Anime and manga fandom

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class and the results were different depending on how much students are interested in manga and anime. Students who were interested in manga and anime and called themselves 'big fans" showed very very high level of enthusiasm in class. Students showed significant and emotive level of engagement in class. Students were able to share their thoughts in manga and anime texts in their English classroom. Difference arose when a student was not interested in manga and anime texts. Frank in the experiment argued that it did not capture the majority of students to be interest in manga and anime texts. Having few students who are interested in manga and anime out of 30 students which is the average class sizes is not a majority. This results shows that implementing manga and anime texts would be different depending on the student.

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are held four times annually between December 2012 and August 2013. According to the survey, there are about 585 people who regularly attend these conventions. Half of the respondents were aged 18–22 as of 2013 with equal numbers of both genders. More than half of the respondents were student and all respondents were consumers of Japanese media. Although those four conventions did not officially announce that their event is mainly Japanese popular culture, majority of people were fans of Japanese popular culture. Their main purpose in attending these conventions is to meet new and old friends, to have fun, and to cosplay. They regularly attend these conventions to keep their fan communities active.

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anime and manga with the Japanese popular culture products. The results were 47.7 (n=118) percent of the people who had some sort of Japanese education indicated that they got the motivation to learn through anime and manga. But 66.3 (132 out of 199) percent of people who said they had no prior education in Japanese also showed motivation to learn Japanese in the future. While there are still optimism about Japanese popular culture fans' would increase the number of people who wants to learn Japanese language, the actual data seems to contradict.

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and battle scenes. When anime and manga are translated into English by U.S. companies, the original work is often edited to remove some of the fan service to make it more appropriate for U.S. audiences. Mike Tatsugawa explained this change as a result of a difference between cultural values of Japan and the U.S. In fact, some anime seem to feature little else other than fan service as their selling point. Some believe that the prevalence of fan service indicates a lack of maturity within the fandom; an editor of

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of the 18-24 year old respondents stated that they had friends with whom they discussed anime and 42.3% had read the original manga series on which the anime titles were based on. Researchers noted that since the popularization of video streaming services, the sales of manga have also greatly increased in the U.S. and other countries with Gen Z effecting this trend the most. According to the survey 34％ of United States Gen Z (around 15 million people), acknowledge themselves as anime

1395: 639:. Similar to Crunchyroll, FUNimation allows you to view newly released anime while also offering a store with products similar to Crunchyroll. FUNimation's website also has a section created for events related to anime and manga that allows their members to connect at the local and national level. There is also a blog section that allows those with an account on FUNimation to connect with other fans and talk about their favorite, or maybe even least favorite, anime and episode. 628:, a streaming service that lets users view popular anime from the past and new anime episodes released to the website. Crunchyroll was created in 2006 as a distribution outlet for anime. Crunchyroll has since evolved into becoming something more for fans in the anime community. They have added an addition to their website that allows anime and manga fans to get news about anime releases, events, and topics related to the community. This has also evolved to the creation of the 1415: 1339: 676:. However, these works were not recognized as Japanese productions and did not earn much of a dedicated fanbase. Italy, Spain and France, however, grew an interest for more Japanese animation for their television programming, due to success of previous co-productions, Japan's productive output and cheap selling price in comparison to US animation. Particularly Italy imported the most anime outside of Japan. Like in the Philippines, the 1300:, one of the most common ways for fans to express their love of anime. These communities tend to do more than just share files. Like most forums on the Internet, they discuss topics that they are interested in and want to know more about. These anime forums are becoming places for people to discuss the plot, characters, and styles of anime and manga. Since the 2010s, many anime fans have begun widely using social media platforms like 3139: 1099:

hardcore fans are motivated by the desire not to miss the jokes and puns present in Japanese anime and manga. In fact, most people interested in anime express at least a passing desire to learn Japanese, but usually choose not to, due to either time constraints or rumours about the difficulty involved in learning Japanese. Japanese terms are so well integrated into the anime and manga fan culture that during a

32: 944:, Holly Kolodziejczak, described being amazed by anime's depth that was unlike the cartoons she had seen before: "the characters had real personalities, their own feelings and motivations for their actions, strengths and flaws that enhanced their characters. They were more like real people, and thus people could much more readily identify with them." Larry Green of 437:, is the earliest major generation in the USA and is distinguished by fans clearly recognizing anime as a Japanese product with significant differences from American animation. Fans from this generation and the Yamato Generation were to make up the significant portion of organized fandom throughout the 1980s. The film 955:, a professor of Japanese Language and Literature, stated that anime fans "find refuge in a culture that diverges from the typical American way of life." She pointed out that fascination with Japanese culture is not a new concept and has existed since the mid-19th century. For example, an 1876 painting by 1295:

Several online communities have been formed where fans can come together to share and interact. Sites that offer file sharing services are popular and influential where people can gain easy access to anime and manga. Fandom has also resulted in the creation of anime and manga fan communities on sites

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have had profound effects on the anime fan community and the way in which anime is consumed. Additionally, fan interest in anime has inspired many developments in technology. Roughly 68% of fans obtain anime through downloading from the Internet or through their friends, a much larger proportion than

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Teaching anime text in an English classroom setting is something to be experimented to see how it shapes the relationship between teachers and students. Manga and anime texts are new in Western education. Australian state of New South Wales implemented manga and anime texts in their secondary English

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aged 18-54, showed that about 1 (approximately 56 million people) in 3 American respondents in the age group watch viral anime titles. When narrowed down to American respondents aged between 18 and 24, 44% (approximately 19 million people) stated that they watch viral anime titles. Additionally, 47％

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to current fans. For this generation, the release of a title onto the television in the past was unusual enough that fans often remember their first anime experience as something special. Poitras remarked that as of the "Otaku Generation", the influx of fans into the fandom is better characterized by

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was adapted into English and caught the attention of people even as young as grade school in age, many of them female. In the span of a few months, the fan demographic changed dramatically and as their interests diversified, so did the titles adapted into English. Poitras, Lewis and Sterling describe

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A number of travel agencies from Japan have begun offering anime tours. In 2003, the company Pop Japan Travel was founded to help customers experience Japan's content industry (including anime, games, food, and fashion) by allowing them to visit studios and meet artists, among other activities. Many

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Fan service is material in a series which is intentionally added to please the audience. Although fan service usually refers to sexually provocative scenes, it also refers more generally to events of little plot value designed to excite viewers or simply make them take notice, such as big explosions

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And A key characteristic of many anime television shows is serialization, where a continuous story arc stretches over multiple episodes or seasons. Traditional American television had an episodic format, with each episode typically consisting of a self-contained story. So it brings excitement to the

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Studies of fan behavior focused more on big fan activities or conventions in the past and transitioned toward from fan communities to individual fans. There are four conventions in urban areas of Malaysia: Kota Kinabalu, Sabah; Kuching, Sarawak; Sunway, Petaling Jaya, Selangor and Kuala Lumpur. They

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convention, a newcomer expressed confusion at some of the announcements because she was unable to understand the Japanese words used. As fans become more proficient at Japanese; they often also become more critical toward the quality of various translations; some critique the different translations

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by Sumiko lida and William S. Armour suggest the opposite. Their 2016 study results show that people's interest and motivation to consume Japanese popular culture products does not lead them to get formal Japanese language education. Their goal was to discover the correlation of Australian fans of

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According to Polygons 2024 survey 44% of anime viewers have developed a crush on an anime character. Almost two-thirds of the anime-watching Gen Z audience said they emotionally connect better with anime than they do with traditional media. 65% of the surveyed anime fans said that they find anime

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One major appeal of anime is its artwork; some fans claim that its visual quality is superior to that found in most animated series made in the United States and some ignore all non-Japanese animation. One fan described enjoying anime because "there is no dividing line between special effects and

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Research about Japanese language in Northwood and Thomson 2012, The Japan Foundation 2011 and 2013 tells us that many people are motivated to learn the Japanese language due to interest in Japanese popular culture. People who are not formally studying Japanese but identify themselves as Japanese

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process in official translations. According to one survey only 9% of fans prefer dubbing over subs; some fans believe that the localization process degrades the quality of anime and thus look to fansubs for the purer form of Japanese culture, feeling that something is lost in translation. Most

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software in order to make searching for and downloading anime online faster. Other fans have created websites that uses a custom server to search the Internet for video mirrors and new episodes, similar to search engines on how they crawl each website and saves the information gathered to the

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Dōjin are fan-made creations that are oftentimes bought and sold through dōjin events. Dōjin consists of doujinshi (doujin magazine, could be manga, novel, or essay), doujinsoft (doujin games and software), doujin music, and doujin anime. Dōjin events aim to help creators distribute manga

1077:, noted that when she first started in the program in 1994, most students were interested in Japanese for internal business majors; however, in 2004, students are more interested in "translating Japanese pop-song lyrics and talk excitedly about the Japanese anime character 632:. This exposition is a large-scale event in San Jose, CA, that allows anime and manga fans to connect. The streaming service also features a store where you can purchase anime related products such as: figures, Japanese snacks, apparel, posters, video games and manga. 1471:

The Gundam Base Tokyo: A store themed after the Gundam franchise. It opened on August 19, 2017, replacing Gundam Front Tokyo at Diver City Tokyo Plaza in Odaiba. There is Life-Sized Unicorn Gundam Statue(RX-0) which transforms every hour from Unicorn Mode to Destroy

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agreed and added that anime discusses subjects for both adults and children whereas in the United States animation is traditionally for children. He also stated that any viewer would be able to find something to their liking due to anime's large scale of production.

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prints, pre-war magazines, classic post-war manga, and popular modern series. The museum regularly hosts events throughout the week that includes letting visitors watch manga artists work, pay for a consultation on their own drawing skills, and have their portrait

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Some fans even decide to translate professionally. In fact, fluent English speakers who know sufficient Japanese are often preferred for translating over fluent Japanese speakers who know sufficient English, as the syntax of the latter group tends to be stiff.

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However, the term started to be used by anime and manga fans themselves again starting in the 2000s, in a more general and positive way, and today it is often used by those outside of the fandom to refer to fans of anime or manga. However, older generation

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videotapes became commonly available in the late 1970s, allowing fans to import anime shows from Japan; she noted that a friend "would record the episodes" and then "a group of us would gather at his apartment and watch a marathon of the episodes." At

790:, 64.3% of Japanese individuals among the 20-29 age group responded that they are highly interested in anime, while the corresponding figure for those aged 15–19 was 72.4%, 56% aged 30–39, 48.4% aged 40–49, 38.7% aged 50–59. A Dentsu nationwide 1068:

Japanese Language School was founded with a student body consisting of primarily Japanese-Canadians interested in polishing their language skills for their return to Japan. However, popularity for the language began to rise; the

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is one of the most popular spots in Akihabara, where a diverse set of events take place, such as the display of new anime films, related exhibitions, talk shows featuring voice actors, and public recordings of radio

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as staples. These fans were much more aware that what they were consuming was Japanese and took the initiative to search for more. The "Yamato" or "Star Blazers" generation originating from the series

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did not create many hardcore fans, but it exposed viewers to the medium and increased their receptivity towards it later on. The "Early Fans" or "Old Timers" generation that consumed titles like

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Then in the 1990s, Poitras states that "something new happened in the U.S.", the "Sailor Moon Generation" was born. Previous generations consisted mostly of college age fans, however in 1995

1440:. Additionally, fans enjoy visiting real-life locations that serve as settings for some anime, and locations where live-action movies were filmed. For example, the popularity of 927:(25%). When looking specifically at Gen Z anime fan viewing habits, Crunchyroll (58%) came in second overall behind Netflix (76%), followed by Hulu (55%), Prime Video (35%), and 624:

In the United States there are multiple streaming outlets that fans can use to view anime and manga, while also being able to connect with those communities. One such outlet is

365:, the very first fan club devoted to Japanese animation was the Cartoon/Fantasy Organization, which began in Los Angeles in 1977. Its growth characterized by waves that 2737:

Cheung, Kelly (August 1, 2017). "'Big fans', 'Experts', and those 'In need of a challenge': Teacher attitudes to 'manga and anime kids' in the Secondary English classroom".

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declaring (due to fansubbing's illegality) that they will stop distribution once a series is licensed, many fansubbed versions of anime are produced because of the stiff

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more emotionally compelling than other forms of media. Over 50% of surveyed Gen-Z anime fans said that anime influences their identity, fashion and social understanding.

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inspired some to move on to other works but stalled many becoming an isolated work in their eyes, overshadowing the creative context of anime and manga it represented.

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was first held in 1984 in response to growing demand for standardized Japanese language certification. Yuki Sasaki, who works for the Japanese language program at the

751:, Polish fandom was one of the first and largest fandoms to develop. The beginning of anime and manga fandom in Poland can be traced to the 1990s, few years after the 479:. Before anime began to be licensed in the U.S., fans who wanted to get a hold of anime would leak copies of anime movies and subtitle them, thus marking the start of 1253:

without the need for a programming background. Anime fans have also developed image upscaling tools, some using Artificial intelligence. Examples of such tools are

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Lida, Sumiko (April 2019). "The voices of adult anime/'manga' fans in Australia: motivations, consumption patterns and intentions to learn the Japanese language".

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used the term among themselves as an honorific second-person pronoun since the late 1970s. After its widespread usage by Japanese residents, however, it became

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s strong narration required viewers to never miss an episode. The Poitras dubs the next generation the "Robotech Generation", after the 1985 television series

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Yamato, Eriko (December 25, 2016). "Construction of discursive fandom and structural fandom through anime, comics, and game fan conventions in Malaysia".

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television series have been a common trend in anime fandom for decades, dating back to the late 1970s to 1980s. According to an early American anime

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Poitras identifies the first generation as the "Astro Boy Generation". Despite being the first and most popular animated Japanese television series,

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In the 1970s, Japanese Animation reached Western Europe mainly with productions aimed at European and Japanese children with the main results being

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Other popular locations include places where people can enjoy anime-related activities, such as shopping for related merchandise or singing anime

1316:(which has added an entire "anime and manga" category of topics) to discuss and follow the latest news of their favorite anime and manga series. 594:

in 1995 and 1996 respectively. However, due to the relative failure of the latter two (both shows brought success when aired at a later time on

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in 1998, which served as proof to U.S. broadcasters and distributors that Japanese media could succeed in the U.S. market. It was only after

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soon became very popular between children all around the Philippines which led to the sudden popularity of other anime series related to the

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tapes and higher quality versions of anime. Some experts, such as Susan Napier, a Professor of Japanese Language and Literature, say that

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in the 1980s, fans brought video tapes to hold marathon anime screenings; BayCon 1986, for example, held an 80-hour long anime marathon.

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went on air. A strong affinity for unique Japanese productions was developed among a generation of German children during this period.

2577: 1597: 1592: 598:), anime did not seem like it would become mainstream. However, the anime boom in the U.S. began with the airing of the anime series 2067:

Pellitteri, Marco (September 1, 2014). "The Italian anime boom: The outstanding success of Japanese animation in Italy, 1978–1984".

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commercially without the need for a publisher. The oldest and largest dōjin event worldwide is Comic Market, more commonly known as

1816: 2518: 1459:, located in Tokyo. Known as the Electric Town, it is a major shopping area where people can buy manga, anime, and other assorted 2604: 2861: 2779: 1972: 3922: 3361: 3173: 2549: 2307: 2135: 1892: 1708: 1658: 1646: 334: 2836: 2483: 2045: 2420: 1842: 1537:: Otome Road is a major shopping and cultural center for anime and manga aimed at women and girls in Tokyo. Companies hold 1403:

different museums dedicated to the industry exist throughout Japan, such as the Suginami Animation Museum in Tokyo and the

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Karen Schnaubelt, Japanese anime were "incredibly difficult to come by" with "nothing available except broadcast TV until"

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showed that 3% of Boomers, 12% of Gen Xers, 25% of Millennials and 42% of Gen Zs in the United states watch anime weekly.

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proving to be problematic. It was only during the rise of cable television during the '90s that Japanese series such as

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add explanatory notes describing honorifics and other words and concepts that do not translate well between languages.

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process, many people who grew up watching anime did so not realizing that it originated in Japan. After the success of

2881: 2159: 1998: 443:, which played in art theaters in December 1989, produced a cult following that Poitras names the "Akira Generation". 126:, drawings, and related artworks. The anime and manga fandom traces back to the 1970s and has an international reach. 2039: 1799: 1381: 1087:." Echoing this sentiment, Takaya also stated that about 60% of her students are studying Japanese because of anime. 68: 145:

is a Japanese term for people with obsessive interests, including anime or manga. In its original context, the term

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Fansub practices have rapidly declined since the early-2010s due to the advent of legal streaming services such as

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as well as Bruce Lewis and Cathy Sterling name as specific "generations", often instigated by a singular work.

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The fan community in the English-speaking world began in the 1970s and steadily grew. According to Japanophile

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2024 survey data from Polygon showed that American Gen Z and Millennial anime fans primarily watch anime on

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In Japan, anime discussion forums were popular in the 2000s and, in 2009, fans of the anime adaptation of

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2022 survey data from the Morning Consult showed that the anime fandom is 61% male and 39% female.

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in any other medium. As a result, anime fans have made some of the most sophisticated advances in

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marked the first milestone. However, most experts agree that the next milestone was in 1992 when

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current generation of fans as the "Otaku Generation", however not necessarily applying the word

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popularized them with the Japanese-speaking side of the internet-using part of that community.

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and more. Germany however largely rejected Anime other than western literature adaptations of

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that originally aired in 1979–80. Poitras states that this generation was so loyal because

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brought many of its fans to the real-life settings of the anime, beginning in April 2007.

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events around the area and retailers stock manga and anime that has a heavy focus on the

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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shown in the background. Napier described this interest in Japan as an "escape from the

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2024 survey data from Polygon revealed that 27% of American anime fans identify as

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and increasingly offensive in the 1990s, implying that a person is socially inept.

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left the mainstream that U.S. audiences became aware of anime's Japanese origins.

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as an honorific term. It appears to have been coined by the humorist and essayist

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Anime and manga fandom traces back to at least the 1970s when fans of the series

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otaku invade the oldest shrine in Kantō. The locals: It's a problem of security"

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have also expanded into licensing and distributing anime since the early-2010s.

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Animation: A World History: Volume II: The Birth of a Style - The Three Markets

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Display cases featuring typical Japanese anime and manga figurines in Akihabara

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what is real...it's just the way somebody imagined it". The content editor of

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banded together to get it back on the air after it stopped airing on Japanese

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According to Morning Consult's 2022 survey, 47% of American anime fans are

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form, which is distinguished from the older usage by being written only in

582:(which first aired in 1993), U.S. television companies began broadcasting 4212: 4207: 4034: 3994: 3783: 3598: 3586: 3514: 3182: 3030: 1414: 1285: 1273: 1237: 996: 920: 811: 722: 700: 677: 647: 625: 584: 452: 405: 387: 362: 2630: 115: 4078: 3793: 3656: 3570: 3540: 3391: 3221: 1641:オタク市場の研究(Otaku Shijou no Kenkyuu), 野村總合研究所(Nomura Research Institute), 1577: 1559: 1534: 1527: 1437: 1232: 1180: 928: 688: 636: 538: 411: 390:

genre in the Philippines. It was soon banned in 1979 by then president

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in 1978. It was the first exposure of Filipinos to Japanese animation.

350: 255: 2862:"Decades of Growth, Rise of VOD and Streaming Trigger Anime Avalanche" 493: 4202: 4004: 3976: 3895: 3836: 3558: 3431: 3424: 2886: 2239:"The Numbers Speak for Themselves! Anime is Killer Content for Gen Z" 1880:

Consuming Japan: Popular Culture and the Globalizing of 1980s America

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new anime series often within a few hours of their domestic release.

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Anime and manga have also inspired many young people to learn about

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In addition, another streaming service within the United States is

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FanFiction.Net adult content purge felt across fandom two weeks on

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In the United States, the fan community began as an offshoot of

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Anime and manga have stimulated many young people to learn the

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is derived from a Japanese term for another's house or family (

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database. The search engine keeps every episodes up to date.

819: 815: 783: 510: 472: 170: 135: 119: 108: 2939:"Twitter trending topics: How they work and how to use them" 1265:) was originally created for the playback of anime fansubs. 843:

In the early days of the fandom, it was predominantly male.

4093: 3773: 3763: 1542: 1277: 912: 791: 272: 266: 3447: 2900: 2658:"Learning Japanese, Once About Resumes, Is Now About Cool" 1112:'s editor finds much of their talent through conventions. 1455:

Akihabara: A popular location for anime fans to visit is

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a continuous stream than as waves as it was in the past.

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museum. In addition to that, it includes replica of the

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showed that 42% of anime fans in the United States are

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Narodziny i rozkwit Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Mangowej

484: 458: 316: 310: 287: 281: 259: 160: 146: 140: 2806:"Returning the Love: Three Fans Taking the Next Step" 2343:"So, this is Point B? - Looking Back, Going Forward" 1124:

popular culture are ignored. However, the report in

2910:, an example forum that does more than share files. 2689:"Translation Roundtable at New York Anime Festival" 2457:"San Diego Comic Con: The Manga Tsunami Multiplies" 1746:"Scanlation Nation: Amateur Manga Translators Tell" 356: 2837:"The future of anime fansubs in a simulcast world" 2765:, an example of an index of anime episodes online. 2542:Fandom Unbound: Otaku Culture in a Connected World 1848:. University of Texas at Arlington. Archived from 1135:Manga and anime in the Secondary English classroom 264:can be seen as being similar to the English terms 1999:"Professor of Japanese speaks about anime fandom" 1792:Anime Essentials: Every Thing a Fan Needs to Know 1418:Visiting places where anime is set is called a `` 471:, with fans bringing imported copies of Japanese 4235: 2123: 1843:"A Preliminary History of American Anime Fandom" 2976:"UTokyo BiblioPlaza - Endless Eight no Kyogaku" 2450: 2448: 2446: 2370:"Japanese Animation Page (Theatrical & TV)" 1104:of a single series by different fansub groups. 539:Society for the Promotion of Japanese Animation 229: 2576:(in Japanese). Comic Market official website. 1170: 680:Genre became very popular with series such as 302: 223: 192: 179: 152: 3463: 3167: 2340: 2069:Journal of Italian Cinema & Media Studies 852:in 2014 revealed that half of North American 309:said the newer generation of self-proclaimed 3042: 3040: 2443: 1261:(CCCP, a play on the initials of the former 934: 620:Anime streaming outlets in the United States 209:, first aired in 1982, the term was used by 3120:. Professional Travel Guide. Archived from 2894: 2749: 2605:"Anime-loving youngsters learning Japanese" 2544:. Yale University Press. pp. 107–108. 2028:Bendazzi, Giannalberto (October 23, 2015). 1958: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1659:"An Overview of Yamato Fan History, Part 1" 829:An August 2023 survey published in 2024 by 653: 324: 3470: 3456: 3174: 3160: 2157: 2066: 1872: 1870: 1362:. Please do not remove this message until 1039: 902: 3037: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2454: 1992: 1990: 1918: 1916: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1702: 1700: 1598:Japanese pop culture in the United States 1593:Editing of anime in American distribution 1382:Learn how and when to remove this message 565:. According to Tatsugawa, the success of 69:Learn how and when to remove this message 2539: 2027: 1962: 1949: 1922: 1876: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1450:Places to visit for anime and manga fans 1427:Town is famous as the sacred place of `` 1413: 1393: 1358:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1159:from anime and manga. Companies such as 794:survey conducted in July 2022 targeting 758: 82: 2481: 2295: 1937:from the original on September 22, 2020 1877:McKevitt, Andrew C. (August 31, 2017). 1867: 1789: 1328: 1050: 4236: 2799: 2797: 2736: 2726:(1) – via Gale Academic Onefile. 2668:from the original on February 21, 2018 2655: 2592: 2508: 2418: 2341:Kolodziejczak, Holly (December 2005). 2184: 2048:from the original on February 11, 2016 1996: 1987: 1975:from the original on February 11, 2012 1925:"Early Anime Fans Were Tough Pioneers" 1913: 1774: 1743: 1706: 203:, appeared in the 1980s. In the anime 3923:Organization for Transformative Works 3451: 3362:Organization for Transformative Works 3155: 3118:"Tokyo See & Do Guide: Akihabara" 2973: 2816:from the original on December 6, 2010 2720:East Asian Journal of Popular Culture 2380:from the original on October 20, 2009 2367: 1901:from the original on October 17, 2020 1677: 1637: 1635: 1126:East Asian Journal of Popular Culture 886: 335:History of anime in the United States 2717: 2187:European Journal of Cultural Studies 1997:Rogers, Carter (February 23, 2009). 1923:Plunkett, Luke (November 22, 2016). 1817:"Filipinos short-circuit 'Voltes V'" 1815:Mann, William (September 24, 1979). 1814: 1790:Poitras, Gilles (December 1, 2000). 1332: 1184: 103:is a worldwide community of fans of 25: 3054:(45): 9. March 2009. Archived from 2803: 2794: 2699:from the original on April 13, 2008 2686: 2637:from the original on April 25, 2009 2349:from the original on April 17, 2009 2009:from the original on April 16, 2009 1840: 13: 2901:Aboxcafe: Your Entertainment Forum 2834: 2782:from the original on July 20, 2017 2533: 2521:from the original on June 10, 2008 2509:Santos, Carlo (January 26, 2005). 2486:. The Anime Critic. Archived from 2463:from the original on July 12, 2006 2299:Emerging Worlds of Anime and Manga 1632: 1071:Japanese Language Proficiency Test 786:nationwide survey held in 2018 by 169:second-person pronoun. The modern 41:tone or style may not reflect the 14: 4275: 4254:Internet memes introduced in 2009 3131: 1665:from the original on May 31, 2009 1651: 3137: 2656:Parker, Ginny (August 5, 2004). 2580:from the original on May 1, 2020 1963:Gardiner, Debbi (January 2003). 1520:Kyoto International Manga Museum 1337: 1249:that allows for the creation of 1189: 569:triggered a flurry of releases. 357:English-language fan communities 51:guide to writing better articles 30: 3181: 3110: 3070: 3029:. Digital Manga. Archived from 3019: 2993: 2967: 2949: 2931: 2913: 2874: 2854: 2828: 2768: 2730: 2711: 2680: 2649: 2623: 2566: 2502: 2475: 2412: 2392: 2361: 2334: 2316: 2289: 2269: 2249: 2231: 2213: 2178: 2160:"Fandom mangi i anime w Polsce" 2151: 2117: 2087: 2060: 2021: 1064:. In the 1970s, Naoka Takaya's 963:depicts Monet's wife wearing a 772: 2835:Ho, Soleil (January 9, 2019). 2482:Harcoff, Pete (May 23, 2003). 1834: 1808: 1744:Deppey, Dirk (July 13, 2005). 1737: 1716:East Asian Studies Center, USC 1619: 1117:Japanese language in Australia 990: 87:Cosplayers at Yukicon 2014, a 1: 3906:Live action role-playing game 3437:Legal issues with fan fiction 3003:. digi-escape. Archived from 2745:(2) – via Gale OneFile. 1613: 1259:Combined Community Codec Pack 846:An analytical survey held by 642:Mass streaming services like 537:, the founder and CEO of the 509:viewing sessions of Japanese 469:science fiction fan community 2804:Lin, Maria (December 2005). 1971:. Japan Inc Communications. 1490:, it combines features of a 1015: 862: 165:), which is also used as an 7: 3477: 3423: 2419:ManGas (October 18, 2022). 2368:Green, Larry (March 2006). 1566: 1364:conditions to do so are met 1171:Technology and the Internet 1055: 763: 485: 459: 317: 311: 288: 282: 260: 230: 219:An Investigation of "Otaku" 161: 147: 141: 10: 4280: 3735:Celebrity worship syndrome 2540:Tamagawa, Hiroaki (2012). 1257:, Bigjpg and Anime4K. The 1174: 1146: 1043: 1024: 994: 895:with the remaining 73% as 749:Central and Eastern Europe 328: 298:Otaku Wa Sude Ni Shindeiru 133: 118:, films and videos, while 18: 4195: 4102: 3941: 3827:Amateur press association 3817: 3717: 3579: 3523: 3492: 3485: 3415: 3382: 3342: 3281: 3250: 3189: 3027:"About: Pop Japan Travel" 2756:Anime Eater: We Eat Anime 2421:"Upcoming Anime for 2023" 2296:Lunning, Frenchy (2006). 2158:Juozulinas, Anna (2022). 2124:Łukasz Reczulski (2023). 1661:. Voyager Entertainment. 1198:This section needs to be 935:Appeal of anime and manga 838: 303: 224: 193: 180: 153: 4185:by date of establishment 2633:. The Japan Foundation. 2574:"Comic Market 97 Report" 2302:. U of Minnesota Press. 2199:10.1177/1367549416682964 1020: 654:European fan communities 325:History of the community 129: 19:Not to be confused with 2662:Dow Jones & Company 2081:10.1386/jicms.2.3.363_1 1549:Universal Studios Japan 1296:where people can share 1040:Anime Music Video (AMV) 903:Streaming service usage 424:Space Battleship Yamato 346:Space Battleship Yamato 4244:Anime and manga fandom 4170:Professional wrestling 3901:Historical reenactment 3593:A Song of Ice and Fire 3554:Disneyland social club 3531:Anime and manga fandom 3510:Science fiction fandom 1794:. Stone Bridge Press. 1707:Manion, Annie (2005). 1608:Science fiction fandom 1433: 1399: 979:" for many Europeans. 856:attendees are female. 806:A 2022 survey held by 777: 101:anime and manga fandom 96: 4249:2000s fads and trends 2511:"2004 Year in Review" 2455:O'Connell, Margaret. 2330:. September 11, 2015. 1417: 1397: 1075:University of Georgia 973:Industrial Revolution 759:Asian fan communities 418:Battle of the Planets 86: 3956:Autograph collecting 3357:The Gossamer Project 2776:"VirtualDub history" 2739:English in Australia 2693:Comic Book Resources 2490:on February 19, 2009 1821:The Spokesman-Review 1725:on December 15, 2017 1407:Manga Museum in the 1329:Sightseeing in Japan 1221:Developments on the 1051:Learning about Japan 372:In the Philippines, 4084:Real person fiction 3916:Harley Owners Group 3580:Production-specific 3326:The Love Hypothesis 3227:Real person fiction 3048:"Visit Anime Spots" 2980:University of Tokyo 2963:. December 9, 2021. 2611:. February 15, 2006 2459:. Sequential Tart. 2408:. January 22, 2024. 2285:. January 22, 2024. 2265:. October 11, 2022. 2245:. December 4, 2023. 2164:Argumenta Historica 2105:on February 2, 2015 1351:of this section is 1157:Japanese honorifics 755:in Eastern Europe. 698:, shojo shows like 683:UFO Robot Grendizer 339:Manga outside Japan 217:in his 1983 series 4223:Shipping discourse 3367:Archive of Our Own 3304:Fallout: Equestria 3197:Alternate universe 3104:2009-06-21 at the 3033:on April 13, 2009. 2974:Toshihiko, Miura. 2906:2021-01-21 at the 2870:. October 3, 2022. 2761:2011-01-17 at the 2515:Anime News Network 1969:J@pan Inc Magazine 1965:"Anime in America" 1887:. pp. 194–5. 1841:Bennett, Jason H. 1751:The Comics Journal 1625:May 2006 issue of 1509:My Neighbor Totoro 1465:Tokyo Anime Center 1434: 1400: 917:Amazon Prime Video 887:Sexual orientation 741:Rose of Versailles 707:Rose of Versailles 528:sci-fi conventions 97: 4231: 4230: 3951:Anime music video 3713: 3712: 3445: 3444: 3319:Gabriel's Inferno 3297:Beautiful Bastard 3207:Expanded universe 3124:on July 15, 2009. 3007:on March 12, 2009 2945:. March 15, 2021. 2551:978-0-300-15864-9 2309:978-0-8166-4945-7 2166:(in Polish) (9). 2137:978-83-963463-7-7 2095:"Anime in Europe" 1894:978-1-4696-3448-7 1647:978-986-124-768-7 1496:technology museum 1492:children's museum 1463:merchandise. The 1392: 1391: 1384: 1245:, an open-source 1219: 1218: 1084:Cardcaptor Sakura 1062:Japanese language 1046:Anime Music Video 1006:joked that manga 753:fall of communism 667:Vicky the Vicking 524:comic conventions 292:(King of Otakus) 248:Haruhiko Mikimoto 246:. Animators like 236:, printed in the 231:"Otaku" no Kenkyū 79: 78: 71: 45:used on Knowledge 43:encyclopedic tone 4271: 3490: 3489: 3472: 3465: 3458: 3449: 3448: 3428: 3258:Author surrogate 3176: 3169: 3162: 3153: 3152: 3141: 3126: 3125: 3114: 3108: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3058:on July 23, 2011 3044: 3035: 3034: 3023: 3017: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3001:"Tours in Japan" 2997: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2917: 2911: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2890:. April 5, 2022. 2878: 2872: 2871: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2801: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2772: 2766: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2734: 2728: 2727: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2687:Manning, Shaun. 2684: 2678: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2653: 2647: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2601: 2590: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2570: 2564: 2563: 2537: 2531: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2506: 2500: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2484:"Anime Glossary" 2479: 2473: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2452: 2441: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2431:on April 8, 2023 2427:. Archived from 2416: 2410: 2409: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2320: 2314: 2313: 2293: 2287: 2286: 2273: 2267: 2266: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2235: 2229: 2228: 2227:. March 1, 2019. 2217: 2211: 2210: 2182: 2176: 2175: 2155: 2149: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2101:. Archived from 2091: 2085: 2084: 2064: 2058: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2025: 2019: 2018: 2016: 2014: 1994: 1985: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1960: 1947: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1920: 1911: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1874: 1865: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1855:on July 25, 2011 1854: 1847: 1838: 1832: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1812: 1806: 1805: 1787: 1772: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1758:. Archived from 1741: 1735: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1724: 1718:. Archived from 1713: 1704: 1675: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1655: 1649: 1639: 1630: 1623: 1583:Anime convention 1573:ACG (subculture) 1429:Girls und Panzer 1409:Hyogo Prefecture 1387: 1380: 1376: 1373: 1367: 1341: 1340: 1333: 1214: 1211: 1205: 1193: 1192: 1185: 1153:Japanese culture 967:, with Japanese 854:anime convention 814:, 25% are adult 718:Nippon Animation 630:Crunchyroll Expo 490: 462: 392:Ferdinand Marcos 331:History of anime 320: 314: 308: 306: 305: 291: 285: 263: 235: 233: 227: 226: 198: 196: 195: 185: 183: 182: 164: 159: 158: 150: 144: 122:includes manga, 74: 67: 63: 60: 54: 53:for suggestions. 49:See Knowledge's 34: 33: 26: 21:Fandom (website) 4279: 4278: 4274: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4269: 4268: 4234: 4233: 4232: 4227: 4191: 4175:Science fiction 4098: 4020:Fan translation 3943: 3937: 3911:Motorcycle club 3869:Supercar Season 3819: 3813: 3709: 3663:Sherlock Holmes 3575: 3524:Medium-specific 3519: 3481: 3476: 3446: 3441: 3411: 3378: 3344: 3338: 3333:Time's Champion 3282:Published works 3277: 3246: 3232:Shared universe 3185: 3180: 3134: 3129: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3106:Wayback Machine 3091: 3089: 3088:. July 25, 2007 3084:(in Japanese). 3076: 3075: 3071: 3061: 3059: 3046: 3045: 3038: 3025: 3024: 3020: 3010: 3008: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2984: 2982: 2972: 2968: 2955: 2954: 2950: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2908:Wayback Machine 2899: 2895: 2880: 2879: 2875: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2845: 2843: 2833: 2829: 2819: 2817: 2802: 2795: 2785: 2783: 2774: 2773: 2769: 2763:Wayback Machine 2754: 2750: 2735: 2731: 2716: 2712: 2702: 2700: 2685: 2681: 2671: 2669: 2654: 2650: 2640: 2638: 2629: 2628: 2624: 2614: 2612: 2603: 2602: 2593: 2583: 2581: 2572: 2571: 2567: 2552: 2538: 2534: 2524: 2522: 2507: 2503: 2493: 2491: 2480: 2476: 2466: 2464: 2453: 2444: 2434: 2432: 2417: 2413: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2383: 2381: 2366: 2362: 2352: 2350: 2339: 2335: 2322: 2321: 2317: 2310: 2294: 2290: 2275: 2274: 2270: 2262:Morning Consult 2255: 2254: 2250: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2183: 2179: 2156: 2152: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2122: 2118: 2108: 2106: 2093: 2092: 2088: 2065: 2061: 2051: 2049: 2042: 2026: 2022: 2012: 2010: 2003:The Tufts Daily 1995: 1988: 1978: 1976: 1961: 1950: 1940: 1938: 1921: 1914: 1904: 1902: 1895: 1885:UNC Press Books 1875: 1868: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1845: 1839: 1835: 1825: 1823: 1813: 1809: 1802: 1788: 1775: 1765: 1763: 1742: 1738: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1711: 1705: 1678: 1668: 1666: 1657: 1656: 1652: 1640: 1633: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1569: 1562:anime campaign. 1558:as part of the 1554:Attack on Titan 1484:Inokashira Park 1388: 1377: 1371: 1368: 1357: 1342: 1338: 1331: 1322:Haruhi Suzumiya 1247:software engine 1215: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1194: 1190: 1183: 1173: 1149: 1079:Sakura Kinomoto 1058: 1053: 1048: 1042: 1029: 1023: 1018: 999: 993: 977:pastoral utopia 953:Susan J. Napier 937: 905: 889: 865: 841: 808:Morning Consult 780: 775: 766: 761: 735:Queen Millennia 713:Captain Tsubasa 695:Captain Harlock 656: 622: 596:Cartoon Network 557:U.S. Renditions 491:series such as 359: 341: 327: 300: 221: 199:, or rarely in 190: 177: 138: 132: 105:anime and manga 75: 64: 58: 55: 48: 39:This article's 35: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4277: 4267: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4225: 4220: 4218:Odagiri effect 4215: 4210: 4205: 4199: 4197: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4189: 4188: 4187: 4182: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4156: 4155: 4145: 4140: 4133: 4132: 4131: 4121: 4120: 4119: 4108: 4106: 4100: 4099: 4097: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4065: 4064: 4063: 4062: 4047: 4046: 4045: 4040: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3981: 3980: 3973: 3958: 3953: 3947: 3945: 3944:and activities 3939: 3938: 3936: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3919: 3918: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3886:Fan convention 3883: 3878: 3873: 3872: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3860: 3859: 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