369:
groundnuts, lentils, millet, sorghum and mangos (rice is not possible due to arid climate). Cash crops include sisal (grown only in the lower
Mandrare river region) and groundnuts (cotton production has declined). There also pastoralists who raise cattle, sheep, goats and chickens. Zebu are central to the religious and social life of the Antandroy. While they supply milk, meat and leather, they are also a very important determinant of the status and wealth of the Tandroy people. While Androy borders the ocean, there is minimal fishing, most for local consumption. Of the almost 20,000 km2, only 344 km2 are forested.
38:
801:
provide disaster relief in response to a serious drought which was followed by floods. On April 1–2 more than 1,000 armed members of the MO.NI.MA. attacked 5 military posts in the Tulear province, resulting in 1 of the security forces killed and 11 wounded. This was quickly and harshly suppressed by the government, with 45 of the MONI.MA. killed, 9 wounded and 847 held for questioning. Monja Jaona and hundreds of MO.NI.MA. members were arrested and sent by cargo ship from Fort
Dauphin to Nosy Lava where they were imprisoned.
50:
1687:
1543:
66:
1336:
310:
estimated 150,000 Tandroy living in other parts of the island, many of them having moved due to recurring famine in the Androy region. In 2013 some 349,675 people - almost half of the total population of Androy - lived in the
Ambovombe-Androy District, which has a population density of 60/km2. The strip along the southeast coast (which has been described by some as "the Tandroy Cradle"), is the most densely populated.
335:(famine). Coupled with this are almost constant strong, drying winds, especially along the coast, known as "Tiokatimo." Water is in such short supply that it is delivered by truck to some people and sold by those who sell it from oxcarts to others. The periodic famines have caused somewhere between 15 and 30% of the Antandroy to have left Androy, having moved west to Toliary or to northern Madagascar.
650:
cactus by cochineal beetle (had been introduced near
Toliary in 1925 and spread east, north and south at a rate of 100 km per year, leading to the death of somewhere between 10,000 and 100,000 cattle, turning the countryside gray and leading to extensive deforestation and emigration of Antandroy
372:
Trades include silversmiths (generally part-time), tailors, cobblers and carpenters. Basketry is still practiced, but blacksmiths and those who dye cotton cloth, weave silk and make pottery have declined. Stores are mostly quite small, located in urban centers and are mostly owned by Indo-Pakistanis,
435:
Some argue the
Tandroy are a "composite ethnicity" of many clans of diverse origins (including the Sakalava, Bara, Mahafaly and Antanosy) who arrived in migration "waves," settling in Androy only several centuries ago. There is also evidence of "pre-Tandroy" inhabitants from as far back as the 11th
642:
1928 - Henry de
Heaulme arrives in Fort Dauphin, having driven down from Tananarive in a Harley Davidson motorcycle with his wife and son in the side car. His intent was to export mica from Anosy and sisal from Androy through Fort Dauphin. This family also gets involved in conservation efforts and
800:
1971 - Monja Jaona claimed authorship of April armed insurrection by impoverished peasants in Androy who were upset by the corruption of government tax collectors at a time when their cattle herds were being ravaged by disease. There were also frustrations due to the failure of the government to
330:
The Androy region is semi- to sub-arid with an average rainfall of just 400 mm (15.7 in) (350 mm (13.8 in) along the southwestern coast to 700 mm (27.6 in) towards the north), which is unevenly distributed during the year (though there's generally more rain
December
309:
who also live there. The
Tandroy may also be called the "'Antandroy'", but "'Tandroy'" is preferable. (With "'roy'" meaning thorn, and the prefix "'an'" meaning "'place of'", the additional "'t'" means "'from'". Thus, adding another "'an'" to make '"Antandroy'" is redundant.) There are another
368:
Due to inadequate water and a large population, Androy is a region of chronic food insecurity and is one of the poorest regions in
Madagascar. Most people are subsistence farmers (it is estimated that less than 5% of the land is farmed) growing cassava, maize, sweet potatoes, legumes, cowpeas,
804:
1972 - Monja Jaona and the MO.NI.MA. party, which had become a left-wing opposition movement, gained the support of
Tananarive's university students and urban radicals who, though MO.NI.MA. was banned by the government, led demonstrations against President Tsiranana until his fall May
836:
2003 - Drought and famine in Androy. This was the first drought that had been well documented and was picked up rapidly by charitable organizations and by the press that led to first massive reactions from the international community (European Union, USAID, GTZ, Care, Japan AĂŻd,
467:, Andaro on a tributary of the Linta near Fotadrevo, east of Lanany river's junction with the Manambovo, west of Vohimena, north of Vohipary and at Bebajine. Based on archeological finds, several of these towns appear to have been involved in trade by sea with
859:
2021-23 - Drought and famine in Androy. This is the first time that climatic change caused a famine in Madagascar that was announced by the UN (sic). A conclusion that was given erroneously after an AFP/France 24 journalist, Gaëlle
499:
Royal center of the Andriamanare (Zafimanara), Tandroy's royal clan/dynasty (who dominated Androy till the 18th century), at Ampotake. There were also royal centers located in Montefeno and Anjampanorora (25 km south of
666:
are also observed . This resulted in half the population of in the Tsihombe district decreasing by half, though the number of dead versus those who emigrated out of the area is unclear. Furthermore, a cricket invasion took
288:
In 2013 the estimated total population of Androy Region was 733,933 inhabitants, with a population growth rate of 2.7% (means population will double in 25 years if not reduced). The population is almost entirely
489:
population in Androy fell dramatically, as did imports, with most settlements located for defense of villagers (one of the largest at that time, Ampahijoloke, was defended on three sides by river cliffs).
794:)--Madagascar for the Malagasy—party which he led till his death. This became a significant regional party which represented both radical intellectuals and peasants from the south (especially Androy).
1509:
331:
through February). Other than the Mandrare river, most riverbeds are dry for much of the year and it has frequent droughts (generally every eight to ten years) which often lead to
709:
in the South:to chart the exact positions of the two brothers capes-the "True" and the "False"-so called by the mariners.The true one -Southernmost point of Madagascar- is named
373:
Chinese and Malagasy from the highlands. There are also weekly markets where homegrown produce is sold and things like soap, cooking pots and other things can be purchased.
96:
743:
1955-56 - In the Androy district, the indigenous production of food crops was : cassava 18.000t, corn 4.000t, grain sorghum 1.000t, beans 800t, groundnuts 700t .
1924:
277:
639:
cactus, called raketa gasy. Though cacti were beneficial - staple feed for human beings and cattle - it was getting difficult to save farmlands in order to grow crops.
1230:
662:
and Androy regions:it had provided protection to herders and their cattle as well as both fruit and water to people and cattle. Eminent damages on local species of
1169:
541:
1649 - Ancient royal settlement at Montefeno, ruled by King Andrianmififarivo, king of Ampatres, was visited by soldiers sent by Governor Étienne de Flacourt from
176:
1709:
833:(eating without return). Major famine in Androy with major responses by UNICEF and the World Food Program and also by Catholic and Malagasy Lutheran churches.
1842:
1589:
1539:
925:
1938:
356:
344:
871:) and the south of Androy. This may end speculations of the origins of the droughts and that UN might even replace back El Niño to the Pacific Ocean.
387:
1825:
1744:
1325:
1269:
1258:
571:
visited the royal capital of Fenoarivo (Ambaro) shortly thereafter. His crew is massacred by the Antandroy and he is kept as a slave till 1709.
1216:
864:
791:
776:
is one of the last impressive steel bridges, built in the nineties, just before the technological move to the prestressed concrete works.
1205:
1943:
1881:
1830:
1626:
615:
1901-1903 - French conquered Androy, though area remained in a State of Emergency due to continued Antandroy resistance to French rule
1759:
1059:
1960:
1901:
1641:
243:
Androy Region is divided into four districts, which are sub-divided into 56 municipalities, which cover 881 villages (fokontany).
1531:
654:
1930-31 - Deadly famine, exacerbated by droughts and a pastoral farming crisis because of the destruction of prickly pear cactus
2034:
779:
1950s-60s - Boetchi (Swiss), de Heaulme and Jenny families and the Lyonnaise and Marseillaise companies exported wild beans of
211:(Mimosa delicatula) but more commonly translated as "spiny land") is the deep south of Madagascar. It is located south of the
1270:
Pearson, Mike P. et al. (1996, December). Stone enclosures, political frontiers and monumental tombs: Survey in Androy 1996.
1245:
Pearson, Mike P. (1992). Tombs and monumentality in southern Madagascar: Preliminary results of the central Androy survey.
195:. It covers an area of 19,540 km, and had a population of 903,376 inhabitants in 2018. The administrative capital is
1318:
1227:
576:
different clans from the east, north and northwest invaded Androy and put an end to the ruling dynasty of the Andriamañar
1997:
1280:
1147:
550:
late 1600s - King Andrianjoma, who lived near Ambaro, became the founding ancestor of the Tekonda line of Andriamañare.
581:
beginning of the development of what Mike Pearson et al. described as the "megalithic and monumental" Antandroy tombs
215:
and conventionally delimited between the Mandrare and Menarandra rivers. It is 19,540 km and is bordered by the
37:
605:
further expansion of number of communities in Androy, especially near Faralambo where the Afomarolahy clan settled
419:
400:
2056:
1311:
1136:
1125:
1114:
1103:
1092:
1070:
1037:
1026:
1192:
932:
1303:
1524:
1259:
Pearson, Mike P. et al. (1996, June). The Early Antandroy Kingdom: Excavations and Survey in Androy 1995.
49:
511:
459:
Manda ("enclosure") Civilization, which arose in the 10th Century and fell in the 13th, had towns near
757:- wheel diameter 6m - on a 15m high tower: it pumps out 10 cubic meters/hr water from a 45m deep well.
697:) is established by Établissements Gallois. Henri de Heaulme established his sisal plantation and the
423:
1295:
1048:
729:
1945 - massive sacrifices of zebus for rain falls, in partnership with the colonial administration.
926:"Troisieme Recensement General de la Population et de L'Habitation (RGPH-3) Resultats Provisoires"
1594:
1340:
164:
1104:
HOLAZAE N., 2016. ANALYSE SOCIOLOGIQUE DE LA REALITE DU « KERE » DANS LA REGION ANDROY
726:
1943-44 - Up to half of those in Androy emigrated due to the severe famine. Another 15,000 died.
635:
by Botanist H.Perrier de la Bâthie, in an attempt to ensure biological control of the invasive
584:
1769 - Introduced in Fort Dauphin during a settlement French attempt, spiny prickly pear cactus
1517:
1159:
Madagascar: les pertes agricoles dans le sud du pays font craindre une grave crise alimentaire
1081:
533:
1402:
1360:
1344:
1296:
Pearson, Mike P. (2011). Tombs, Landscape and Society in Southern Madagascar - Parts I to VI.
568:
188:
1791:
1385:
1015:
1004:
8:
887:
212:
736:, a spineless cactus, is completed. Twenty thousand hectares planned in the so-called
1719:
1570:
1460:
1435:
273:
247:
1906:
1796:
1631:
1411:
1407:
783:(1220 tons in 1957), cattle (10-30,000/year), mica and sisal, much of it from Androy.
658:
by cochineal beetle. This cactus, previously introduced in Fort Dauphin, spread over
479:(sites of "pre-Tandroy" inhabitants identified by stone-and earth-walled enclosures).
319:
293:("people of the thorny bush") or Karembola (in the southwest), with small numbers of
265:
1872:
1610:
1562:
1494:
1481:
780:
761:
710:
663:
655:
647:
636:
585:
350:
220:
196:
156:
81:
560:
early 1700s - Menarandra area of southwestern Androy annexed by Maroserana dynasty
2051:
1816:
1786:
1749:
1729:
1695:
1671:
1465:
1419:
1234:
733:
698:
678:
315:
311:
259:
253:
1181:
Madagascar, les effets de la grave sécheresse provoquée par le phénomène El Niño
1060:
La disparition des Opuntia et les famines périodiques dans le Sud de Madagascar.
989:
1949:
1636:
1377:
957:
1180:
1158:
1137:
ANALYSE SOCIOLOGIQUE DE LA REALITE DU « KERE » DANS LA REGION ANDROY
1126:
ANALYSE SOCIOLOGIQUE DE LA REALITE DU « KERE » DANS LA REGION ANDROY
1115:
ANALYSE SOCIOLOGIQUE DE LA REALITE DU « KERE » DANS LA REGION ANDROY
1071:
ANALYSE SOCIOLOGIQUE DE LA REALITE DU « KERE » DANS LA REGION ANDROY
1038:
ANALYSE SOCIOLOGIQUE DE LA REALITE DU « KERE » DANS LA REGION ANDROY
1027:
ANALYSE SOCIOLOGIQUE DE LA REALITE DU « KERE » DANS LA REGION ANDROY
510:
1529 - July 28,East of False Cape,Manambovo River mouth. Landing of Raoul and
2045:
2012:
1999:
1661:
1548:
910:
853:
682:
476:
1333:
1283:
Pastoralists, warriors and colonists: The archaeology of southern Madagascar
1955:
1886:
1734:
1686:
1621:
1579:
1469:
1452:
1390:
1373:
646:
1928-29 - Droughts and a pastoral farming crisis due to the destruction of
536:
reaches the Mandrare river and carves two words on a stone: "Cave Incolas".
1193:"Sécheresse à Madagascar : « on meurt de faim et de soif »"
1049:
Les jardins scolaires des écoles du premier degré à Madagascar (1916-1951)
1016:
Les jardins scolaires des écoles du premier degré à Madagascar (1916-1951)
1005:
Les jardins scolaires des écoles du premier degré à Madagascar (1916-1951)
740:
operation. The Opuntia with a red prickly pear fruit is called raketamena.
1666:
1394:
787:
228:
542:
436:
and 12th centuries. For a timeline of the history of Androy, see below.
1975:
1714:
1676:
1552:
1542:
1473:
1415:
1365:
1348:
567:, an English East Indiaman, at Belitsaky (25 km from Ambovombe?).
472:
192:
71:
848:
826:(dried manioc) because most people only ate dried manioc for survival.
1862:
1852:
1806:
1801:
1776:
1724:
1599:
1440:
1369:
1335:
881:
760:
1957 - Erection of a 414m long steel bridge, designed by Anciens Ets
628:
451:
415:
147:
140:
1965:
1933:
1891:
1857:
1781:
1770:
1754:
1704:
1651:
1616:
1604:
1427:
1423:
1170:
Famine à Madagascar : Premières victimes dans la région Androy
768:- insures the first all-year-long road link between the Androy and
754:
750:
468:
306:
298:
294:
232:
216:
1206:
Madagascar prays for rain as U.N. warns of 'climate change famine'
846:
2016 - Drought and famine in Androy. The UN claimed it was due to
1912:
1739:
1584:
599:
464:
411:
290:
931:. Institut National de la Statistique Madagascar. Archived from
1970:
1896:
1847:
1836:
1764:
1656:
1498:
1448:
460:
302:
1646:
1490:
1444:
1217:
Androy : Un pipeline de 97 km pour lutter contre le kere
868:
769:
694:
686:
659:
407:
224:
1148:
An atypical urban famine Antananarivo, Madagascar 1985-1986
152:
819:(one is wide in his vestimentary) because of malnutrition.
797:
1960 - Madagascar declared its independence from France.
677:
1936 - Drought. Also, the first sisal plantations near
716:
1940 - Vichy France takes over control of Madagascar.
276:
was made in February 2023 that would create also the
958:"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab"
990:Pearson, M.P. (2002, Oct). Shipwreck into slavery.
980:Institut National de la Statistique, Antananarivo.
920:
918:
2043:
772:regions ( RIG 13 ). The Antandroy-so called
505:beginning of expansion of the Antandroy kingdom
915:
852:, but forgetting that this only occurs in the
1525:
1319:
863:2023 - a pipeline of 97 km was built between
790:formed the Madagasikara Otronin'ny Malagasy (
950:
598:Androy remained independent of the expanded
454:eggs near Talaky at the Manambovo rivermouth
843:2011 - Major drought & famine in Androy
238:
1532:
1518:
1326:
1312:
875:
643:later also gets into the tourism business.
621:1917 - State of Emergency in Androy ended.
450:possible evidence of human consumption of
483:
444:
705:1937 - Hydrographic assignment of Aviso
670:1932 - Hosting the Opuntia cacti,a mite
322:has about 110,147 (50/km2) inhabitants.
314:had about 164,751 inhabitants (32/km2),
2044:
111:19,317 km (7,458 sq mi)
1513:
1307:
588:spreads throughout the Androy region.
749:1956 - Amboliandro Atsimo (commune:
719:1941-1944 : great famine named
624:1920 - Drought and famine in Androy.
13:
2035:antanimora-sud-demande un district
338:
272:A request for the division of the
14:
2068:
815:1982 - Drought and famine called
732:1955 - Plantation on 4.000 ha of
359:(Ifotaky Nord) New Protected Area
1685:
1541:
1334:
280:district with 9 municipalities.
231:to the north (starting at about
64:
48:
36:
2028:
1289:
1274:
1263:
1252:
1239:
1221:
1210:
1199:
1185:
1174:
1163:
1152:
1141:
1130:
1119:
1108:
1097:
1093:Madagascar - Political parties.
1086:
1075:
1064:
1053:
1042:
886:information about history from
723:(that means: many human bones).
609:
592:
554:
526:
493:
318:has about 109,361 (23/km2) and
207:Androy (literally "the land of
1031:
1020:
1009:
998:
983:
974:
904:
829:1989-1992 - Drought and famine
753:) was set up a water pumping
325:
1:
1082:Madagascar Security Concerns.
897:
283:
223:), the Antanosy to the east (
42:The typical scenery of Androy
992:British Archaeology Magazine
890:et al. See References below.
376:
97:Lahimaro Tsimandilatse Soja
7:
439:
10:
2073:
1228:The Central Androy Project
840:2006-07 - Famine in Androy
822:1986 - Drought and famine
430:
426:(110 km) in the East.
381:
363:
1985:
1922:
1871:
1815:
1694:
1683:
1569:
1559:
1355:
1281:Pearson, Mike P. (2010).
627:1924 - Introduction of a
219:people to the northwest (
163:
146:
136:
128:
120:
115:
107:
102:
92:
87:
77:
59:
47:
35:
28:
21:
1987:4 districts; 56 communes
618:1916 - famine in Androy.
563:1703 - Shipwreck of the
393:
239:Administrative divisions
137: • Ethnicities
876:Additional Informations
808:1980 - Drought called
202:
1553:Republic of Madagascar
1349:Republic of Madagascar
1233:June 16, 2011, at the
672:Dactylopius tomentosus
484:14th to 15th Centuries
445:10th to 13th Centuries
187:is the most southerly
132:47/km (120/sq mi)
54:Location in Madagascar
2057:Regions of Madagascar
2013:24.80000°S 45.30000°E
962:hdi.globaldatalab.org
569:Robert Drury (sailor)
93: • Governor
1792:Tanambao Tsirandrana
1710:Ambatomainty, Androy
1461:Toamasina (Tamatave)
938:on November 18, 2020
403:crosses this region.
129: • Density
16:Region in Madagascar
2018:-24.80000; 45.30000
2009: /
888:Mike Parker Pearson
534:Étienne de Flacourt
213:Tropic of Capricorn
1720:Anivorano Mitsinjo
713:.Latitude 25°35'S.
420:Route nationale 13
401:Route nationale 10
347:New Protected Area
274:Ambovombe District
248:Ambovombe District
121: • Total
108: • Total
1992:
1991:
1843:Mahenina Ankamena
1632:Anjeky Ankilikira
1507:
1506:
1412:Atsimo-Atsinanana
357:Ifotaky Avaratra
320:Tsihombe District
278:Antanimora Atsimo
182:
181:
2064:
2037:
2032:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2002:
1689:
1563:Ambovombe-Androy
1547:Communes in the
1546:
1545:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1511:
1510:
1495:Atsimo-Andrefana
1482:Toliara (Tulear)
1338:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1305:
1304:
1298:
1293:
1287:
1278:
1272:
1267:
1261:
1256:
1250:
1243:
1237:
1225:
1219:
1214:
1208:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1189:
1183:
1178:
1172:
1167:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1145:
1139:
1134:
1128:
1123:
1117:
1112:
1106:
1101:
1095:
1090:
1084:
1079:
1073:
1068:
1062:
1057:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1035:
1029:
1024:
1018:
1013:
1007:
1002:
996:
987:
981:
978:
972:
971:
969:
968:
954:
948:
947:
945:
943:
937:
930:
922:
913:
908:
781:Castor oil plant
766:Pont du Mandrare
711:Cape Saint Marie
664:Castor oil plant
656:Opuntia dillenii
648:Opuntia dillenii
637:Opuntia dillenii
586:Opuntia dillenii
351:Cap Sainte Marie
345:Behara Tranomaro
266:Tsiombe District
221:Atsimo-Andrefana
197:Ambovombe-Androy
174:
82:Ambovombe-Androy
70:
68:
67:
52:
40:
19:
18:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2033:
2029:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1988:
1981:
1918:
1867:
1811:
1787:Morafeno Bekily
1750:Belindo Mahasoa
1730:Ankaranabo Nord
1690:
1681:
1672:Marovato Befeno
1565:
1555:
1540:
1538:
1508:
1503:
1466:Alaotra-Mangoro
1420:Haute Matsiatra
1351:
1332:
1302:
1301:
1294:
1290:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1253:
1249:(253), 941–948.
1244:
1240:
1235:Wayback Machine
1226:
1222:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1200:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1021:
1014:
1010:
1003:
999:
988:
984:
979:
975:
966:
964:
956:
955:
951:
941:
939:
935:
928:
924:
923:
916:
909:
905:
900:
878:
746:1956 - Drought.
734:Opuntia stricta
699:Berenty Reserve
693:Amboasary-Sud (
679:Berenty Reserve
612:
595:
557:
529:
512:Jean Parmentier
496:
486:
447:
442:
433:
396:
384:
379:
366:
353:Special Reserve
341:
339:Protected Areas
328:
316:Beloha District
312:Bekily District
286:
260:Beloha District
254:Bekily District
241:
205:
172:
171:
65:
63:
55:
43:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2070:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2039:
2038:
2026:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1950:Antanimora Sud
1946:
1941:
1936:
1930:
1928:
1925:Antanimora Sud
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1878:
1876:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1833:
1828:
1822:
1820:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1701:
1699:
1692:
1691:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1637:Antanimora Sud
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1576:
1574:
1567:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1537:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1514:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1477:
1476:
1456:
1455:
1431:
1430:
1408:Amoron'i Mania
1398:
1397:
1381:
1380:
1378:Vakinankaratra
1356:
1353:
1352:
1331:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1308:
1300:
1299:
1288:
1285:. Oxbow Books.
1273:
1262:
1251:
1238:
1220:
1209:
1198:
1184:
1173:
1162:
1151:
1140:
1129:
1118:
1107:
1096:
1085:
1074:
1063:
1052:
1041:
1030:
1019:
1008:
997:
982:
973:
949:
914:
902:
901:
899:
896:
895:
894:
891:
884:
877:
874:
873:
872:
861:
857:
844:
841:
838:
834:
827:
820:
817:malalak’akanjo
813:
806:
802:
798:
795:
784:
777:
758:
747:
744:
741:
730:
727:
724:
717:
714:
691:
690:
675:
668:
652:
644:
640:
625:
622:
619:
616:
611:
608:
607:
606:
603:
594:
591:
590:
589:
582:
578:
577:
573:
572:
561:
556:
553:
552:
551:
547:
546:
538:
537:
528:
525:
524:
523:
514:, captains of
507:
506:
502:
501:
495:
492:
491:
490:
485:
482:
481:
480:
456:
455:
446:
443:
441:
438:
432:
429:
428:
427:
404:
395:
392:
391:
390:
388:Bekily Airport
383:
380:
378:
375:
365:
362:
361:
360:
354:
348:
340:
337:
327:
324:
285:
282:
270:
269:
263:
257:
251:
240:
237:
204:
201:
180:
179:
168:
161:
160:
150:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
130:
126:
125:
122:
118:
117:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
61:
57:
56:
53:
45:
44:
41:
33:
32:
29:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2069:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2025:
2022:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1826:Ambatotsivala
1824:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1745:Bekily Centre
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1662:Maroalomainty
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1549:Androy Region
1544:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1297:
1292:
1286:
1284:
1277:
1271:
1266:
1260:
1255:
1248:
1247:Antiquity, 66
1242:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1224:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1202:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1177:
1171:
1166:
1160:
1155:
1149:
1144:
1138:
1133:
1127:
1122:
1116:
1111:
1105:
1100:
1094:
1089:
1083:
1078:
1072:
1067:
1061:
1056:
1050:
1045:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1023:
1017:
1012:
1006:
1001:
995:
993:
986:
977:
963:
959:
953:
934:
927:
921:
919:
912:
907:
903:
892:
889:
885:
883:
880:
879:
870:
866:
862:
858:
855:
854:Pacific Ocean
851:
850:
845:
842:
839:
835:
832:
828:
825:
821:
818:
814:
811:
807:
803:
799:
796:
793:
789:
785:
782:
778:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
756:
752:
748:
745:
742:
739:
735:
731:
728:
725:
722:
718:
715:
712:
708:
704:
703:
702:
700:
696:
688:
684:
683:Amboasary Sud
681:are close to
680:
676:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
638:
634:
630:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
613:
604:
601:
597:
596:
587:
583:
580:
579:
575:
574:
570:
566:
562:
559:
558:
549:
548:
544:
540:
539:
535:
531:
530:
521:
517:
513:
509:
508:
504:
503:
498:
497:
488:
487:
478:
477:Swahili Coast
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
457:
453:
449:
448:
437:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
402:
398:
397:
389:
386:
385:
374:
370:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
342:
336:
334:
323:
321:
317:
313:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
281:
279:
275:
267:
264:
261:
258:
256:- 20 communes
255:
252:
250:- 21 communes
249:
246:
245:
244:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
178:
169:
166:
162:
158:
154:
151:
149:
145:
142:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
114:
110:
106:
101:
98:
95:
91:
86:
83:
80:
76:
73:
62:
58:
51:
46:
39:
34:
27:
23:Androy Region
20:
2030:
1994:
1956:Andalatanosy
1948:
1911:
1887:Antaritarika
1835:
1769:
1735:Antsakoamaro
1622:Andalatanosy
1609:
1595:Ambohimalaza
1580:Ambanisarike
1486:
1480:
1470:Analanjirofo
1459:
1434:
1403:Fianarantsoa
1401:
1384:
1361:Antananarivo
1359:
1291:
1282:
1276:
1265:
1254:
1246:
1241:
1223:
1212:
1201:
1187:
1176:
1165:
1154:
1143:
1132:
1121:
1110:
1099:
1088:
1077:
1066:
1055:
1044:
1033:
1022:
1011:
1000:
991:
985:
976:
965:. Retrieved
961:
952:
940:. Retrieved
933:the original
906:
847:
831:tsy mitolike
830:
823:
816:
812:(iron belt).
809:
773:
765:
737:
720:
707:Bougainville
706:
692:
671:
633:Coccus cacti
632:
610:20th Century
593:19th Century
564:
555:18th Century
543:Fort Dauphin
527:17th Century
519:
515:
494:16th Century
434:
371:
367:
332:
329:
287:
271:
268:- 7 communes
262:- 8 communes
242:
208:
206:
184:
183:
2016: /
1667:Maroalopoty
1386:Antsiranana
893:Archaeology
865:Efaho River
788:Monja Jaona
674:is noticed.
326:Climatology
2046:Categories
1976:Sihanamaro
1715:Ambatosola
1698:(20) (607)
1677:Sihanamaro
1573:(21) (604)
1474:Atsinanana
1416:Fitovinany
1366:Analamanga
967:2018-09-13
898:References
824:bekalapake
774:Grand Pont
473:Mozambique
418:leads the
284:Population
227:) and the
193:Madagascar
177:20th of 22
116:Population
88:Government
72:Madagascar
2004:45°18′0″E
2001:24°48′0″S
1927:(9) (604)
1923:proposed
1875:(7) (621)
1863:Tranovaho
1853:Marolinta
1819:(8) (609)
1807:Vohimanga
1802:Tsikolaky
1797:Tanandava
1777:Manakompy
1725:Anja Nord
1611:Ambovombe
1600:Ambonaivo
1571:Ambovombe
1561:Capital:
1441:Betsiboka
1436:Mahajanga
1370:Bongolava
1341:Provinces
882:Antandroy
810:santiravy
792:MO.NI.MA.
721:marotaola
629:Cochineal
520:la Pensée
452:Aepyornis
424:Taolanaro
416:Ambovombe
377:Transport
229:Bara land
148:Time zone
141:Antandroy
1966:Imanombo
1944:Andraivo
1939:Ambinany
1934:Ampamata
1907:Marovato
1892:Faux Cap
1882:Anjapaly
1858:Tranoroa
1831:Behabobo
1782:Maroviro
1771:Bevitiky
1755:Beraketa
1705:Ambahita
1652:Imanombo
1627:Andraivo
1617:Ampamata
1605:Ambondro
1590:Ambinany
1428:Vatovavy
1424:Ihorombe
1231:Archived
755:windmill
751:Tsihombe
516:le Sacre
500:Ambaro).
475:and the
469:Zimbabwe
440:Timeline
307:Betsileo
299:Mahafaly
295:Antanosy
233:Isoanala
217:Mahafaly
1913:Tsiombe
1873:Tsiombe
1760:Besakoa
1740:Bekitro
1585:Ambazoa
1551:of the
1347:of the
1345:Regions
942:May 23,
911:pnae.mg
860:Borgia.
849:El Niño
786:1958 -
651:people.
631:insect
602:Kingdom
600:Imerina
565:Degrave
532:1648 -
465:Bekitro
431:History
412:Betroka
382:Airport
364:Economy
291:Tandroy
124:903,376
78:Capital
60:Country
2052:Androy
1971:Jafaro
1961:Befeno
1902:Nikoly
1897:Imongy
1848:Kopoky
1837:Beloha
1817:Beloha
1765:Beteza
1696:Bekily
1657:Jafaro
1642:Befeno
1499:Menabe
1487:Androy
1449:Melaky
1339:
762:Eiffel
738:Raketa
667:place.
522:ships.
461:Bekily
303:Merina
189:region
185:Androy
167:(2018)
69:
30:Region
1647:Erada
1491:Anosy
1453:Sofia
1445:Boeny
1391:Diana
1374:Itasy
936:(PDF)
929:(PDF)
869:Anosy
837:etc.)
805:1972.
770:Anosy
695:Anosy
687:Anosy
660:Anosy
408:Ihosy
406:from
394:Roads
225:Anosy
170:0.425
1395:Sava
1343:and
944:2020
518:and
463:and
399:the
333:Kere
305:and
203:Area
153:UTC3
103:Area
1485::
1447:-
1443:-
1393:-
1389::
1364::
422:to
235:).
209:roy
191:of
173:low
165:HDI
157:EAT
2048::
1497:-
1493:-
1489:-
1472:-
1468:-
1464::
1451:-
1439::
1426:-
1422:-
1418:-
1414:-
1410:-
1406::
1376:-
1372:-
1368:-
960:.
917:^
764:-
701:.
689:).
545:).
471:,
414:-
410:-
301:,
297:,
199:.
175:·
1978:.
1533:e
1526:t
1519:v
1327:e
1320:t
1313:v
1195:.
994:.
970:.
946:.
867:(
856:.
685:(
159:)
155:(
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