2520:
51:
3110:
2834:
1565:
1639:
2653:
520:. However, his inability to stem the Magyar incursions and impose any meaningful control over northern Italy saw the Italian nobles quickly abandon his cause and once again align themselves with Berengar. In 902, Berengar defeated Louis's armies and forced him to flee to Provence and promise never to return.
648:
Christian
Settipani challenges that theory by stating that the only reason why René Poupardin made him a bastard of Louis III was a passage by Richerius claiming that "Charles Constantine (...) was from a royal race, but which nobility had been vilified by a bastard ancestry remounting to his
631:
Detractors of the theory point out that when Anna was born, however, she was the daughter of a concubine who later became empress. Her father, at the time of
Charles' birth, was the reigning emperor, therefore the silence of primary sources works against this theory. In addition,
636:
makes no mention of this, and it would have been very interesting to him, given that he was a thorough gossip, had been ambassador to
Constantinople and devoted several chapters to the misadventures of Louis in Italy with no mention of these Byzantine connections.
543:(for breaking his oath) and was forced to relinquish his royal Italian and imperial crowns. Later, Berengar became Emperor. After this last attempt to restore Carolingian power over Italy, Louis continued to rule Provence for over twenty years, though his cousin
593:, to whom came later a great misfortune. That unfortunate prince could only be Louis III, whose mother Irmingardis was a first cousin of Bertha and who was blinded on 21 July 905. This betrothal occurred shortly before the fall of
562:. As regent, Hugh married Louis's sister Willa. Louis lived out his days until his death in obscurity, and through his life he continued to style himself as Roman Emperor. He was succeeded by his brother-in-law in 928.
404:, and received his recognition of the young Louis as king. Charles adopted Louis as his son and put both mother and son under his protection. In May 889, she traveled to the court of Charles' successor,
667:
reasons, that Anna was a daughter of Louis III and his wife Anna, daughter of Leo VI the Wise. In that case, she would have been betrothed to
Berengar while still a child and only become his
449:
of the realm, after hearing the recommendation of the pope, and receiving notification of
Charles the Fat's previous agreement to the proposition, proclaimed Louis as King of
649:
great-great-grandfather", proving nothing about
Charles-Constantine's mother. Such a union would also account for the mention of Greek merchants in Louis’ privilege of 921.
225:
535:, Adalard. Partisans of Berengar in the town soon got word to Berengar of Louis's exposed position at Verona and his limited support. Berengar returned, accompanied by
558:, his capital, and by 911, he had put most of the royal powers in the hands of Hugh. Hugh was made Margrave of Provence and Marquis of Vienne and moved the capital to
601:, and was part of extended diplomatic activities meant to strengthen Byzantine alliances with the western powers to preserve Byzantine territory in southern Italy.
645:
specifically stated that
Charles' ancestry was tainted with illegitimacy and mentioned nothing of his mother's supposed illustrious Byzantine parentage.
660:
256:
539:
troops, and entered Verona in the dead of night. Louis sought sanctuary at the church of St Peter, but he was captured. On 21 July 905, Louis had his
604:
The question of whether the betrothal was ever followed up by an actual marriage is still a matter of some controversy. Louis fathered a son called
17:
1601:
1065:
1042:
2383:
1310:
3227:
652:
In 914, Louis entered a second union, which would then be either his first or second marriage, by marrying
Adelaide, daughter of
527:, launched another attempt to invade Italy. Once again throwing Berengar out of Pavia, he marched and also succeeded in taking
612:. Charles' mother is not named in any sources. There has been modern speculation, proposed by Previté-Orton and championed by
628:
evidence, stating that
Charles-Constantine's name points to a Byzantine mother. Shaun Tougher doubts they were ever married.
3070:
3237:
2163:
1594:
1097:
365:
upon Boso's death on 11 January 887. The kingdom Louis inherited was much smaller than his father's, as it did not include
71:
3252:
3232:
418:, may have been written shortly after Charles' death to support Louis's claim. If so, Louis must have had the support of
3030:
2376:
2339:
1510:
1490:
1470:
1303:
480:
In 900, Louis, as the grandson and heir of the
Emperor Louis II, was invited into Italy by various lords, including
3262:
3257:
2982:
2299:
1505:
1475:
1445:
481:
1116:
3175:
3138:
2259:
1910:
1587:
1530:
1485:
1425:
2753:
2571:
2556:
2323:
1830:
1550:
1545:
1525:
1460:
590:
523:
In 905, Louis, after again listening to the Italian nobles who were tired of Berengar's rule, this time led by
1031:. Vol. III: The Popes During the Carolingian Empire, 858–891. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Ltd.
2708:
2633:
2347:
2331:
2307:
2227:
2219:
1540:
1535:
1515:
1495:
1480:
1465:
1450:
1410:
1405:
251:
1054:. Vol. IV: The Popes in the Days of Feudal Anarchy, 891–999. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co, Ltd.
3184:
3165:
2369:
2315:
2283:
2235:
2211:
2195:
1568:
1520:
1500:
1455:
1435:
1415:
1400:
1395:
1296:
2291:
2251:
2187:
1440:
1420:
1390:
2418:, the daughter of Pepin I, married Ansegisel, the son of Arnulf of Metz, and was the mother of Pepin II.
1012:
History of the Western Empire, from its Restoration by Charlemagne to the Accession of Charles V, Vol. I
3247:
2817:
2642:
2503:
3267:
3189:
1724:
430:
may have been written later, circa 901, to celebrate (and support) Louis's imperial coronation.
2441:
2098:
509:
2921:
2267:
653:
540:
394:
374:
370:
350:
3217:
2912:
2898:
2275:
2142:
1430:
633:
505:
8:
3222:
3012:
3008:
2946:
2942:
2902:
2822:
2685:
2680:
2615:
2396:
2361:
2128:
2093:
2062:
2027:
2011:
1955:
1655:
1647:
1380:
1370:
1280:
1254:
1244:
1236:
1210:
613:
605:
524:
489:
423:
414:
405:
112:
102:
2460:
3118:
3090:
3081:
3022:
2880:
2784:
2528:
2491:
2437:
2243:
2076:
1360:
1319:
1268:
1144:
1059:
1036:
419:
326:
299:
67:
41:
1579:
1022:. Vol. 1, The Early Middle Ages (5th–10th Centuries). Cambridge University Press.
3242:
3160:
3151:
3127:
3026:
2968:
2876:
2767:
2169:
2150:
1995:
1748:
1345:
1093:
582:
571:
238:
638:
438:
2997:
2931:
2813:
2479:
2468:
2084:
2003:
1979:
1365:
1350:
1190:
1183:
517:
378:
362:
358:
354:
346:
318:
289:
168:
150:
555:
386:
211:
2986:
2978:
2955:
2950:
2842:
2695:
2561:
2519:
2433:
2203:
2035:
2019:
1355:
1335:
1160:
1106:
617:
609:
574:
434:
401:
472:
in 889 and had been raiding the coast of Provence, alarming the local nobility.
400:
In May, Ermengard traveled with Louis to the court of her relative, the emperor
2974:
2857:
2804:
2762:
2690:
2547:
2464:
2179:
1971:
1385:
1083:
621:
578:
548:
454:
409:
366:
50:
3211:
3109:
2703:
2587:
2566:
2120:
1610:
1224:
1200:
641:
believed that Constantine was not a baptismal name, but Settipani disagrees.
544:
531:
with only a small following, after receiving the promise of support from the
322:
178:
119:
55:
1087:
279:
3059:
1082:
Bouchard, Constance Brittain (2000). "Burgundy and Provence, 879–1032". In
570:
In 899, Louis III was betrothed to Anna of Constantinople, the daughter of
408:, to make a new submission, while at the same time seeking the blessing of
3017:
2671:
2598:
2057:
1963:
1330:
656:, likely mother of Rudolph, the other documented son of Louis the Blind.
446:
334:
2833:
1077:. Translated by Allen, Michael Idomir. University of Pennsylvania Press.
3072:
2960:
2894:
2721:
1942:
1918:
1894:
86:
1288:
1120:
849:
847:
2867:
2661:
2537:
2475:
2451:
2424:
2392:
2137:
1987:
1886:
1846:
1822:
1806:
1671:
1663:
1638:
1340:
664:
625:
2889:
2652:
2107:
2071:
1902:
1878:
1870:
1854:
1838:
1814:
1774:
844:
642:
594:
501:
469:
382:
199:
904:
902:
900:
778:
Paul Edward Dutton. “Charles the Fat's Constitutional Dreams,” in
1934:
1926:
1798:
1790:
1782:
1766:
1758:
1687:
1679:
1625:
536:
485:
461:
357:. As a boy of seven, Louis succeeded to the throne of his father
330:
274:
990:
988:
1862:
1732:
1703:
1695:
897:
707:
586:
585:
in which he testifies that Leo VI had united his daughter to a
532:
528:
465:
442:
390:
2415:
1740:
985:
920:
918:
598:
559:
497:
450:
877:
875:
1711:
1092:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 328–345.
624:, based both upon the documented betrothal, as well on the
513:
493:
92:
2391:
1141:
The Family Politics of Berengar I, King of Italy (888–924)
1089:
The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 3, c.900–c.1024
915:
337:. He was blinded after a failed invasion of Italy in 905.
872:
782:
Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1994, 225–251.
3075:
from 888 until 898. It was the last Carolingian kingdom.
973:
1609:
834:
832:
830:
785:
719:
663:, married Berengar. It has been suggested, largely for
389:. The Provençal barons elected Ermengard to act as his
953:
C. W. Previté Orton, "Charles Constantine of Vienne",
753:
751:
738:
736:
734:
827:
815:
464:. Throughout his reign he fought with these Saracen
780:
The Politics of Dreaming in the Carolingian Empire.
700:
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
688:
968:The Reign of Leo VI (886–912): Politics and People
748:
731:
581:. The evidence for this is a letter by Patriarch
1017:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
713:
3209:
865:
863:
685:
1052:The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages
1029:The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages
457:. In 894, Louis himself did homage to Arnulf.
1129:
994:
797:
484:, who were suffering under the ravages of the
2377:
1595:
1304:
1126:, Vol. 32, No. 127. (Jul. 1917), pp. 335–347.
939:The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire
910:The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire
860:
1075:The Carolingians: A Family who forged Europe
1064:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1041:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
949:
947:
551:, was the dominant figure in the territory.
512:on 12 October 900. He travelled onwards to
516:, where, in 901, he was crowned Emperor by
373:), nor any of French Burgundy, absorbed by
2624:
2384:
2370:
1602:
1588:
1311:
1297:
1134:. Vol. 29. English Historical Review.
1113:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
1018:Grierson, Philip; Blackburn, Mark (1986).
941:, Cambridge University Press, 2008, p. 541
912:, Cambridge University Press, 2008, p. 423
492:. Louis thus marched his army across the
49:
1138:
979:
944:
855:Medieval Italy: an encyclopedia, Volume 2
475:
58:minted in the name of Louis III. Legend:
1081:
496:and defeated Berengar, chasing him from
2795:
1318:
883:The Capetians: kings of France, 987–132
14:
3210:
565:
329:between 901 and 905. His father was a
3071:West Francia was in the hands of the
2365:
1583:
1292:
1072:
1049:
838:
821:
791:
725:
616:, that she was Anna, the daughter of
393:, with the support of Louis's uncle,
1026:
757:
742:
349:, the usurper king of Provence, and
1111:Death and Life in the Tenth Century
24:
385:was restricted to the environs of
381:. This meant that the kingdom of
345:Born c. 880, Louis was the son of
29:Holy Roman Emperor from 901 to 905
25:
3279:
504:capital, where, in the church of
325:from 12 October 900, and briefly
18:Anna of Constantinople (born 888)
3228:10th-century Holy Roman Emperors
3108:
2832:
2651:
2518:
1637:
1564:
1563:
1130:Previté-Orthon, Charles (1914).
482:Adalbert II, Margrave of Tuscany
468:, who had established a base at
960:
931:
888:
659:In December 915, his daughter,
460:In 896, Louis waged war on the
1139:Rosenwein, Barbara H. (1996).
772:
763:
340:
13:
1:
1132:Charles Constantine of Vienne
1124:The English Historical Review
1121:Italy and Provence, 900–950."
1004:
714:Grierson & Blackburn 1986
311:
192:
926:Nos Ancêtres de l' Antiquité
488:and the incompetent rule of
7:
3238:10th-century kings of Italy
654:Rudolph I of Upper Burgundy
10:
3284:
3253:Blind royalty and nobility
3233:9th-century kings of Italy
2818:Pepin, Count of Vermandois
1050:Mann, Horace, K. (1925a).
508:, he was crowned with the
3174:
3150:
3117:
3106:
3080:
3069:
3058:
2996:
2930:
2911:
2866:
2853:
2841:
2830:
2803:
2794:
2783:
2752:
2737:
2720:
2670:
2660:
2649:
2632:
2623:
2612:
2586:
2546:
2527:
2516:
2490:
2459:
2450:
2423:
2403:
2162:
2047:
1954:
1723:
1646:
1635:
1618:
1559:
1326:
1259:
1251:
1241:
1215:
1207:
1197:
1188:
1180:
1175:
1154:
1027:Mann, Horace, K. (1925).
1020:Medieval European Coinage
955:English Historical Review
426:. On the other hand, the
295:
285:
273:
237:
218:
205:
188:
184:
174:
164:
156:
149:
141:
133:
125:
118:
108:
98:
85:
77:
66:
48:
39:
34:
2408:Legend: → ≡ "father of",
2050:(title disputed 887–933)
853:Kleinhenz, Christopher,
678:
3263:Kings of Lower Burgundy
3258:Medieval child monarchs
60:☩ lvdvvicvs imp(erator)
2626:Sons of Charles Martel
2442:Childebert the Adopted
1262:— DISPUTED —
1218:— DISPUTED —
1073:Riche, Pierre (1983).
970:(Brill, 1997), p. 148.
510:Iron Crown of Lombardy
476:Conflict with Berengar
433:In August 890, at the
317:– 5 June 928) was the
226:Anna of Constantinople
2393:Pippinids, Arnulfings
924:Christian Settipani,
577:and his second wife,
395:Richard the Justiciar
375:Richard the Justiciar
371:Rudolph I of Burgundy
333:and his mother was a
321:from 11 January 887,
42:Emperor of the Romans
2823:Counts of Vermandois
2260:Lothair III (or II)
1613:between 476 and 1556
1269:(Holy) Roman Emperor
1117:Previté-Orton, C. W.
634:Liutprand of Cremona
589:prince, a cousin of
230:Adelaide of Burgundy
3176:Charles of Lorraine
3139:Charles of Lorraine
3009:Louis the Stammerer
2797:Sons of Charlemagne
2686:Charles the Younger
2681:Pepin the Hunchback
1320:Holy Roman emperors
1147:. pp. 247–289.
995:Previté-Orthon 1914
957:, 29(1914):703–709.
937:Shepard, Jonathan,
908:Shepard, Jonathan,
794:, pp. 98, 104.
614:Christian Settipani
608:, who would become
606:Charles-Constantine
566:Marriages and heirs
525:Adalbert I of Ivrea
424:Archbishop of Reims
415:Visio Karoli Grossi
252:Charles Constantine
3082:Charles the Simple
3023:Charles the Simple
728:, p. table 7.
554:Louis returned to
455:Cisjurane Burgundy
420:Fulk the Venerable
412:. The short work,
3248:Frankish warriors
3205:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3027:Charles the Child
2969:Louis the Younger
2877:Louis II of Italy
2779:
2778:
2748:
2747:
2608:
2607:
2504:Hugh of Champagne
2359:
2358:
2170:Holy Roman Empire
1577:
1576:
1287:
1286:
1264:
1242:Succeeded by
1220:
1198:Succeeded by
583:Nicholas Mystikos
572:Byzantine Emperor
305:
304:
16:(Redirected from
3275:
3112:
3067:
3066:
3034:Lothair the Lame
2998:Charles the Bald
2932:Louis the German
2851:
2850:
2836:
2792:
2791:
2668:
2667:
2655:
2621:
2620:
2522:
2469:Chlodulf of Metz
2457:
2456:
2411:* ≡ "brother of"
2386:
2379:
2372:
2363:
2362:
2351:
2343:
2335:
2327:
2319:
2311:
2303:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2247:
2239:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2207:
2199:
2191:
2183:
2164:Kingdom of Italy
2154:
2146:
2132:
2124:
2116:
2102:
2088:
2080:
2066:
2039:
2031:
2023:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1991:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1946:
1938:
1930:
1922:
1914:
1906:
1898:
1890:
1882:
1874:
1866:
1858:
1850:
1842:
1834:
1826:
1818:
1810:
1802:
1794:
1786:
1778:
1770:
1762:
1754:
1744:
1736:
1715:
1707:
1699:
1691:
1683:
1675:
1667:
1659:
1641:
1629:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1581:
1580:
1567:
1566:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1290:
1289:
1283:
1278:
1260:
1252:Preceded by
1239:
1234:
1216:
1208:Preceded by
1191:King of Provence
1181:Preceded by
1171:
1156:Louis the Blind
1152:
1151:
1148:
1143:. Vol. 71.
1135:
1107:Duckett, Eleanor
1103:
1099:978-1-13905572-7
1078:
1069:
1063:
1055:
1046:
1040:
1032:
1023:
998:
992:
983:
977:
971:
964:
958:
951:
942:
935:
929:
922:
913:
906:
895:
892:
886:
879:
870:
867:
858:
857:, (2003), p. 656
851:
842:
836:
825:
819:
813:
810:
795:
789:
783:
776:
770:
767:
761:
755:
746:
740:
729:
723:
717:
711:
705:
704:Bouchard, p. 334
702:
661:Anna of Provence
518:Pope Benedict IV
453:, Provence, and
379:Duke of Burgundy
363:King of Provence
355:Emperor Louis II
353:, a daughter of
319:king of Provence
316:
313:
257:Anna of Provence
197:
194:
151:King of Provence
61:
53:
32:
31:
21:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3197:
3170:
3146:
3113:
3104:
3076:
3061:
3046:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3001:
2992:
2985:
2979:Charles the Fat
2977:
2967:
2951:Louis the Child
2935:
2926:
2907:
2901:
2893:
2885:Louis the Blind
2862:
2846:
2843:Louis the Pious
2837:
2828:
2799:
2786:
2775:
2744:
2733:
2716:
2696:Louis the Pious
2656:
2647:
2628:
2614:
2604:
2582:
2542:
2523:
2514:
2486:
2446:
2419:
2414:
2399:
2390:
2360:
2355:
2349:
2341:
2333:
2325:
2317:
2309:
2301:
2293:
2285:
2277:
2269:
2261:
2253:
2245:
2237:
2229:
2221:
2213:
2205:
2197:
2189:
2181:
2172:
2167:
2158:
2152:
2144:
2130:
2122:
2114:
2100:
2086:
2078:
2064:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2029:
2021:
2013:
2005:
1997:
1989:
1981:
1973:
1965:
1950:
1944:
1936:
1928:
1920:
1912:
1904:
1896:
1888:
1880:
1872:
1864:
1856:
1848:
1840:
1832:
1824:
1816:
1808:
1800:
1792:
1784:
1776:
1768:
1760:
1752:
1742:
1734:
1719:
1713:
1705:
1697:
1689:
1681:
1673:
1665:
1657:
1642:
1633:
1627:
1614:
1608:
1578:
1573:
1555:
1322:
1317:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1265:
1257:
1247:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1221:
1213:
1203:
1194:
1186:
1165:
1164:
1161:Bosonid dynasty
1157:
1100:
1084:Reuter, Timothy
1057:
1056:
1034:
1033:
1010:Comyn, Robert.
1007:
1002:
1001:
993:
986:
978:
974:
966:Shaun Tougher,
965:
961:
952:
945:
936:
932:
923:
916:
907:
898:
893:
889:
885:, (2007), p. 63
881:Bradbury, Jim,
880:
873:
868:
861:
852:
845:
837:
828:
820:
816:
811:
798:
790:
786:
777:
773:
768:
764:
756:
749:
741:
732:
724:
720:
712:
708:
703:
686:
681:
610:Count of Vienne
575:Leo VI the Wise
568:
478:
441:, a council of
402:Charles the Fat
343:
314:
308:Louis the Blind
269:
233:
210:
198:
195:
62:
59:
35:Louis the Blind
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3281:
3271:
3270:
3268:Frankish kings
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3187:
3181:
3179:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3157:
3155:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3115:
3114:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3087:
3085:
3078:
3077:
3064:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3020:
3015:
3005:
3003:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2972:
2964:
2958:
2953:
2939:
2937:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2918:
2916:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2873:
2871:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2858:Arnulf of Sens
2854:
2848:
2839:
2838:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2810:
2808:
2801:
2800:
2789:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2765:
2759:
2757:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2665:
2658:
2657:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2630:
2629:
2618:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2593:
2591:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2553:
2551:
2548:Charles Martel
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2534:
2532:
2525:
2524:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2495:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2472:
2465:Arnulf of Metz
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2429:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2389:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2366:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2345:
2340:Frederick III
2337:
2329:
2321:
2313:
2305:
2297:
2289:
2281:
2273:
2265:
2257:
2249:
2241:
2233:
2225:
2217:
2209:
2201:
2193:
2185:
2176:
2174:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2148:
2134:
2126:
2118:
2104:
2090:
2082:
2068:
2053:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2033:
2025:
2017:
2009:
2001:
1993:
1985:
1977:
1969:
1960:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1940:
1932:
1924:
1916:
1908:
1900:
1892:
1884:
1876:
1868:
1860:
1852:
1844:
1836:
1828:
1820:
1812:
1804:
1796:
1788:
1780:
1772:
1764:
1756:
1746:
1738:
1729:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1709:
1701:
1693:
1685:
1677:
1669:
1661:
1652:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1611:Kings of Italy
1607:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1584:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1293:
1285:
1284:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1240:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1196:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1176:Regnal titles
1173:
1172:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1136:
1127:
1114:
1104:
1098:
1079:
1070:
1047:
1024:
1015:
1006:
1003:
1000:
999:
997:, p. 336.
984:
982:, p. 258.
980:Rosenwein 1996
972:
959:
943:
930:
914:
896:
894:Duckett, p. 53
887:
871:
859:
843:
841:, p. 105.
826:
824:, p. 104.
814:
812:Duckett, p. 51
796:
784:
771:
769:Duckett, p. 12
762:
760:, p. 383.
747:
745:, p. 382.
730:
718:
716:, p. 256.
706:
683:
682:
680:
677:
639:René Poupardin
622:Zoe Zaoutzaina
579:Zoe Zaoutzaina
567:
564:
549:Count of Arles
477:
474:
410:Pope Stephen V
367:Upper Burgundy
342:
339:
303:
302:
297:
293:
292:
287:
283:
282:
277:
271:
270:
268:
267:
264:
259:
254:
249:
243:
241:
235:
234:
232:
231:
228:
222:
220:
216:
215:
207:
203:
202:
190:
186:
185:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
158:
154:
153:
147:
146:
143:
139:
138:
135:
131:
130:
127:
123:
122:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
91:February 901,
89:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
64:
63:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3280:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3057:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2782:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2611:
2601:
2600:
2596:Nibelung I →
2595:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:Childebrand I
2585:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2382:
2380:
2375:
2373:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2352:
2346:
2344:
2338:
2336:
2330:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2314:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2300:Frederick II
2298:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2282:
2280:
2274:
2272:
2266:
2264:
2258:
2256:
2250:
2248:
2242:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2194:
2192:
2186:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2147:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2133:
2127:
2125:
2119:
2117:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2103:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2089:
2083:
2081:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2067:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2026:
2024:
2018:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1994:
1992:
1986:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1933:
1931:
1925:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1909:
1907:
1901:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1885:
1883:
1877:
1875:
1869:
1867:
1861:
1859:
1853:
1851:
1845:
1843:
1837:
1835:
1829:
1827:
1821:
1819:
1813:
1811:
1805:
1803:
1797:
1795:
1789:
1787:
1781:
1779:
1773:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1745:
1739:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1708:
1702:
1700:
1694:
1692:
1686:
1684:
1678:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1662:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1570:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1511:Ferdinand III
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1491:Maximilian II
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1471:Frederick III
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1282:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1250:
1246:
1238:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1225:King of Italy
1219:
1212:
1206:
1202:
1193:
1192:
1185:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1153:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1008:
996:
991:
989:
981:
976:
969:
963:
956:
950:
948:
940:
934:
927:
921:
919:
911:
905:
903:
901:
891:
884:
878:
876:
866:
864:
856:
850:
848:
840:
835:
833:
831:
823:
818:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
793:
788:
781:
775:
766:
759:
754:
752:
744:
739:
737:
735:
727:
722:
715:
710:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
691:
689:
684:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
657:
655:
650:
646:
644:
640:
635:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
573:
563:
561:
557:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
473:
471:
467:
463:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
416:
411:
407:
403:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
323:King of Italy
320:
309:
301:
298:
294:
291:
288:
284:
281:
278:
276:
272:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
244:
242:
240:
236:
229:
227:
224:
223:
221:
217:
213:
208:
204:
201:
191:
187:
183:
180:
177:
173:
170:
167:
163:
159:
155:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
121:
120:King of Italy
117:
114:
111:
107:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
73:
69:
65:
57:
56:French denier
52:
47:
44:
43:
38:
33:
27:
19:
2888:
2884:
2821:
2796:
2625:
2616:Carolingians
2597:
2474:
2463:
2397:Carolingians
2276:Frederick I
2143:Berengar II
2136:
2112:
2106:
2092:
2070:
2056:
2048:Non-dynastic
2020:Charles III
1964:Charlemagne
1956:Carolingians
1749:
1619:Non-dynastic
1506:Ferdinand II
1476:Maximilian I
1446:Frederick II
1375:
1277:Disputed by
1267:
1266:
1261:
1233:Disputed by
1223:
1222:
1217:
1189:
1167:
1159:
1140:
1131:
1123:
1110:
1088:
1074:
1051:
1028:
1019:
1011:
975:
967:
962:
954:
938:
933:
925:
909:
890:
882:
869:Comyn, p. 85
854:
817:
787:
779:
774:
765:
721:
709:
672:
668:
658:
651:
647:
630:
603:
569:
553:
541:eyes put out
522:
479:
459:
432:
427:
413:
399:
344:
307:
306:
261:
246:
40:
26:
3218:880s births
3018:Carloman II
2785:Carolingian
2672:Charlemagne
2599:Nibelungids
2432:Carloman →
2350:(1530–1556)
2342:(1452–1493)
2334:(1431–1437)
2326:(1355–1378)
2324:Charles IV
2318:(1327–1347)
2310:(1311–1313)
2302:(1212–1250)
2294:(1209–1212)
2286:(1186–1197)
2278:(1154–1186)
2270:(1138–1152)
2268:Conrad III
2262:(1125–1137)
2254:(1106–1125)
2246:(1093–1101)
2238:(1056–1105)
2230:(1039–1056)
2222:(1026–1039)
2214:(1004–1024)
2206:(1002–1014)
2129:Lothair II
2063:Berengar I
2058:Unruochings
2004:Charles II
1943:Desiderius
1919:Hildeprand
1895:Aripert II
1750:Interregnum
1531:Charles VII
1486:Ferdinand I
1431:Frederick I
1426:Lothair III
1356:Charles III
1331:Charlemagne
506:San Michele
447:feudatories
341:Early reign
335:Carolingian
262:by Adelaide
165:Predecessor
134:Predecessor
99:Predecessor
3223:928 deaths
3212:Categories
3152:Lothair IV
3128:Lothair IV
3073:Robertians
2989:→ Adalbert
2961:Zwentibold
2895:Lothair II
2529:Grimoald I
2482:, his sons
2452:Arnulfings
2438:Grimoald I
2348:Charles V
2332:Sigismund
2308:Henry VII
2244:Conrad II
2228:Henry III
2220:Conrad II
2198:(996–1002)
2173:(962–1556)
1988:Lothair I
1911:Liutprand
1887:Raginpert
1847:Perctarit
1823:Perctarit
1807:Aripert I
1672:Theodahad
1664:Athalaric
1656:Theodoric
1648:Ostrogoths
1551:Francis II
1546:Leopold II
1526:Charles VI
1496:Rudolph II
1461:Charles IV
1351:Charles II
1281:Berengar I
1245:Berengar I
1237:Berengar I
1211:Berengar I
1170:5 June 928
1005:References
839:Mann 1925a
822:Mann 1925a
792:Mann 1925a
726:Riche 1983
673:imperatrix
500:, the old
490:Berengar I
315: 880
214:, Provence
209:5 June 928
196: 880
145:Berengar I
113:Berengar I
87:Coronation
3013:Louis III
2963:→ Godfrey
2881:Ermengard
2868:Lothair I
2713:Theoderic
2662:Pepin III
2562:Pepin III
2538:Theudoald
2476:Ansegisel
2425:Pippinids
2316:Louis IV
2284:Henry VI
2236:Henry IV
2212:Henry II
2204:Arduin I
2196:Otto III
2190:(980–983)
2182:(962–973)
2153:(950–963)
2151:Adalbert
2145:(950–963)
2138:Anscarids
2131:(945–950)
2123:(926–947)
2115:(900–905)
2113:Louis II
2101:(922–933)
2087:(891–897)
2079:(889–894)
2072:Guideschi
2065:(887–924)
2030:(896–899)
2022:(879–887)
2014:(877–879)
2012:Carloman
2006:(875–877)
1998:(855–875)
1990:(818–855)
1982:(810–818)
1974:(781–810)
1966:(774–814)
1945:(756–774)
1937:(749–756)
1929:(744–749)
1913:(712–744)
1903:Ansprand
1897:(702–712)
1881:(700–702)
1879:Liutpert
1873:(689–700)
1871:Cunipert
1857:(688–689)
1855:Cunipert
1849:(671–688)
1839:Garibald
1833:(662–671)
1831:Grimoald
1825:(661–662)
1817:(661–662)
1815:Godepert
1809:(653–661)
1801:(652–653)
1793:(636-652)
1785:(626–636)
1777:(616–626)
1775:Adaloald
1769:(590–616)
1761:(584–590)
1753:(574–584)
1743:(572–574)
1735:(568–572)
1714:(552–553)
1706:(541–552)
1690:(540–541)
1682:(536–540)
1674:(534–536)
1666:(526–534)
1658:(493–526)
1628:(476–493)
1541:Joseph II
1536:Francis I
1516:Leopold I
1481:Charles V
1466:Sigismund
1451:Henry VII
1411:Henry III
1406:Conrad II
1376:Louis III
1341:Lothair I
1060:cite book
1037:cite book
928:, pp. 6–7
758:Mann 1925
743:Mann 1925
665:onomastic
626:onomastic
369:(lost to
351:Ermengard
300:Ermengard
175:Successor
142:Successor
109:Successor
3243:Bosonids
3119:Louis IV
3091:Louis IV
3031:Carloman
2971:→ Louis
2943:Carloman
2922:Pepin II
2890:Bosonids
2768:Adalhard
2722:Carloman
2634:Carloman
2579:Remigius
2557:Carloman
2480:Pepin II
2292:Otto IV
2252:Henry V
2188:Otto II
2108:Bosonids
2099:Rudolph
2085:Lambert
1996:Louis I
1980:Bernard
1935:Aistulf
1927:Ratchis
1799:Rodoald
1791:Rothari
1783:Arioald
1767:Agilulf
1759:Authari
1725:Lombards
1688:Ildibad
1680:Vitiges
1626:Odoacer
1569:Category
1521:Joseph I
1501:Matthias
1456:Louis IV
1436:Henry VI
1416:Henry IV
1401:Henry II
1396:Otto III
1381:Berengar
1346:Louis II
1195:888–928
1145:Speculum
1109:(1968).
675:in 923.
595:Taormina
537:Bavarian
470:Fraxinet
462:Saracens
383:Provence
280:Bivinids
200:Provence
3194:Charles
3161:Louis V
3132:Charles
3062:Francia
3043:Charles
2983:Bernard
2913:Pepin I
2903:Charles
2814:Bernard
2772:Bernhar
2754:Bernard
2700:Lothair
2572:Bernard
2508:Godfrey
2434:Pepin I
2180:Otto I
2166:within
2036:Ratold
2028:Arnulf
1863:Alahis
1733:Alboin
1704:Totila
1696:Eraric
1441:Otto IV
1421:Henry V
1391:Otto II
1366:Lambert
1336:Louis I
1274:901–905
1230:900–905
1086:(ed.).
669:consors
597:to the
502:Lombard
486:Magyars
466:pirates
443:bishops
439:Valence
331:Bosonid
327:emperor
266:Rudolph
247:by Anna
219:Spouses
160:887–928
129:900–905
81:901–905
68:Emperor
3178:, sons
3166:Arnulf
3154:, sons
3121:, sons
3101:Rorico
3095:Arnulf
3084:, sons
2987:Ratold
2956:Ratold
2947:Arnulf
2870:, sons
2787:Empire
2756:, sons
2674:, sons
2664:, sons
2576:Jerome
2550:, sons
2500:Arnulf
2494:, sons
1972:Pepin
1741:Cleph
1386:Otto I
1371:Arnulf
1255:Arnulf
1166:
1096:
1014:. 1851
643:Richer
618:Leo VI
591:Bertha
556:Vienne
533:bishop
529:Verona
406:Arnulf
391:regent
387:Vienne
296:Mother
286:Father
212:Vienne
137:Arnulf
103:Arnulf
3190:Louis
3143:Henry
3135:Louis
3098:Drogo
3040:Pepin
3037:Drogo
2915:, son
2807:, son
2805:Pepin
2741:Pepin
2730:Pepin
2724:, son
2704:Drogo
2691:Pepin
2643:Drogo
2636:, son
2613:Early
2590:, son
2567:Grifo
2531:, son
2511:Pepin
2492:Drogo
2416:Begga
2121:Hugh
2094:Welfs
2038:(896)
1921:(744)
1905:(712)
1889:(701)
1865:(689)
1841:(671)
1712:Teia
1698:(541)
1168:Died:
679:Notes
599:Arabs
587:Frank
560:Arles
498:Pavia
451:Arles
428:Visio
275:House
239:Issue
157:Reign
126:Reign
78:Reign
72:Italy
3185:Otto
3060:West
3002:sons
2975:Hugh
2966:Otto
2936:sons
2899:Hugh
2847:sons
2763:Wala
2709:Hugh
2395:and
2168:the
2077:Guy
1201:Hugh
1184:Boso
1094:ISBN
1066:link
1043:link
671:and
620:and
545:Hugh
514:Rome
494:Alps
445:and
435:Diet
359:Boso
347:Boso
290:Boso
206:Died
189:Born
179:Hugh
169:Boso
93:Rome
1361:Guy
437:of
361:as
70:in
3214::
3011:→
2981:→
2949:→
2945:→
2897:→
2887:→
2883:→
2879:→
2820:→
2816:→
2478:→
2467:→
2440:→
2436:→
2141::
2111::
2097::
2075::
2061::
1062:}}
1058:{{
1039:}}
1035:{{
987:^
946:^
917:^
899:^
874:^
862:^
846:^
829:^
799:^
750:^
733:^
687:^
547:,
422:,
397:.
377:,
312:c.
193:c.
3000:,
2934:,
2845:,
2385:e
2378:t
2371:v
1603:e
1596:t
1589:v
1312:e
1305:t
1298:v
1119:"
1102:.
1068:)
1045:)
310:(
20:)
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