61:
58:
32:adipose tissue
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2734:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2702:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2682:
2674:
2672:
2664:
2662:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2606:Public health
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2586:Allied health
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2510:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2395:Oral medicine
2393:
2391:
2390:Ophthalmology
2388:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2252:Cytopathology
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2192:Urogynecology
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2095:Endocrinology
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1875:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1700:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1611:Bavdekar, A;
1607:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1328:Human Biology
1322:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1106:Pancreatology
1100:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
986:
982:
978:
974:
967:
959:
955:
950:
945:
942:(3): 539–44.
941:
937:
933:
926:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
891:
883:
879:
874:
869:
865:
861:
857:
849:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
814:
806:
802:
798:
794:
787:
772:
768:
762:
754:
748:
744:
737:
729:
723:
719:
712:
710:
701:
697:
693:
689:
682:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
647:
645:
636:
632:
627:
622:
618:
614:
607:
592:
588:
582:
574:
570:
565:
560:
556:
552:
547:
542:
538:
534:
530:
523:
515:
511:
506:
501:
497:
493:
489:
482:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
447:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
404:
402:
393:
391:9780195340983
387:
383:
376:
374:
372:
367:
359:
357:
352:
348:
344:
334:
330:
316:
313:
311:
306:
297:
293:
289:
287:
283:
276:
266:
257:
253:
251:
247:
243:
238:
235:
230:
226:
224:
218:
216:
200:
196:
185:
182:
178:
175:
171:
168:
164:
161:
157:
154: –
153:
149:
148:Find sources:
143:
139:
133:
132:
128:
124:
119:This section
117:
108:
107:
99:
90:
88:
84:
79:
76:
72:
66:
57:
55:
51:
46:
44:
39:
37:
33:
29:
21:
2611:Rural health
2596:Nanomedicine
2147:Rheumatology
2078: /
1997:Hand surgery
1982:Neurosurgery
1873:
1868:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1620:
1616:
1606:
1579:
1575:
1565:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1404:. Retrieved
1399:
1389:
1378:. Retrieved
1374:
1364:
1331:
1327:
1314:
1287:
1283:
1273:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1237:
1200:
1196:
1186:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1029:
1025:
1015:
980:
976:
966:
939:
935:
925:
903:(1): 21–28.
900:
896:
890:
866:(1): 39–48.
863:
859:
848:
823:
819:
813:
796:
792:
786:
774:. Retrieved
770:
761:
742:
736:
720:. Springer.
717:
691:
687:
681:
659:(1): 45–54.
656:
652:
616:
612:
606:
594:. Retrieved
590:
581:
536:
532:
522:
495:
491:
481:
456:
452:
446:
413:
409:
381:
356:visceral fat
350:
342:
340:
331:
327:
314:
303:
294:
290:
278:
263:
254:
239:
231:
227:
219:
212:
190:
180:
173:
166:
159:
147:
127:verification
120:
96:
80:
71:testosterone
67:
63:
47:
40:
27:
26:
2681:Wikiproject
2470:Venereology
2415:Neonatology
2312:Dermatology
2167:Gynaecology
2159:gynaecology
2142:Pulmonology
1960:Eye surgery
1922:Specialties
1429:(1): 8–25.
860:Circulation
492:Circulation
305:Liposuction
300:Liposuction
121:needs more
87:hyperplasia
83:hypertrophy
2443:Psychiatry
2429:(PM&R)
2422:Phlebology
2410:Pediatrics
2237:Anatomical
2202:Diagnostic
2182:Obstetrics
2132:Nephrology
2117:Hematology
2112:Geriatrics
2105:Hepatology
2090:Cardiology
2080:Immunology
1613:Yajnik, CS
1423:Lymphology
1380:2016-03-02
362:References
163:newspapers
2631:Physician
2515:education
2373:Neurology
2368:Narcology
2232:Pathology
2210:Radiology
2085:Angiology
2049:Andrology
1478:207503551
621:CiteSeerX
555:2296-861X
347:menopause
193:July 2016
75:oestrogen
2716:Category
2661:Category
2137:Oncology
2068:medicine
2066:Internal
1914:Medicine
1719:15608799
1664:16344887
1637:10580432
1617:Diabetes
1557:21350831
1514:19854406
1470:21804427
1435:16724506
1348:21846208
1229:18822153
1203:(1): 2.
1178:29045242
1170:21972207
1134:19764827
1126:12435867
1091:11133007
1083:17945484
1048:11943743
1007:24421479
958:15037399
882:17576866
840:19736336
805:16344887
776:21 March
700:16344887
596:21 March
573:37255941
564:10226647
514:22949540
473:17875489
250:androgen
229:output.
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