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586:, both critiques Finch's writing and expresses great admiration for it. In Woolf's examination of the "female voice" and her search for the history of female writers, she argues that Finch's writing is "harassed and distracted with hates and grievances," pointing out that to Finch "men are hated and feared, because they have the power to bar her way to what she wants to do—which is to write." However, Woolf excuses the flaws she perceives in Finch's work by claiming that Finch surely had to "encourage herself to write by supposing that what she writes will never be published." She goes on to acknowledge that in Finch's work, "Now and again words issue of pure poetry…It was a thousand pities that the woman who could write like that, whose mind was turned to nature, and reflection, should have been forced to anger and bitterness." Woolf goes on in defence of her as a gifted but sometimes understandably misguided example of women's writing. It is evident that Woolf sympathises deeply with Finch's plight as a female poet, and though she takes issue with some of the content in Finch's writing, she expresses grief that Finch is so unknown: "…when one comes to seek out the facts about Lady Winchilsea, one finds, as usual, that almost nothing is known about her." Woolf wishes to know more about "this melancholy lady, who loved wandering in the fields and thinking about unusual things and scorned, so rashly, so unwisely, 'the dull manage of a servile house.'"
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requires a masterly Pen like her own (She being a fine Writer, and an excellent Poet); we shall only presume to say, she was the most faithful
Servant to her Royall Mistresse, the best Wife to her Noble Lord, and in every other Relation, publick and private, so illustrious an Example of such extraordinary Endowments, both of Body and Mind, that the Court of England never bred a more accomplished Lady, nor the Church of England a better Christian."
173:, Hampshire, in southern England. Her parents were Sir William Kingsmill and Anne Haslewood, both from old and powerful families. She was the youngest of three children, her siblings being William and Bridget Kingsmill. Anne never knew her father, as he died only five months after she was born. In his will, he specified that his daughters receive financial support equal to that of their brother for their education, which was unusual for the times.
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607:(approximately 1660–1760). This is largely due to her work reflecting upon nature and finding both an emotional and religious relationship to it in her verse, consequentially commenting on the change in philosophical and political policy of the time. Later, literary critics recognized the diversity of her poetic output as well as its personal and intimate style. This style would earn greater attention after her death.
352:(those who had refused to take the oath of allegiance, such as the Finches), as their arrests and punishments were abusive. Because of his arrest, Heneage and Anne Finch remained separated from April until November of that year. The circumstances caused the couple a great deal of emotional turmoil. Living with friends in Kent while her husband prepared his defence in London, Anne Finch often succumbed to bouts of
45:
427:, the daughter of James II, who had died in 1701. With these developments, the Finches felt ready to embrace a more public lifestyle. Heneage Finch ran for a parliamentary seat three times (in 1701, 1705, and 1710), but was never elected. Still, the Finches felt the time was right to leave the seclusion of the country life and move into a house in London.
536:, was published in 1903. For many years, it was considered the definitive collection of her writings. It remains the only scholarly collection of Finch's poetry, and includes all of the poems from Miscellany Poems and poems retrieved from manuscripts. Reynolds's introduction did as much to re-establish Finch's reputation as Wordsworth's previous praise.
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Finch died in 1720 in
Westminster, London, and her body was returned to Eastwell for burial, according to her previously stated wishes. Her husband produced an obituary that praised her talents as a writer and her virtues as an individual. A portion of it read, "To draw her Ladyship's just Character,
299:
Despite their court connections, Anne and
Heneage Finch led a rather sedate life. At first they lived in Westminster; then, as Heneage Finch became more involved in public affairs, they moved to London. His involvement had increased when James II took the throne in 1685. The couple demonstrated great
651:
by Anne Finch, Countess of
Winchilsea, readers are welcomed into a vibrant, emotional, and opinionated style. They are unapologetically let in on the distinctly female voice that is to come. Melancholy, full of wit, and socially conscious, Anne Finch wrote verse and dramatic literature with a talent
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In her works, Finch drew upon her own observations and experiences, demonstrating an insightful awareness of the social mores and political climate of her era. But she also artfully recorded her private thoughts, which could be joyful or despairing, playful or despondent. The poems also revealed her
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on August 4, 1712. As
Charles Finch had no children, his uncle Heneage Finch became the Earl of Winchilsea, making Anne the Countess. The Finches also assumed Charles Finch's financial and legal burdens. The issues were eventually settled in the Finches' favour in 1720, but not before the couple had
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and, along with
Heneage Finch, he encouraged Anne's writing. Her husband's support was practical. He began collecting a portfolio of her 56 poems, writing them out by hand and making corrective changes. One significant change involved Anne's pen name, which Heneage changed from "Areta" to "Ardelia".
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All of her worries took a toll on Anne Finch's health, which had begun to deteriorate. For years she had been vulnerable to depression, and in 1715 she became seriously ill. Her later poems reflected her turmoil. In particular, "A Suplication for the joys of Heaven" and "A Contemplation" expressed
198:
In 1670, Lady
Kingsmill filed her own Court of Chancery suit, demanding from William Haslewood a share in the educational and support monies for Anne and Bridget. The court split custody and financial support between Haslewood and Lady Kingsmill. When Lady Kingsmill died in 1672, Anne and Bridget
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Stuart court, refusing to take the oath. They also viewed their oaths to the previous monarchy as morally binding and constant. But such a stance invited trouble. Heneage Finch lost his government position and retreated from public life. As the loss of his position entailed a loss of income, the
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rejoined their brother to be raised by
Haslewood. The sisters received a comprehensive and progressive education, something that was uncommon for girls at the time, and Anne Kingsmill learned about Greek and Roman mythology, the Bible, French and Italian languages, history, poetry, and drama.
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who also shared poetic interests. However, when Anne
Kingsmill witnessed the derision within the court that greeted Killigrew's poetic efforts (poetry was not a pursuit considered suitable for women), she decided to keep her own writing attempts to herself and her close friends. She remained
539:
Later, The
Wellesley Manuscript, which contained 53 unpublished poems, was released. Literary scholars have noted Finch's distinctive voice and her poems' intimacy, sincerity, and spirituality. They also expressed appreciation for her experimentation as well as her assured usage of
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The peace and seclusion at Eastwell fostered the development of Finch's poetry, and the retirement in the country provided her with her most productive writing period. Her work revealed her growing knowledge of contemporary poetic conventions, and the themes she addressed included
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Finch experimented with the poetic traditions of her day, often straying from the fold through her use of rhyme, metre and content, which ranged from the simplistic to the metaphysical. Finch also wrote several satiric vignettes modelled after the short tales of French fabulist
279:
The couple's marriage proved to be enduring and happy, in part due to the aspects of equality in their partnership. Indeed, part of the development of her poetic skills was brought about by expressing her joy in her love for her husband and the positive effects of his lack of
1027:"The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Anne Finch, Countess of Winchilsea, vol. 1, "Early Manuscript Books," edited by Jennifer Keith and Claudia Thomas Kairoff; and vol. 2, "Later Collections, Print and Manuscript," edited by Keith and Kairoff | Digital Defoe"
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in 1713, the cover page of the first printing indicated that the collected works (which included 86 poems as well as a play) were "Written by a Lady." However, on subsequent printings, Finch (as Anne, Countess of Winchilsea) received credit as the author.
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Finch was reluctant, as she felt the current social and political climate remained oppressive of women. (In her poem "The Introduction," which was privately circulated, she reflected on contemporary attitudes toward female poets.) When she published
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had become the 1st Countess of Winchilsea in 1628. Finch met Kingsmill and fell in love with her, but she at first resisted his romantic overtures. However, Finch proved a persistent suitor, and the couple was finally married on 15 May 1684.
434:. This well-received reflection on depression would prove to be the most popular of her poems in her lifetime. When the Finches returned to London, Anne acquired some important and influential friends, including renowned writers such as
144:. Through her commentary on the mental and spiritual equality of the sexes and the importance of women fulfilling their potential as a moral duty to themselves and to society, she is regarded as one of the integral female poets of the
446:, who encouraged her to write and publish much more openly. For instance, Swift's poem "Apollo Outwitted" depicts the angry god condemning Finch to a life "negligent of fame," which playfully suggests that her modesty is a curse.
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Despite her occasionally overtly melancholy outlook, as many prominent friends of hers pointed out, Anne Finch was a competent, effective writer and is known today as one of the most versatile and gifted poets of her generation.
180:, and later bore Anne Kingsmill's half-sister, Dorothy Ogle. Anne would remain close to Dorothy for most of their lives, with Dorothy inspiring poems such as "Some Reflections: In a Dialogue Between Teresa and Ardelia" and
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Upon her marriage, Anne Finch resigned her court position, but her husband retained his own appointment and would serve in various government positions. As such, the couple remained involved in court life. During the 1685
288:: April 2d 1685"), celebrated their relationship and ardent intimacy. In expressing herself in such a fashion, Anne Finch quietly defied contemporary social conventions. In other early works she aimed a
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In London, Anne Finch was encouraged to publish her poetry under her own name. Earlier, in 1691, she had anonymously published some of her poetry. In 1701 she published "The Spleen" anonymously in
857:
665:. She mocked La Fontaine's fables, offering social criticism through biting sarcasm. Finch's more melancholy fare, however, gained her wider acclaim. Her famous poems in this sullen vein include
136:, songs, and religious verse - which are informed by "political ideology, religious orientation, and aesthetic sensibility". Her works also allude to other female authors of the time, such as
423:
By the early 18th century, the political climate in England had generally improved for the Finches. King William died in 1702, and his death was followed by the succession to the throne of
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contends, "Because her authorship is not established, to consider Finch's desire for anonymity is an act of historical imagination and cannot be used as evidence for her authorship."
483:, which took place in Scotland in 1715, further aggravated the tense political situation. The Finches became greatly concerned about their safety, especially after a friend,
387:, Kent, estate. The Finches took up residence in late 1690 and found peace and security on the estate, where they would live for more than 25 years in the quiet countryside.
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Finch's mother died in 1664. Shortly before her death she wrote a will giving control of her estate to her second husband. The will was successfully challenged in a
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Finches were forced to live with friends in London for a period. While living in the city the couple faced harassment, fines and potential imprisonment.
360:," reflected her mental state. Other poems involved political themes. Her work during this period was less playful and joyous than her earlier output.
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During this period, Heneage and Anne Finch faced renewed strains resulting from court politics. When Queen Anne died in 1714, she was succeeded by
207:
The sisters remained in the Haslewood household until their uncle's death in 1682. 21 years old at the time, Anne Kingsmill then went to live at
403:, the beauty of nature (as expressed in "A Nocturnal Reverie"), and the value of friendship (as in "The Petition for an Absolute Retreat").
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983:. Peter Buck, at the sign of the Temple in Fleet-street; and George Strahan at the Golden-Ball, over against the Royal-Exchange in Cornhil.
320:". During his short reign, James fell under intense criticism for his autocratic manner of rule. Eventually, he fled England for exile in
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1048:"Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive / Works / Apollo Outwitted. To the Honourable Mrs. FINCH, under her Name of Ardelia, (Jonathan Swift)"
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that has caused her works to not only survive, but to flourish in an impressive poetic legacy throughout the centuries since her death.
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by Anne Kingsmill's uncle, William Haslewood. Subsequently, Anne and Bridget Kingsmill lived with their grandmother, Lady Kingsmill, in
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356:, something that afflicted her for most of her adult life. The poems that she wrote during this period, such as "Ardelia to
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of 1701), a poetic expression of her first-hand experience of depression and its effects – a condition that was popularly
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of James II, Heneage Finch carried the canopy of the Queen, Mary of Modena, who had specifically requested his service.
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For Anne Finch, the estate provided a fertile and supportive environment for her literary efforts. Charles Finch was a
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Apparently, Anne's interest in poetry began at the palace, and she started writing her own verse. Her friends included
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ode, exploring complex and irregular structures and rhyme schemes. Her most famous example of this technique is in
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secretive about her poetry until much later in her life, when she was encouraged to publish under her own name.
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515:. Nearly a century after her death, her poetic output had been largely forgotten, until the great English poet
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impingement on her artistic development. These early works, many written to her husband (such as "A Letter to
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This poem was first published anonymously, though it went on to become one of her most renowned pieces.
251:, whom she married on May 15, 1684. Colonel Finch, a courtier as well as a soldier, had been appointed
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790:(London: Printed for John Barber & sold by Benj. Tooke, William Taylor & James Round, 1713).
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1409:. ed. Folger Collective on Early Women Critics. Bloomingon: Indiana University Press, 1995. 45–43.
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603:, odes, love poetry and prose poetry work, Finch's writing was considered to have fallen into the
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As a poet, Finch attained a modest amount of notoriety during her lifetime. In extension to her
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for attempting to join the exiled James II in France. It was a difficult time for Jacobites and
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Rogers KM (1989). "Finch's "Candid Account" vs. Eighteenth–Century Theories of the Spleen".
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said of Finch, "a thousand pities that should have been forced to anger and bitterness"
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edited by Jean M. Ellis D'Alessandro (Florence: Universita degli Studi di Firenze, 1988).
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1101:(Illustrated ed.). Athens London: University of Georgia Press. pp. 100–103.
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edited by Denys Thompson (Manchester: Carcanet Press, 1987; New York: Fyfield, 1987).
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The only major collection of Anne Finch's writings that appeared in her lifetime was
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1124:"'A Versifying Maid of Honour': Anne Finch and the Libretto for "Venus and Adonis""
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Anne Finch, essay by James Nunn, Poets on Poets, Carcanet Press, Manchester, 1997
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Anne Finch became Countess of Winchilsea upon the sudden and unexpected death of
1076:(Illustrated ed.). Athens London: University of Georgia Press. p. 99.
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the English crown. When the new monarchs, William and Mary, assumed the throne,
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became a requirement for both the public and the clergy. William and Mary were
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Gildon, Charles; Sedley, Sir Charles; Stepney, George; Dryden, John (1701).
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The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Anne Finch, Countess of Winchilsea,
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attitudes. Still, her husband strongly supported her writing activities.
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The Cambridge edition of the works of Anne Finch, Countess of Winchilsea
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government, which was hostile to the Jacobite cause, rose to power. The
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in the English language. In his critical edition of the opera for the
195:, London, while their brother lived with his uncle William Haslewood.
124:; April 1661 – 5 August 1720), was an English poet and
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edited by Myra Reynolds (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1903).
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303:
170:
72:
856:, 2 volumes (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2020–2021).
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both depicting severe depression. Finch also skilfully employed the
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After Heneage Finch was released and his case dismissed, his nephew
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Winchilsea, Anne Kingsmill Finch of (2019). Keith, Jennifer (ed.).
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praised her nature poetry in an essay included in his 1815 volume
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her concerns about her life and political and spiritual beliefs.
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Mosaic: A Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature
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561:; the work is considered by some scholars to be the first true
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The Wellesley Manuscript Poems of Anne Countess of Winchilsea,
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487:, who shared their political sympathies, was sent to prison.
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loyalty to the king in what turned out to be a brief reign.
128:. Finch wrote in many genres and on many topics - including
1223:. New York, New York: Norton & Company. pp. 238–9.
383:, invited the couple to permanently move into the family's
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In April 1690, Heneage Finch was arrested and charged with
1173:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. clvii.
1015:. Vol. 19. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 1.
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Miscellany Poems, on Several Occasions. Written by a Lady
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1273:. New York, New York: Norton & Company. p. 238.
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A New Miscellany of Original Poems, on Several Occasions
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A New Miscellany of Original Poems, on Several Occasions
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to James, Duke of York, in 1683. His family had strong
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edited by Katharine M. Rogers (New York: Ungar, 1979).
324:, France. As a result, the British Parliament offered
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Works by or about Anne Finch, Countess of Winchilsea
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Selected Poems of Anne Finch, Countess of Winchilsea
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connections, as well as a pronounced loyalty to the
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While residing at court, Anne Kingsmill met Colonel
772:(London: Printed & sold by John Morphew, 1706).
569:, Bruce Wood agrees with Winn. However, the recent
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716:Then, dashing on the rocks wilt rage into a storm.
702:What art thou, Spleen, which ev'ry thing dost ape?
304:Refusal to take Oath of Allegiance to King William
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468:endured nearly seven years of emotional strain.
1198:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 79.
1099:Anne Finch and Her Poetry: A Critical Biography
1074:Anne Finch and Her Poetry: A Critical Biography
931:Anne Finch and her poetry: a critical biography
778:(London: Printed & sold by H. Hills, 1709).
219:(wife of James, Duke of York, who later became
169:Finch was born Anne Kingsmill in April 1661 in
625:Some would, because such words they do affect,
708:Or fix thee to remain in one continued shape.
633:True judges might condemn their want of wit,
623:How many censures, would their faults pursue,
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571:Cambridge Edition of the Works of Anne Finch
1434:Works by Anne Finch, Countess of Winchilsea
1271:The Norton Anthology of Literature by Women
1221:The Norton Anthology of Literature by Women
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547:According to James Winn, Anne Finch is the
215:. She became one of six maids of honour to
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629:And many have attained, dull and untaught,
627:Cry they’re insipid, empty, and uncorrect.
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801:The Poems of Anne Countess of Winchilsea,
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530:The Poems of Anne, Countess of Winchilsea
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316:James II was deposed in 1688 during the "
1386:Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA)
1196:A room of one's own ; Three guineas
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764:Upon the Death of King James the Second,
706:Who never yet thy real cause could find,
503:Her husband died on September 30, 1726.
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367:
336:, and the Finches remained loyal to the
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935:. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
813:Poems, by Anne, Countess of Winchilsea,
776:The Spleen, A Pindarique Ode. By a Lady
621:Did I, my lines intend for public view,
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1393:Life, extensive works, study resources
875:Friendship between Ephelia and Ardelia
647:With these lines, written in the poem
631:The name of wit only by finding fault.
513:Miscellany Poems, on Several Occasions
506:
452:Miscellany Poems, on Several Occasions
417:Miscellany Poems, on Several Occasions
152:in 1720 and was buried at her home at
1407:Women Critics 1660–1829: An Anthology
1356:By Anne Finch, Countess of Winchilsea
1193:
745:One of her poems was set to music by
718:Trembling sometimes thou dost appear,
381:Charles Finch, 4th Earl of Winchelsea
176:Her mother remarried in 1662, to Sir
96:Heneage Finch, 5th Earl of Winchilsea
1301:"Anne Finch, Countess of Winchilsea"
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994:
992:
990:
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920:
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1397:Women writers: Anne Kingsmill Finch
1097:McGovern, Barbara (1 August 1992).
1072:McGovern, Barbara (1 August 1992).
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13:
1479:18th-century English women writers
1469:17th-century English women writers
1382:Anne Finch, countess of Winchilsea
1334:Anne Finch, Countess of Winchilsea
710:Still varying thy perplexing form,
685:'s manner, and first published in
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115:Anne Finch, Countess of Winchilsea
21:Anne Finch, Countess of Nottingham
14:
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1524:People from Basingstoke and Deane
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782:Free-thinkers: A Poem in Dialogue
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712:Now a Dead Sea thou'lt represent,
616:highly developed spiritual side.
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1412:Image of Finch's manuscript of "
1391:Luminarium: Anne Kingsmill Finch
1012:Dictionary of National Biography
999:Bradley, Emily Tennyson (1889).
863:
858:Cambridge UP website information
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1052:www.eighteenthcenturypoetry.org
704:Thou Proteus to abused mankind,
1534:Court of Charles II of England
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845:The Anne Finch Digital Archive
841:The Anne Finch Digital Archive
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1420:Poetry, Discussion, Biography
1128:The Review of English Studies
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720:Dissolved into a panic fear;
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375:, where Finch lived from 1690
73:Sydmonton, Hampshire, England
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1484:18th-century English writers
1474:17th-century English writers
1372:Resources in other libraries
1348:Resources in other libraries
1002:"Finch, Anne (d.1720)"
714:A calm of stupid discontent,
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86:Westminster, London, England
7:
1440:(public domain audiobooks)
1269:Gilbert, Sandra M. (2007).
1219:Gilbert, Sandra M. (2007).
843:, edited by Jennifer Keith.
809:(Hull, Que.: Orinda, 1906).
242:
10:
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1519:People from Eastwell, Kent
1494:18th-century English poets
1489:17th-century English poets
927:McGovern, Barbara (1992).
852:edited by Jennifer Keith,
695:associated with the spleen
681:(written in stanzas after
528:A major collection titled
292:disapproval at prevailing
203:At the court of Charles II
18:
1402:The Literary Encyclopedia
1367:Resources in your library
1343:Resources in your library
945:– via Google Books.
766:anonymous (London, 1701).
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16:British countess and poet
1305:www.poetryfoundation.org
1194:Woolf, Virginia (1992).
795:Editions and collections
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19:Not to be confused with
1514:British maids of honour
1122:Winn, James A. (2008).
580:, in her classic essay
253:Groom of the Bedchamber
211:, joining the court of
758:Writings by the author
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671:Ardelia to Melancholy,
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420:
376:
364:Move to country estate
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263:, and his grandmother
49:Portrait miniature by
38:Countess of Winchilsea
957:"A Letter to Daphnis"
819:(London: Cape, 1928).
770:The Tunbridge Prodigy
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618:
414:
407:Return to public life
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311:
1414:The wit and the beau
817:John Middleton Murry
491:Deteriorating health
419:, published in 1713.
318:Bloodless Revolution
1509:Finch-Hatton family
1504:English women poets
884:A Nocturnal Reverie
881:A Letter to Daphnis
667:A Nocturnal Reverie
663:Jean de La Fontaine
583:A Room of One's Own
544:diction and forms.
507:Poetry rediscovered
330:oaths of allegiance
182:"To my Sister Ogle"
1499:English countesses
1140:10.1093/res/hgl153
899:To the Nightingale
517:William Wordsworth
481:Jacobite rebellion
475:. Subsequently, a
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392:patron of the arts
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314:
142:Katherine Phillips
1329:Library resources
1180:978-0-521-19622-2
1108:978-0-8203-1410-5
1083:978-0-8203-1410-5
326:William of Orange
209:St James's Palace
189:Court of Chancery
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1429:Internet Archive
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312:William and Mary
148:. Finch died in
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146:Augustan Era
121:
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25:
1464:1720 deaths
1459:1661 births
401:metaphysics
334:Protestants
282:patriarchal
178:Thomas Ogle
165:Early years
150:Westminster
51:Peter Cross
1529:Tory poets
1453:Categories
1310:20 October
1205:0192818392
962:13 October
907:References
893:The Spleen
872:The Answer
869:Adam Posed
728:The Spleen
691:Miscellany
679:The Spleen
656:The Spleen
549:librettist
425:Queen Anne
358:Melancholy
354:depression
346:Jacobitism
274:coronation
213:Charles II
138:Aphra Behn
102:Occupation
69:April 1661
32:Anne Finch
1248:0027-1276
1148:0034-6551
887:On Myself
576:In 1929,
559:John Blow
350:Nonjurors
171:Sydmonton
160:Biography
122:Kingsmill
105:Poet and
92:Spouse(s)
1438:LibriVox
1256:24780450
1156:20184636
902:The Tree
896:To Death
724:—
675:Pindaric
637:—
542:Augustan
473:George I
338:Catholic
257:Royalist
243:Marriage
221:James II
156:, Kent.
154:Eastwell
126:courtier
107:courtier
1427:at the
1384:at the
1009:(ed.).
747:Purcell
726:Finch,
639:Finch,
290:satiric
1331:about
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1177:
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1105:
1080:
1057:25 May
1032:25 May
939:
890:A Song
854:et al.
683:Cowley
595:Themes
442:, and
286:Dafnis
130:fables
1252:JSTOR
1152:JSTOR
1005:. In
590:Works
563:opera
1312:2016
1285:ISBN
1244:ISSN
1200:ISBN
1175:ISBN
1144:ISSN
1103:ISBN
1078:ISBN
1059:2023
1034:2023
964:2016
937:ISBN
669:and
477:Whig
230:and
140:and
134:odes
80:Died
66:Born
1436:at
1136:doi
689:'s
551:of
119:née
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