Irish War of Independence

2529: 1510:. Of the 17,000 policemen in Ireland, 513 were killed by the IRA between 1919 and 1921 while 682 were wounded. Of the RIC's senior officers, 60% were Irish Protestants and the rest Catholic, while 70% of the rank and file of the RIC were Irish Catholic with the rest Protestant. The RIC was trained for police work, not war, and was woefully ill-prepared to take on counter-insurgency duties. Until March 1920, London regarded the unrest in Ireland as primarily an issue for the police and did not regard it as a war. The purpose of the Army was to back up the police. In the course of the war, about a quarter of Ireland was put under martial law, mostly in Munster; in the rest of the country British authority was not deemed sufficiently threatened to warrant it. The British created two paramilitary police forces to supplement the work of the RIC, recruited mostly from World War I veterans, namely the Temporary Constables (better known as the " 1379: 2508:, the new leader of the Unionist Party, said that "the King's Speech ought to be followed up as a last attempt at peace before we go the full lengths of martial law". Seizing the momentum, Lloyd George wrote to Éamon de Valera as "the chosen leader of the great majority in Southern Ireland" on 24 June, suggesting a conference. Sinn Féin responded by agreeing to talks. De Valera and Lloyd George ultimately agreed to a truce that was intended to end the fighting and lay the ground for detailed negotiations. Its terms were signed on 9 July and came into effect on 11 July. Negotiations on a settlement, however, were delayed for some months as the British government insisted that the IRA first decommission its weapons, but this demand was eventually dropped. It was agreed that British troops would remain confined to their barracks. 2886: 2616: 2981: 2445: 2068: 2476:, resumed in the spring and resulted in the truce. From the point of view of the British government, it appeared as if the IRA's guerrilla campaign would continue indefinitely, with spiralling costs in British casualties and in money. More importantly, the British government was facing severe criticism at home and abroad for the actions of British forces in Ireland. On 6 June 1921, the British made their first conciliatory gesture, calling off the policy of house burnings as reprisals. On the other side, IRA leaders, and in particular Collins, felt that the IRA as it was then organised could not continue indefinitely. It had been hard pressed by the deployment of more regular British soldiers to Ireland and by the lack of arms and ammunition. 1603:, one of the Volunteer leaders imprisoned for his role in the 1916 rebellion, died on hunger strike, after attempted force-feeding in 1917. In 1918, during disturbances arising out of the anti-conscription campaign, six civilians died in confrontations with the police and British Army and more than 1,000 people were arrested. There were also raids for arms by the Volunteers, at least one shooting of a Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) policeman and the burning of an RIC barracks in Kerry. The attacks brought a British military presence from the summer of 1918, which only briefly quelled the violence, and an increase in police raids. However, there was as yet no co-ordinated armed campaign against British forces or RIC. In 2000:

of spies among sympathetic members of the Dublin Metropolitan Police's G Division and other important branches of the British administration. The G Division men were a relatively small political division active in subverting the republican movement. They were detested by the IRA as often they were used to identify volunteers, who would have been unknown to British soldiers or the later Black and Tans. Collins set up the "Squad", a group of men whose sole duty was to seek out and kill "G-men" and other British spies and agents. Collins' Squad began killing RIC intelligence officers in July 1919. Many G-men were offered a chance to resign or leave Ireland by the IRA. One spy who escaped with his life was

1771: 2496:, created as a result of the partition of Ireland. Smuts, a close friend of the King, suggested to him that the opportunity should be used to make an appeal for conciliation in Ireland. The King asked him to draft his ideas on paper. Smuts prepared this draft and gave copies to the King and to Lloyd George. Lloyd George then invited Smuts to attend a British cabinet meeting consultations on the "interesting" proposals Lloyd George had received, without either man informing the Cabinet that Smuts had been their author. Faced with the endorsement of them by Smuts, the King and Lloyd George, the ministers reluctantly agreed to the King's planned "reconciliation in Ireland" speech. 1464: 2693: 3358: 2977:(both in Northern Ireland), but the Provisional Government was unaware that British forces would be crossing through its territory. The IRA called on the Specials to surrender for questioning, but one of them shot dead an IRA sergeant. This sparked a firefight in which four Specials were killed and several wounded. Five others were captured. The incident threatened to set off a major confrontation between North and South, and the British government temporarily suspended the withdrawal of British troops from the South. The Border Commission was set up to mediate in any future border disputes, but achieved very little. 2926:. Protestant loyalists attacked Catholic enclaves in west Belfast, burning homes and businesses. This led to sectarian clashes between Protestants and Catholics, and gun battles between police and nationalists. The USC allegedly drove through Catholic enclaves firing indiscriminately. Twenty people were killed or fatally wounded (including twelve Catholics and six Protestants) before the truce began at noon on 11 July. After the truce came into effect on 11 July, the USC was demobilized (July - November 1921). The void left by the demobilized USC was filled by loyalist vigilante groups and a revived UVF. 3300: 1717: 3174: 2632:

These republicans held that the Dáil did not have the right to disestablish the Irish Republic. A hardline group of anti-Treaty IRA men occupied several public buildings in Dublin in an effort to bring down the Treaty and restart the war with the British. There were a number of armed confrontations between pro and anti-Treaty troops before matters came to a head in late June 1922. Desperate to get the new Irish Free State off the ground and under British pressure, Collins attacked the anti-Treaty militants in Dublin, causing fighting to break out around the country.

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government paid claims from unionists and the Irish government those from nationalists; claims from "neutral" parties were shared. After the 1925 collapse of the Irish Boundary Commission, the UK, Free State and Northern Ireland governments negotiated revisions to the 1921 Treaty; the Free State stopped contributing to the servicing of the UK national debt, but took over full responsibility for compensation for war damage, with the fund increased by 10% in 1926. The Compensation (Ireland) Commission worked until March 1926, processing thousands of claims.

2290: 1527: 3020:, secretly backed by Collins, head of the Irish Provisional Government. By this time, the IRA was split over the Anglo-Irish Treaty, but both pro and anti-Treaty units were involved. Some weaponry sent by the British to arm the National Army were in fact given to IRA units and their weapons sent to the North. However, the offensive was a failure. An IRA Belfast Brigade report in late May concluded that continuing the offensive was "futile and foolish" and would "place the Catholic population at the mercy of the Specials". 2857: 9387: 3103: 1640: 301: 2767: 181: 1787:

dropped off dramatically. Often, the RIC were reduced to buying food at gunpoint, as shops and other businesses refused to deal with them. Some RIC men co-operated with the IRA through fear or sympathy, supplying the organisation with valuable information. By contrast with the effectiveness of the widespread public boycott of the police, the military actions carried out by the IRA against the RIC at this time were relatively limited. In 1919, 11 RIC men and 4 Dublin Metropolitan Police

2174: 50: 11496: 2726:. These Ulster Unionists wanted to maintain ties to Britain and did not want to be part of an independent Ireland. They had threatened to oppose Irish home rule with violence. The British government proposed to solve this by partitioning Ireland on roughly political and religious lines, creating two self-governing territories of the UK: Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland. Irish nationalists opposed this, most of them supporting the all-island Irish Republic. 1683:...we took the action deliberately, having thought over the matter and talked it over between us. Treacy had stated to me that the only way of starting a war was to kill someone, and we wanted to start a war, so we intended to kill some of the police whom we looked upon as the foremost and most important branch of the enemy forces. The only regret that we had following the ambush was that there were only two policemen in it, instead of the six we had expected. 2084:

demobilised after World War I. Deployed to Ireland in March 1920, most came from English and Scottish cities. While officially they were part of the RIC, in reality they were a paramilitary force. After their deployment in March 1920, they rapidly gained a reputation for drunkenness and poor discipline. The wartime experience of most Black and Tans did not suit them for police duties and their violent behavior antagonised many previously neutral civilians.

1550:. In June 1914, Nationalist leader John Redmond forced the Volunteers to give his nominees a majority on the ruling committee. When, in September 1914, Redmond encouraged the Volunteers to enlist in the British Army, a faction led by Eoin MacNeill broke with the Redmondites, who became known as the National Volunteers, rather than fight for Britain in the war. Many of the National Volunteers did enlist, and the majority of the men in the 286: 168: 3157: 1943: 1930: 3283:, 2,346 people were killed or died as a result of the conflict. This counts a small number of deaths before and after the war, from 1917 until the signing of the Treaty at the end of 1921. Of those killed, 919 were civilians, 523 were police personnel, 413 were British military personnel, and 491 were IRA volunteers (although another source gives 550 IRA dead). About 44% of these British military deaths were by 3393:—joined the group. In 1914, the all-female paramilitary group Cumann na mBan was launched as an auxiliary of the Irish Volunteers. During the Easter Rising, some women participated in fighting and carried messages between Irish Volunteer posts while under fire from British troops. After the rebel defeat, Éamon de Valera opposed the participation of women in combat and they were limited to supporting roles. 3268: 2942:'s acceptance of the Anglo-Irish Treaty in January 1922, which confirmed the future existence of Northern Ireland, there were clashes between the IRA and British forces along the new border from early 1922. In part, this reflected Collins' view that the Treaty was a "stepping stone", rather than a final settlement. That month, Collins became head of the new Irish Provisional Government and the 2011:, who was responsible for organising and directing IRA units around the country. In theory, both Collins and Mulcahy were responsible to Cathal Brugha, the Dáil's Minister of Defence, but, in practice, Brugha had only a supervisory role, recommending or objecting to specific actions. A great deal also depended on IRA leaders in local areas (such as Liam Lynch, Tom Barry, 6817:, that Smyth had said that the officers should shoot IRA suspects on sight. In reality, Order No. 5, which Smyth had already said to colleagues that he was going to read out to the officers, said that IRA suspects should be shot as a last resort if the IRA men didn't surrender when challenged. This episode, along with the mutiny, has come down to be known as the 6722:'despite disproportionate loss of life and serious injury among the Catholic community, there were also hundreds of Protestant dead and injured'. Also he argues that 'co-ordination of the murder campaign was not executed by the official administration for the area and many killings appeared to have been done in a random and reactive fashion'. Parkinson, 3125:, the prisoners were forced to use broken toilets which overflowed frequently into their communal area. Deprived of tables, the already weakened men ate off the floor, frequently succumbing to disease and illness as a result. There were several hunger strikes on the Argenta, including a major strike involving upwards of 150 men in the winter of 1923. 1499:. By July 1921 there were 50,000 British troops based in Ireland; by contrast there were 14,000 soldiers in metropolitan Britain. While the British Army had historically been heavily dependent on Irish recruitment, concern over divided loyalties led to the redeployment from 1919 of all regular Irish regiments to garrisons outside Ireland itself. 2404:

cripple the IRA in Dublin. The Dublin Brigade carried out 107 attacks in the city in May and 93 in June, showing a falloff in activity, but not a dramatic one. However, by July 1921, most IRA units were chronically short of both weapons and ammunition, with over 3,000 prisoners interned. Also, for all their effectiveness at

3043:, killing three volunteers. This was the last major confrontation between the IRA and British forces during the revolutionary period. The cycle of sectarian violence in Belfast continued. In May, 75 people were killed in Belfast and another 30 in June. Several thousand Catholics fled the violence and sought refuge in 3058:, MP for North Down, responsible for the attacks on Catholics in the North and may have been behind his assassination in June 1922, though who ordered the shooting is unproven. The event helped to trigger the Irish Civil War. Winston Churchill insisted after the killing that Collins take action against the 3062:, whom he assumed to be responsible. The outbreak of civil war in the south ended the violence in the North, as the war demoralised the northern IRA and diverted the organisation from the issue of partition. The Irish Free State quietly ended Collins' policy of covert armed action in Northern Ireland. 4667:

And Whereas the Irish Republic was proclaimed in Dublin on Easter Monday, 1916, by the Irish Republican Army acting on behalf of the Irish people...Now, therefore, we, the elected Representatives of the ancient Irish people in National Parliament assembled, do, in the name of the Irish nation, ratify

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During the conflict, women hid IRA volunteers being sought by the British, nursed wounded volunteers, and gathered money to help republican prisoners and their families. Cumann na mBan engaged in undercover work to set back the British war effort. They smuggled guns, ammunition, and money to the IRA;

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to examine compensation claims for material damage caused between 21 January 1919 and 11 July 1921. The Irish Free State's Damage To Property (Compensation) Act, 1923 provided that only the Shaw Commission, and not the Criminal Injury Acts, could be used to claim compensation. Originally, the British

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dismayed the British government when he issued a letter that exhorted the "English as well as Irish to calmly consider . . . some means of mutual agreement", as they had been pushing for a condemnation of the rebellion. They declared that his comments "put HMG (His Majesty's Government) and the Irish

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On 18 March, Northern police raided IRA headquarters in Belfast, seizing weapons and lists of IRA volunteers. The Provisional Government condemned this as a breach of the truce. Over the next two weeks, the IRA raided several police barracks in the North, killed several officers and captured fifteen.

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These incidents provoked retaliation attacks by loyalists against Catholics in Belfast, sparking further sectarian clashes. In the three days after the Clones incident, more than 30 people were killed in the city, including four Catholic children and two women who were killed by a loyalist grenade on

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The Act of Partition came into force on 3 May 1921. That month, James Craig secretly met Éamon de Valera in Dublin. They discussed the possibility of a truce in Ulster and an amnesty for prisoners. Craig proposed a compromise of limited independence for the South and autonomy for the North within the

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be recruited from the ranks of the Ulster Volunteers. He warned, "Loyalist leaders now feel the situation is so desperate that unless the Government will take immediate action, it may be advisable for them to see what steps can be taken towards a system of organised reprisals against the rebels". The

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The British increased the use of force; reluctant to deploy the regular British Army into the country in greater numbers, they set up two auxiliary police units to reinforce the RIC. The first of these, quickly nicknamed as the Black and Tans, were seven thousand strong and mainly ex-British soldiers

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train drivers were brought over from England, after drivers refused to carry British troops. The strike badly hampered British troop movements until December 1920, when it was called off. The British government managed to bring the situation to an end, when they threatened to withhold grants from the

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The IRA's main target throughout the conflict was the mainly Irish Catholic Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC), the British government's armed police force in Ireland, outside Dublin. Its members and barracks (especially the more isolated ones) were vulnerable, and they were a source of much-needed arms.

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have alleged that those killed in this manner were often simply considered "enemies" rather than being proven informers. Especially vulnerable, it is argued, were Protestants, ex-soldiers and tramps. "It was not merely (or even mainly) a matter of espionage, spies and spy hunters, it was a civil war

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were more involved on the Catholic/nationalist side than the IRA, while groups such as the Ulster Volunteers were involved on the Protestant/loyalist side. There was rioting, gun battles and bombings. Almost 1,000 homes and businesses were destroyed and people were expelled from workplaces and mixed

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Still, many military historians have concluded that the IRA fought a largely successful and lethal guerrilla war, which forced the British government to conclude that the IRA could not be defeated militarily. The failure of the British efforts to put down the guerrillas was illustrated by the events

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In July 1920, another quasi-military police body, the Auxiliaries, consisting of 2,215 former British army officers, arrived in Ireland. The Auxiliaries had a reputation just as bad as the Tans for their mistreatment of the civilian population but tended to be more effective and more willing to take

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was called by the Limerick Trades and Labour Council, as a protest against the declaration of a "Special Military Area" under the Defence of the Realm Act, which covered most of Limerick city and a part of the county. Special permits, to be issued by the RIC, would now be required to enter the city.

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of RIC men was announced by the Dáil on 11 April 1919. This proved successful in demoralising the force as the war went on, as people turned their faces from a force increasingly compromised by association with British government repression. The rate of resignation went up and recruitment in Ireland

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sometimes being reported but not confirmed. Intimidation was more commonly applied to women than physical violence. It is estimated that there were between 3,000 and 9,000 members of Cumann na mBan during the war, and in 1921 there were 800 branches throughout the island. It is estimated that fewer

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had called for loyalists to take matters into their own hands, and had linked republicanism with socialism and the Catholic Church. The expulsions sparked fierce sectarian rioting in Belfast, and British troops used machine-guns to disperse rioters. By the end of the day, eleven Catholics and eight

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against Catholics/nationalists, as Catholics were a quarter of the city's population but made up two-thirds of those killed, suffered 80% of the property destruction and made up 80% of refugees. Historian Alan Parkinson says the term 'pogrom' is misleading, as the violence was not all one-sided nor

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While the violence in the North was still raging, the South of Ireland was preoccupied with the split in the Dáil and in the IRA over the Treaty. In April 1922, an executive of IRA officers repudiated the Treaty and the authority of the Provisional Government which had been set up to administer it.

2051:(youth movement), who carried weapons and intelligence for IRA men and secured food and lodgings for them. The IRA benefitted from the widespread help given to them by the general Irish population, who generally refused to pass information to the RIC and the British military and who often provided " 1999:

in the Republic's government and IRA Director of Intelligence, he was involved in providing funds and arms to the IRA units and in the selection of officers. Collins' charisma and organisational capability galvanised many who came in contact with him. He established what proved an effective network

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Arthur Griffith estimated that in the first 18 months of the conflict, British forces carried out 38,720 raids on private homes, arrested 4,982 suspects, committed 1,604 armed assaults, carried out 102 indiscriminate shootings and burnings in towns and villages, and killed 77 people including women

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looted and burned the main businesses of the town on 8 September, after a member of their regiment- who was the first British Army soldier to die in the war – was killed in an armed raid by local IRA volunteers on a church parade the day before (7 September). The ambushers were members of a unit of

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During the early part of the conflict, roughly from 1919 to the middle of 1920, there was a relatively limited amount of violence. Much of the nationalist campaign involved popular mobilisation and the creation of a republican "state within a state" in opposition to British rule. British journalist

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by IRA volunteers acting on their own initiative. The conflict developed gradually. For most of 1919, IRA activity involved capturing weaponry and freeing republican prisoners, while the Dáil set about building a state. In September, the British government outlawed the Dáil throughout Ireland, Sinn

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During the following eight months until the Truce of July 1921, there was a spiralling of the death toll in the conflict, with 1,000 people including the RIC police, army, IRA volunteers and civilians, being killed in the months between January and July 1921 alone. This represents about 70% of the

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of Munster – were put under martial law on 10 December under the Restoration of Order in Ireland Act; this was followed on 5 January in the rest of Munster and in counties Kilkenny and Wexford in the province of Leinster. Shortly afterwards, in January 1921, "official reprisals" were sanctioned by

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Much of the IRA's popularity arose from the excessive reaction of the British forces to IRA activity. When Éamon de Valera returned from the United States, he demanded in the Dáil that the IRA desist from the ambushes and assassinations, which were allowing the British to portray it as a terrorist

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By October 1921 the British Army in Ireland numbered 57,000 men, along with 14,200 RIC police and some 2,600 auxiliaries and Black and Tans. The long-planned evacuation from dozens of barracks in what the army called "Southern Ireland" started on 12 January 1922, following the ratification of the

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At least 557 people were killed in political violence in what became Northern Ireland between July 1920 and July 1922. Many of these deaths took place after the truce that ended fighting in the rest of Ireland. Of these deaths, between 303 and 340 were Catholic civilians, between 172 and 196 were

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Winston Churchill had arranged a meeting between Collins and James Craig on 21 January and the southern boycott of Belfast goods was lifted but then re-imposed after several weeks. The two leaders had further meetings, but despite a joint declaration that "peace is declared" on 30 March, violence

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On 22 August, the IRA assassinated RIC Inspector Oswald Swanzy as he left church in Lisburn. Swanzy had been implicated in the killing of Cork Mayor Tomás Mac Curtain. In revenge, loyalists burned and looted hundreds of Catholic businesses and homes in Lisburn, forcing many Catholics to flee (see

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ceased to operate in most of Ireland. People were instead encouraged to subscribe to Collins' "National Loan", set up to raise funds for the young government and its army. By the end of the year the loan had reached £358,000. It eventually reached £380,000. An even larger amount, totalling over $

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was proclaimed. Thereafter they became known as the Irish Republican Army (IRA). Between 1919 and 1921 the IRA claimed to have a total strength of 70,000, but only about 3,000 were actively engaged in fighting against the Crown. The IRA distrusted those Irishmen who had fought in the British Army

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According to historian Michael Hopkinson, the guerrilla warfare, "was often courageous and effective" (Hopkinson (2002) p.202). Another historian, David Fitzpatrick notes that, "The guerrilla fighters... were vastly outnumbered by the forces of the Crown... the success of the Irish Volunteers in

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There were further outbreaks of violence in Belfast after the truce. Twenty people were killed in street fighting and assassinations from 29 August to 1 September 1921 and another thirty were killed from 21 to 25 November. Loyalists had by this time taken to throwing bombs randomly into Catholic

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Most IRA officers on the ground interpreted the truce merely as a temporary respite and continued recruiting and training volunteers. Nor did attacks on the RIC or British Army cease altogether. Between December 1921 and February of the next year, there were 80 recorded attacks by the IRA on the

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without trial; Government payments to local governments in Sinn Féin hands were suspended. This act has been interpreted by historians as a choice by Prime Minister David Lloyd George to put down the rebellion in Ireland rather than negotiate with the republican leadership. As a result, violence

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While the military war made most of Ireland ungovernable from early 1920, it did not actually remove British forces from any part. But the success of Sinn Féin's propaganda campaign reduced the option of the British government to deepen the conflict; it worried in particular about the effect on

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were still paid to local councils but nine out of eleven of these were controlled by Sinn Féin, who naturally refused to pass them on to the British government. By mid-1920, the Irish Republic was a reality in the lives of many people, enforcing its own law, maintaining its own armed forces and

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and was put down within a week, but the British response, executing the leaders of the insurrection and arresting thousands of nationalist activists, galvanised support for the separatist Sinn Féin – the party which the republicans first adopted and then took over as well as followers from

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In February and March 1922, violence in the North reached levels that had not been seen before. Between 11 February and 31 March, 51 Catholics were killed with 115 wounded, with 32 Protestants killed and 86 wounded. On 11 February, IRA volunteers stopped a group of armed Special Constables at

2750:(USC) was formed to help the regular police. The USC was almost wholly Protestant and some of its members carried out reprisal attacks on Catholics. Conflict continued in Northern Ireland after the July 1921 truce; both communal violence in Belfast and guerrilla conflict in rural border areas. 2499:

The speech, when delivered in Belfast on 22 June, was universally well received. It called on "all Irishmen to pause, to stretch out the hand of forbearance and conciliation, to forgive and to forget, and to join in making for the land they love a new era of peace, contentment, and good will".

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was untenable. However, from a military point of view, it was a heavy defeat in which five IRA men were killed and over eighty captured. This showed the IRA was not well enough equipped or trained to take on British forces in a conventional manner. However, it did not, as is sometimes claimed,

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during the Easter Rising. The British execution of the Rising's leaders also increased support in Ireland for both a violent uprising to achieve independence from British rule and an independent Irish republic. This support was further bolstered by the British government's decision to maintain

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were arrested by Northern police on their way to a match in Derry. Among them were IRA volunteers with plans to free IRA prisoners from Derry prison. In response, on the night of 7–8 February, IRA units crossed the border and captured almost fifty Special Constables and prominent loyalists in

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was effectively transferred to the Lord Lieutenant (assisted by Crown appointees). Over the next two days (14–15 May), the IRA killed fifteen policemen. These events marked the complete failure of the British Coalition Government's Irish policy—both the failure to enforce a settlement without

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By the time of the truce, however, many republican leaders, including Collins, were convinced that if the war went on for much longer, there was a chance that the IRA campaign as it was then organised could be brought to a standstill. Because of this, plans were drawn up to "bring the war to

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On 11 December, the centre of Cork City was burnt out by the Black and Tans, who then shot at firefighters trying to tackle the blaze, in reprisal for an IRA ambush in the city on 11 December 1920 which killed one Auxiliary and wounded eleven. In May of that year, the IRA began a campaign of

2520:, an IRA party in Cork killed 10 local suspected Protestant informers in retaliation for the shooting of one of their men. Those killed were named in captured British files as informers before the truce signed the previous July. Over 100 Protestant families fled the area after the killings. 3257:

What was the alternative? It was to plunge one small corner of the empire into an iron repression, which could not be carried out without an admixture of murder and counter-murder.... Only national self-preservation could have excused such a policy, and no reasonable man could allege that

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On 25 November 1913, the Irish Volunteers were formed by Eoin MacNeill in response to the paramilitary Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) that had been founded earlier in the year to fight against home rule. Also in 1913, the Irish Citizen Army was founded by the trade unionists and socialists

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railway companies, which would have meant that workers would no longer have been paid. Attacks by the IRA also steadily increased, and by early 1920, they were attacking isolated RIC stations in rural areas, causing them to be abandoned as the police retreated to the larger towns.

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Loyalists condemned the truce as a 'sell-out' to republicans. On 10 July, a day before the ceasefire was to begin, police launched a raid against republicans in west Belfast. The IRA ambushed them on Raglan Street, killing an officer. This sparked a day of violence known as

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Féin was proclaimed (outlawed) in County Cork and the conflict intensified. The IRA began ambushing RIC and British Army patrols, attacking their barracks and forcing isolated barracks to be abandoned. The British government bolstered the RIC with recruits from Britain—the

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between and within communities". The notion that sectarianism was a factor in a majority of killings has been criticised, with opposing historians contending that Protestant victims were killed for their resistance to republican goals rather than their religious beliefs.

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While the IRA was less active in the north-east than in the south, Ulster unionists saw themselves as besieged by Irish republicans. The January and June 1920 local elections saw Irish nationalists and republicans win control of many northern urban councils, as well as

2360:. Twenty British soldiers were killed or injured, as well as two IRA men and three civilians. Most of the actions in the war were on a smaller scale than this, but the IRA did have other significant victories in ambushes, for example at Millstreet in Cork and at 2042:

While the paper membership of the IRA, carried over from the Irish Volunteers, was over 100,000 men, Collins estimated that only 15,000 were active in the IRA during the war, with about 3,000 on active service at any time. There were also support organisations

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In early April 1920, 400 abandoned RIC barracks were burned to the ground to prevent them being used again, along with almost one hundred income tax offices. The RIC withdrew from much of the countryside, leaving it in the hands of the IRA. In June–July 1920,

3241:, which detailed government atrocities which Irish and British newspapers were unwilling or unable to cover. It was printed secretly and distributed throughout Ireland, and to international press agencies and US, European and sympathetic British politicians. 3147:

Victims' bodies were often disfigured and left with notes that alleged espionage, claimed responsibility and/or discouraged similar deception. Their hair forcefully removed, women were more often disfigured than killed, instead marked as supposed traitors.

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to legitimise the new republic in the eyes of the world, the more practically experienced Collins and the broader IRA leadership opposed these tactics as they had led to the military débacle of 1916. Others, notably Arthur Griffith, preferred a campaign of

2584:(all north and west of the "interim" border), this might well have left Northern Ireland unviable. However, the Commission chose to leave the border unchanged; as a trade-off, the money owed to Britain by the Free State under the Treaty was cancelled (see 6054:"Protestants in the south do not complain of persecution on sectarian grounds. If Protestant farmers are murdered, it is not by reason of their religion, but rather because they are under suspicion as Loyalist. The distinction is fine, but a real one." 2555:

was then created to decide on the precise location of the border of the Free State and Northern Ireland. The republican negotiators understood that the commission would redraw the border according to local nationalist or unionist majorities. Since the

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Although most of the fighting was carried out by men, women played a substantial supporting role in the Irish War of Independence. Before the Easter Rising of 1916, many Irish nationalist women were brought together through organisations fighting for

1893:, who also wounded four British soldiers and disarmed the rest before fleeing in their cars. The local coroner's inquest refused to return a murder verdict over the soldier and local businessmen who had sat on the jury were targeted in the reprisal. 1077:, 21 November 1920, fourteen British intelligence operatives were assassinated; then the RIC fired on the crowd at a Gaelic football match, killing fourteen civilians and wounding sixty-five. A week later, the IRA killed seventeen Auxiliaries in the 2503:

On 24 June 1921, the British coalition government's cabinet decided to propose talks with the leader of Sinn Féin. Coalition Liberals and Unionists agreed that an offer to negotiate would strengthen the government's position if Sinn Féin refused.

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who had been arrested with them, were killed in Dublin Castle. The official account was that the three men were shot "while trying to escape", which was rejected by Irish nationalists, who were certain the men had been tortured and then murdered.

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Most of the Irish independence movement's leaders were willing to accept this compromise, at least for the time being, though many militant republicans were not. A majority of the pre-Truce IRA who had fought in the War of Independence, led by

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docks, would be bombed. The units charged with these missions would more easily evade capture because England was not under, and British public opinion was unlikely to accept, martial law. These plans were abandoned because of the truce.

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and Auxiliaries—who became notorious for ill-discipline and reprisal attacks on civilians, some of which were authorised by the British government. Thus the conflict is sometimes called the "Black and Tan War". The conflict also involved

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The British forces, in trying to re-assert their control over the country, often resorted to arbitrary reprisals against republican activists and the civilian population. An unofficial government policy of reprisals began in 1919 in

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Volunteers began to attack British government property, carry out raids for arms and funds and target and kill prominent members of the British administration. The first was Resident Magistrate John C. Milling, who was shot dead in

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and David Lloyd George. The King, who had made his unhappiness at the behaviour of the Black and Tans in Ireland well known to his government, was dissatisfied with the official speech prepared for him for the opening of the new

5817: 2893:

After a lull in violence in the North, the conflict there intensified again in spring 1921. In February, as reprisal for the shooting of a Special Constable, USC and UVF men burned ten Catholic homes and a priest's house in

3082:

was the first mass internment camp in Ireland during the Irish War of Independence holding almost 2,000 men. Ballykinlar gained a reputation for brutality: three prisoners were shot dead and five died from maltreatment. At

1699:

In January 1921, two years after the war had started, the Dáil debated "whether it was feasible to accept formally a state of war that was being thrust on them, or not", and decided not to declare war. Then on 11 March,

2910:, headed by Craig. Republican and nationalist members refused to attend. King George V addressed the ceremonial opening of the Northern parliament on 22 June. The next day, a train carrying the king's armed escort, the 1144:

was formed, and loyalist paramilitaries were active. They attacked Catholics in reprisal for IRA actions, and in Belfast a sectarian conflict raged in which almost 500 were killed, most of them Catholics. In May 1921,

3291:

Protestant civilians, 82 were police personnel (38 RIC and 44 USC), and 35 were IRA volunteers. Most of the violence took place in Belfast: at least 452 people were killed there – 267 Catholics and 185 Protestants.

2954:

Fermanagh and Tyrone. They were to be held as hostages for the Monaghan prisoners. Several IRA volunteers were also captured during the raids. This operation had been approved by Michael Collins, Richard Mulcahy,

2828:. Some were viciously attacked. This was partly in response to recent IRA actions and partly because of competition over jobs due to high unemployment. It was fuelled by rhetoric from Unionist politicians. In his 2639:

lasted until mid-1923 and cost the lives of many of the leaders of the independence movement, notably the head of the Provisional Government Michael Collins, ex-minister Cathal Brugha, and anti-Treaty republicans

1857:. The Dáil Courts were generally socially conservative, despite their revolutionary origins, and halted the attempts of some landless farmers at redistribution of land from wealthier landowners to poorer farmers. 6752: 6087: 1760:

So far as the mass of people are concerned, the policy of the day is not active but a passive policy. Their policy is not so much to attack the Government as to ignore it and to build up a new government by its

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failed all across the south and west of Ireland; trials by jury could not be held because jurors would not attend. The collapse of the court system demoralised the RIC and many police resigned or retired. The

2611:

to the Irish Republic which the Dáil had instated on 20 August 1919. The anti-Treaty IRA were supported by the former president of the Republic, Éamon de Valera, and ministers Cathal Brugha and Austin Stack.

2216:, killing 16 men (including two cadets, one alleged informer, and one possible case of mistaken identity) and wounding five others. The attacks took place at different places (hotels and lodgings) in Dublin. 4531: 5105: 3051:. On 17 June, in revenge for the killing of two Catholics by Specials, Frank Aiken's IRA unit shot dead six Protestant civilians in Altnaveigh, south Armagh. Three Specials were also ambushed and killed. 2607:, refused to accept the Treaty and in March 1922 repudiated the authority of the Dáil and the new Free State government, which it accused of betraying the ideal of the Irish Republic. It also broke the 4585: 1184:

areas of Northern Ireland continued, and the IRA launched the failed Northern Offensive in May 1922. In June 1922, disagreement among republicans over the Anglo-Irish Treaty led to the eleven-month

3200:

The Catholic Church hierarchy was critical of the violence of both sides, but especially that of the IRA, continuing a long tradition of condemning militant republicanism. The Bishop of Kilmore,

2144:

It also suspended all coroners' courts because of the large number of warrants served on members of the British forces and replaced them with "military courts of enquiry". The powers of military

3095:) and Mountjoy jail in Dublin some of the political prisoners went on hunger strike. In 1920 two Irish republicans died as a result of hunger strikes - Michael Fitzgerald d. 17 October 1920 and 4561: 2817:. Loyalists retaliated by attacking many Catholic homes and businesses in Banbridge and expelling Catholics from their jobs, forcing many to flee the town. There were similar attacks in nearby 2733:

attacked the Catholic community in reprisal. There were outbreaks of sectarian violence from June 1920 to June 1922, influenced by political and military events. Most of it was in the city of

2456:

The war of independence in Ireland ended with a truce on 11 July 1921. The conflict had reached a stalemate. Talks that had looked promising the previous year had petered out in December when

2129:

was proclaimed in Counties Cork, Kerry, Limerick and Tipperary in Munster; in January 1921 martial law was extended to the rest of Munster in Counties Clare and Waterford, as well as counties

1406:

Irish voters showed their disapproval of British policy by giving Sinn Féin 70% (73 seats out of 105,) of Irish seats, 25 of those being uncontested. Sinn Féin won 91% of the seats outside of

3874: 3328:. Tensions that led to the Irish Civil War were evident by then and evacuation was suspended. By November about 6,600 soldiers remained in Dublin at 17 locations. Finally on 17 December 1922 2551:, which had been created by the Government of Ireland Act 1920, to opt out of the Free State if it wished, which it duly did on 8 December 1922 under the procedures laid down. As agreed, an 4399: 3320:

were transferred to the Provisional Government. The RIC last paraded on 4 April and was formally disbanded on 31 August. By the end of May the remaining forces were concentrated in Dublin,

5460: 5319: 2352:. Barry's men narrowly avoided being trapped by converging British columns and inflicted between ten and thirty killed on the British side. Just two days later, on 21 March, the Kerry IRA 2318:

total casualties for the entire three-year conflict. In addition, 4,500 IRA personnel (or suspected sympathisers) were interned in this time. In the middle of this violence, de Valera (as

6403: 3287:(such as accidental shooting) and suicide while on active service, as were 10% of police losses and 14% of IRA losses. About 36% of police personnel who died were born outside Ireland. 6434: 2540:(6 December 1921), which was then ratified in triplicate: by Dáil Éireann on 7 January 1922 (so giving it legal legitimacy under the governmental system of the Irish Republic), by the 3422:, when all those Irish men and women who fought in wars in specific armies (e.g., the Irish unit(s) fighting in the British Army in 1916 at the Battle of the Somme) are commemorated. 1695:

As regards the Republican prisoners, we must always remember that this country is at war with England and so we must in a sense regard them as necessary casualties in the great fight.

4140: 5805: 1554:

of the British Army had formerly served in the National Volunteers. The Irish Volunteers and the Irish Citizen Army launched the Easter Rising against British rule in 1916, when an

6134: 3401:

smuggled gold worth £2,000 from Limerick to Dublin for Collins. Because they sheltered wanted men, many women were subject to raids on their homes by British forces, with acts of

1679:

acting on their own initiative. The IRA attacked and shot two RIC officers, Constables James McDonnell and Patrick O'Connell, who were escorting explosives. Breen later recalled:

6027: 8576: 492: 2802:

and returned fire. At least fourteen Catholics and five Protestants were killed in the violence. Eventually, 1,500 British troops were deployed in Derry and imposed a curfew.

2544:

in January 1922 (so giving it constitutional legitimacy according to British theory of who was the legal government in Ireland), and by both Houses of the British parliament.

2004:, who was exposed by Arthur Griffith before an "IRA" meeting, which in fact consisted of Irish and foreign journalists, and then advised to take the next boat out of Dublin. 11463: 3027:, the Northern government introduced internment and 350 IRA men were arrested in Belfast, crippling its organisation there. The biggest clash of the IRA offensive was the 1483:—to an "administration renowned for its incompetence and inefficiency". Ireland was divided into three military districts. During the war, two British Army divisions, the 6749: 6624: 6079: 1655:

While it was not clear in the beginning of 1919 that the Dáil ever intended to gain independence by military means, and war was not explicitly threatened in Sinn Féin's

4230: 2672: 2656:: total casualties have never been determined but were perhaps higher than those in the earlier fighting against the British. President Arthur Griffith also died of a 4056: 1623:

in the first armed attack on the RIC since the Easter Rising – one was shot in the neck, the other beaten, and police carbines and ammunition were seized. Patrols in

1708:

called for acceptance of a "state of war with England". The Dail voted unanimously to empower him to declare war whenever he saw fit, but he did not formally do so.

2528: 1471:

The heart of British power in Ireland was the Dublin Castle administration, often known to the Irish as "the Castle". The head of the Castle administration was the

736: 10314: 4523: 11411: 10334: 4994: 2837:

Protestants were killed and hundreds wounded. Catholic workers were soon driven out of all major Belfast factories. In response, the Dáil approved the 'Belfast

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two days later. The war was not formally declared by the Dáil, and it ran its course parallel to the Dáil's political life. On 10 April 1919 the Dáil was told:

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was held on 13 May. Sinn Féin won 124 of the new parliament's 128 seats unopposed, but its elected members refused to take their seats. Under the terms of the

1611:

barracks in March 1918 and men from the barracks were beaten that August. In early July 1918, Volunteers ambushed two RIC men who had been stationed to stop a

10431: 3220:, issued a letter saying that IRA men who took part in ambushes "have broken the truce of God, they have incurred the guilt of murder". However, in May 1921, 2898:, County Fermanagh. The following month, the IRA attacked the homes of sixteen Special Constables in the Rosslea district, killing three and wounding others. 1364:

martial law in Ireland until November 1916, the arrest of Irish critics of government policies and the possibility of conscription being extended to Ireland.

7857: 3000:. This was in revenge for the IRA killing of two policemen. A week later, six more Catholics were killed by Specials in another revenge attack, known as the 1312:, held that they would maintain their organisation until home rule had been granted. Within this Volunteer movement, another faction, led by the separatist 1097:

by British forces in reprisal for an ambush. Violence continued to escalate over the next seven months; 1,000 people were killed and 4,500 republicans were

7799: 6131: 4577: 3017: 8569: 6229: 3139:

In recent decades, attention has been drawn to the IRA's killing of civilians in the south, who they alleged were informers. Several historians, notably

485: 4615: 11416: 6579: 4375: 1687:

This is widely regarded as the beginning of the War of Independence. The British government declared South Tipperary a Special Military Area under the

1020:. Although it was defeated after a week of fighting, the Rising and the British response led to greater popular support for Irish independence. In the 7725: 4553: 2282:

that 191 houses were destroyed in official reprisals in the area under martial law since January of that year. In December 1920 Macready informed the

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in Cork in February 1921, saw six, three, and twelve IRA men killed respectively and more captured. The IRA in Mayo suffered a comparable reverse at

2087:

In response to and retaliation for IRA actions, in the summer of 1920, the Tans burned and sacked numerous small towns throughout Ireland, including

6542: 4501: 3858: 1905:, was shot dead in front of his wife at his home, by men with blackened faces who were seen returning to the local police barracks. The jury at the 4688: 4435: 4323: 4110: 2809:

was assassinated by the IRA in Cork. He had allegedly told police officers to shoot civilians who did not immediately obey orders. Smyth came from

821: 7824: 6511: 5740: 5258: 5239: 5220: 4396: 11273: 5456: 2918:, County Armagh. Five soldiers and a train guard were killed, as were fifty horses. A civilian bystander was also shot dead by British soldiers. 7180: 6349: 6100:

In fact the Dail did not formally take responsibility for the IRA campaign until March 1921 with a statement from Eamon de Valera to this effect

1794:

Other aspects of mass participation in the conflict included strikes by organised workers, in opposition to the British presence in Ireland. In

1579:"—gunmen responsible to himself who were assigned special duties such as the assassination of policemen and suspected informers within the IRA. 1378: 8562: 8500: 8477: 8377: 8327: 8304: 478: 6395: 2746:

neighbourhoods. More than 500 were killed and more than 10,000 became refugees, most of them Catholics. The British Army was deployed and the

2718:

The conflict in the north-east had a sectarian aspect. While Ireland as a whole had an Irish nationalist and Catholic majority, Unionists and

2258:

These actions marked a significant escalation of the conflict. In response, the counties of Cork, Kerry, Limerick, and Tipperary – all in the

11530: 10493: 8708: 6426: 4986: 2824:

On 21 July, loyalists drove 8,000 "disloyal" co-workers from their jobs in the Belfast shipyards, all of them either Catholics or Protestant

2227:

football and hurling ground) during a football match, shooting into the crowd. Fourteen civilians were killed, including one of the players,

1815: 1300:, the intention being to ensure the commencement of home rule after the war. However, a significant minority of the Irish Volunteers opposed 1181: 6486: 2408:, they had, as Richard Mulcahy recalled, "as yet not been able to drive the enemy out of anything but a fairly good sized police barracks". 1188:. The Irish Free State awarded 62,868 medals for service during the War of Independence, of which 15,224 were issued to IRA fighters of the 11445: 8908: 4132: 3194: 1346:, proclaiming Ireland's independence as a republic. The Rising, in which over four hundred people died, was almost exclusively confined to 729: 7392: 5526: 10612: 10036: 9948: 8871: 5785: 4654: 4468: 4410: 3418:

was erected in Dublin in 1966, on the fiftieth anniversary of the Easter Rising. The date of signing of the truce is commemorated by the

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while coming under fire. In the Cityside, Loyalists fired from the Fountain neighbourhood into Catholic streets, while the IRA occupied

2460:

David Lloyd George insisted that the IRA first surrender their arms. Fresh talks, after the Prime Minister had come under pressure from

11550: 11459: 9219: 6056:

Nevertheless, between 1911 and 1926, the territory of the Free State lost 34 percent of its (small) Protestant population to migration.

6019: 2212:. In the early morning, Collins' Squad attempted to wipe out leading British intelligence operatives in the capital, in particular the 2103:

on the IRA. The policy of reprisals, which involved public denunciation or denial and private approval, was famously satirised by Lord

1960: 1438:, which stated that there was an "existing state of war, between Ireland and England". The Irish Volunteers were reconstituted as the " 5328:, p.49: The RIC's strength in late 1919 was down to 9,300 but extensive recruitment saw it reach a height of over 14,000 by June 1921. 11540: 10380: 10258: 9282: 8728: 8011: 6297: 4987:"Taoiseach Jack Lynch meets Old IRA War of Independence veterans at the unveiling of a memorial plaque at Beal na Ghleanna, Co. Cork" 2841:' of Unionist-owned businesses and banks in the city. It was enforced by the IRA, who halted trains and lorries and destroyed goods. 1588: 516: 1065:

of most county councils, and British authority collapsed in most of the south and west, forcing the British government to introduce

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had so many eminent members. The British cabinet had not sought the war that had developed since 1919. By 1921 one of its members,

3246: 2596: 1435: 1169: 1066: 5365: 3121:

for the holding of Irish republicans by the British government after Bloody Sunday. Cloistered below decks in cages which held 50

1180:

on 6 December 1922. Northern Ireland remained within the United Kingdom. After the ceasefire, violence in Belfast and fighting in

11450: 10474: 10263: 7380: 4087: 2325:

Between 1 November 1920 and 7 June 1921 twenty-four men were executed by the British. The first IRA volunteer to be executed was

1788: 1317: 722: 268: 5386:

Charles Townshend, 'The Irish Railway Strike of 1920: Industrial Action and Civil Resistance in the Struggle for Independence,'

2885: 2023:) who organised guerrilla activity, largely on their own initiative. For most of the conflict, IRA activity was concentrated in 1410:

on 46.9% of votes cast but was in a minority in Ulster, where unionists were in a majority. Sinn Féin pledged not to sit in the

10624: 10508: 10168: 8718: 6616: 5484: 3711: 3615: 2687: 2615: 2444: 2268: 1576: 1488: 1484: 1121: 7117: 3344:

In May 1922 the British Government with the agreement of the Irish Provisional Government established a commission chaired by

2591:

A new system of government was created for the new Irish Free State, though for the first year two governments co-existed; an

2395:

The biggest single loss for the IRA, however, came in Dublin. On 25 May 1921, several hundred IRA men from the Dublin Brigade

11426: 10457: 9212: 9193: 8585: 8406: 8362: 8344: 8268: 8167: 8149: 8131: 8113: 8095: 7979: 7893: 7439: 7082: 6373: 6173: 5848: 5685: 5660: 5635: 5610: 5145: 5099: 5072: 4751: 4291: 3848: 3790: 2758:

co-ordinated. The Irish government estimated that 50,000 left Northern Ireland permanently due to violence and intimidation.

2653: 2202: 1037: 970: 354: 290: 9021: 4222: 3980: 1668: 11328: 10711: 10597: 8966: 7213: 2541: 2457: 1168:

on 6 December 1921. This ended British rule in most of Ireland and, after a ten-month transitional period overseen by the

10666: 10579: 10536: 9836: 9478: 7565: 3217: 2869: 2861: 2645: 2516:, taking 40 policemen prisoner and seizing over 600 weapons and thousands of rounds of ammunition. In April 1922, in the 2429:

England". The IRA did take the campaign to the streets of Glasgow. It was decided that key economic targets, such as the

2111: 1885: 1439: 11520: 11431: 11195: 11098: 10592: 10503: 10278: 10081: 10041: 10029: 10024: 10012: 9940: 9520: 9275: 9116: 8921: 8634: 8442: 7605: 7585: 7545: 6998: 6282: 6262: 6119: 5205: 5169: 5157: 5060: 4648: 2980: 2392:. Fears of informers after such failed ambushes often led to a spate of IRA shootings of informers, real and imagined. 2067: 1803:

The Trades Council's special Strike Committee controlled the city for fourteen days in an episode that is known as the

1729:, for having sent Volunteers to prison for unlawful assembly and drilling. They mimicked the successful tactics of the 1443: 1343: 1223:, or self-government, from Britain, while not ruling out eventual complete independence. Fringe organisations, such as 1033: 1017: 8355:

Peace By Ordeal: An Account from First-Hand Sources of the Negotiation and Signature of the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921

5725:

British Security Policy in Ireland, 1920–1921: A Desperate Attempt by the Crown to Maintain Anglo-Irish Unity by Force

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USC was formed in October and, in the words of historian Michael Hopkinson, "amounted to an officially approved UVF".

1913:(the British Prime Minister) and District Inspector Swanzy, among others. Swanzy was later tracked down and killed in 1876:, wrote in August 1920 that "the central fact of the present situation in Ireland is that the Irish Republic exists". 10288: 10007: 9850: 9340: 9111: 9036: 8624: 8424: 8241: 8223: 8205: 8187: 8068: 7761: 7628: 7069: 6806: 6480: 5956: 5903: 5871: 5709: 5563: 5274: 5181: 5025: 4942: 4912: 4887: 3974: 3378: 2853:. After some of them were charged with rioting, their colleagues threatened to resign, and they were not prosecuted. 2790:

Fighting broke out in Derry on 18 June 1920 and lasted a week. Catholic homes were attacked in the mainly Protestant

2512:

soon-to-be disbanded RIC, leaving 12 dead. On 18 February 1922, Ernie O'Malley's IRA unit raided the RIC barracks at

1982: 1599:

The years between the Easter Rising of 1916 and the beginning of the War of Independence in 1919 were not bloodless.

1431: 7933:

Ryan, Louise (July 1999). "'Furies' and 'Die-hards': Women and Irish Republicanism in the Early Twentieth Century".

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group and to take on the British forces with conventional military methods. The proposal was immediately dismissed.

11570: 11454: 10478: 10110: 10053: 9993: 9001: 8676: 7846: 4025: 3917: 3345: 2889:

The Lord Lieutenant inspecting troops outside Belfast City Hall on the day Northern Ireland's parliament first met.

2729:

The IRA carried out attacks on British forces in the north-east, but was less active than in the south. Protestant

2421: 2158: 2104: 1411: 1293: 3208:

must be backed by a well grounded hope of success. What hope of success have you against the mighty forces of the

2153:

escalated steadily from that summer and sharply after November 1920 until July 1921. It was in this period that a

2107:

when he said: "It seems to be agreed that there is no such thing as reprisals but they are having a good effect."

1733:' fast violent raids without uniform. Although some republican leaders, notably Éamon de Valera, favoured classic 1257:, at least in territory they could control. In turn, nationalists formed their own paramilitary organisation, the 11545: 11091: 10718: 10164: 9167: 9162: 9051: 3870: 3652:

The Shadow of Béalnabláth (1989) RTÉ TV Documentary by Colm Connolly about the life and death of Michael Collins.

3606: 3228: 17: 8524: 7789: 2399:(the centre of local government in Ireland) in Dublin city centre. Symbolically, this was intended to show that 2348:

On 19 March 1921, Tom Barry's 100-strong West Cork IRA unit fought an action against 1,200 British troops – the

2341:

until 2001. On 1 February, the first execution under martial law of an IRA man took place: Cornelius Murphy, of

1865:

5 million, was raised in the United States by Irish Americans and sent to Ireland to finance the Republic.

11535: 10723: 10619: 10293: 10273: 10228: 9926: 9569: 8916: 8663: 8049: 7006: 5891: 3415: 2620: 2493: 2484: 2417: 2413: 2319: 1964: 1572: 1265: 1150: 827: 205: 6221: 10701: 10410: 10324: 9712: 4607: 4367: 3795: 3510: 3419: 3365: 3096: 3055: 2283: 2198: 1890: 1842: 246: 6590: 11358: 10676: 10602: 10452: 10385: 10309: 10183: 10140: 9907: 9236: 9142: 9086: 9026: 7715: 6459:, University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, IL, pg 106., Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 64-20844 3815: 3763: 3688: 3641: 3496: 2799: 2420:, the Parliament of Southern Ireland was therefore dissolved, and executive and legislative authority over 2372:

in Mayo in May and June. Equally common, however, were failed ambushes, the worst of which, for example at

2272: 1770: 1571:. The basic structure of the IRA was the flying column which could number between 20 and 100 men. Finally, 1447: 1313: 883: 8549: 6698:

Arming the Protestants: The Formation of the Ulster Special Constabulary and the Royal Ulster Constabulary

4493: 10696: 10069: 9673: 9333: 8841: 6553: 4680: 4427: 4315: 3768: 3381:. The republican socialist Irish Citizen Army promoted gender equality and many of these women—including 2747: 2742: 2624: 2573: 2557: 2396: 2224: 1476: 1403: 1399: 1021: 994: 933: 804: 668: 408: 333: 6813:, leader of the mutiny among the police officers, suggested in a publication of the Sinn Féin newspaper 4102: 1656: 11565: 11560: 11555: 11401: 11040: 10706: 10400: 9875: 9857: 9808: 9617: 9610: 7814: 6519: 5723: 5255: 5236: 5217: 3333: 2692: 2599:

nominally answerable to the House of Commons of Southern Ireland and appointed by the Lord Lieutenant.

1507: 1472: 1398:

of 8 April 1918. This further alienated Irish nationalists and produced mass demonstrations during the

1062: 998: 746: 41: 7471:"The Dark Side of Independence: Paramilitary Violence in Ireland and Poland after the First World War" 2906:

were held on 24 May, in which Unionists won most seats. Its parliament first met on 7 June and formed

11108: 10964: 10684: 10498: 10420: 10405: 10390: 10173: 10135: 10125: 10115: 9975: 8951: 6357: 5052: 3675: 3329: 3232: 3212:? None... none whatever and if it unlawful as it is, every life taken in pursuance of it is murder." 3074: 3040: 2552: 2228: 1463: 1395: 1216: 888: 851: 11126: 4979: 3336:) was transferred to General Richard Mulcahy and the garrison embarked at Dublin Port that evening. 11353: 10483: 10097: 9829: 9506: 9432: 5457:"Bonds, ads and even short films: how the people of Ireland were encouraged to fund the First Dáil" 3810: 3566: 3544: 3386: 2915: 2784: 2185:

A number of events dramatically escalated the conflict in late 1920. First the Lord Mayor of Cork,

1688: 1503: 1231:, instead argued for some form of immediate Irish independence, but they were in a small minority. 1206: 986: 928: 387: 313: 8976: 6470: 3364:

was a member of the Irish Citizen Army and fought in the Easter Rising. In 1919 she was appointed

11525: 11421: 11370: 11086: 10838: 10587: 10447: 10253: 10198: 10188: 10155: 9988: 9900: 9471: 9303: 9188: 8856: 8713: 7375:

Liam O'Duibhir, Prisoners of War - Ballykinlar Internment Camp 1920-1921, (2013), Mercier Press.

4345: 3729: 3321: 3092: 2967: 2943: 2400: 2252: 1953: 1872: 1838: 1720:

Wall plaque in Great Denmark Street, Dublin where the Dublin IRA Active Service Unit was founded.

1387: 1013: 816: 683: 5523: 3357: 3299: 2667:

became head of government. On 6 December 1922, following the coming into legal existence of the

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On 24 March, six Catholics were shot dead by Special Constables who broke into the home of the

2970: 2178: 1301: 147: 8534: 7883: 4638: 4457: 4057:"The Black and Tan War – Nine Fascinating Facts About the Bloody Fight for Irish Independence" 2345:

in County Cork, was shot in Cork City. On 28 February, six more were executed, again in Cork.

11103: 11074: 10607: 9879: 9603: 9406: 9126: 8599: 8464:

The British Campaign in Ireland 1919–1921: The Development of Political and Military Policies

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following a series of violent incidents between trade unionists and the Dublin police in the

1427: 1415: 1289: 918: 903: 698: 62: 6080:"Today in Irish History – The First Dáil meets and the Soloheadbeg Ambush – 21 January 1919" 2846: 2771: 2148:

were extended to cover the whole population and were empowered to use the death penalty and

1069:. About 300 people had been killed by late 1920, but the conflict escalated in November. On 11473: 11240: 11011: 10988: 10773: 10659: 10513: 10488: 10357: 10178: 10150: 8861: 8846: 8766: 8761: 8668: 8518: 6211:

surviving so long is therefore noteworthy" (Bartlett, Military History of Ireland, p. 406).

3469: 3382: 3361: 3167: 2923: 2903: 2873: 2818: 2723: 2657: 2604: 2585: 2369: 2286:

that Military Governors in the martial law areas had been authorized to conduct reprisals.

2259: 2209: 1921:. This pattern of killings and reprisals escalated in the second half of 1920 and in 1921. 1734: 1269: 1146: 1141: 1070: 833: 688: 673: 568: 558: 553: 141: 9726: 9041: 8003: 6294: 1898: 8: 11348: 11250: 11146: 11034: 10879: 10569: 10559: 10469: 10145: 10002: 9983: 9937: 9769: 9485: 9268: 9096: 8946: 8741: 3753: 3553: 3374: 3173: 3024: 2208:

Sunday, 21 November 1920, was a day of dramatic bloodshed in Dublin that became known as

1996: 1854: 1752: 1564: 1352: 1305: 1297: 1277: 1246: 1133: 1005: 583: 528: 11175: 5806:"Commemoration: Nationalism, empire and memory: the Connaught Rangers mutiny, June 1920" 3966:

Cogadh Na Saoirse: British Intelligence Operations During the Anglo-Irish War, 1916–1921

1659:, an incident occurred on 21 January 1919, the same day as the First Dáil convened. The 714: 11375: 11308: 11303: 11230: 11213: 11131: 10818: 10813: 10746: 10375: 10243: 10193: 10130: 10105: 10101: 10019: 9963: 9815: 9687: 9659: 9624: 9361: 9289: 9172: 8811: 8786: 8736: 8682: 8609: 7950: 7819: 7794: 7720: 7518: 7510: 6254: 6001: 5736: 5373: 4967: 3909: 3840: 3805: 3683: 3457: 3134: 2911: 2907: 2719: 2608: 2581: 2537: 2517: 2505: 2465: 2389: 2377: 2365: 2092: 2076: 1910: 1902: 1747: 1739: 1660: 1648: 1515: 1360: 1235: 1212: 1165: 1051: 1041: 990: 908: 839: 703: 658: 633: 603: 538: 523: 399: 323: 263: 108: 5510: 4079: 3450: 1705: 227: 11406: 11336: 11056: 10918: 10783: 10689: 10639: 10554: 10415: 10329: 9453: 9071: 8926: 8821: 8796: 8771: 8544: 8494: 8471: 8438: 8420: 8402: 8371: 8358: 8340: 8321: 8298: 8264: 8237: 8219: 8201: 8183: 8177: 8163: 8145: 8127: 8109: 8091: 8064: 8045: 7985: 7975: 7974:. Reappraisals in Irish history. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 141. 7954: 7889: 7757: 7624: 7601: 7581: 7541: 7502: 7435: 7421:, Volume I, Generation Organization, Newberg, OR, pgs 136-137, ISBN 978-0-963-35658-1 7376: 7065: 7002: 6994: 6802: 6476: 6369: 6278: 6258: 6169: 6115: 6005: 5993: 5952: 5899: 5887: 5867: 5844: 5705: 5681: 5656: 5631: 5606: 5559: 5270: 5201: 5177: 5165: 5153: 5141: 5095: 5068: 5056: 5031: 5021: 4938: 4908: 4883: 4747: 4644: 4297: 4287: 4021: 3970: 3844: 3748: 3658: 3474: 3250: 3184: 3122: 3079: 2962:. The Northern Ireland authorities responded by sealing-off many cross-border roads. 2850: 2738: 2469: 2405: 2349: 2330: 2248: 2247:

On 28 November 1920, one week later, the West Cork unit of the IRA, under Tom Barry,

2186: 2020: 1701: 1568: 1356: 1250: 1129: 1078: 923: 856: 792: 786: 643: 613: 588: 573: 10912: 10649: 9822: 9152: 8991: 8554: 8529: 8142:

1916: One Hundred Years of Irish Independence: From the Easter Rising to the Present

7971:

Defying the IRA? Intimidation, Coercion, and Communities During the Irish Revolution

7522: 5481: 3193:

The British government also collected material on the liaison between Sinn Féin and

2048: 1631:

was marked by severe rioting in Dublin that left over 100 British soldiers injured.

1526: 1394:

into Ireland with the implementation of home rule, as outlined in the report of the

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in the previous month. The majority of nationalists followed their IPP leaders and

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Frontiers of Violence: Conflict and Identity in Ulster and Upper Silesia 1918-1922

3197:, in an unsuccessful attempt to portray Sinn Féin as a crypto-communist movement. 2592: 2016: 11365: 11293: 11288: 11118: 10996: 10923: 10564: 10248: 10223: 9747: 9576: 9562: 9513: 9492: 9386: 9368: 8895: 8887: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8801: 8791: 8781: 8746: 8687: 8039: 7184: 6818: 6756: 6301: 6138: 5530: 5488: 5262: 5243: 5224: 5125: 4414: 4403: 4355: 3964: 3575: 3462: 3402: 3398: 3205: 3201: 3110:

Conditions during internment were not always good - during the 1920s, the vessel

3059: 2959: 2825: 2730: 2636: 2385: 2381: 2353: 2338: 2306: 2231:, and a further 65 people were wounded. Later that day two republican prisoners, 2130: 2032: 2008: 1804: 1547: 1281: 1273: 1268:, known as the Home Rule Act, on 18 September 1914 with an amending bill for the 1224: 1185: 1137: 1125: 1094: 845: 663: 653: 648: 618: 608: 598: 578: 563: 533: 232: 210: 114: 9548: 7221: 6711:

The Outrages: The IRA and the Ulster Special Constabulary in the Border Campaign

2787:

county councils. Derry City had its first Irish nationalist and Catholic mayor.

2675:, the first internationally recognised head of an independent Irish government. 2532:

Members of the Irish negotiation committee returning to Ireland in December 1921

2165:. Two were killed whilst trying to storm an armoury and one was later executed. 11500: 11396: 11235: 11223: 11001: 10064: 10048: 9998: 9801: 9740: 9733: 9652: 9631: 9418: 9347: 9317: 9204: 9147: 9066: 8816: 8776: 8756: 8648: 8629: 3778: 3309: 3237: 3209: 2664: 2279: 2194: 2145: 2134: 2072: 2044: 2001: 1861: 1799: 1627:

and Ballyvourney were badly beaten in September and October. In November 1918,

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The initial breakthrough that led to the truce was credited to three people:

2461: 2236: 2190: 2119: 1918: 1846: 1819: 1639: 1628: 1531: 1335: 1329: 1309: 1009: 966: 798: 543: 215: 58: 9091: 9016: 8638: 7946: 5049:

Ireland, 1798–1998: Politics and War (A History of the Modern British Isles)

5035: 4524:"'A Declaration of War on the Irish People' The Conscription Crisis of 1918" 2930:

streets and the IRA responded by bombing trams carrying Protestant workmen.

1995:

Collins was a driving force behind the independence movement. Nominally the

1853:, set up under the Irish Republic. By 1920, the IRP had a presence in 21 of 1672: 1419: 1386:

In April 1918, the British cabinet, in the face of the crisis caused by the

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A Hard Local War: The British Army and the Guerrilla War in Cork, 1919-1921

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The RIC numbered 9,700 men stationed in 1,500 barracks throughout Ireland.

1620: 1560: 1539: 1491:

divisions, were based in Ireland with their respective headquarters in the

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Echoes of Their Footsteps, The Quest for Irish Freedom 1913-1922, Volume I

7701:

Cmd. 1654: Compensation (Ireland) Commission : warrant of appointment

5989: 4179:

A Coward if I return, a Hero if I fall: Stories of Irishmen in World War I

2181:

during the military enquiry into the Bloody Sunday shootings at Croke Park

1818:, who banned railway drivers from carrying members of the British forces. 1418:, but rather to set up an Irish parliament. This parliament, known as the 1228: 1164:

began on 11 July 1921. The post-ceasefire talks led to the signing of the

1025: 893: 49: 11342: 11255: 10954: 10898: 10859: 10120: 9541: 9121: 9081: 9076: 8981: 8971: 6518:. Oireachtas Parliamentary Debates Record. 20 August 1919. Archived from 6356:. Oireachtas Parliamentary Debates Record. 7 January 1922. Archived from 4348: 3692: 3636: 3426: 3118: 3111: 2974: 2955: 2829: 2814: 2795: 2326: 2275: 2240: 2162: 2126: 2036: 1866: 1616: 1604: 1600: 1496: 1304:

in the war. The Volunteer movement split, a majority leaving to form the

1090: 1086: 1082: 8515: 7514: 5974:"Big House Burnings in County Cork during the Irish Revolution, 1920–21" 4162:

O'Halpin, Eunan (2012). "Counting Terror". In Fitzpatrick, David (ed.).

3913: 3897: 2973:, County Monaghan. The USC unit was travelling by train from Belfast to 2173: 1811: 11436: 10959: 10869: 10833: 10823: 10629: 9645: 9325: 9106: 9101: 8941: 8936: 3180: 2342: 2232: 2220: 2213: 2149: 2115: 2096: 2088: 2052: 1967: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1430:

on 21 January 1919. The Dáil reaffirmed the 1916 proclamation with the

1390:, attempted with a dual policy to simultaneously link the enactment of 1254: 1098: 11080: 7704:. Parliamentary Papers. Vol. XVII. HMSO. 8 May 1922. p. 523. 7497: 2197:

in London in October, while two other IRA prisoners on hunger strike,

2027:

and Dublin, with only isolated active IRA units elsewhere, such as in

1841:(IRP) was founded between April and June 1920, under the authority of 11468: 11189: 10973: 10828: 10803: 10778: 10203: 9680: 9296: 9011: 5085: 4935:

The I.R.A. and Its Enemies, Violence and Community in Cork, 1916–1923

4578:"Fintan O'Toole: The 1918 election was an amazing moment for Ireland" 3032: 2810: 2488: 2430: 2357: 1783: 1676: 1644: 1220: 1161: 11154: 10874: 3190:

Another feature of the war was the use of propaganda by both sides.

2678:

The civil war ended in mid-1923 in defeat for the anti-Treaty side.

1942: 11380: 11313: 10978: 10864: 10808: 10213: 9425: 3558: 2902:

UK. The talks came to nothing and violence in the North continued.

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MPs, but the act's implementation was immediately postponed by the

1177: 1028:

won a landslide victory in Ireland. On 21 January 1919 they formed

8216:

The IRA and Its Enemies: Violence and Community in Cork, 1916–1923

3156: 3035:

to dislodge around 100 IRA volunteers from the border villages of

2984:

A mural in Belfast depicting revenge killings by police in Belfast

1929: 11298: 11283: 11182: 10969: 10949: 9923: 9892: 7790:"Treaty (Confirmation of Amending Agreement) Act, 1925, Schedule" 5922: 3044: 3036: 2895: 2838: 2753:

Irish nationalists argued that the violence around Belfast was a

2734: 2513: 2412:

of "Black Whitsun" on 13–15 May 1921. A general election for the

2024: 1914: 1906: 1833: 1810:

Similarly, in May 1920, Dublin dockers refused to handle any war

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collection of contemporary newsreels with background information

8337:

The Year of Disappearances: Political Killings in Cork 1920–1921

7419:

Echoes of Their Footsteps, The Quest for Irish Freedom 1913-1922

6512:"Dáil Éireann – Volume 1 – 20 August, 1919 – Oath of Allegiance" 6295:

Negotiations June–September 1921. UCC online – accessed Dec 2009

2939: 2122:

by regulation for those areas where IRA activity was prevalent.

11168: 11161: 11006: 10939: 10798: 9261: 5348: 5346: 4905:

Tans Terror and Troubles, Kerry's Real Fighting Story 1916–1923

4554:"Election 1918 – what you need to know about how Ireland voted" 3048: 3023:

On 22 May, after the assassination of West Belfast Unionist MP

2754: 2263:

the British and they began with the burning of seven houses in

2154: 1881: 1624: 1559:

during the First World War, but there were exceptions, such as

1479:

was responsible, leading—in the words of the British historian

1407: 1347: 1243: 1113: 1074: 7538:

The Paper Wall: Newspapers and Propaganda in Ireland 1919–1921

6350:"Dáil Éireann – Volume 3 – 7 January, 1922 – Debate on Treaty" 3106:

Irish republican internees at Ballykinlar Internment Camp 1920

2560:

in Ireland had resulted in outright nationalist majorities in

2312: 11218: 10788: 8399:

Prisoners of war : Ballykinlar internment camp 1920-1921

7885:

Guerrilla Warfare in the Irish War of Independence, 1919–1921

7348: 7336: 6750:"1920 local government elections recalled in new publication" 5732: 5577:

The Squad: And the Intelligence Operations of Michael Collins

3406:

than 50 women were imprisoned by the British during the war.

3303:

Soldiers of a British cavalry regiment leaving Dublin in 1922

3267: 2569: 1730: 1342:

whose aim was to end British rule. The insurgents issued the

1109:, which together saw over 75 percent of the conflict deaths. 6906: 6904: 6499:

Section III – The Executive – (A) Executive Council/Aireacht

5343: 2741:

between Protestants and Catholics. In the Belfast violence,

2425:

negotiating with Sinn Féin and a failure to defeat the IRA.

2322:) acknowledged the state of war with Britain in March 1921. 7302: 7266: 7254: 6052:, political advisor to Lloyd George, writing in early 1921 3312:. It was a huge logistical operation, but within the month 1909:

into his death returned a verdict of wilful murder against

1612: 79:(2 years, 5 months, 2 weeks and 6 days) 8539: 5439: 5437: 5398: 5396: 5309: 5307: 5285: 5283: 2536:

Ultimately, the peace talks led to the negotiation of the

2388:, while the Leitrim flying column was almost wiped out at 10906: 8261:

Republican Internment and the Prison Ship "Argenta", 1922

7815:"Damage To Property (Compensation) (Amendment) Act, 1926" 7432:

Republican Internment and the Prison Ship "Argenta", 1922

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Irish Self-Determination League of Great Britain, 1919–24

4861: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4830: 4828: 4777: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4725: 4723: 4710: 4708: 4706: 3898:"The Role of Propaganda in the Anglo-Irish War 1919–1921" 1826: 744: 7716:"Damage To Property (Compensation) Act, 1923, Section 1" 7290: 7278: 7214:"Chronology of Irish History 1919 - 1923: February 1922" 7118:"Chronology of Irish History 1919 - 1923: February 1922" 7083:"Chronology of Irish History 1919 - 1923: February 1922" 6855: 6853: 5930: 3294: 10335:

List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland

6132:

Irish Rebury 10 Republicans Hanged by British in 1920s

5731:. Proceedings of the 11th Irish-Australian Conference. 5582: 5434: 5393: 5304: 5280: 4681:"BBC – The Irish Volunteer Force/Irish Republican Army" 2305:

Attempts at a truce in December 1920 were scuppered by

1870:

collecting its own taxes. The British Liberal journal,

1234:

The demand for home rule was eventually granted by the

8545:

War memorials related to the Irish War of Independence

7652: 7650: 6665: 5773: 5758: 5331: 4852: 4840: 4825: 4813: 4801: 4789: 4760: 4720: 4703: 3995: 3429:(of the IRA), died in October 2007 at the age of 105. 2849:). As a result, Lisburn was the first town to recruit 2177:

British soldiers and relatives of the victims outside

8584: 7051:, Merrion Press, Newbridge, pg 84, ISBN 9781785372933 6850: 3245:

British relations with the US, where groups like the

1308:

under Redmond. The remaining Irish Volunteers, under

1128:

minority there mostly backed Irish independence, the

10065:

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

4133:"Eunan O'Halpin on the Dead of the Irish Revolution" 2309:, who insisted on a surrender of IRA weapons first. 2168: 2110:

On 9 August 1920, the British Parliament passed the

1849:

to replace the RIC and to enforce the ruling of the

1467:

RIC and British Army personnel near Limerick, c.1920

7647: 1791:detectives were killed and another 20 RIC wounded. 1442:" or IRA. The IRA was perceived by some members of 1426:, consisting only of Sinn Féin members, met at the 7201:Guerrilla Warfare in the Irish War of Independence 6540: 6366:The Irish Free State – Its Government and Politics 6020:"The Irish War of Independence – A Brief Overview" 5502: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3011: 2722:were a majority in the north-east, largely due to 2293:Aftermath of the burning of Cork by British forces 2278:stated that he was informed by Commander-in-Chief 1924: 1058:to transport British forces or military supplies. 10428:List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland 7675:The Northern IRA and the Early Years of Partition 7320:for death toll and Catholic refugees; Parkinson, 7181:"The Clones affray, 1922 – massacre or invasion?" 7176: 7174: 6947: 6945: 6649:. Cambridge University Press, 2019. p.11, 100–101 6614: 6363: 3065:The violence in the North was over by late 1922. 2872:wrote to the British government demanding that a 1382:Result of the 1918 UK general election in Ireland 11512: 9234: 8525:War Of Independence website for Clare and Galway 7560:"Intercourse between Bolshevism and Sinn Féin", 6389: 6387: 6385: 2946:was founded, though the IRA continued to exist. 1766:Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) as special target 1085:. In December, the British authorities declared 1040:. That day, two RIC officers were killed in the 969:fought in Ireland from 1919 to 1921 between the 177: 11274:Association football in the Republic of Ireland 8550:Irish History Links for the War of Independence 4349:Multitext Project in Irish History John Redmond 4281: 3932: 3179:The standard of the Lord Lieutenant, using the 1502:The two main police forces in Ireland were the 1089:in much of southern Ireland, and the centre of 8487:The Republic: The Fight For Irish Independence 8384: 7393:"Ballykinlar Internment Camp Tokens (1920-21)" 7195: 7193: 7171: 6942: 6577: 6468: 6427:"The Emergence of the 'Two Irelands', 1912–25" 6424: 6393: 5915: 4957: 4640:The Anglo-Irish War, 1916–1921: A People's War 3859:"Why Ireland Won: The War from the Irish Side" 2663:Following the deaths of Griffith and Collins, 27:1919–1921 war between Irish and British forces 9908: 9220: 8570: 8396: 7745: 7743: 7110: 6433:. Vol. 12, no. 4. History Ireland. 6382: 6154:Eunan O'Halpin & Daithí Ó Corráin. p. 301 5704:, E Hulton and Co Ltd, London, 1959, p. 107, 1446:to have a mandate to wage war on the British 1338:of 1916, in which the Volunteers launched an 730: 500: 486: 8258: 7616: 7614: 7434:(September 2000), Irish Academic Press Ltd. 4161: 3837:The Anglo-Irish War, 1916–21: A People's War 3308:Treaty and took nearly a year, organised by 3162:The Irish tricolour which dated back to the 2439: 2255:, killing all but one of the 18-man patrol. 2055:" and provisions to IRA units "on the run". 1889:the No. 2 Cork Brigade under the command of 10037:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 8353:Pakenham, Frank (Earl of Longford) (1935), 7190: 6993:. Transaction Publishers, 1997. pp. 29–30; 6955:. Manchester University Press, 1998. p. 299 6662:. Oxford University Press, 2010. pp.128–129 5509:. E. Hulton & Co Ltd (London). p. 4643:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 131. 4612:Public Record Office, The National Archives 3352: 3128: 2313:Peak of violence: December 1920 – July 1921 11460:Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland 9915: 9901: 9227: 9213: 8577: 8563: 8499:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8476:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8376:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8326:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8303:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8160:The Anglo-Irish War, The Troubles, 1913–23 7756:. Cambridge University Press. p. 23. 7740: 7468: 7155:, Mercier Press, p.103, ISBN 9781781171462 5916:Hamilton Cuffe, Lord (21 June 1921). 5194:Sean Treacy and the 3rd. Tipperary Brigade 5015: 4668:the establishment of the Irish Republic... 4608:"The End of the British Empire in Ireland" 4458:"Countess Markievicz—'The Rebel Countess'" 4286:. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. p. 9. 4176: 4103:"Michael Collins: A Man Against an Empire" 4020:. Dublin: The Mercier Press. p. 105. 3117:was moored in Belfast Lough and used as a 2219:In response, RIC men drove in trucks into 1816:Irish Transport and General Workers' Union 1195: 737: 723: 493: 479: 8484: 8461: 8387:'Guerilla Warfare in Ireland 1919–1921', 8311: 8249: 8231: 8076: 7611: 7535: 7496: 7486: 7354: 7342: 7308: 7296: 7284: 7272: 7260: 6964: 6910: 6776:. Yale University Press, 2020. pp.141–145 6748:. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015. pp.97–98; 5936: 5803: 5791: 5779: 5767: 5721: 5588: 5443: 5402: 5352: 5325: 5313: 5289: 5237:Dáil Éireann – Volume 1 – 25 January 1921 4877: 4001: 3962: 2302:burnings which totaled 26 in Cork alone. 1983:Learn how and when to remove this message 1589:Timeline of the Irish War of Independence 11279:Association football in Northern Ireland 8352: 8252:Green against Green, the Irish Civil War 8157: 8103: 8085: 8037: 7753:Everyday Violence in the Irish Civil War 7424: 6617:"Hearts of stone in Ireland's civil war" 5971: 5337: 5301:M.E. Collins, Ireland 1868–1966, p. 254. 4865: 4846: 4834: 4819: 4807: 4795: 4783: 4771: 4729: 4714: 3895: 3528:List of Irish revolutionary period films 3356: 3298: 3266: 3247:American Committee for Relief in Ireland 3172: 3155: 3101: 3031:, which ended with British troops using 2979: 2884: 2855: 2794:, and Catholics fled by boat across the 2765: 2691: 2614: 2527: 2443: 2364:in Roscommon, also in March 1921 and at 2288: 2172: 2066: 1928: 1884:, County Cork, when 200 soldiers of the 1769: 1715: 1638: 1525: 1462: 1436:Message to the Free Nations of the World 1377: 1334:The plan for revolt was realised in the 1316:, began to prepare for a revolt against 148:Berehaven, Spike Island and Lough Swilly 10475:Demographics of the Republic of Ireland 8432: 8175: 8088:The Illustrated Life of Michael Collins 8058: 7881: 7030:Eunan O'Halpin & Daithí Ó Corráin. 6772:Eunan O'Halpin & Daithí Ó Corráin. 6168:. The History Press. pp. 214–218. 5838: 5804:Silvestri, Michael (July–August 2010). 5675: 5650: 5625: 5600: 5500: 5494: 5256:Dáil Éireann – Volume 1 – 11 March 1921 5218:Dáil Éireann – Volume 1 – 10 April 1919 5198:Police Casualties in Ireland, 1919–1922 4928: 4926: 4924: 4575: 4040: 3945:Eunan O'Halpin & Daithí Ó Corráin. 3368:in the Government of the Irish Republic 3225:murder gang on a footing of equality". 2737:, which saw "savage and unprecedented" 1105:(particularly County Cork), Dublin and 14: 11513: 8516:The Irish Independence Film Collection 8450: 8334: 8139: 8121: 7967: 7928: 7926: 7916: 7914: 7827:from the original on 22 September 2017 7802:from the original on 22 September 2017 7728:from the original on 22 September 2017 7464: 7462: 7460: 5164:by Thomas Bartlett and Keith Jeffery ( 5108:from the original on 23 September 2021 4741: 4588:from the original on 20 September 2020 4438:from the original on 25 September 2015 3920:from the original on 23 September 2021 3521: 3432: 2696:Conflict deaths in Belfast 1920–1922. 2452:in Dublin in the days before the truce 2333:who were buried in unmarked graves in 1827:Collapse of the British administration 1634: 989:(RIC) and its paramilitary forces the 10744: 10534: 10355: 9961: 9896: 9208: 8709:Brigades of the Irish Republican Army 8558: 8288: 8263:, Kildare: Irish Academic Press Ltd, 8108:, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 8004:"Irish Civil War veteran dies at 105" 7863:from the original on 11 November 2019 7749: 7021:. Four Courts Press, 2004. pp.151–155 6627:from the original on 12 February 2019 6580:"Griffith, Arthur Joseph (1871–1922)" 6437:from the original on 25 November 2018 6406:from the original on 24 November 2018 5967: 5965: 5820:from the original on 13 February 2019 5746:from the original on 10 February 2012 5084: 5016:Yeates, Padraig; Wren, Jimmy (1989). 4902: 4636: 4378:from the original on 24 February 2020 4113:from the original on 17 November 2017 4013: 3983:from the original on 29 December 2020 3902:The Canadian Journal of Irish Studies 3896:Costello, Francis J. (January 1989). 3834: 3791:Welsh rebellions against English rule 3295:Post-war evacuation of British forces 2880: 1101:. Much of the fighting took place in 718: 474: 8414: 8279:'The War against the RIC, 1919–21', 8276: 8213: 8195: 8179:Armed Struggle, a History of the IRA 7932: 7770:from the original on 25 January 2021 7671:Armed Struggle, a History of the IRA 6275:The Austen Chamberlain Diary Letters 6232:from the original on 7 November 2020 6112:Irish Political Prisoners 1848– 1922 6086:. The Irish Story. 21 January 2016. 5463:from the original on 11 January 2021 5018:Michael Collins, an Illustrated Life 4932: 4921: 4691:from the original on 3 December 2019 4504:from the original on 4 February 2020 4326:from the original on 2 February 2020 3856: 2904:Elections to the Northern parliament 2595:headed by President Griffith, and a 2542:House of Commons of Southern Ireland 2458:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 2397:occupied and burned the Custom House 1965:adding citations to reliable sources 1936: 1582: 8218:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 8200:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 7923: 7911: 7457: 7187:, Volume 12, Issue 3 (Autumn 2004). 6647:The Partition of Ireland: 1918–1925 6589:. National Archives. Archived from 6552:. National Archives. Archived from 6163: 6105: 6030:from the original on 3 January 2018 4997:from the original on 24 August 2011 4657:from the original on 16 August 2021 4253:"Ireland – The 20th-century crisis" 3425:The last survivor of the conflict, 2112:Restoration of Order in Ireland Act 1711: 1607:, four rifles were seized from the 1594: 1521: 1288:'s call to support Britain and the 1249:formed an armed organisation – the 1200: 77:21 January 1919 – 11 July 1921 24: 10504:Tourism in the Republic of Ireland 10279:Economy of the Republic of Ireland 10077:Irish Free State (1922–1937) 9922: 9276:Physical force Irish republicanism 8535:The Irish Story archive on the war 8457:, Newberg: Generation Organization 8339:, Cork: Gill & Macmillan Ltd, 8090:, Boulder, Co.: Roberts Rinehart, 8014:from the original on 26 March 2008 6799:Michael Collins's Intelligence War 6489:from the original on 13 March 2018 6166:Michael Collins's Intelligence War 6090:from the original on 26 April 2019 5962: 5896:Michael Collins's Intelligence War 5556:Michael Collins's Intelligence War 4991:Pictures from the Examiner Archive 4474:from the original on 18 April 2020 4067:from the original on 28 March 2019 3969:(reprint ed.). BiblioBazaar. 3963:Heatherly, Christopher J. (2012). 3687:, BBC miniseries. The theme music 2688:The Troubles in Ulster (1920–1922) 2673:President of the Executive Council 2007:The Chief of Staff of the IRA was 1845:and the former IRA Chief of Staff 1663:, in County Tipperary, was led by 1344:Proclamation of the Irish Republic 1264:The British parliament passed the 1253:(UVF) – to resist this measure of 1122:The Troubles in Ulster (1920–1922) 25: 11582: 11551:Wars involving the United Kingdom 10289:Post-2008 Irish economic downturn 9194:Anti-Treaty Irish Republican Army 8586:Irish Republican Army (1919–1922) 8509: 6713:. Mercier Press, 2011. pp.265–266 6396:"The Irish Civil War (1922–1923)" 6251:Britain Between the Wars, 1918–40 6145: : Accessed 1 November 2008. 5926:. United Kingdom: House of Lords. 4744:Irish Regiments in the World Wars 4618:from the original on 26 July 2020 4564:from the original on 26 July 2020 4233:from the original on 3 March 2019 4193:"Ireland – The rise of Fenianism" 4143:from the original on 27 July 2019 4090:from the original on 12 June 2018 3502:1991 - "Amongst Women", novel by 3151: 2914:, was derailed by an IRA bomb at 2772:destroyed by loyalists in Lisburn 2724:17th century British colonization 2284:Cabinet of the British Government 2169:Escalation: October–December 1920 1432:Irish Declaration of Independence 871: 11541:Resistance to the British Empire 11531:Ireland–United Kingdom relations 11494: 10458:Tallest buildings and structures 9385: 8385:O'Donoghue, Florrie (May 1963), 8144:, New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 7996: 7961: 7902: 7882:McKenna, Joseph (8 March 2011). 7875: 7839: 7782: 7708: 7692: 7680: 7663: 7658:The Dead of the Irish Revolution 7634: 7591: 7571: 7554: 7529: 7444: 7411: 7385: 7369: 7360: 7327: 7314: 7241: 7228: 7206: 7158: 7145: 7132: 7097: 7075: 7054: 7041: 7032:The Dead of the Irish Revolution 7024: 7011: 6983: 6970: 6929: 6916: 6888: 6875: 6862: 6837: 6824: 6792: 6779: 6774:The Dead of the Irish Revolution 6766: 6738: 6729: 6716: 6703: 6690: 6681: 6652: 6639: 6608: 6571: 6534: 6516:historical-debates.oireachtas.ie 6504: 6475:. Creative Media Partners, LLC. 6472:The Irish Constitution Explained 6462: 6449: 6418: 6354:historical-debates.oireachtas.ie 6342: 6329: 6320: 6307: 6288: 6268: 6244: 6214: 5843:. Spellmount. pp. 104–107. 5196:by Desmond Ryan (1945), p. 74.; 4958:Ó Súilleabháin, Mícheál (1965). 4880:Easter 1916, The Irish Rebellion 3947:The Dead of the Irish Revolution 3877:from the original on 13 May 2021 3332:(now housing collections of the 3281:The Dead of the Irish Revolution 3206:Any war... to be just and lawful 2949:In January 1922, members of the 2249:ambushed a patrol of Auxiliaries 1941: 1886:King's Shropshire Light Infantry 1323: 1176:was created as a self-governing 985:, along with the quasi-military 822:The Troubles in Northern Ireland 299: 284: 179: 166: 48: 9283:Irish in the American Civil War 9168:National Association of Old IRA 9163:Irish Self-Determination League 8063:, Dublin: Educational Company, 8030: 7333:Lynch, Northern IRA pp. 147–48. 6834:. Mercier Press, 2009. pp.67–77 6204: 6191: 6182: 6157: 6148: 6125: 6072: 6059: 6042: 6012: 5972:Donnelly, James S. Jr. (2012). 5942: 5923:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 5909: 5877: 5857: 5832: 5797: 5715: 5694: 5669: 5644: 5619: 5594: 5569: 5549: 5536: 5517: 5475: 5449: 5421: 5408: 5380: 5358: 5295: 5249: 5230: 5211: 5187: 5131: 5119: 5078: 5042: 5009: 4951: 4896: 4871: 4735: 4673: 4630: 4600: 4546: 4534:from the original on 6 May 2020 4516: 4486: 4450: 4420: 4390: 4360: 4338: 4308: 4284:The Irish Revolution, 1916–1923 4275: 4263:from the original on 3 May 2020 4245: 4215: 4203:from the original on 3 May 2020 4185: 4170: 4155: 4043:The Irish Revolution, 1916–1923 3871:International Churchill Society 3712:The Wind That Shakes the Barley 3499:, winner of the Whitbread Award 3339: 3258:self-preservation was involved. 3016:In May 1922 the IRA launched a 3012:Summer 1922: Northern Offensive 1952:needs additional citations for 1925:IRA organisation and operations 1774:A group of RIC officers in 1917 1647:, one of those involved in the 1615:being held on the road between 1587:For a chronological guide, see 1514:") and the Temporary Cadets or 1422:, and its ministry, called the 1238:in 1912, immediately prompting 1054:, notably the refusal of Irish 10294:Post-2008 Irish banking crisis 8664:Government of Ireland Act 1920 8417:Tom Barry: IRA Freedom Fighter 7750:Clark, Gemma (21 April 2014). 7366:Parkinson, Unholy War, p. 316. 6746:Revolutionary Ireland: 1912–25 5949:Tom Barry: IRA Freedom Fighter 5918:"Hamilton Cuffe, 21 June 1921" 5605:. Spellmount. pp. 33–34. 5390:21, no. 83 (May 1979): 265–82. 4937:. OUP Oxford. pp. 62–63. 4746:. Bloomsbury USA. p. 28. 4181:. Dublin: O'Brien. p. 13. 4125: 4049: 4034: 4007: 3956: 3889: 3828: 3379:Irish Women's Franchise League 2868:In September, Unionist leader 2761: 2494:Parliament of Northern Ireland 2485:Prime Minister of South Africa 2418:Government of Ireland Act 1920 2414:Parliament of Southern Ireland 2356:at the Headford junction near 2062: 1266:Government of Ireland Act 1914 13: 1: 10356: 8259:Kleinrichert, Denise (2000), 8234:The Irish War of Independence 8162:, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 8079:Ireland: Inventing the Nation 8041:A Military History of Ireland 7847:"Women and History 1912–1922" 7475:Contemporary European History 5366:"The Limerick soviet of 1919" 5162:A Military History of Ireland 5150:The Irish War of Independence 4637:Kautt, William Henry (1999). 4494:"BBC – The rise of Sinn Féin" 3821: 3796:Wars of Scottish Independence 3437: 3420:National Day of Commemoration 3262: 3235:were active in producing the 3029:Battle of Pettigo and Belleek 2951:Monaghan Gaelic football team 2933: 2681: 1897:and children. In March 1920, 1367: 1242:within the United Kingdom as 456: 371: 362: 348: 11359:Northern Ireland flags issue 10535: 10310:List of conflicts in Ireland 10054:Southern Ireland (1921–1922) 9851:The Irish People (newspaper) 9238:Irish Republican Brotherhood 9143:Irish Republican Brotherhood 4882:. Ivan R. Dee. p. 338. 4465:Irish Labour History Society 4223:"Government of Ireland Bill" 4045:. Routledge. pp. 86–87. 3764:List of conflicts in Ireland 3700:An Deichniúr Dearmadta (The 3271:Monument to IRA fighters in 3068: 2805:On 17 July, British Colonel 2713: over 150 deaths per km 2574:district electoral divisions 2273:Attorney-General for Ireland 2239:and an unassociated friend, 2047:(the IRA women's group) and 1814:and were soon joined by the 1742:rather than armed struggle. 1448:Dublin Castle administration 1314:Irish Republican Brotherhood 1018:proclaimed an Irish Republic 884:Irish Republican Brotherhood 828:Creation of Northern Ireland 7: 10745: 10330:Gaelic clothing and fashion 9962: 9341:Declaration of Independence 8625:Declaration of Independence 8485:Townshend, Charles (2014), 8462:Townshend, Charles (1975), 8312:MacCardle, Dorothy (1937), 8250:Hopkinson, Michael (2004), 8232:Hopkinson, Michael (2002), 8077:Comerford, Richard (2003), 7673:, pp. 39–40. Robert Lynch, 6543:"Stack, Austin (1879–1929)" 6541:J. Anthony Gaughan (2011). 5722:Ainsworth, John S. (2000). 4878:Townshend, Charles (2006). 3769:Military history of Ireland 3737: 3409: 3160:The symbol of the Republic: 3080:Ballykinlar internment camp 3054:Collins held Field Marshal 2748:Ulster Special Constabulary 2707: 100–150 deaths per km 1400:Conscription Crisis of 1918 1280:due to the outbreak of the 1112:The conflict in north-east 1038:declared Irish independence 995:Ulster Special Constabulary 934:Ulster Special Constabulary 334:Ulster Special Constabulary 10: 11587: 9876:Irish National Invincibles 9858:United Irishmen of America 9809:Emmet Monument Association 8530:Cork's War of Independence 7888:. McFarland. p. 110. 7656:O'Halpin & Ó Corráin, 7469:Eichenberg, Julia (2010). 7417:Thorne, Kathleen, (2016), 6953:Irish Home Rule, 1867–1921 6700:. Pluto Press, 1983. p.166 6615:Diarmaid Ferriter (2015). 6587:treaty.nationalarchives.ie 6550:treaty.nationalarchives.ie 6364:Nicholas Mansergh (2007). 5680:. Spellmount. p. 87. 5655:. Spellmount. p. 83. 5630:. Spellmount. p. 82. 5091:My fight for Irish freedom 3835:Kautt, William H. (1999). 3742: 3733:, five-part RTÉ miniseries 3616:Shake Hands with the Devil 3579:, Irish film (also called 3525: 3334:National Museum of Ireland 3132: 3072: 2770:Catholic-owned businesses 2701: 50–100 deaths per km 2685: 1586: 1508:Dublin Metropolitan Police 1458: 1371: 1327: 1204: 999:Irish revolutionary period 997:(USC). It was part of the 762: 42:Irish revolutionary period 11521:Irish War of Independence 11490: 11389: 11327: 11264: 11204: 11117: 11065: 11020: 10987: 10932: 10897: 10847: 10766: 10757: 10753: 10740: 10675: 10578: 10547: 10543: 10530: 10440: 10368: 10364: 10351: 10302: 10090: 9974: 9970: 9957: 9933: 9867: 9844:Irish Freedom (newspaper) 9786: 9761: 9697: 9595: 9586: 9463: 9447:Irish War of Independence 9394: 9383: 9246: 9181: 9135: 8907: 8870: 8727: 8701: 8654:Irish War of Independence 8592: 8451:Thorne, Kathleen (2016), 8433:Sheehan, William (2011), 8176:English, Richard (2003), 8038:Bartlett, Robert (1997). 7920:McKenna 2011, p. 262–263. 7488:10.1017/S0960777310000147 6137:23 September 2021 at the 5839:Bennett, Richard (2001). 5676:Bennett, Richard (2001). 5651:Bennett, Richard (2001). 5626:Bennett, Richard (2001). 5601:Bennett, Richard (2001). 5501:Bennett, Richard (1959). 4177:Richardson, Neil (2010). 3857:Hoyt, Timothy D. (2009). 3177:A symbol of British rule: 3075:1923 Irish hunger strikes 2553:Irish Boundary Commission 2523: 2440:Truce: July–December 1921 2320:President of Dáil Éireann 1643:Police wanted poster for 1518:(known as the "Auxies"). 1453: 1219:(IPP) had been demanding 1217:Irish Parliamentary Party 1151:Government of Ireland Act 1149:under British law by the 1061:In mid-1920, republicans 951:Irish War of Independence 889:Irish Parliamentary Party 879: 870: 852:1923 Irish hunger strikes 770: 761: 757: 512: 504:Irish War of Independence 447: 417: 342: 277: 193: 159: 69: 47: 39: 35:Irish War of Independence 34: 9830:Friends of Irish Freedom 9777:Francis Frederick Millen 9674:Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa 9433:Fenian dynamite campaign 8922:J. J. "Ginger" O'Connell 8397:O'Duibhir, Liam (2013), 8291:Ireland Since the Famine 8289:Lyons, F. S. L. (1971), 8236:, Gill & Macmillan, 8198:The IRA at War 1916–1923 8158:Cottrell, Peter (2006), 8140:Coogan, Tim Pat (2016), 8122:Coogan, Tim Pat (1990), 7687:Dublin Historical Record 7153:From Pogrom to Civil War 7151:Glennon, Kieran (2013), 6991:The Secret Army: The IRA 6687:Lynch (2019), pp.171–176 6676:The Partition of Ireland 6368:. Read. pp. 39–40. 6164:Foy, Michael T. (2013). 5884:The Secret Army: The IRA 5388:Irish Historical Studies 4402:14 December 2017 at the 4368:"BBC – The Proclamation" 4282:Coleman, Marie. (2013). 3816:Revolutions of 1917–1923 3811:Aftermath of World War I 3784: 3607:The Plough and the Stars 3387:Madeleine ffrench-Mullen 3353:Role of women in the war 3346:Lord Shaw of Dunfermline 3129:Killing of alleged spies 2671:, W. T. Cosgrave became 2625:St. Mary's Pro-Cathedral 1689:Defence of the Realm Act 1504:Royal Irish Constabulary 1207:Irish Home Rule Movement 987:Royal Irish Constabulary 929:Royal Irish Constabulary 451:About 900 civilians dead 314:Royal Irish Constabulary 11571:20th-century rebellions 11451:Prostitution (Republic) 9618:Edward O'Meagher Condon 9611:Ricard O'Sullivan Burke 9334:Hindu–German Conspiracy 8714:Irish Republican Police 8419:, Cork: Mercier Press, 8335:Murphy, Gerard (2010), 8104:Connolly, Colm (1996), 8086:Connolly, Colm (1996), 8059:Collins, M. E. (1993), 7947:10.1111/1468-0424.00142 7644:(Thornton 1929) p. 297. 7536:Kenneally, Ian (2008). 7397:oldcurrencyexchange.com 7038:, 2020. pp.518–520, 522 6755:31 January 2021 at the 6578:Michael Laffan (2011). 6469:Darrell Figgis (2002). 6425:Michael Laffan (2004). 6394:Turtle Bunbury (2005). 6277:by Austen Chamberlain ( 5174:Michael Collins: A Life 4903:Dwyer, T. Ryle (2001). 4257:Encyclopedia Britannica 4197:Encyclopedia Britannica 4041:Coleman, Marie (2013). 3093:1920 Cork hunger strike 2924:Belfast's Bloody Sunday 2847:the Burnings in Lisburn 2448:A crowd gathers at the 2401:British rule in Ireland 2253:Kilmichael, County Cork 1839:Irish Republican Police 1388:German spring offensive 1318:British rule in Ireland 1196:Origins of the conflict 1147:Ireland was partitioned 817:1920 Cork hunger strike 689:Bloody Sunday (Belfast) 11546:Wars involving Ireland 10320:List of Irish kingdoms 9311:Irish Race Conventions 9057:George Oliver Plunkett 8254:, Gill & Macmillan 8126:, London: Hutchinson, 7968:Hughes, Brian (2016). 7689:1998, vol.51 pp. 4–24. 7430:Kleinrichert, Denise, 7218:Dublin City University 7122:Dublin City University 7087:Dublin City University 7047:Moore, Cormac, (2019), 6859:Lynch (2019), pp.92–93 6455:Bromage, Mary (1964), 6335:Meda Ryan, Tom Barry, 5529:6 October 2008 at the 5152:by Michael Hopkinson ( 4742:Murphy, David (2007). 4061:Militaryhistorynow.com 3446:The Shadow of a Gunman 3414:A memorial called the 3369: 3310:General Nevil Macready 3304: 3276: 3260: 3187: 3170: 3107: 3085:HM Prison Crumlin Road 2985: 2890: 2865: 2775: 2715: 2628: 2597:Provisional Government 2533: 2453: 2294: 2182: 2179:Jervis Street Hospital 2080: 1934: 1775: 1763: 1721: 1697: 1685: 1652: 1534: 1468: 1383: 1170:Provisional Government 1140:. A mainly Protestant 1030:a breakaway government 1022:December 1918 election 973:(IRA, the army of the 958: 924:Ulster Volunteer Force 569:Bloody Sunday (Dublin) 194:Commanders and leaders 11536:Rebellions in Ireland 11427:Mass media (Republic) 11371:National coat of arms 10259:IRA Northern Campaign 9880:Phoenix Park killings 9837:Irish Republican Army 9604:Thomas Francis Bourke 9407:Clerkenwell explosion 9127:W.J. Brennan-Whitmore 8862:Belfast Bloody Sunday 8540:The Irish War website 8437:, The History Press, 7908:McKenna 2011, p. 112. 7036:Yale University Press 6809:), p. 91.; Constable 6457:Churchill and Ireland 6222:"Battle Of Rottenrow" 6026:. 18 September 2012. 5990:10.1353/eir.2012.0021 5735:, Western Australia: 5459:. RTÉ. 3 April 2020. 5094:, Anvil, p. 50, 5020:. Tomar. p. 27. 4960:The Mouth of the Glen 4933:Hart, Peter (2016) . 4354:28 March 2016 at the 4014:Dinan, Brian (1987). 3951:Yale University Press 3801:Scottish independence 3721:A Nightingale Falling 3601:, American drama film 3416:Garden of Remembrance 3360: 3318:Beggars Bush Barracks 3302: 3270: 3255: 3176: 3159: 3105: 3002:Arnon Street massacre 2983: 2908:a devolved government 2888: 2859: 2769: 2695: 2660:during the conflict. 2627:, Dublin, August 1922 2618: 2531: 2474:Trades Union Congress 2447: 2292: 2265:Midleton, County Cork 2205:, died in Cork Jail. 2176: 2125:On 10 December 1920, 2079:in Dublin, April 1921 2070: 1932: 1855:Ireland's 32 counties 1773: 1758: 1727:Westport, County Mayo 1719: 1693: 1681: 1642: 1552:16th (Irish) Division 1529: 1466: 1440:Irish Republican Army 1404:1918 general election 1381: 1302:Ireland's involvement 1132:majority were mostly 971:Irish Republican Army 919:Ulster Unionist Party 904:Irish Republican Army 699:Arnon Street killings 418:Casualties and losses 291:Irish Republican Army 63:3rd Tipperary Brigade 11349:County coats of arms 11241:List of Irish people 10315:List of Irish tribes 10165:Cromwellian conquest 10151:Plantation of Ulster 10082:Ireland (since 1922) 8857:Coolacrease killings 8847:Carrowkennedy ambush 8842:Custom House burning 8767:Dublin Bloody Sunday 8762:Battle of Ballinalee 8669:Partition of Ireland 8519:Irish Film Institute 8214:Hart, Peter (1998), 8196:Hart, Peter (2003), 7062:Belfast's Unholy War 7019:Belfast's Unholy War 6313:Niall C. Harrington 6300:23 June 2011 at the 6114:by Seán McConville ( 6048:Ryan (above) quotes 5487:5 March 2012 at the 5140:by Richard English ( 4560:. 11 December 2018. 4413:5 April 2017 at the 4316:"BBC – John Redmond" 4139:. 10 February 2012. 4017:Clare and its people 3706:a TG4 TV Documentary 3470:Guests of the Nation 3383:Constance Markiewicz 3362:Constance Markievicz 3099:d. 25 October 1920. 2874:special constabulary 2658:cerebral haemorrhage 2586:Partition of Ireland 2558:1920 local elections 2335:unconsecrated ground 2267:. Questioned in the 2157:broke out among the 1961:improve this article 1735:conventional warfare 1270:partition of Ireland 1142:special constabulary 834:Partition of Ireland 241:Military commanders: 200:Military commanders: 142:Partition of Ireland 11464:in Northern Ireland 11455:in Northern Ireland 11196:Legendary creatures 11109:Traditional singing 10945:Saint Patrick's Day 10580:Republic of Ireland 10509:Tourist attractions 10494:ROI–UK border 10479:of Northern Ireland 10432:in Northern Ireland 10264:IRA Border Campaign 10239:War of Independence 10209:Second Great Famine 10194:Act of Union (1800) 10146:Flight of the Earls 10003:Lordship of Ireland 9938:Republic of Ireland 9770:Thomas Miller Beach 9500:John O'Connor Power 9269:Irish republicanism 8742:Rescue at Knocklong 8415:Ryan, Meda (2003), 8277:Lowe, W.J. (2002), 7623:by Tim Pat Coogan ( 7600:by Ernie O'Malley ( 7580:by Ernie O'Malley ( 7452:IRA and its Enemies 7357:, pp. 115–116. 7345:, pp. 112–113. 7049:Birth of the Border 7017:Parkinson, Alan F. 6801:by Michael T. Foy ( 6522:on 11 February 2012 6337:IRA Freedom Fighter 6228:. 19 October 2007. 5898:by Michael T. Foy ( 5886:by J. Bowyer Bell ( 5866:by Tim Pat Coogan ( 5558:by Michael T. Foy ( 5376:on 6 February 1998. 5355:, pp. 201–202. 5269:by Tim Pat Coogan ( 5261:7 June 2011 at the 5242:7 June 2011 at the 5223:7 June 2011 at the 5200:by Richard Abbott ( 4063:. 9 November 2015. 3754:Irish republicanism 3522:Television and film 3433:Cultural depictions 3366:Minister for Labour 2944:Irish National Army 2800:St Columb's College 2547:The Treaty allowed 1997:Minister of Finance 1756:in July 1920 that: 1635:Initial hostilities 1530:West Connemara IRA 1353:Countess Markievicz 1306:National Volunteers 1278:Suspensory Act 1914 1024:, republican party 811:War of Independence 805:Conscription Crisis 747:Irish revolutionary 11501:Ireland portal 10819:Skirts and kidneys 10325:List of High Kings 10244:Anglo-Irish Treaty 10184:First Great Famine 10169:Settlement of 1652 10141:Tyrone's Rebellion 10131:Desmond Rebellions 10020:Kingdom of Ireland 9816:Fenian Brotherhood 9688:William R. Roberts 9660:Thomas Clarke Luby 9362:Anglo-Irish Treaty 9290:Manchester Martyrs 8977:Gearóid O'Sullivan 8812:Selton Hill ambush 8787:Upton train ambush 8737:Soloheadbeg ambush 8683:Anglo-Irish Treaty 8610:Irish Citizen Army 8314:The Irish Republic 8010:. 3 October 2007. 7935:Gender and History 7820:Irish Statute Book 7795:Irish Statute Book 7721:Irish Statute Book 7399:. 13 November 2015 7060:Alan F Parkinson, 6896:The Burnings, 1920 6883:The Burnings, 1920 6870:The Burnings, 1920 6845:The Burnings, 1920 6832:The Burnings, 1920 6763:, 19 October 2020. 6696:Farrell, Michael. 6431:historyireland.com 6255:Charles Loch Mowat 6199:The Irish Republic 6188:Foy (2013), p. 198 5841:The Black and Tans 5737:Murdoch University 5702:The Black and Tans 5678:The Black and Tans 5653:The Black and Tans 5628:The Black and Tans 5603:The Black and Tans 5505:The Black and Tans 5128:, May 2007, p. 56. 5067:by Tony Geraghty ( 4993:. Irish Examiner. 4344:O'Riordan, Tomás: 4137:Theirishistory.com 3841:Praeger Publishers 3806:Welsh independence 3676:The Last September 3548:, part-talkie film 3511:The Soldier's Song 3458:The Last September 3370: 3330:The Royal Barracks 3305: 3277: 3229:Desmond FitzGerald 3218:Archbishop of Tuam 3188: 3183:created under the 3171: 3135:Dunmanway killings 3108: 3018:Northern Offensive 2986: 2912:10th Royal Hussars 2891: 2881:Spring–summer 1921 2866: 2851:special constables 2776: 2716: 2629: 2609:Oath of Allegiance 2582:County Londonderry 2538:Anglo-Irish Treaty 2534: 2518:Dunmanway killings 2506:Austen Chamberlain 2454: 2295: 2203:Michael Fitzgerald 2183: 2114:. It replaced the 2081: 1935: 1911:David Lloyd George 1903:Lord Mayor of Cork 1776: 1740:civil disobedience 1722: 1661:Soloheadbeg Ambush 1653: 1649:Soloheadbeg Ambush 1535: 1516:Auxiliary Division 1469: 1384: 1361:Irish Citizen Army 1240:a prolonged crisis 1236:British government 1213:Irish nationalists 1166:Anglo-Irish Treaty 1052:civil disobedience 1042:Soloheadbeg ambush 909:Irish Citizen Army 840:Anglo-Irish Treaty 704:Dunmanway killings 539:Sack of Balbriggan 324:Auxiliary Division 264:David Lloyd George 258:Political leaders: 222:Political leaders: 109:Anglo-Irish Treaty 105:Military stalemate 11566:Conflicts in 1921 11561:Conflicts in 1920 11556:Conflicts in 1919 11508: 11507: 11486: 11485: 11482: 11481: 10893: 10892: 10784:Bacon and cabbage 10736: 10735: 10732: 10731: 10603:Foreign relations 10526: 10525: 10522: 10521: 10453:Notable buildings 10347: 10346: 10343: 10342: 9890: 9889: 9757: 9756: 9727:Seán Mac Diarmada 9202: 9201: 8927:Terence MacSwiney 8822:Crossbarry ambush 8797:Coolavokig ambush 8772:Kilmichael ambush 8408:978-1-781-17041-0 8401:, Cork: Mercier, 8364:978-0-283-97908-8 8346:978-0-7171-4748-9 8270:978-0-7165-2683-4 8169:978-1-84603-023-9 8151:978-1-250-11059-6 8133:978-0-091-74106-8 8115:978-0-297-83608-7 8097:978-1-57098-112-8 8061:Ireland 1868–1966 7981:978-1-78138-297-4 7895:978-0-7864-8519-2 7677:, pp. 227, p. 67. 7669:Richard English, 7598:Raids and Rallies 7578:Raids and Rallies 7440:978-0-7165-2683-4 7311:, pp. 83–87. 7275:, pp. 83–86. 7263:, pp. 79–83. 7224:on 19 March 2012. 7128:on 19 March 2012. 7093:on 19 March 2012. 6735:Parkinson, pg 132 6400:turtlebunbury.com 6375:978-1-4067-2035-8 6326:Harrington p. 10. 6226:dailyrecord.co.uk 6197:Dorothy McArdle, 6175:978-0-7509-4267-6 6084:theirishstory.com 5850:978-1-86227-098-5 5700:Richard Bennett, 5687:978-1-86227-098-5 5662:978-1-86227-098-5 5637:978-1-86227-098-5 5612:978-1-86227-098-5 5416:Ireland 1868–1966 5176:by James Mackay ( 5146:978-0-330-42759-3 5101:978-0-900068-58-4 5073:978-0-00-638674-2 4962:. pp. 39–45. 4907:. Mercier Press. 4786:, pp. 49–52. 4753:978-1-84603-015-4 4576:O'Toole, Fintan. 4428:"BBC – Sinn Féin" 4293:978-1-317-80147-4 4227:api.parliament.uk 4164:Terror in Ireland 4080:"Irishmedals.org" 3850:978-0-275-96311-8 3749:Irish nationalism 3642:Jennifer Johnston 3640:, film, based on 3581:Dawn Over Ireland 3497:Jennifer Johnston 3473:, short story by 3251:Winston Churchill 3185:Act of Union 1800 2739:communal violence 2652:, Liam Lynch and 2406:guerrilla warfare 2350:Crossbarry Ambush 2331:The Forgotten Ten 2187:Terence MacSwiney 2159:Connaught Rangers 1993: 1992: 1985: 1899:Tomás Mac Curtain 1798:in April 1919, a 1583:Course of the war 1357:second-in-command 1251:Ulster Volunteers 1211:Since the 1870s, 1079:Kilmichael Ambush 1006:Irish republicans 959:Cogadh na Saoirse 946: 945: 942: 941: 866: 865: 857:Irish Army Mutiny 793:Larne gun-running 787:Howth gun-running 712: 711: 469: 468: 437:523 RIC & USC 155: 154: 16:(Redirected from 11578: 11499: 11498: 11497: 11176:Tuatha Dé Danann 10764: 10763: 10755: 10754: 10742: 10741: 10677:Northern Ireland 10655: 10645: 10635: 10545: 10544: 10532: 10531: 10366: 10365: 10353: 10352: 10229:Home Rule crisis 10059:Northern Ireland 9972: 9971: 9959: 9958: 9946:Northern Ireland 9917: 9910: 9903: 9894: 9893: 9883: 9860: 9853: 9846: 9839: 9832: 9825: 9818: 9811: 9804: 9797: 9779: 9772: 9750: 9743: 9736: 9729: 9722: 9715: 9708: 9690: 9683: 9676: 9669: 9662: 9655: 9648: 9641: 9634: 9627: 9620: 9613: 9606: 9593: 9592: 9579: 9572: 9565: 9558: 9551: 9544: 9537: 9535:Denis McCullough 9530: 9523: 9516: 9509: 9502: 9495: 9488: 9486:J. F. X. O'Brien 9481: 9474: 9456: 9449: 9442: 9435: 9428: 9421: 9414: 9389: 9378: 9376:Irish Free State 9371: 9364: 9357: 9350: 9343: 9336: 9329: 9320: 9313: 9306: 9299: 9292: 9285: 9278: 9271: 9264: 9257: 9241: 9239: 9229: 9222: 9215: 9206: 9205: 9097:Peadar O'Donnell 8952:Erskine Childers 8900: 8892: 8884: 8852:Rathcoole ambush 8807:Clonbanin ambush 8693:Irish Free State 8677:Southern Ireland 8673:Northern Ireland 8605:Irish Volunteers 8579: 8572: 8565: 8556: 8555: 8504: 8498: 8490: 8481: 8475: 8467: 8458: 8447: 8429: 8411: 8393: 8392:, vol. 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Kelly 9477: 9470: 9459: 9452: 9445: 9438: 9431: 9424: 9417: 9401: 9390: 9381: 9374: 9369:Irish Civil War 9367: 9360: 9353: 9346: 9339: 9332: 9323: 9316: 9309: 9302: 9295: 9288: 9281: 9274: 9267: 9260: 9253: 9242: 9237: 9235: 9233: 9203: 9198: 9177: 9131: 9117:Richard Barrett 9052:Tom McEllistrim 9022:Séumas Robinson 8967:Michael Brennan 8917:Michael Collins 8903: 8898: 8890: 8888:Richard Mulcahy 8882: 8872:Chiefs of Staff 8866: 8837:Kilmeena ambush 8832:Scramoge ambush 8827:Headford ambush 8802:Sheemore ambush 8792:Clonmult ambush 8782:Dromkeen ambush 8747:Listowel mutiny 8723: 8697: 8688:Irish Civil War 8588: 8583: 8512: 8507: 8492: 8491: 8469: 8468: 8445: 8427: 8409: 8369: 8368: 8365: 8347: 8319: 8318: 8296: 8295: 8271: 8244: 8226: 8208: 8190: 8170: 8152: 8134: 8124:Michael Collins 8116: 8106:Michael Collins 8098: 8071: 8052: 8033: 8028: 8027: 8017: 8015: 8002: 8001: 7997: 7982: 7966: 7962: 7931: 7924: 7919: 7912: 7907: 7903: 7896: 7880: 7876: 7866: 7864: 7860: 7849: 7845: 7844: 7840: 7830: 7828: 7813: 7805: 7803: 7788: 7787: 7783: 7773: 7771: 7764: 7748: 7741: 7731: 7729: 7714: 7713: 7709: 7698: 7697: 7693: 7685: 7681: 7668: 7664: 7655: 7648: 7639: 7635: 7621:Michael Collins 7619: 7612: 7596: 7592: 7576: 7572: 7559: 7555: 7548: 7534: 7530: 7467: 7458: 7449: 7445: 7429: 7425: 7416: 7412: 7402: 7400: 7391: 7390: 7386: 7374: 7370: 7365: 7361: 7353: 7349: 7341: 7337: 7332: 7328: 7319: 7315: 7307: 7303: 7295: 7291: 7283: 7279: 7271: 7267: 7259: 7255: 7246: 7242: 7233: 7229: 7212: 7211: 7207: 7198: 7191: 7185:History Ireland 7179: 7172: 7163: 7159: 7150: 7146: 7137: 7133: 7116: 7115: 7111: 7102: 7098: 7081: 7080: 7076: 7059: 7055: 7046: 7042: 7029: 7025: 7016: 7012: 6988: 6984: 6975: 6971: 6963: 6959: 6950: 6943: 6934: 6930: 6921: 6917: 6909: 6902: 6893: 6889: 6880: 6876: 6867: 6863: 6858: 6851: 6842: 6838: 6829: 6825: 6819:Listowel mutiny 6797: 6793: 6784: 6780: 6771: 6767: 6757:Wayback Machine 6744:Lynch, Robert. 6743: 6739: 6734: 6730: 6721: 6717: 6708: 6704: 6695: 6691: 6686: 6682: 6673: 6666: 6657: 6653: 6645:Lynch, Robert. 6644: 6640: 6630: 6628: 6623:. 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2714: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2702: 2698: 2690: 2684: 2637:Irish Civil War 2635:The subsequent 2623: 2621:Michael Collins 2619:The funeral of 2526: 2442: 2339:Mountjoy Prison 2315: 2307:Hamar Greenwood 2171: 2065: 2033:County Longford 2009:Richard Mulcahy 1989: 1978: 1972: 1969: 1958: 1946: 1933:Michael Collins 1927: 1829: 1805:Limerick Soviet 1768: 1714: 1706:Éamon de Valera 1669:Séumas Robinson 1637: 1597: 1592: 1585: 1573:Michael Collins 1548:Dublin lock-out 1524: 1477:chief secretary 1473:lord lieutenant 1461: 1456: 1434:, and issued a 1376: 1370: 1332: 1326: 1294:Irish regiments 1282:First World War 1274:Ulster Unionist 1225:Arthur Griffith 1209: 1203: 1198: 1186:Irish Civil War 1004:In April 1916, 963:Anglo-Irish War 947: 938: 875: 862: 846:Irish Civil War 766: 753: 748: 745: 743: 713: 708: 579:Burning of Cork 508: 503: 501: 499: 465: 459: 443: 413: 404: 374: 365: 351: 338: 330: 300: 298: 285: 283: 273: 269:Hamar Greenwood 256: 237: 233:Arthur Griffith 228:Éamon de Valera 220: 211:Richard Mulcahy 206:Michael Collins 180: 178: 167: 165: 146:British retain 125: 119: 115:Irish Civil War 91: 78: 53: 28: 23: 22: 18:Anglo-Irish war 15: 12: 11: 5: 11584: 11574: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11558: 11553: 11548: 11543: 11538: 11533: 11528: 11526:Guerrilla wars 11523: 11506: 11505: 11491: 11488: 11487: 11484: 11483: 11480: 11479: 11477: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11457: 11448: 11439: 11434: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11412:Heritage Sites 11409: 11404: 11399: 11393: 11391: 11387: 11386: 11384: 11383: 11378: 11373: 11368: 11363: 11362: 11361: 11351: 11346: 11339: 11333: 11331: 11325: 11324: 11322: 11321: 11316: 11311: 11306: 11301: 11296: 11291: 11286: 11281: 11276: 11270: 11268: 11262: 11261: 11259: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11236:Irish diaspora 11233: 11228: 11227: 11226: 11224:Gaelic Ireland 11216: 11210: 11208: 11202: 11201: 11199: 11198: 11193: 11186: 11179: 11172: 11165: 11158: 11151: 11150: 11149: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11123: 11121: 11115: 11114: 11112: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11096: 11095: 11094: 11084: 11077: 11071: 11069: 11063: 11062: 11060: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11037: 11032: 11026: 11024: 11018: 11017: 11015: 11014: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10993: 10991: 10985: 10984: 10982: 10981: 10976: 10967: 10965:Rose of Tralee 10962: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10942: 10936: 10934: 10930: 10929: 10927: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10909: 10903: 10901: 10895: 10894: 10891: 10890: 10888: 10887: 10882: 10877: 10872: 10867: 10862: 10857: 10851: 10849: 10845: 10844: 10842: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10774:List of dishes 10770: 10768: 10761: 10751: 10750: 10738: 10737: 10734: 10733: 10730: 10729: 10727: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10715: 10714: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10693: 10692: 10690:D'Hondt method 10681: 10679: 10673: 10672: 10670: 10669: 10664: 10663: 10662: 10657: 10651:Seanad Éireann 10647: 10627: 10622: 10617: 10616: 10615: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10584: 10582: 10576: 10575: 10573: 10572: 10567: 10562: 10557: 10551: 10549: 10541: 10540: 10528: 10527: 10524: 10523: 10520: 10519: 10517: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10461: 10460: 10455: 10444: 10442: 10438: 10437: 10435: 10434: 10425: 10424: 10423: 10413: 10408: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10391:Extreme points 10388: 10383: 10381:Climate change 10378: 10372: 10370: 10362: 10361: 10349: 10348: 10345: 10344: 10341: 10340: 10338: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10322: 10317: 10312: 10306: 10304: 10300: 10299: 10297: 10296: 10291: 10286: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10266: 10261: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10236: 10231: 10226: 10221: 10216: 10211: 10206: 10201: 10199:1803 Rebellion 10196: 10191: 10189:1798 Rebellion 10186: 10181: 10176: 10174:Williamite War 10171: 10162: 10156:1641 Rebellion 10153: 10148: 10143: 10138: 10136:Spanish Armada 10133: 10128: 10126:Tudor conquest 10123: 10118: 10116:Bruce campaign 10113: 10108: 10094: 10092: 10088: 10087: 10085: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10073: 10072: 10062: 10061:(1921–present) 10056: 10051: 10049:Irish Republic 10046: 10045: 10044: 10034: 10033: 10032: 10027: 10017: 10016: 10015: 10010: 10008:800–1169 9999:Gaelic Ireland 9996: 9991: 9986: 9980: 9978: 9968: 9967: 9955: 9954: 9952: 9951: 9943: 9934: 9931: 9930: 9920: 9919: 9912: 9905: 9897: 9888: 9887: 9885: 9884: 9871: 9869: 9865: 9864: 9862: 9861: 9854: 9847: 9840: 9833: 9826: 9823:Fianna Éireann 9819: 9812: 9805: 9802:Cumann na mBan 9798: 9790: 9788: 9784: 9783: 9781: 9780: 9773: 9765: 9763: 9759: 9758: 9755: 9754: 9752: 9751: 9744: 9741:Patrick Pearse 9737: 9734:Diarmuid Lynch 9730: 9723: 9716: 9709: 9701: 9699: 9695: 9694: 9692: 9691: 9684: 9677: 9670: 9663: 9656: 9653:Michael Doheny 9649: 9642: 9635: 9632:Michael Davitt 9628: 9621: 9614: 9607: 9599: 9597: 9590: 9584: 9583: 9581: 9580: 9573: 9566: 9559: 9552: 9545: 9538: 9531: 9524: 9517: 9510: 9503: 9496: 9489: 9482: 9475: 9472:James Stephens 9467: 9465: 9461: 9460: 9458: 9457: 9450: 9443: 9436: 9429: 9422: 9419:Catalpa rescue 9415: 9398: 9396: 9392: 9391: 9384: 9382: 9380: 9379: 9372: 9365: 9358: 9351: 9348:Irish Republic 9344: 9337: 9330: 9321: 9318:Obstructionism 9314: 9307: 9300: 9293: 9286: 9279: 9272: 9265: 9258: 9250: 9248: 9244: 9243: 9232: 9231: 9224: 9217: 9209: 9200: 9199: 9197: 9196: 9191: 9185: 9183: 9179: 9178: 9176: 9175: 9173:1916–1921 Club 9170: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9153:Fianna Éireann 9150: 9148:Cumann na mBan 9145: 9139: 9137: 9133: 9132: 9130: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9112:Joseph McGrath 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9072:Ernie O'Malley 9069: 9067:Michael Kilroy 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9042:Seán O'Hegarty 9039: 9037:Charlie Hurley 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8992:Seán Mac Mahon 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8947:Piaras Béaslaí 8944: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8913: 8911: 8905: 8904: 8902: 8901: 8893: 8885: 8876: 8874: 8868: 8867: 8865: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8817:Burgery ambush 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8777:Clonfin ambush 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8757:Tooreen ambush 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8733: 8731: 8725: 8724: 8722: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8705: 8703: 8699: 8698: 8696: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8649:Irish Bulletin 8646: 8632: 8630:Irish Republic 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8596: 8594: 8590: 8589: 8582: 8581: 8574: 8567: 8559: 8553: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8511: 8510:External links 8508: 8506: 8505: 8482: 8459: 8448: 8444:978-0752458823 8443: 8430: 8425: 8412: 8407: 8394: 8382: 8363: 8350: 8345: 8332: 8309: 8286: 8284:, vol. 37 8274: 8269: 8256: 8247: 8242: 8229: 8224: 8211: 8206: 8193: 8188: 8173: 8168: 8155: 8150: 8137: 8132: 8119: 8114: 8101: 8096: 8083: 8074: 8069: 8056: 8050: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8026: 8025: 7995: 7980: 7960: 7922: 7910: 7901: 7894: 7874: 7838: 7781: 7762: 7739: 7707: 7691: 7679: 7662: 7646: 7640:W. Churchill, 7633: 7610: 7606:978-0900068638 7590: 7586:978-0900068638 7570: 7553: 7547:978-1905172580 7546: 7528: 7481:(3): 231–248. 7456: 7443: 7423: 7410: 7384: 7368: 7359: 7355:Hopkinson 2004 7347: 7343:Hopkinson 2004 7335: 7326: 7313: 7309:Hopkinson 2004 7301: 7297:Hopkinson 2004 7289: 7285:Hopkinson 2004 7277: 7273:Hopkinson 2004 7265: 7261:Hopkinson 2004 7253: 7240: 7227: 7205: 7189: 7170: 7157: 7144: 7131: 7109: 7096: 7074: 7053: 7040: 7023: 7010: 6999:978-1560009016 6982: 6969: 6967:, p. 162. 6965:Hopkinson 2002 6957: 6941: 6928: 6915: 6913:, p. 158. 6911:Hopkinson 2002 6900: 6887: 6874: 6861: 6849: 6836: 6823: 6815:Irish Bulletin 6791: 6778: 6765: 6737: 6728: 6715: 6702: 6689: 6680: 6674:Lynch (2019), 6664: 6651: 6638: 6621:irishtimes.com 6607: 6570: 6533: 6503: 6481: 6461: 6448: 6417: 6381: 6374: 6341: 6328: 6319: 6306: 6287: 6283:978-0521551571 6267: 6263:978-0416295108 6243: 6213: 6203: 6190: 6181: 6174: 6156: 6147: 6143:New York Times 6124: 6120:978-0415219914 6104: 6071: 6058: 6041: 6011: 5984:(3): 141–197. 5961: 5951:by Meda Ryan ( 5941: 5939:, p. 149. 5937:Townshend 1975 5929: 5908: 5876: 5856: 5849: 5831: 5796: 5792:Hopkinson 2002 5784: 5780:Ainsworth 2000 5772: 5768:Ainsworth 2000 5757: 5714: 5693: 5686: 5668: 5661: 5643: 5636: 5618: 5611: 5593: 5589:Townshend 1975 5581: 5568: 5548: 5535: 5516: 5493: 5482:September 1919 5474: 5448: 5444:Hopkinson 2002 5433: 5427:M.E. Collins, 5420: 5414:M.E. Collins, 5407: 5403:Hopkinson 2002 5392: 5379: 5357: 5353:Hopkinson 2002 5342: 5330: 5326:Hopkinson 2002 5318: 5314:Hopkinson 2002 5303: 5294: 5290:Hopkinson 2002 5279: 5248: 5229: 5210: 5206:978-1856353144 5186: 5170:978-0521629898 5158:978-0773528406 5130: 5118: 5100: 5077: 5061:978-0631195429 5041: 5026: 5008: 4950: 4943: 4920: 4913: 4895: 4888: 4870: 4851: 4839: 4824: 4812: 4800: 4788: 4776: 4759: 4752: 4734: 4719: 4702: 4672: 4650:978-0275963118 4649: 4629: 4599: 4545: 4515: 4485: 4449: 4419: 4397:1916 Necrology 4389: 4359: 4337: 4307: 4292: 4274: 4244: 4214: 4184: 4169: 4166:. p. 152. 4154: 4124: 4048: 4033: 4026: 4006: 4002:Townshend 1975 3994: 3975: 3955: 3931: 3888: 3849: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3819: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3786: 3783: 3782: 3781: 3779:United Ireland 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3735: 3734: 3725: 3716: 3715:, feature film 3707: 3696: 3679: 3671: 3670:, feature film 3662: 3654: 3648: 3632: 3620: 3619:, feature film 3611: 3602: 3593: 3592:, British film 3584: 3571: 3562: 3549: 3540: 3526:Main article: 3523: 3520: 3519: 3518: 3506: 3500: 3489: 3477: 3475:Frank O'Connor 3465: 3453: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3411: 3408: 3377:, such as the 3354: 3351: 3341: 3338: 3296: 3293: 3264: 3261: 3238:Irish Bulletin 3210:British Empire 3153: 3152:Propaganda war 3150: 3130: 3127: 3070: 3067: 3013: 3010: 2998:McMahon family 2935: 2932: 2882: 2879: 2774:, August 1920. 2763: 2760: 2709: 2703: 2697: 2686:Main article: 2683: 2680: 2665:W. T. Cosgrave 2568:, the City of 2525: 2522: 2441: 2438: 2314: 2311: 2280:Nevil Macready 2271:in June 1921, 2195:Brixton Prison 2170: 2167: 2146:courts-martial 2120:courts-martial 2073:Black and Tans 2064: 2061: 2049:Fianna Éireann 2045:Cumann na mBan 2021:Ernie O'Malley 2002:F. Digby Hardy 1991: 1990: 1949: 1947: 1940: 1926: 1923: 1862:Inland Revenue 1828: 1825: 1800:general strike 1767: 1764: 1753:The Daily News 1713: 1710: 1657:1918 manifesto 1636: 1633: 1596: 1593: 1584: 1581: 1556:Irish Republic 1544:James Connolly 1523: 1520: 1512:Black and Tans 1506:(RIC) and the 1481:Peter Cottrell 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1372:Main article: 1369: 1366: 1328:Main article: 1325: 1322: 1292:war effort in 1272:introduced by 1205:Main article: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1190:flying columns 1047:Black and Tans 975:Irish Republic 944: 943: 940: 939: 937: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 914:Black and Tans 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 880: 877: 876: 864: 863: 861: 860: 854: 849: 843: 837: 831: 825: 819: 814: 808: 802: 796: 790: 784: 781:Curragh mutiny 778: 771: 768: 767: 755: 754: 742: 741: 734: 727: 719: 710: 709: 707: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 520: 519: 513: 510: 509: 498: 497: 490: 483: 475: 467: 466: 464: 463: 455:Total deaths: 452: 448: 445: 444: 442: 441: 438: 434: 431: 430: 429: 420: 419: 415: 414: 412: 411: 405: 403: 402: 396: 394:Black and Tans 390: 383: 380: 368: 357: 345: 344: 340: 339: 337: 336: 331: 329: 328: 327: 326: 321: 319:Black and Tans 310: 308: 295: 293: 280: 279: 278:Units involved 275: 274: 272: 271: 266: 260: 255: 254: 252:Nevil Macready 249: 243: 238: 236: 235: 230: 224: 219: 218: 213: 208: 202: 196: 195: 191: 190: 187:United Kingdom 175: 173:Irish Republic 162: 161: 157: 156: 153: 152: 151: 150: 144: 127: 121: 120: 118: 117: 111: 106: 102: 100:Irish victory 97: 93: 92: 87: 85: 81: 80: 75: 67: 66: 65:during the war 45: 44: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11583: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11519: 11518: 11516: 11503: 11502: 11489: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11469:Public houses 11467: 11465: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11394: 11392: 11388: 11382: 11379: 11377: 11374: 11372: 11369: 11367: 11364: 11360: 11357: 11356: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11344: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11334: 11332: 11330: 11326: 11320: 11317: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11271: 11269: 11267: 11263: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11225: 11222: 11221: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11211: 11209: 11207: 11203: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11191: 11187: 11185: 11184: 11180: 11178: 11177: 11173: 11171: 11170: 11166: 11164: 11163: 11159: 11157: 11156: 11152: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11129: 11128: 11125: 11124: 11122: 11120: 11116: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11093: 11090: 11089: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11082: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11072: 11070: 11068: 11064: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11042: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11031: 11028: 11027: 11025: 11023: 11019: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10994: 10992: 10990: 10986: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10937: 10935: 10931: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10914: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10904: 10902: 10900: 10896: 10886: 10883: 10881: 10878: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10852: 10850: 10846: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10771: 10769: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10756: 10752: 10748: 10743: 10739: 10725: 10724:Peace process 10722: 10720: 10717: 10713: 10710: 10709: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10691: 10688: 10687: 10686: 10683: 10682: 10680: 10678: 10674: 10668: 10665: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10654:(upper house) 10652: 10648: 10646: 10644:(lower house) 10642: 10638: 10637: 10636: 10632: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10614: 10611: 10610: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10585: 10583: 10581: 10577: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10560:Republicanism 10558: 10556: 10553: 10552: 10550: 10546: 10542: 10538: 10533: 10529: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10451: 10450: 10449: 10446: 10445: 10443: 10439: 10433: 10429: 10426: 10422: 10419: 10418: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10373: 10371: 10367: 10363: 10359: 10354: 10350: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10307: 10305: 10301: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10274:Peace process 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10254:The Emergency 10252: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10234:Easter Rising 10232: 10230: 10227: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10219:Fenian Rising 10217: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10103: 10099: 10096: 10095: 10093: 10089: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10071: 10068: 10067: 10066: 10063: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10043: 10040: 10039: 10038: 10035: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10022: 10021: 10018: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10005: 10004: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9994:Early history 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9981: 9979: 9977: 9973: 9969: 9965: 9960: 9956: 9950: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9936: 9935: 9932: 9928: 9925: 9918: 9913: 9911: 9906: 9904: 9899: 9898: 9895: 9881: 9877: 9873: 9872: 9870: 9866: 9859: 9855: 9852: 9848: 9845: 9841: 9838: 9834: 9831: 9827: 9824: 9820: 9817: 9813: 9810: 9806: 9803: 9799: 9796: 9792: 9791: 9789: 9785: 9778: 9774: 9771: 9767: 9766: 9764: 9760: 9749: 9745: 9742: 9738: 9735: 9731: 9728: 9724: 9721: 9720:Bulmer Hobson 9717: 9714: 9710: 9707: 9706:Éamonn Ceannt 9703: 9702: 9700: 9696: 9689: 9685: 9682: 9678: 9675: 9671: 9668: 9667:John O'Mahony 9664: 9661: 9657: 9654: 9650: 9647: 9643: 9640: 9639:Timothy Deasy 9636: 9633: 9629: 9626: 9622: 9619: 9615: 9612: 9608: 9605: 9601: 9600: 9598: 9594: 9591: 9585: 9578: 9574: 9571: 9567: 9564: 9560: 9557: 9553: 9550: 9546: 9543: 9539: 9536: 9532: 9529: 9528:Seamus Deakin 9525: 9522: 9518: 9515: 9511: 9508: 9504: 9501: 9497: 9494: 9490: 9487: 9483: 9480: 9476: 9473: 9469: 9468: 9466: 9462: 9455: 9451: 9448: 9444: 9441: 9440:Easter Rising 9437: 9434: 9430: 9427: 9423: 9420: 9416: 9412: 9408: 9404: 9403:Fenian Rising 9400: 9399: 9397: 9393: 9388: 9377: 9373: 9370: 9366: 9363: 9359: 9356: 9352: 9349: 9345: 9342: 9338: 9335: 9331: 9328: 9327: 9322: 9319: 9315: 9312: 9308: 9305: 9304:New Departure 9301: 9298: 9294: 9291: 9287: 9284: 9280: 9277: 9273: 9270: 9266: 9263: 9259: 9256: 9255:Young Ireland 9252: 9251: 9249: 9245: 9240: 9230: 9225: 9223: 9218: 9216: 9211: 9210: 9207: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9189:National Army 9187: 9186: 9184: 9180: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9140: 9138: 9134: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9062:George Lennon 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9032:Seán Mac Eoin 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9002:Andrew Cooney 9000: 8998: 8997:Stephen Behan 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8914: 8912: 8910: 8909:Personalities 8906: 8897: 8894: 8889: 8886: 8881: 8880:Cathal Brugha 8878: 8877: 8875: 8873: 8869: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8752:Rineen ambush 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8734: 8732: 8730: 8726: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8706: 8704: 8700: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8678: 8674: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8659:Flying column 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8644: 8640: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8615:Easter Rising 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8597: 8595: 8591: 8587: 8580: 8575: 8573: 8568: 8566: 8561: 8560: 8557: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8520: 8517: 8514: 8513: 8502: 8496: 8488: 8483: 8479: 8473: 8465: 8460: 8456: 8453: 8449: 8446: 8440: 8436: 8431: 8428: 8426:1-85635-425-3 8422: 8418: 8413: 8410: 8404: 8400: 8395: 8391: 8388: 8383: 8379: 8373: 8366: 8360: 8356: 8351: 8348: 8342: 8338: 8333: 8329: 8323: 8315: 8310: 8306: 8300: 8292: 8287: 8283: 8280: 8275: 8272: 8266: 8262: 8257: 8253: 8248: 8245: 8243:9780773528406 8239: 8235: 8230: 8227: 8225:0-19-820806-5 8221: 8217: 8212: 8209: 8207:0-19-925258-0 8203: 8199: 8194: 8191: 8189:0-19-516605-1 8185: 8182:, MacMillan, 8181: 8180: 8174: 8171: 8165: 8161: 8156: 8153: 8147: 8143: 8138: 8135: 8129: 8125: 8120: 8117: 8111: 8107: 8102: 8099: 8093: 8089: 8084: 8080: 8075: 8072: 8070:0-86167-305-0 8066: 8062: 8057: 8053: 8047: 8043: 8042: 8036: 8035: 8013: 8009: 8005: 7999: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7977: 7973: 7972: 7964: 7956: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7929: 7927: 7917: 7915: 7905: 7897: 7891: 7887: 7886: 7878: 7859: 7855: 7848: 7842: 7826: 7822: 7821: 7816: 7801: 7797: 7796: 7791: 7785: 7769: 7765: 7763:9781107036895 7759: 7755: 7754: 7746: 7744: 7727: 7723: 7722: 7717: 7711: 7703: 7702: 7695: 7688: 7683: 7676: 7672: 7666: 7659: 7653: 7651: 7643: 7642:The Aftermath 7637: 7630: 7629:0-09-968580-9 7626: 7622: 7617: 7615: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7594: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7574: 7567: 7563: 7557: 7549: 7543: 7539: 7532: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7465: 7463: 7461: 7453: 7447: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7427: 7420: 7414: 7398: 7394: 7388: 7382: 7378: 7372: 7363: 7356: 7351: 7344: 7339: 7330: 7323: 7317: 7310: 7305: 7299:, p. 85. 7298: 7293: 7287:, p. 86. 7286: 7281: 7274: 7269: 7262: 7257: 7250: 7244: 7237: 7231: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7209: 7203:, pp. 266-267 7202: 7196: 7194: 7186: 7182: 7177: 7175: 7168:, pp. 212-246 7167: 7161: 7154: 7148: 7141: 7135: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7113: 7107:, pp. 204-209 7106: 7100: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7078: 7071: 7070:1-85182-792-7 7067: 7063: 7057: 7050: 7044: 7037: 7033: 7027: 7020: 7014: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6986: 6980:, pp. 180-183 6979: 6973: 6966: 6961: 6954: 6951:O'Day, Alan. 6948: 6946: 6938: 6932: 6926:, pp. 115-116 6925: 6919: 6912: 6907: 6905: 6897: 6891: 6884: 6878: 6871: 6865: 6856: 6854: 6846: 6840: 6833: 6827: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6807:0-7509-4267-3 6804: 6800: 6795: 6788: 6782: 6775: 6769: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6751: 6747: 6741: 6732: 6725: 6719: 6712: 6706: 6699: 6693: 6684: 6677: 6671: 6669: 6661: 6658:Wilson, Tim. 6655: 6648: 6642: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6611: 6592: 6588: 6581: 6574: 6555: 6551: 6544: 6537: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6507: 6500: 6488: 6484: 6482:9781376884531 6478: 6474: 6473: 6465: 6458: 6452: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6421: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6390: 6388: 6386: 6377: 6371: 6367: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6345: 6338: 6332: 6323: 6316: 6315:Kerry Landing 6310: 6303: 6299: 6296: 6291: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6271: 6265:), pp. 84–85. 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6247: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6217: 6207: 6200: 6194: 6185: 6177: 6171: 6167: 6160: 6151: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6133: 6128: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6108: 6101: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6075: 6068: 6062: 6055: 6051: 6050:Lionel Curtis 6045: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6015: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5968: 5966: 5958: 5957:1-85635-480-6 5954: 5950: 5945: 5938: 5933: 5925: 5924: 5919: 5912: 5905: 5904:0-7509-4267-3 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5880: 5873: 5872:0-09-968580-9 5869: 5865: 5860: 5852: 5846: 5842: 5835: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5800: 5793: 5788: 5781: 5776: 5769: 5764: 5762: 5742: 5739:. p. 5. 5738: 5734: 5727: 5726: 5718: 5711: 5710:1-56619-820-8 5707: 5703: 5697: 5689: 5683: 5679: 5672: 5664: 5658: 5654: 5647: 5639: 5633: 5629: 5622: 5614: 5608: 5604: 5597: 5591:, p. 17. 5590: 5585: 5579:. pp. 137–39. 5578: 5572: 5565: 5564:0-7509-4267-3 5561: 5557: 5552: 5545: 5539: 5532: 5528: 5525: 5520: 5512: 5507: 5506: 5497: 5490: 5486: 5483: 5478: 5462: 5458: 5452: 5446:, p. 44. 5445: 5440: 5438: 5430: 5424: 5417: 5411: 5405:, p. 43. 5404: 5399: 5397: 5389: 5383: 5375: 5371: 5370:blackened.net 5367: 5361: 5354: 5349: 5347: 5340:, p. 46. 5339: 5338:Cottrell 2006 5334: 5327: 5322: 5316:, p. 42. 5315: 5310: 5308: 5298: 5292:, p. 26. 5291: 5286: 5284: 5276: 5275:0-00-653155-5 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5257: 5252: 5245: 5241: 5238: 5233: 5226: 5222: 5219: 5214: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5190: 5183: 5182:1-85158-857-4 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5138:Irish Freedom 5134: 5127: 5122: 5107: 5103: 5097: 5093: 5092: 5087: 5081: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5065:The Irish War 5062: 5058: 5054: 5053:Alvin Jackson 5050: 5045: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5027:1-871793-05-X 5023: 5019: 5012: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4981: 4969: 4961: 4954: 4946: 4944:9780198208068 4940: 4936: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4916: 4914:9781856353533 4910: 4906: 4899: 4891: 4889:9781566637046 4885: 4881: 4874: 4868:, p. 28. 4867: 4866:Cottrell 2006 4862: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4849:, p. 25. 4848: 4847:Cottrell 2006 4843: 4837:, p. 26. 4836: 4835:Cottrell 2006 4831: 4829: 4822:, p. 24. 4821: 4820:Cottrell 2006 4816: 4810:, p. 21. 4809: 4808:Cottrell 2006 4804: 4798:, p. 54. 4797: 4796:Cottrell 2006 4792: 4785: 4784:Cottrell 2006 4780: 4774:, p. 20. 4773: 4772:Cottrell 2006 4768: 4766: 4764: 4755: 4749: 4745: 4738: 4732:, p. 19. 4731: 4730:Cottrell 2006 4726: 4724: 4717:, p. 18. 4716: 4715:Cottrell 2006 4711: 4709: 4707: 4690: 4686: 4685:www.bbc.co.uk 4682: 4676: 4669: 4656: 4652: 4646: 4642: 4641: 4633: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4603: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4549: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4519: 4503: 4499: 4498:www.bbc.co.uk 4495: 4489: 4470: 4466: 4459: 4453: 4437: 4433: 4432:www.bbc.co.uk 4429: 4423: 4416: 4412: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4398: 4393: 4377: 4373: 4372:www.bbc.co.uk 4369: 4363: 4357: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4341: 4325: 4321: 4320:www.bbc.co.uk 4317: 4311: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4289: 4285: 4278: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4248: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4218: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4188: 4180: 4173: 4165: 4158: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4128: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4052: 4044: 4037: 4029: 4023: 4019: 4018: 4010: 4004:, p. 31. 4003: 3998: 3982: 3978: 3976:9781249919506 3972: 3968: 3967: 3959: 3953:, 2020. p.544 3952: 3948: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3892: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3852: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3827: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3788: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3746: 3732: 3731: 3726: 3723: 3722: 3717: 3714: 3713: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3702:Forgotten Ten 3697: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3685: 3680: 3678: 3677: 3672: 3669: 3668: 3663: 3661: 3660: 3655: 3653: 3649: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3638: 3633: 3631: 3627: 3626: 3621: 3618: 3617: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3603: 3600: 3599: 3598:Beloved Enemy 3594: 3591: 3590: 3585: 3582: 3578: 3577: 3572: 3569: 3568: 3563: 3560: 3556: 3555: 3550: 3547: 3546: 3541: 3539:, silent film 3538: 3537: 3536:Irish Destiny 3532: 3531: 3529: 3517: 3516:Alan Monaghan 3513: 3512: 3507: 3505: 3504:John McGahern 3501: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3488: 3487:J. G. Farrell 3484: 3483: 3478: 3476: 3472: 3471: 3466: 3464: 3460: 3459: 3454: 3452: 3448: 3447: 3442: 3441: 3430: 3428: 3423: 3421: 3417: 3407: 3404: 3400: 3394: 3392: 3391:Kathleen Lynn 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3350: 3347: 3337: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3314:Dublin Castle 3311: 3301: 3292: 3288: 3286: 3282: 3279:According to 3274: 3269: 3259: 3254: 3253:, reflected: 3252: 3248: 3242: 3240: 3239: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3196: 3195:Soviet Russia 3191: 3186: 3182: 3175: 3169: 3166:rebellion of 3165: 3164:Young Ireland 3158: 3149: 3145: 3142: 3136: 3126: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3115: 3104: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3057: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3019: 3009: 3005: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2990: 2982: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2969: 2963: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2931: 2927: 2925: 2919: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2899: 2897: 2887: 2878: 2875: 2871: 2863: 2858: 2854: 2852: 2848: 2842: 2840: 2835: 2834:Edward Carson 2831: 2827: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2773: 2768: 2759: 2756: 2751: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2694: 2689: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2646:Rory O'Connor 2643: 2638: 2633: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2613: 2610: 2606: 2600: 2598: 2594: 2593:Dáil Ministry 2589: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2578:County Armagh 2575: 2571: 2567: 2566:County Tyrone 2563: 2559: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2530: 2521: 2519: 2515: 2509: 2507: 2501: 2497: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2481:King George V 2477: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2462:H. H. Asquith 2459: 2451: 2450:Mansion House 2446: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2426: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2409: 2407: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2370:Carrowkennedy 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2321: 2310: 2308: 2303: 2301: 2291: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2242: 2238: 2237:Peadar Clancy 2234: 2230: 2229:Michael Hogan 2226: 2222: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2210:Bloody Sunday 2206: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2191:hunger strike 2188: 2180: 2175: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2147: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2116:trial by jury 2113: 2108: 2106: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2060: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2017:Seán Mac Eoin 2014: 2010: 2005: 2003: 1998: 1987: 1984: 1976: 1966: 1962: 1956: 1955: 1950:This section 1948: 1944: 1939: 1938: 1931: 1922: 1920: 1919:County Antrim 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1894: 1892: 1887: 1883: 1877: 1875: 1874: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1847:Cathal Brugha 1844: 1840: 1835: 1824: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1772: 1762: 1757: 1755: 1754: 1749: 1743: 1741: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1718: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1696: 1692: 1690: 1684: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1632: 1630: 1629:Armistice Day 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1590: 1580: 1578: 1575:created the " 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1533: 1532:flying column 1528: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1465: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1428:Mansion House 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1412:UK Parliament 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1380: 1375: 1365: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1336:Easter Rising 1331: 1330:Easter Rising 1324:Easter Rising 1321: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1310:Eoin MacNeill 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1208: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1124:). While the 1123: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1071:Bloody Sunday 1068: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1010:Easter Rising 1008:launched the 1007: 1002: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 967:guerrilla war 964: 960: 956: 952: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 881: 878: 874: 873:Organisations 869: 858: 855: 853: 850: 847: 844: 841: 838: 835: 832: 829: 826: 823: 820: 818: 815: 812: 809: 806: 803: 800: 799:Easter Rising 797: 794: 791: 788: 785: 782: 779: 776: 773: 772: 769: 765: 760: 756: 750: 740: 735: 733: 728: 726: 721: 720: 717: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 674:Carrowkennedy 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 559:Piltown Cross 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 521: 518: 515: 514: 511: 506: 496: 491: 489: 484: 482: 477: 476: 473: 462: 453: 450: 449: 446: 439: 436: 435: 432: 427: 426: 425: 422: 421: 416: 410: 406: 401: 397: 395: 391: 389: 385: 384: 382:18,100 Police 381: 379: 375: 20,000 370: 369: 366: 42,100 361: 358: 356: 352: 15,000 347: 346: 341: 335: 332: 325: 322: 320: 317: 316: 315: 312: 311: 309: 307: 297: 296: 294: 292: 282: 281: 276: 270: 267: 265: 262: 261: 259: 253: 250: 248: 245: 244: 242: 239: 234: 231: 229: 226: 225: 223: 217: 216:Cathal Brugha 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 203: 201: 198: 197: 192: 188: 176: 174: 164: 163: 158: 149: 145: 143: 140: 139: 138: 137: 133: 128: 123: 122: 116: 112: 110: 107: 104: 103: 101: 98: 95: 94: 90: 86: 83: 82: 76: 73: 72: 68: 64: 61:of the IRA's 60: 59:flying column 56: 51: 46: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 11492: 11462: / 11453: / 11444: / 11422:Homelessness 11341: 11309:Road bowling 11304:Martial arts 11251:Ulster Scots 11188: 11181: 11174: 11167: 11160: 11153: 11132:Mythological 11079: 11039: 11012:Ulster Scots 10972: / 10911: 10839:Three-in-One 10650: 10641:Dáil Éireann 10640: 10630: 10588:Constitution 10477: / 10448:Architecture 10430: / 10303:Other topics 10284:Celtic Tiger 10269:The Troubles 10238: 10167: / 10158: / 10104: / 10100: / 10001: / 9989:Protohistory 9795:Clan na Gael 9698:20th century 9596:19th century 9556:Harry Boland 9549:Seán McGarry 9514:Neal O'Boyle 9507:John O'Leary 9446: 9411:Fenian raids 9324: 9158:Clan na Gael 8962:Joe McKelvey 8957:Liam Mellows 8932:Emmet Dalton 8896:Eoin O'Duffy 8702:Organisation 8653: 8635:Dáil Éireann 8486: 8463: 8455: 8452: 8434: 8416: 8398: 8390: 8389:An Cosantóir 8386: 8354: 8336: 8313: 8290: 8282: 8281:Eire-Ireland 8278: 8260: 8251: 8233: 8215: 8197: 8178: 8159: 8141: 8123: 8105: 8087: 8078: 8060: 8040: 8031:Bibliography 8016:. Retrieved 8007: 7998: 7970: 7963: 7938: 7934: 7904: 7884: 7877: 7865:. Retrieved 7853: 7841: 7831:22 September 7829:. Retrieved 7818: 7806:22 September 7804:. Retrieved 7793: 7784: 7774:22 September 7772:. Retrieved 7752: 7732:22 September 7730:. Retrieved 7719: 7710: 7700: 7694: 7686: 7682: 7674: 7670: 7665: 7657: 7641: 7636: 7620: 7597: 7593: 7577: 7573: 7556: 7537: 7531: 7478: 7474: 7451: 7446: 7431: 7426: 7418: 7413: 7401:. 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Retrieved 3866: 3862: 3836: 3830: 3759:The Troubles 3728: 3719: 3710: 3699: 3682: 3674: 3665: 3657: 3651: 3646:The Old Jest 3645: 3635: 3629: 3625:Days of Hope 3623: 3614: 3605: 3596: 3587: 3580: 3574: 3567:The Informer 3565: 3552: 3545:The Informer 3543: 3534: 3509: 3493:The Old Jest 3492: 3480: 3468: 3456: 3451:Seán O'Casey 3444: 3424: 3413: 3395: 3371: 3343: 3340:Compensation 3306: 3289: 3285:misadventure 3280: 3278: 3273:Phibsborough 3256: 3243: 3236: 3227: 3199: 3192: 3189: 3146: 3138: 3113: 3109: 3087:in Belfast, 3078: 3064: 3053: 3022: 3015: 3006: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2964: 2960:Eoin O'Duffy 2948: 2938:Despite the 2937: 2928: 2920: 2900: 2892: 2867: 2843: 2823: 2807:Gerald Smyth 2804: 2789: 2777: 2752: 2728: 2717: 2677: 2662: 2650:Liam Mellows 2642:Harry Boland 2634: 2630: 2601: 2590: 2572:and in many 2546: 2535: 2510: 2502: 2498: 2478: 2470:Labour Party 2455: 2436: 2427: 2410: 2394: 2347: 2324: 2316: 2304: 2296: 2257: 2246: 2218: 2207: 2184: 2161:, stationed 2143: 2124: 2109: 2101: 2099:and others. 2086: 2082: 2071:A group of " 2057: 2041: 2035:and western 2006: 1994: 1979: 1970: 1959:Please help 1954:verification 1951: 1895: 1878: 1871: 1859: 1843:Dáil Éireann 1830: 1809: 1793: 1782:A policy of 1781: 1777: 1759: 1751: 1744: 1723: 1702:Dáil Éireann 1698: 1694: 1686: 1682: 1654: 1621:Ballyvourney 1598: 1569:Martin Doyle 1561:Emmet Dalton 1540:James Larkin 1536: 1501: 1475:, to whom a 1470: 1444:Dáil Éireann 1392:conscription 1385: 1340:insurrection 1333: 1286:John Redmond 1263: 1233: 1210: 1159: 1120:aspect (see 1111: 1060: 1034:Dáil Éireann 1014:British rule 1003: 983:British Army 981:forces: the 962: 950: 948: 872: 810: 763: 669:Custom House 584:Pickardstown 502: 460: 2,300 454: 423: 378:British Army 359: 306:British Army 257: 240: 221: 199: 160:Belligerents 129: 99: 40:Part of the 29: 11442:Place names 11319:Rugby union 11214:Anglo-Irish 11099:Instruments 10955:The Twelfth 10919:Set dancing 10719:LGBT rights 10625:LGBT rights 10555:Nationalism 10121:Black Death 9868:Derivatives 9542:Thomas Ashe 9454:Army Mutiny 9182:Derivatives 9122:Louis Darcy 9082:Moss Twomey 9077:Frank Aiken 9047:Seán Moylan 9007:Seán Treacy 8987:Seán Lemass 8982:Tom Maguire 8972:Frank Aiken 8891:(1918–1922) 8883:(1917–1918) 8643:Second Dáil 8044:. Penguin. 7540:. Collins. 7247:Parkinson, 7234:Parkinson, 7072:hbk p. 316. 6678:, pp.99–100 6631:24 November 6600:24 November 6563:24 November 6526:2 September 6493:24 November 6441:24 November 6410:24 November 5894:), p. 23.; 5824:22 November 4976:|work= 4478:17 December 3987:22 December 3908:(2): 5–24. 3863:Finest Hour 3693:Sharon Corr 3684:Rebel Heart 3637:The Dawning 3557:, American 3514:, novel by 3495:, novel by 3485:, novel by 3461:, novel by 3427:Dan Keating 3119:prison ship 3008:continued. 2975:Enniskillen 2956:Frank Aiken 2870:James Craig 2862:James Craig 2815:County Down 2762:Summer 1920 2720:Protestants 2654:many others 2390:Selton Hill 2374:Mourneabbey 2366:Tourmakeady 2327:Kevin Barry 2276:Denis Henry 2241:Conor Clune 2127:martial law 2077:Auxiliaries 2063:Martial law 2053:safe houses 2037:County Mayo 2013:Seán Moylan 1851:Dáil Courts 1748:Robert Lynd 1665:Seán Treacy 1617:Ballingeary 1605:County Cork 1601:Thomas Ashe 1416:Westminster 1087:martial law 1083:County Cork 1063:won control 991:Auxiliaries 751:(1912–1923) 684:Coolacrease 659:Tourmakeady 634:Selton Hill 524:Soloheadbeg 428:24 executed 400:Auxiliaries 355:IRA members 124:Territorial 11515:Categories 11343:Cláirseach 11246:Travellers 11104:Rock music 11087:Folk music 11022:Literature 10824:Soda bread 10707:Government 10634:parliament 10631:Oireachtas 10608:Government 10548:Ideologies 10179:Penal Laws 10070:since 1922 9984:Prehistory 9787:Associates 9762:Informants 9713:Tom Clarke 9646:John Devoy 9587:Prominent 9464:Presidents 9326:Fenian Ram 9136:Associates 9107:Liam Tobin 9102:Liam Deasy 9092:Seán Hales 9017:Seán Hogan 8942:Paddy Daly 8937:Dick McKee 8639:First Dáil 8357:, London, 8051:0140154094 7941:(2): 264. 7867:6 December 7660:, pp.11–12 7631:), p. 204. 7498:2262/60765 7322:Unholy War 7249:Unholy War 7236:Unholy War 7007:1560009012 6872:, pp.90–92 6847:, pp.82–83 6789:, pp.16-18 6761:Irish News 6724:Unholy War 6285:), p. 161. 6122:), p. 697. 6034:15 January 5906:), p. 167. 5892:1560009012 5874:), p. 144. 5467:10 January 5184:), p. 106. 5112:26 October 5086:Breen, Dan 5075:), p. 330. 4147:15 January 4117:15 January 4107:HistoryNet 4094:15 January 4071:15 January 3822:References 3730:Resistance 3659:The Treaty 3449:, play by 3438:Literature 3263:Casualties 3181:union flag 3141:Peter Hart 3133:See also: 3097:Joe Murphy 3073:See also: 2934:Early 1922 2743:Hibernians 2682:North-east 2605:Liam Lynch 2343:Millstreet 2233:Dick McKee 2223:(Dublin's 2221:Croke Park 2214:Cairo Gang 2199:Joe Murphy 2189:, died on 2150:internment 2105:Hugh Cecil 2097:Templemore 2089:Balbriggan 1891:Liam Lynch 1873:The Nation 1789:G Division 1704:President 1673:Seán Hogan 1420:First Dáil 1374:First Dáil 1368:First Dáil 1355:, who was 1255:devolution 1130:Protestant 1056:railwaymen 644:Crossbarry 614:Coolavokig 589:Drumcondra 574:Kilmichael 554:Ballinalee 55:Seán Hogan 11474:Squatting 11190:Fomorians 11119:Mythology 10989:Languages 10974:Halloween 10950:Bealtaine 10933:Festivals 10924:Stepdance 10829:Spice Bag 10814:Irish fry 10804:Colcannon 10779:Barmbrack 10702:Education 10660:President 10598:Education 10514:Transport 10489:Provinces 10411:Mountains 10386:Coastline 10358:Geography 10249:Civil War 10204:Tithe War 9681:Pat Nally 9625:John Daly 9355:Sinn Féin 9297:Cuba Five 9262:Fenianism 9087:Tom Hales 9027:Tom Barry 9012:Dan Breen 8719:The Squad 8620:Sinn Féin 8600:Genealogy 7990:946007260 7955:143724513 7854:www.ul.ie 7608:), p. 97. 7588:), p. 96. 7507:0960-7773 7454:, p. 314. 7324:, p. 316. 7251:, p. 316. 7238:, p. 237. 7199:McKenna, 6726:, p. 314. 6339:, p. 157. 6236:3 October 6201:, p. 568. 6006:161570386 5998:1550-5162 5959:), p. 98. 5566:), p. 25. 5546:, p. 262. 5542:Collins, 5431:, p. 252. 5418:, p. 258. 5277:), p. 25. 5208:), p. 49. 4978:ignored ( 4968:cite book 4661:30 August 4302:864414854 3204:, said: " 3123:internees 3112:HMS 3069:Detention 3033:artillery 2811:Banbridge 2792:Waterside 2785:Fermanagh 2731:loyalists 2489:Jan Smuts 2431:Liverpool 2362:Scramogue 2358:Killarney 2329:, one of 2300:big house 1973:July 2020 1784:ostracism 1750:wrote in 1677:Dan Breen 1645:Dan Breen 1565:Tom Barry 1402:. In the 1247:unionists 1229:Sinn Féin 1221:home rule 1162:ceasefire 1118:sectarian 1095:burnt out 1091:Cork city 1026:Sinn Féin 894:Sinn Féin 848:(1922–23) 836:(1920–22) 824:(1920–22) 813:(1919–22) 777:(1912–14) 679:Rathcoole 624:Clonbanin 529:Knocklong 424:491 dead 11432:Monastic 11397:Calendar 11381:Shamrock 11376:Red Hand 11314:Rounders 10979:Wren Day 10913:Sean-nós 10865:Guinness 10809:Drisheen 10685:Assembly 10667:Taxation 10570:Unionism 10537:Politics 10470:Counties 10214:Land War 10106:Clontarf 10102:Glenmama 9976:Timeline 9426:Land War 8495:citation 8489:, London 8472:citation 8466:, Oxford 8372:citation 8322:citation 8316:, London 8299:citation 8293:, London 8081:, Hodder 8018:1 August 8012:Archived 8008:BBC News 7858:Archived 7825:Archived 7800:Archived 7768:Archived 7726:Archived 7523:10191537 7515:20749811 7403:10 March 7164:Lawlor, 7142:, p. 211 7138:Lawlor, 7103:Lawlor, 6894:Lawlor, 6881:Lawlor, 6868:Lawlor, 6843:Lawlor, 6753:Archived 6625:Archived 6487:Archived 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