507:
93:
2796:
84:
1911:
1973:
5509:
952:
2778:
5520:
27:
506:
121:). So a standard 50 mm lens for 35 mm photography acts like a 50 mm standard "film" lens on a professional digital SLR, but would act closer to an 80 mm lens (1.6×50mm) on many mid-market DSLRs, and the 40-degree angle of view of a standard 50 mm lens on a film camera is equivalent to an 80 mm lens on many digital SLRs.
2380:, but converge more due to the wider total field. For example, buildings appear to be falling backwards much more severely when the camera is pointed upward from ground level than they would if photographed with a normal lens at the same distance from the subject, because more of the subject building is visible in the wide-angle shot.
142:, a longer lens with distortion can have a wider angle of view than a shorter lens with low distortion) Angle of view may be measured horizontally (from the left to right edge of the frame), vertically (from the top to bottom of the frame), or diagonally (from one corner of the frame to its opposite corner).
1825:
A second effect which comes into play in macro photography is lens asymmetry (an asymmetric lens is a lens where the aperture appears to have different dimensions when viewed from the front and from the back). The lens asymmetry causes an offset between the nodal plane and pupil positions. The effect
2030:
The collimator's distant virtual image of the target subtends a certain angle, referred to as the angular extent of the target, that depends on the collimator focal length and the target size. Assuming the sensed image includes the whole target, the angle seen by the camera, its FOV, is this angular
2838:
acts like a 50 mm standard "film" lens even on a professional digital SLR, but would act closer to a 75 mm (1.5×50 mm Nikon) or 80 mm lens (1.6×50mm Canon) on many mid-market DSLRs, and the 40-degree angle of view of a standard 50 mm lens on a film camera is equivalent to a
96:
In this simulation, adjusting the angle of view and distance of the camera while keeping the object in frame results in vastly differing images. At distances approaching infinity, the light rays are nearly parallel to each other, resulting in a "flattened" image. At low distances and high angles of
2821:
As noted above, a camera's angle level of view depends not only on the lens, but also on the sensor used. Digital sensors are usually smaller than 35 mm film, causing the lens to usually behave as a longer focal length lens would behave, and have a narrower angle of view than with 35 mm
1980:
The sensed image, which includes the target, is displayed on a monitor, where it can be measured. Dimensions of the full image display and of the portion of the image that is the target are determined by inspection (measurements are typically in pixels, but can just as well be inches or cm).
87:
In 1916, Northey showed how to calculate the angle of view using ordinary carpenter's tools. The angle that he labels as the angle of view is the half-angle or "the angle that a straight line would take from the extreme outside of the field of view to the center of the lens;" he notes that
1945:
The purpose of this test is to measure the horizontal and vertical FOV of a lens and sensor used in an imaging system, when the lens focal length or sensor size is not known (that is, when the calculation above is not immediately applicable). Although this is one typical method that the
2272:
516:
Log-log graphs of focal length vs crop factor vs diagonal, horizontal and vertical angles of view for film or sensors of 3:2 and 4:3 aspect ratios. The yellow line shows an example where 18 mm on 3:2 APS-C is equivalent to 27 mm and yields a vertical angle of 48
2368:
For a given camera–subject distance, longer lenses magnify the subject more. For a given subject magnification (and thus different camera–subject distances), longer lenses appear to compress distance; wider lenses appear to expand the distance between objects.
1969:(the mirrors in the diagram), such that a virtual image of the test target will be seen infinitely far away by the camera under test. The camera under test senses a real image of the virtual image of the target, and the sensed image is displayed on a monitor.
137:
and the image format dimensions completely define the angle of view. Calculations for lenses producing non-rectilinear images are much more complex and in the end not very useful in most practical applications. (In the case of a lens with distortion, e.g., a
844:
745:
646:
79:
toward the edge. If the angle of coverage of the lens does not fill the sensor, the image circle will be visible, typically with strong vignetting toward the edge, and the effective angle of view will be limited to the angle of coverage.
3885:
3628:
Mazzetta, J.A.; Scopatz, S.D. (2007). Automated
Testing of Ultraviolet, Visible, and Infrared Sensors Using Shared Optics. Infrared Imaging Systems: Design Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XVIII, Vol. 6543, pp. 654313-1
2305:(as opposed to a full-frame fisheye) is an example of a lens where the angle of coverage is less than the angle of view. The image projected onto the film is circular because the diameter of the image projected is
1562:
2254:
1901:
310:
Because this is a trigonometric function, the angle of view does not vary quite linearly with the reciprocal of the focal length. However, except for wide-angle lenses, it is reasonable to approximate
1169:
2795:
2777:
2180:
2086:
1227:
1776:
1333:
206:
1433:
341:
2442:
2432:
2420:
2410:
2458:
This table shows the diagonal, horizontal, and vertical angles of view, in degrees, for lenses producing rectilinear images, when used with 36 mm × 24 mm format (that is,
3528:
378:
2343:(any lens with a focal length greater than the diagonal of the film or sensor used) generally have an angle of view of 35° or less. Since photographers usually only encounter the
752:
305:
270:
1694:
653:
554:
1820:
441:
1616:
513:
495:
984:
1729:
1032:
1008:
3505:
2133:
1643:
1468:
1256:
1092:
938:
879:
1359:
1062:
1010:
is defined to be the angle-of-view, since it is the angle enclosing the largest object whose image can fit on the film. We want to find the relationship between:
2106:
2024:
2002:
1488:
1280:
899:
463:
227:
2470:
in the formula above). Digital compact cameras sometimes state the focal lengths of their lenses in 35 mm equivalents, which can be used in this table.
2383:
Because different lenses generally require a different camera–subject distance to preserve the size of a subject, changing the angle of view can indirectly
2842:
The table below shows the horizontal, vertical and diagonal angles of view, in degrees, when used with 22.2 mm × 14.8 mm format (that is Canon's
1497:
5477:
2835:
2360:
are a special case wherein the focal length, and hence angle of view, of the lens can be altered mechanically without removing the lens from the camera.
5419:
2189:
1833:
3475:
2298:, typical focal lengths are between 8 mm and 10 mm for circular images, and 15–16 mm for full-frame images. Up to 180° and beyond.
3750:
534:. The dimensions of the 35 mm image format are 24 mm (vertically) × 36 mm (horizontal), giving a diagonal of about 43.3 mm.
3832:
3644:
1101:
2141:
2037:
1926:(FOV) is most often used, though the measurements are still expressed as angles. Optical tests are commonly used for measuring the FOV of
1178:
5467:
5414:
105:, and this causes the lens to have a narrower angle of view than with 35 mm film, by a constant factor for each sensor (called the
5194:
1734:
1291:
164:
3781:
2390:
If the subject image size remains the same, then at any given aperture all lenses, wide angle and long lenses, will give the same
4064:
3548:
3714:
4170:
3922:
2802:
5472:
2384:
2373:
2284:
2283:
achieved by different camera-subject distances. Notice that the shorter the focal length and the larger the angle of view,
3671:
3619:
Holst, G.C. (1998). Testing and
Evaluation of Infrared Imaging Systems (2nd ed.). Florida:JCD Publishing, Washington:SPIE.
3497:
3594:
1648:
465:
is usually defined to be positive, despite the inverted image.) For example, with a magnification ratio of 1:2, we find
101:
A camera's angle of view depends not only on the lens, but also on the sensor. Digital sensors are usually smaller than
5409:
4956:
3448:
2787:
Five images using 24, 28, 35, 50 and 72 mm equivalent zoom lengths, portrait format, to illustrate angles of view
2350:"Medium telephoto", a focal length of 85 mm to 250 mm in 35 mm film format covering between 30° and 10°
5165:
3866:
3724:
3681:
3458:
1371:
3673:
Applied
Photographic Optics: Lenses and Optical Systems for Photography, Film, Video, Electronic and Digital Imaging
1830:) between apparent exit pupil diameter and entrance pupil diameter. The full formula for angle of view now becomes:
402:
5132:
313:
2376:
when the camera is not aligned perpendicularly to the subject: parallel lines converge at the same rate as with a
5545:
5451:
5429:
4918:
5097:
4585:
4372:
2353:"Super telephoto" (over 300 mm in 35 mm film format) generally cover between 8° through less than 1°
2258:
This calculation could be a horizontal or a vertical FOV, depending on how the target and image are measured.
5006:
4938:
4691:
4218:
3367:
839:{\displaystyle \alpha _{d}=2\arctan {\frac {d}{2f}}=2\arctan {\frac {43.3}{2\times 50}}\approx 46.8^{\circ }}
5439:
5434:
3354:
2805:
Five images using 24, 28, 35, 50 and 72 mm equivalent step zoom function, to illustrate angles of view
740:{\displaystyle \alpha _{v}=2\arctan {\frac {v}{2f}}=2\arctan {\frac {24}{2\times 50}}\approx 27.0^{\circ }}
641:{\displaystyle \alpha _{h}=2\arctan {\frac {h}{2f}}=2\arctan {\frac {36}{2\times 50}}\approx 39.6^{\circ }}
346:
497:
and thus the angle of view is reduced by 33% compared to focusing on a distant object with the same lens.
5550:
5444:
4716:
3310:
3294:
275:
240:
5170:
4858:
4761:
4059:
3341:. Using a wide angle of view can exaggerate the camera's perceived speed, and is a common technique in
2784:
3862:
The image examples uses a 5.1–15.3 mm lens which is called a 24 mm 3× zoom by the producer (
5137:
5087:
5047:
4900:
4786:
4736:
4433:
4377:
4233:
3990:
3915:
3758:
1781:
5343:
4933:
4666:
4458:
2280:
1939:
1573:
75:
produced by a lens is large enough to cover the film or sensor completely, possibly including some
3895:
468:
5303:
5107:
5011:
4875:
4726:
4563:
4468:
4111:
4000:
3842:
3648:
1491:
5524:
5363:
5338:
5142:
5127:
5062:
5042:
4948:
4870:
4701:
4625:
4620:
4595:
4523:
4513:
4463:
4453:
4387:
4350:
4278:
4253:
3233:
2463:
961:
92:
5424:
5214:
5122:
5117:
5102:
5092:
5067:
5052:
4913:
4846:
4816:
4776:
4686:
4676:
4518:
4397:
4360:
4283:
3402:
2314:
1701:
1017:
993:
500:
Angle of view can also be determined using FOV tables or paper or software lens calculators.
4971:
5513:
5112:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5057:
4711:
4635:
4605:
4558:
4503:
4493:
4418:
4243:
4190:
3908:
3387:
3328:
3324:
2111:
1621:
1446:
1234:
1070:
916:
910:
857:
8:
5209:
5182:
5152:
4806:
4721:
4630:
4508:
4488:
4478:
4473:
4443:
4335:
4248:
4076:
4071:
3785:
3417:
3407:
2473:
For comparison, the human visual system perceives an angle of view of about 140° by 80°.
1338:
1039:
5358:
5016:
4966:
4791:
4651:
4610:
4590:
4528:
4483:
4448:
4423:
3985:
3950:
3890:
3566:
2091:
2009:
1987:
1954:
1473:
1265:
884:
448:
391:
where the lens-to-object distance is comparable to the focal length. In this case, the
212:
2826:). In everyday digital cameras, the crop factor can range from around 1 (professional
109:). In everyday digital cameras, the crop factor can range from around 1 (professional
5323:
5259:
5246:
5177:
4841:
4766:
4756:
4746:
4731:
4600:
4568:
4428:
4263:
4034:
3720:
3677:
3545:
3454:
3427:
3350:
3314:
902:
388:
114:
2302:
5383:
5328:
5286:
5271:
5254:
5224:
5219:
4863:
4821:
4771:
4538:
4498:
4438:
4293:
3412:
2318:
2183:
1931:
1365:
1364:
Note that the angle of view varies slightly when the focus is not at infinity (See
941:
854:
Consider a rectilinear lens in a camera used to photograph an object at a distance
383:
The effective focal length is nearly equal to the stated focal length of the lens (
130:
5484:
83:
5388:
5291:
4908:
4661:
4543:
4238:
4185:
4180:
4148:
4133:
4091:
3870:
3818:
3552:
3382:
3377:
2340:
2328:
990:
of the lens and the ray joining its optical center to the edge of the film. Here
237:. For example, for 35 mm film which is 36 mm wide and 24 mm high,
2387:
perspective, changing the apparent relative size of the subject and foreground.
2325:
in 35 mm film format, here 14 mm gives 114° and 24 mm gives 84° .
5555:
5160:
4986:
4928:
4696:
4382:
4288:
4273:
4268:
4163:
3975:
3965:
3955:
3337:
2831:
2391:
2344:
1283:
945:
118:
3533:
Industry: A Monthly
Magazine Devoted to Science, Engineering and Mechanic Arts
2031:
extent of the target times the ratio of full image size to target image size.
5539:
5313:
5281:
5266:
5231:
4991:
4836:
4801:
4392:
4365:
4345:
4313:
4258:
3809:
and therefore produce narrower angles of view than set out in the table. See
3598:
3392:
3342:
1567:
392:
60:
20:
4751:
3805:
However, most interchangeable-lens digital cameras do not use 24×36 mm
1910:
5489:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5318:
5204:
5199:
4853:
4578:
4548:
4330:
4325:
4308:
4153:
3980:
3970:
3960:
3806:
3372:
3346:
2322:
2295:
2276:
1950:
industry uses to measure the FOV, there exist many other possible methods.
1259:
987:
906:
139:
134:
72:
3863:
3782:"Do Wide Angle Lenses Really Have Greater Depth of Field Than Telephotos?"
5494:
5353:
5348:
5276:
5189:
5026:
5001:
4831:
4826:
4811:
4671:
4553:
4533:
4402:
4303:
4195:
4158:
4128:
4081:
4049:
4044:
4010:
3931:
3810:
3422:
3290:
2827:
2823:
2816:
2466:
using width 36 mm, height 24 mm, and diagonal 43.3 mm for
2377:
2334:
1962:
110:
106:
102:
39:
2291:
Lenses are often referred to by terms that express their angle of view:
1972:
4996:
4976:
4890:
4880:
4741:
4706:
4681:
4615:
4355:
4340:
4320:
4202:
4138:
4054:
4005:
3397:
3332:
2441:
1966:
1958:
1915:
76:
71:, which describes the angle range that a lens can image. Typically the
2431:
2419:
2409:
229:
represents the size of the film (or sensor) in the direction measured
5393:
5333:
4961:
4923:
4885:
4781:
4143:
4106:
4101:
4086:
4039:
4027:
3274:
2357:
1731:
as the "effective focal length", we get the formula presented above:
1557:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{F}}={\frac {1}{S_{1}}}+{\frac {1}{S_{2}}}.}
951:
145:
For a lens projecting a rectilinear image (focused at infinity, see
4981:
4796:
4298:
4228:
4096:
4022:
4017:
3638:
Electro
Optical Industries, Inc.(2005). EO TestLab Methadology. In
2459:
2337:(36–60 mm in 35 mm film format) cover between 62° and 40°
2331:(24–35 mm in 35 mm film format) cover between 84° and 64°
1935:
133:(non-spatially-distorted) images of distant objects, the effective
2347:
sub-type, they are referred to in common photographic parlance as:
940:
from the image plane (technically, the center of perspective of a
527:
Consider a 35 mm camera with a lens having a focal length of
5021:
4175:
4121:
3703:
Lynne Warren, Encyclopedia of 20th century photography, page 211
2810:
2372:
Another result of using a wide angle lens is a greater apparent
1443:
For macro photography, we cannot neglect the difference between
26:
4573:
3995:
3945:
2271:
1947:
881:, and forming an image that just barely fits in the dimension,
55:
3900:
3474:
Neil Wayne
Northey (September 1916). Frank V. Chambers (ed.).
3450:
Matchmoving: The
Invisible Art of Camera Tracking, 2nd Edition
1918:-based optical apparatus used in measuring the FOV of a camera
5236:
4656:
4116:
3891:
Angle of View on digital SLR cameras with reduced sensor size
2843:
2249:{\displaystyle \mathrm {FOV} =2\arctan {\frac {LD}{2f_{c}d}}}
1896:{\displaystyle \alpha =2\arctan {\frac {d}{2F\cdot (1+m/P)}}}
51:
146:
3745:
3743:
1976:
Monitor display of sensed image from the camera under test
849:
67:
It is important to distinguish the angle of view from the
2309:
than that needed to cover the widest portion of the film.
272:
would be used to obtain the horizontal angle of view and
3740:
3535:. Industrial Publishing Company, San Francisco: 399–406.
2279:
affects perspective: Varying focal lengths at identical
58:. It is used interchangeably with the more general term
34:
can be measured horizontally, vertically, or diagonally.
2822:
film, by a constant factor for each sensor (called the
1927:
124:
3834:
A Retinal
Display for Virtual-Environment Applications
2402:
An example of how lens choice affects angle of view.
2192:
2144:
2114:
2094:
2040:
2012:
1990:
1905:
1836:
1784:
1737:
1704:
1651:
1624:
1576:
1500:
1476:
1449:
1374:
1341:
1294:
1268:
1237:
1181:
1164:{\displaystyle \tan(\alpha /2)={\frac {d/2}{S_{2}}}.}
1104:
1073:
1042:
1020:
996:
964:
919:
887:
860:
755:
656:
557:
471:
451:
405:
349:
316:
278:
243:
215:
167:
3886:
3331:, often combined with camera movement to produce a "
2175:{\displaystyle \mathrm {FOV} =\alpha {\frac {D}{d}}}
2081:{\displaystyle \alpha =2\arctan {\frac {L}{2f_{c}}}}
1222:{\displaystyle \alpha =2\arctan {\frac {d}{2S_{2}}}}
3586:
3567:"The Proper Pivot Point for Panoramic Photography"
3473:
3203:
2830:), to 1.6 (mid-market SLRs), to around 3 to 6 for
2248:
2174:
2127:
2100:
2080:
2018:
1996:
1895:
1814:
1770:
1723:
1688:
1637:
1610:
1556:
1482:
1462:
1427:
1353:
1327:
1274:
1250:
1221:
1163:
1086:
1056:
1026:
1002:
978:
932:
893:
873:
838:
739:
640:
489:
457:
435:
372:
335:
299:
264:
221:
200:
3526:
1922:In the optical instrumentation industry the term
5537:
3564:
3323:Modifying the angle of view over time (known as
1771:{\displaystyle \alpha =2\arctan {\frac {d}{2f}}}
1328:{\displaystyle \alpha =2\arctan {\frac {d}{2f}}}
201:{\displaystyle \alpha =2\arctan {\frac {d}{2f}}}
3592:
2138:The total field of view is then approximately:
1428:{\displaystyle S_{2}={\frac {S_{1}f}{S_{1}-f}}}
153:) can be calculated from the chosen dimension (
3839:Proceedings of Society for Information Display
1961:) is focused onto a square test target at the
16:Angular extent of given scene imaged by camera
3916:
3841:. Vol. XXIV. p. 827. Archived from
2453:
1231:To project a sharp image of distant objects,
336:{\displaystyle \alpha \approx {\frac {d}{f}}}
88:manufacturers of lenses use twice this angle.
2182:or more precisely, if the imaging system is
1282:, which is attained by setting the lens for
54:extent of a given scene that is imaged by a
5468:Conservation and restoration of photographs
3546:CCTV Field of View Camera Lens Calculations
3446:
1094:(distance from the lens to the image plane)
1036:the "opposite" side of the right triangle,
5195:Comparison of digital and film photography
3923:
3909:
5420:Photographs considered the most important
3498:"Canon EF 15mm f/2.8 Fisheye Lens Review"
2839:28–35 mm lens on many digital SLRs.
2261:
1938:(wavelengths about 0.1–20 μm in the
288:
253:
3712:
2440:
2430:
2418:
2408:
2270:
1971:
1909:
91:
82:
25:
19:For broader coverage of this topic, see
3434:
850:Derivation of the angle-of-view formula
5538:
3830:
3453:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 116.
1286:. Then the angle of view is given by:
3904:
3779:
373:{\displaystyle {\frac {180d}{\pi f}}}
2834:. So a standard 50 mm lens for
1438:
125:Calculating a camera's angle of view
97:view objects appear "foreshortened".
5415:Museums devoted to one photographer
3669:
3486:(9). Columbia Photographic Society.
2811:Sensor size effects ("crop factor")
2135:is the focal length of collimator.
2108:is the dimension of the target and
1826:can be quantified using the ratio (
1098:Using basic trigonometry, we find:
300:{\displaystyle d=24\,\mathrm {mm} }
265:{\displaystyle d=36\,\mathrm {mm} }
13:
4957:Timeline of photography technology
3508:from the original on 7 August 2017
3335:" effect, made famous by the film
2846:) and a diagonal of 26.7 mm.
2363:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2152:
2149:
2146:
1906:Measuring a camera's field of view
1689:{\displaystyle S_{2}=F\cdot (1+m)}
950:
909:). Treat the lens as if it were a
293:
290:
258:
255:
14:
5567:
3879:
2321:which is less than 24 mm of
5518:
5508:
5507:
3713:Langford, Michael (1 May 2018).
3476:"The Angle of View of your Lens"
2794:
2776:
2034:The target's angular extent is:
1064:(half the film-format dimension)
505:
232:
113:), to 1.6 (consumer SLR), to 2 (
5519:
3930:
3856:
3824:
3799:
3773:
3706:
3697:
3663:
3632:
3204:Cinematography and video gaming
2404:
2266:
1957:(and/or other source such as a
1435:rearranging the lens equation.
157:), and effective focal length (
3896:Focal Length and Angle of View
3622:
3613:
3558:
3539:
3520:
3490:
3467:
3440:
2435:70 mm lens, 28.9° × 19.5°
2423:50 mm lens, 39.6° × 27.0°
2413:28 mm lens, 65.5° × 46.4°
2287:and size differences increase.
2026:= dimension of image of target
1887:
1867:
1815:{\displaystyle f=F\cdot (1+m)}
1809:
1797:
1683:
1671:
1125:
1111:
436:{\displaystyle f=F\cdot (1+m)}
430:
418:
399:) must be taken into account:
1:
5007:Painted photography backdrops
4939:Golden triangle (composition)
4219:35 mm equivalent focal length
3670:Ray, Sidney F. (1 May 2018).
3447:Tim Dobbert (November 2012).
3368:35 mm equivalent focal length
2464:full-frame 35 mm digital
2445:210 mm lens, 9.8° × 6.5°
1611:{\displaystyle m=S_{2}/S_{1}}
3755:www.photographywebsite.co.uk
3355:Field of view in video games
1645:and with some algebra find:
490:{\displaystyle f=1.5\cdot F}
7:
4717:Intentional camera movement
3360:
2397:
10:
5572:
5410:Most expensive photographs
4762:Multi-exposure HDR capture
3527:Ernest McCollough (1893).
2814:
2454:Common lens angles of view
2335:Normal, or Standard lenses
547:, the angles of view are:
522:
18:
5503:
5460:
5402:
5302:
5245:
5151:
5035:
4947:
4899:
4644:
4411:
4211:
3938:
3736:– via Google Books.
3693:– via Google Books.
3645:"Education and Reference"
3565:Kerr, Douglas A. (2008).
3529:"Photographic Topography"
2004:= dimension of full image
1953:UV/visible light from an
1258:needs to be equal to the
986:is the angle between the
979:{\displaystyle \alpha /2}
5344:Digital image processing
3831:Kollin, Joel S. (1993).
3593:Paul van Walree (2009).
3327:), is a frequently used
1940:electromagnetic spectrum
944:is at the center of its
307:for the vertical angle.
5452:Photography periodicals
5012:Photography and the law
3821:for further discussion.
3595:"Center of perspective"
3555:by JVSG, December, 2007
3502:The-Digital-Picture.com
3307:Super Ultra-Widescreen
1942:) sensors and cameras.
1724:{\displaystyle f=S_{2}}
1566:From the definition of
1171:which we can solve for
1027:{\displaystyle \alpha }
1003:{\displaystyle \alpha }
5546:Science of photography
5364:Gelatin silver process
4388:Science of photography
4373:Photographic processes
4351:Perspective distortion
2446:
2436:
2424:
2414:
2374:perspective distortion
2288:
2285:perspective distortion
2262:Lens types and effects
2250:
2176:
2129:
2102:
2082:
2020:
1998:
1977:
1919:
1897:
1816:
1772:
1725:
1690:
1639:
1612:
1558:
1484:
1464:
1429:
1355:
1329:
1276:
1252:
1223:
1165:
1088:
1058:
1028:
1004:
980:
955:
934:
895:
875:
840:
741:
642:
491:
459:
437:
374:
337:
301:
266:
223:
202:
149:), the angle of view (
129:For lenses projecting
98:
89:
35:
4817:Schlieren photography
4361:Photographic printing
4284:Exposure compensation
3815:digital camera issues
3403:Multiple-camera setup
2844:DSLR APS-C frame size
2444:
2434:
2422:
2412:
2315:Ultra wide angle lens
2303:circular fisheye lens
2274:
2251:
2177:
2130:
2128:{\displaystyle f_{c}}
2103:
2083:
2021:
1999:
1975:
1913:
1898:
1817:
1773:
1726:
1691:
1640:
1638:{\displaystyle S_{1}}
1613:
1559:
1485:
1465:
1463:{\displaystyle S_{2}}
1430:
1356:
1330:
1277:
1253:
1251:{\displaystyle S_{2}}
1224:
1166:
1089:
1087:{\displaystyle S_{2}}
1067:the "adjacent" side,
1059:
1029:
1005:
981:
954:
935:
933:{\displaystyle S_{2}}
896:
876:
874:{\displaystyle S_{1}}
841:
742:
643:
492:
460:
438:
375:
338:
302:
267:
233:below: sensor effects
224:
203:
95:
86:
29:
4606:Straight photography
4244:Chromatic aberration
3780:Reichmann, Michael.
3435:Notes and references
3388:Cinematic techniques
3311:Ultra-Widescreen 3.6
3220:Video format / lens
2190:
2142:
2112:
2092:
2038:
2010:
1988:
1834:
1782:
1735:
1702:
1649:
1622:
1618:, we can substitute
1574:
1498:
1474:
1447:
1372:
1339:
1292:
1266:
1235:
1179:
1102:
1071:
1040:
1018:
994:
962:
917:
901:, of the frame (the
885:
858:
753:
654:
555:
469:
449:
403:
347:
314:
276:
241:
213:
165:
5478:photographic plates
5153:Digital photography
4336:Hyperfocal distance
4249:Circle of confusion
3418:Image sensor format
3408:Single-camera setup
3329:cinematic technique
1354:{\displaystyle f=F}
1057:{\displaystyle d/2}
537:At infinity focus,
5551:Geometrical optics
4972:Autochrome Lumière
4967:Analog photography
4792:Pigeon photography
4586:Social documentary
4065:discontinued films
3869:2009-06-01 at the
3864:Ricoh Caplio GX100
3817:in the article on
3551:2008-08-22 at the
3351:racing video games
2447:
2437:
2425:
2415:
2289:
2246:
2172:
2125:
2098:
2078:
2016:
1994:
1978:
1955:integrating sphere
1920:
1893:
1812:
1768:
1721:
1686:
1635:
1608:
1554:
1480:
1460:
1425:
1351:
1325:
1272:
1248:
1219:
1161:
1084:
1054:
1024:
1000:
976:
956:
930:
891:
871:
836:
737:
638:
487:
455:
433:
370:
333:
297:
262:
219:
198:
99:
90:
36:
5533:
5532:
5324:Collodion process
5260:Chromogenic print
5247:Color photography
4757:Multiple exposure
4732:Lo-fi photography
4264:Color temperature
3819:wide-angle lenses
3813:and the subtopic
3716:Basic Photography
3428:Ultrawide formats
3321:
3320:
3287:Ultra-Widescreen
3214:1080p resolution
3201:
3200:
2852:Focal length (mm)
2836:35 mm photography
2772:
2771:
2479:Focal length (mm)
2451:
2450:
2341:Long focus lenses
2329:Wide-angle lenses
2244:
2170:
2101:{\displaystyle L}
2076:
2019:{\displaystyle d}
1997:{\displaystyle D}
1891:
1766:
1549:
1529:
1509:
1492:thin lens formula
1483:{\displaystyle F}
1439:Macro photography
1423:
1323:
1275:{\displaystyle F}
1217:
1156:
894:{\displaystyle d}
821:
791:
722:
692:
623:
593:
458:{\displaystyle m}
389:macro photography
368:
331:
222:{\displaystyle d}
196:
115:Micro Four Thirds
69:angle of coverage
5563:
5522:
5521:
5511:
5510:
5384:Print permanence
5329:Cross processing
5287:CMYK color model
5272:Color management
5225:Foveon X3 sensor
5220:Three-CCD camera
4864:Miniature faking
4822:Sabattier effect
4439:Astrophotography
4294:Zebra patterning
3925:
3918:
3911:
3902:
3901:
3874:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3828:
3822:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3784:. Archived from
3777:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3757:. Archived from
3747:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3710:
3704:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3667:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3647:. Archived from
3636:
3630:
3626:
3620:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3601:on 30 April 2009
3597:. Archived from
3590:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3571:
3562:
3556:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3444:
3413:Video production
3208:
3207:
2849:
2848:
2798:
2780:
2476:
2475:
2405:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2225:
2217:
2203:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2163:
2155:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2057:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1883:
1853:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1754:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1661:
1660:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1515:
1510:
1502:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1415:
1414:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1366:breathing (lens)
1360:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1311:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1198:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1145:
1141:
1132:
1121:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1009:
1007:
1006:
1001:
985:
983:
982:
977:
972:
942:rectilinear lens
939:
937:
936:
931:
929:
928:
900:
898:
897:
892:
880:
878:
877:
872:
870:
869:
845:
843:
842:
837:
835:
834:
822:
820:
806:
792:
790:
779:
765:
764:
746:
744:
743:
738:
736:
735:
723:
721:
707:
693:
691:
680:
666:
665:
647:
645:
644:
639:
637:
636:
624:
622:
608:
594:
592:
581:
567:
566:
546:
533:
509:
496:
494:
493:
488:
464:
462:
461:
456:
445:(In photography
442:
440:
439:
434:
379:
377:
376:
371:
369:
367:
359:
351:
342:
340:
339:
334:
332:
324:
306:
304:
303:
298:
296:
271:
269:
268:
263:
261:
228:
226:
225:
220:
207:
205:
204:
199:
197:
195:
184:
117:ILC) to 6 (most
50:) describes the
5571:
5570:
5566:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5536:
5535:
5534:
5529:
5499:
5456:
5398:
5389:Push processing
5305:
5298:
5292:RGB color model
5241:
5147:
5031:
4943:
4909:Diagonal method
4895:
4640:
4544:Photojournalism
4407:
4239:Black-and-white
4207:
4186:Slide projector
4181:Movie projector
4060:available films
3934:
3929:
3882:
3877:
3871:Wayback Machine
3861:
3857:
3848:
3846:
3829:
3825:
3804:
3800:
3791:
3789:
3778:
3774:
3764:
3762:
3749:
3748:
3741:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3719:. Focal Press.
3711:
3707:
3702:
3698:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3668:
3664:
3654:
3652:
3643:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3614:
3604:
3602:
3591:
3587:
3578:
3576:
3569:
3563:
3559:
3553:Wayback Machine
3544:
3540:
3525:
3521:
3511:
3509:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3472:
3468:
3461:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3432:
3383:Camera operator
3378:Camera coverage
3363:
3206:
2861:Horizontal (°)
2832:compact cameras
2819:
2813:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2799:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2781:
2488:Horizontal (°)
2456:
2400:
2366:
2364:Characteristics
2269:
2264:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2218:
2216:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2162:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2119:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2011:
2008:
2007:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1908:
1879:
1857:
1852:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1758:
1753:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1715:
1711:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1656:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1629:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1587:
1583:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1454:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1315:
1310:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1150:
1146:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1117:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1019:
1016:
1015:
995:
992:
991:
968:
963:
960:
959:
924:
920:
918:
915:
914:
886:
883:
882:
865:
861:
859:
856:
855:
852:
830:
826:
810:
805:
783:
778:
760:
756:
754:
751:
750:
731:
727:
711:
706:
684:
679:
661:
657:
655:
652:
651:
632:
628:
612:
607:
585:
580:
562:
558:
556:
553:
552:
538:
528:
525:
520:
519:
518:
515:
510:
470:
467:
466:
450:
447:
446:
404:
401:
400:
360:
352:
350:
348:
345:
344:
323:
315:
312:
311:
289:
277:
274:
273:
254:
242:
239:
238:
214:
211:
210:
188:
183:
166:
163:
162:
127:
119:compact cameras
103:35 mm film
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5569:
5559:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5527:
5516:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5481:
5480:
5475:
5464:
5462:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5454:
5449:
5448:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5406:
5404:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5310:
5308:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5295:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5269:
5264:
5263:
5262:
5251:
5249:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5186:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5174:
5173:
5161:Digital camera
5157:
5155:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5039:
5037:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4987:Camera obscura
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4953:
4951:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4929:Rule of thirds
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4905:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4856:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4697:Harris shutter
4694:
4692:Hand-colouring
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4648:
4646:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4415:
4413:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4383:Red-eye effect
4380:
4375:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4289:Exposure value
4286:
4281:
4276:
4274:Depth of focus
4271:
4269:Depth of field
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4074:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3928:
3927:
3920:
3913:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3881:
3880:External links
3878:
3876:
3875:
3855:
3823:
3798:
3772:
3761:on 6 June 2017
3739:
3725:
3705:
3696:
3682:
3662:
3631:
3621:
3612:
3585:
3557:
3538:
3519:
3489:
3466:
3459:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3343:tracking shots
3319:
3318:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3156:
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3150:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
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3052:
3049:
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3038:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2988:
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2982:
2979:
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2876:
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2870:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2859:
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2853:
2815:Main article:
2812:
2809:
2801:
2800:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2783:
2782:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2770:
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2760:
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2679:
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2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
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2648:
2644:
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2640:
2637:
2634:
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2616:
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2609:
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2602:
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2598:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2438:
2427:
2426:
2416:
2399:
2396:
2392:depth of field
2365:
2362:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2345:telephoto lens
2338:
2332:
2326:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2296:Fisheye lenses
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2169:
2166:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2122:
2118:
2097:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2028:
2027:
2015:
2005:
1993:
1907:
1904:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1632:
1628:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1553:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1505:
1479:
1457:
1453:
1440:
1437:
1421:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1284:infinity focus
1271:
1245:
1241:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1160:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1096:
1095:
1081:
1077:
1065:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1034:
1023:
999:
975:
971:
967:
946:entrance pupil
927:
923:
890:
868:
864:
851:
848:
847:
846:
833:
829:
825:
819:
816:
813:
809:
804:
801:
798:
795:
789:
786:
782:
777:
774:
771:
768:
763:
759:
747:
734:
730:
726:
720:
717:
714:
710:
705:
702:
699:
696:
690:
687:
683:
678:
675:
672:
669:
664:
660:
648:
635:
631:
627:
621:
618:
615:
611:
606:
603:
600:
597:
591:
588:
584:
579:
576:
573:
570:
565:
561:
551:horizontally,
524:
521:
512:
511:
504:
503:
502:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
454:
432:
429:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
366:
363:
358:
355:
330:
327:
322:
319:
295:
292:
287:
284:
281:
260:
257:
252:
249:
246:
218:
194:
191:
187:
182:
179:
176:
173:
170:
161:) as follows:
126:
123:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5568:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5526:
5517:
5515:
5506:
5505:
5502:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5453:
5450:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5426:
5425:Photographers
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5401:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5314:Bleach bypass
5312:
5311:
5309:
5307:
5301:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5282:primary color
5280:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5267:Reversal film
5265:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5244:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5232:Image sharing
5230:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5150:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5133:United States
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5034:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4992:Daguerreotype
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4950:
4946:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4898:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4837:Stopping down
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4802:Rephotography
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4737:Long-exposure
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4434:Architectural
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4393:Shutter speed
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4346:Metering mode
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4259:Color balance
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4224:Angle of view
4222:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4204:
4201:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4171:Manufacturers
4169:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3926:
3921:
3919:
3914:
3912:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3859:
3845:on 2013-07-04
3844:
3840:
3836:
3835:
3827:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3807:image sensors
3802:
3788:on 2011-06-10
3787:
3783:
3776:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3746:
3744:
3728:
3726:9780240515922
3722:
3718:
3717:
3709:
3700:
3685:
3683:9780240515403
3679:
3675:
3674:
3666:
3651:on 2008-08-28
3650:
3646:
3641:
3640:Education/Ref
3635:
3625:
3616:
3600:
3596:
3589:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3542:
3534:
3530:
3523:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3470:
3462:
3460:9781118529669
3456:
3452:
3451:
3443:
3439:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3393:Field of view
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3347:phantom rides
3344:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2803:
2797:
2785:
2779:
2767:
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2256:
2240:
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2207:
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2185:
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2159:
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2136:
2120:
2116:
2095:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2032:
2013:
2006:
1991:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1924:field of view
1917:
1914:Schematic of
1912:
1903:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1849:
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1568:magnification
1564:
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1199:
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1021:
1013:
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997:
989:
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831:
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633:
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541:
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531:
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508:
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484:
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472:
452:
443:
427:
424:
421:
415:
412:
409:
406:
398:
394:
393:magnification
390:
387:), except in
386:
381:
364:
361:
356:
353:
328:
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308:
285:
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279:
250:
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108:
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94:
85:
81:
78:
74:
70:
65:
63:
62:
61:field of view
57:
53:
49:
45:
44:angle of view
41:
33:
32:angle of view
28:
22:
21:Field of view
5490:Polaroid art
5379:K-14 process
5374:Instant film
5369:Gum printing
5319:C-41 process
5304:Photographic
5205:Image sensor
5200:Film scanner
4854:Sun printing
4787:Print toning
4579:space selfie
4549:Pictorialism
4479:Ethnographic
4459:Conservation
4331:Guide number
4326:Focal length
4223:
3858:
3847:. Retrieved
3843:the original
3838:
3833:
3826:
3814:
3801:
3790:. Retrieved
3786:the original
3775:
3763:. Retrieved
3759:the original
3754:
3730:. Retrieved
3715:
3708:
3699:
3687:. Retrieved
3672:
3665:
3653:. Retrieved
3649:the original
3639:
3634:
3624:
3615:
3603:. Retrieved
3599:the original
3588:
3577:. Retrieved
3573:
3560:
3541:
3532:
3522:
3510:. Retrieved
3501:
3492:
3483:
3479:
3469:
3449:
3442:
3373:Camera angle
3336:
3322:
3217:Common name
2858:Vertical (°)
2855:Diagonal (°)
2841:
2828:digital SLRs
2820:
2485:Vertical (°)
2482:Diagonal (°)
2472:
2467:
2457:
2401:
2389:
2382:
2371:
2367:
2356:
2323:focal length
2306:
2290:
2277:focal length
2267:Focal length
2257:
2137:
2033:
2029:
1979:
1952:
1944:
1923:
1921:
1827:
1824:
1697:
1565:
1442:
1368:), given by
1363:
1288:
1260:focal length
1230:
1172:
1097:
988:optical axis
957:
913:at distance
907:image sensor
853:
749:diagonally,
650:vertically,
543:
539:
536:
529:
526:
499:
444:
396:
384:
382:
309:
230:
209:
158:
154:
150:
144:
140:fisheye lens
135:focal length
128:
111:digital SLRs
100:
73:image circle
68:
66:
59:
47:
43:
37:
31:
5495:Stereoscopy
5354:E-6 process
5349:Dye coupler
5277:color space
5190:Digiscoping
5183:camera back
5098:Philippines
5027:Visual arts
5017:Glass plate
5002:Heliography
4901:Composition
4876:Ultraviolet
4832:Stereoscopy
4827:Slow motion
4812:Scanography
4727:Kite aerial
4672:Contre-jour
4564:Post-mortem
4554:Pornography
4534:Neues Sehen
4469:Documentary
4403:Zone System
4378:Reciprocity
4304:Film format
4234:Backscatter
4212:Terminology
4082:beauty dish
3986:rangefinder
3951:light-field
3932:Photography
3811:crop factor
3751:"Your Site"
3574:The Pumpkin
3423:Crop factor
3353:. See also
3304:3840x1080p
3291:Cinemascope
3284:2560x1080p
3258:Widescreen
3255:1920x1080p
3243:1440x1080p
3228:1280x1080p
2824:crop factor
2817:Crop factor
2378:normal lens
2358:Zoom lenses
2319:rectilinear
2184:rectilinear
1963:focal plane
1490:. From the
343:radians or
131:rectilinear
107:crop factor
40:photography
30:A camera's
5540:Categories
5485:Lomography
5306:processing
5255:Print film
5171:comparison
5138:Uzbekistan
5088:Luxembourg
5048:Bangladesh
4997:Dufaycolor
4977:Box camera
4934:Simplicity
4891:Zoom burst
4886:Xerography
4881:Vignetting
4871:Time-lapse
4859:Tilt–shift
4752:Mordançage
4742:Luminogram
4707:Holography
4702:High-speed
4682:Fill flash
4667:Burst mode
4645:Techniques
4626:Vernacular
4621:Underwater
4616:Toy camera
4596:Still life
4524:Monochrome
4514:High-speed
4464:Cloudscape
4454:Conceptual
4356:Photograph
4341:Lens flare
4321:Film speed
4203:Zone plate
4149:wide-angle
4134:long-focus
3849:2014-04-27
3792:2011-07-08
3655:2008-05-22
3605:24 January
3579:2014-03-20
3480:The Camera
3398:Filmmaking
3333:dolly zoom
3315:Anamorphic
3295:Anamorphic
3268:2160x1080
2281:field size
1967:collimator
1959:black body
1916:collimator
1175:, giving:
1014:the angle
147:derivation
77:vignetting
5430:Norwegian
5394:Stop bath
5339:Developer
5334:Cyanotype
4962:Ambrotype
4924:Lead room
4847:Slit-scan
4782:Photogram
4777:Panoramic
4687:Fireworks
4519:Landscape
4164:telephoto
4112:reflector
4107:monolight
4102:lens hood
4087:cucoloris
4028:safelight
3939:Equipment
3676:. Focal.
3629:654313-14
3275:Univisium
3234:DVCPRO HD
2214:
2160:α
2054:
2042:α
1865:⋅
1850:
1838:α
1795:⋅
1751:
1739:α
1698:Defining
1669:⋅
1417:−
1308:
1296:α
1195:
1183:α
1115:α
1109:
1022:α
998:α
966:α
832:∘
824:≈
815:×
803:
776:
758:α
733:∘
725:≈
716:×
704:
677:
659:α
634:∘
626:≈
617:×
605:
578:
560:α
482:⋅
416:⋅
380:degrees.
362:π
321:≈
318:α
181:
169:α
5514:Category
5210:CMOS APS
5108:Slovenia
5036:Regional
4982:Calotype
4919:Headroom
4797:Redscale
4712:Infrared
4662:Brenizer
4636:Wildlife
4559:Portrait
4504:Forensic
4494:Fine-art
4429:Aircraft
4419:Abstract
4299:F-number
4279:Exposure
4254:Clipping
4229:Aperture
4097:hot shoe
4023:enlarger
4018:Darkroom
3867:Archived
3549:Archived
3506:Archived
3361:See also
2460:135 film
2398:Examples
2307:narrower
1936:infrared
517:degrees.
395:factor (
5525:Outline
5461:Related
5143:Vietnam
5128:Ukraine
5063:Denmark
5043:Albania
5022:Tintype
4949:History
4914:Framing
4807:Rollout
4772:Panning
4722:Kirlian
4631:Wedding
4509:Glamour
4489:Fashion
4474:Eclipse
4444:Banquet
4366:Albumen
4176:Monopod
4154:fisheye
4122:softbox
3976:pinhole
3966:instant
3956:digital
3338:Vertigo
3325:zooming
2385:distort
1932:visible
911:pinhole
532:= 50 mm
523:Example
52:angular
5523:
5512:
5440:street
5435:Polish
5123:Turkey
5118:Taiwan
5103:Serbia
5093:Norway
5068:Greece
5053:Canada
4652:Afocal
4611:Street
4591:Sports
4574:Selfie
4529:Nature
4484:Erotic
4449:Candid
4424:Aerial
4412:Genres
4314:medium
4191:Tripod
4159:swivel
4072:Filter
4050:holder
4045:format
3946:Camera
3723:
3680:
3457:
3349:, and
3281:64:27
3225:32:27
3211:Ratio
2917:101.9
2903:115.5
2889:140.4
2875:159.6
2544:102.7
2530:111.1
2516:166.9
2502:180.0
2211:arctan
2088:where
2051:arctan
1948:optics
1934:, and
1847:arctan
1778:where
1748:arctan
1335:where
1305:arctan
1192:arctan
800:arctan
773:arctan
701:arctan
674:arctan
602:arctan
575:arctan
178:arctan
56:camera
5556:Angle
5445:women
5403:Lists
5359:Fixer
5237:Pixel
5166:D-SLR
5113:Sudan
5083:Korea
5078:Japan
5073:India
5058:China
4842:Strip
4767:Night
4747:Macro
4657:Bokeh
4601:Stock
4569:Ruins
4309:large
4139:prime
4117:snoot
4077:Flash
4055:stock
3996:still
3981:press
3971:phone
3961:field
3765:1 May
3732:1 May
3689:1 May
3570:(PDF)
3512:1 May
3301:32:9
3271:18:9
3252:16:9
3085:12.1
3071:14.9
3057:18.0
3043:25.0
3029:35.2
3015:49.6
3001:58.1
2987:63.3
2973:66.3
2959:69.5
2945:76.8
2931:85.5
2911:112.0
2897:124.6
2886:123.2
2883:146.6
2872:149.8
2869:162.9
2768:1.72
2754:2.58
2740:2.95
2726:3.44
2712:4.12
2698:5.15
2684:6.87
2670:10.3
2656:19.5
2642:23.9
2628:28.8
2614:39.6
2600:54.4
2586:73.7
2572:82.4
2558:95.1
2552:107.1
2538:114.2
2524:122.0
2513:161.1
2510:169.4
2499:180.0
2496:180.0
2317:is a
1965:of a
231:(see
5473:film
5178:MILC
4677:ETTR
4539:Nude
4499:Fire
4398:Sync
4196:head
4144:zoom
4129:Lens
4092:gobo
4040:base
4035:Film
4011:view
3767:2018
3734:2018
3721:ISBN
3691:2018
3678:ISBN
3607:2010
3514:2018
3455:ISBN
3317:3.6
3265:2:1
3240:4:3
3197:1.6
3183:1.8
3169:2.1
3155:2.5
3141:3.2
3127:4.2
3113:6.1
3099:6.4
3079:14.5
3068:10.0
3065:17.8
3054:12.1
3051:21.6
3040:16.8
3037:29.9
3026:23.9
3023:41.7
3012:34.3
3009:58.1
2998:40.6
2995:67.4
2984:44.7
2981:73.1
2970:47.0
2967:76.2
2956:49.6
2953:79.6
2942:55.7
2939:87.2
2928:63.3
2925:96.1
2914:78.9
2900:93.2
2765:1.15
2762:2.07
2759:1200
2751:1.72
2748:3.10
2737:1.96
2734:3.54
2723:2.29
2720:4.13
2709:2.75
2706:4.96
2695:3.44
2692:6.19
2681:4.58
2678:8.25
2667:6.87
2664:12.3
2653:13.0
2650:23.3
2639:16.1
2636:28.6
2625:19.5
2622:34.4
2611:27.0
2608:46.8
2597:37.8
2594:63.4
2583:53.1
2580:84.1
2569:61.9
2566:94.5
2555:73.9
2541:81.2
2527:90.0
2275:How
1470:and
958:Now
903:film
828:46.8
808:43.3
729:27.0
630:39.6
5215:CCD
4006:toy
4001:TLR
3991:SLR
3194:1.1
3191:1.9
3188:800
3180:1.2
3177:2.2
3174:700
3166:1.4
3163:2.5
3160:600
3152:1.7
3149:3.1
3146:500
3138:2.1
3135:3.8
3132:400
3124:2.8
3121:5.1
3118:300
3110:4.0
3107:7.3
3104:210
3096:4.2
3093:7.6
3090:200
3082:8.1
3076:105
2745:800
2731:700
2717:600
2703:500
2689:400
2675:300
2661:200
2647:105
2462:or
1106:tan
948:):
905:or
479:1.5
354:180
48:AOV
38:In
5542::
3837:.
3753:.
3742:^
3642:.
3572:.
3531:.
3504:.
3500:.
3484:20
3482:.
3478:.
3357:.
3345:,
3313:/
3293:/
3062:85
3048:70
3034:50
3020:35
3006:24
2992:20
2978:18
2964:17
2950:16
2936:14
2922:12
2633:85
2619:70
2605:50
2591:35
2577:24
2563:20
2549:16
2535:14
2521:12
2394:.
2301:A
2186::
1930:,
1928:UV
1822:.
1570:,
1494:,
1361:.
1262:,
818:50
719:50
709:24
620:50
610:36
542:=
286:24
251:36
64:.
42:,
3924:e
3917:t
3910:v
3873:)
3852:.
3795:.
3769:.
3660:.
3658:.
3609:.
3582:.
3516:.
3463:.
2908:9
2894:7
2880:4
2866:2
2507:2
2493:0
2468:d
2241:d
2236:c
2232:f
2228:2
2223:D
2220:L
2208:2
2205:=
2201:V
2198:O
2195:F
2168:d
2165:D
2157:=
2153:V
2150:O
2147:F
2121:c
2117:f
2096:L
2071:c
2067:f
2063:2
2059:L
2048:2
2045:=
2014:d
1992:D
1888:)
1885:P
1881:/
1877:m
1874:+
1871:1
1868:(
1862:F
1859:2
1855:d
1844:2
1841:=
1828:P
1810:)
1807:m
1804:+
1801:1
1798:(
1792:F
1789:=
1786:f
1763:f
1760:2
1756:d
1745:2
1742:=
1717:2
1713:S
1709:=
1706:f
1684:)
1681:m
1678:+
1675:1
1672:(
1666:F
1663:=
1658:2
1654:S
1631:1
1627:S
1604:1
1600:S
1595:/
1589:2
1585:S
1581:=
1578:m
1552:.
1545:2
1541:S
1537:1
1532:+
1525:1
1521:S
1517:1
1512:=
1507:F
1504:1
1478:F
1456:2
1452:S
1420:f
1412:1
1408:S
1402:f
1397:1
1393:S
1386:=
1381:2
1377:S
1349:F
1346:=
1343:f
1320:f
1317:2
1313:d
1302:2
1299:=
1270:F
1244:2
1240:S
1212:2
1208:S
1204:2
1200:d
1189:2
1186:=
1173:α
1159:.
1152:2
1148:S
1143:2
1139:/
1135:d
1129:=
1126:)
1123:2
1119:/
1112:(
1080:2
1076:S
1052:2
1048:/
1044:d
974:2
970:/
926:2
922:S
889:d
867:1
863:S
812:2
797:2
794:=
788:f
785:2
781:d
770:2
767:=
762:d
713:2
698:2
695:=
689:f
686:2
682:v
671:2
668:=
663:v
614:2
599:2
596:=
590:f
587:2
583:h
572:2
569:=
564:h
544:F
540:f
530:F
485:F
476:=
473:f
453:m
431:)
428:m
425:+
422:1
419:(
413:F
410:=
407:f
397:m
385:F
365:f
357:d
329:f
326:d
294:m
291:m
283:=
280:d
259:m
256:m
248:=
245:d
235:)
217:d
193:f
190:2
186:d
175:2
172:=
159:f
155:d
151:α
46:(
23:.
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