2029:. The difference is that protonephridia combine both filtration stages in the same organ, while metanephridia perform only the second filtration and rely on other mechanisms for the first – in annelids special filter cells in the walls of the blood vessels let fluids and other small molecules pass into the coelomic fluid, where it circulates to the metanephridia. In annelids the points at which fluid enters the protonephridia or metanephridia are on the forward side of a septum while the second-stage filter and the nephridiopore (exit opening in the body wall) are in the following segment. As a result, the hindmost segment (before the growth zone and pygidium) has no structure that extracts its wastes, as there is no following segment to filter and discharge them, while the first segment contains an extraction structure that passes wastes to the second, but does not contain the structures that re-filter and discharge urine.
1524:
5042:
2534:
4845:
3699:. Polychaetes, which these analyses found to be the parent group, have completely segmented bodies, while polychaetes' echiurans and sipunculan offshoots are not segmented and pogonophores are segmented only in the rear parts of their bodies. It now seems that segmentation can appear and disappear much more easily in the course of evolution than was previously thought. The 2007 study also noted that the ladder-like nervous system, which is associated with segmentation, is less universal than previously thought in both annelids and arthropods.
2237:-rich eggs, which reduce the time the larva needs to spend among the plankton, or eggs from which miniature adults emerge rather than larvae. The rest care for the fertilized eggs until they hatch – some by producing jelly-covered masses of eggs which they tend, some by attaching the eggs to their bodies and a few species by keeping the eggs within their bodies until they hatch. These species use a variety of methods for sperm transfer; for example, in some the females collect sperm released into the water, while in others the males have a
4755:
4824:
5002:
4886:
4981:
5062:
4786:
125:
5100:
107:
1925:
3678:. For a cross-check the study used an analysis of 11 genes (including the original 3) in ten taxa. This analysis agreed that clitellates, pogonophorans and echiurans were on various branches of the polychaete family tree. It also concluded that the classification of polychaetes into Scolecida, Canalipalpata and Aciculata was useless, as the members of these alleged groups were scattered all over the family tree derived from comparing the 81 taxa. It also placed
5206:
8798:
1444:
1363:
4930:
2163:
2111:
5198:, follow a similar pattern in the fertilized egg's development. When their cells divide after the 4-cell stage, descendants of these four cells form a spiral pattern. In these phyla the "fates" of the embryo's cells, in other words the roles their descendants will play in the adult animal, are the same and can be predicted from a very early stage. Hence this development pattern is often described as "spiral determinate
8786:
861:
854:
2043:
1956:, have evolved jaws, which can be used for seizing prey, biting off pieces of vegetation, or grasping dead and decaying matter. On the other hand, some predatory polychaetes have neither jaws nor eversible pharynges. Selective deposit feeders generally live in tubes on the sea-floor and use palps to find food particles in the sediment and then wipe them into their mouths.
1880:
the body, and the two coelomata are widely separated and run the length of the body. They function as the main blood vessels, although they are side-by-side rather than upper and lower. However, they are lined with mesothelium, like the coelomata and unlike the blood vessels of other annelids. Leeches generally use suckers at their front and rear ends to move like
1681:(the output signal lines of nerve cells). Their large diameter decreases their resistance, which allows them to transmit signals exceptionally fast. This enables these worms to withdraw rapidly from danger by shortening their bodies. Experiments have shown that cutting the giant axons prevents this escape response but does not affect normal movement.
1556:(body cavity): circular muscles make a segment longer and slimmer when they contract, while under them are longitudinal muscles, usually four distinct strips, whose contractions make the segment shorter and fatter. But several families have lost the circular muscles, and it has been suggested that the lack of circular muscles is a
4628:("jointed animals"), as segmentation is obvious in most members of both phyla. However, the genes that drive segmentation in arthropods do not appear to do the same in annelids. Arthropods and annelids both have close relatives that are unsegmented. It is at least as easy to assume that they evolved segmented bodies
1809:
1599:
chetae. The parapodia of burrowing and tube-dwelling polychaetes are often just ridges whose tips bear hooked chetae. In active crawlers and swimmers the parapodia are often divided into large upper and lower paddles on a very short trunk, and the paddles are generally fringed with chetae and sometimes with
1866:
in the body wall and around the gut transfer blood between the main blood vessels and to parts of the segment that need oxygen and nutrients. Both of the major vessels, especially the upper one, can pump blood by contracting. In some annelids the forward end of the upper blood vessel is enlarged with
1879:
and their closest relatives have a body structure that is very uniform within the group but significantly different from that of other annelids, including other members of the
Clitellata. In leeches there are no septa, the connective tissue layer of the body wall is so thick that it occupies much of
1598:
Nearly all polychaetes have parapodia that function as limbs, while other major annelid groups lack them. Parapodia are unjointed paired extensions of the body wall, and their muscles are derived from the circular muscles of the body. They are often supported internally by one or more large, thick
2342:
Terrestrial annelids can be invasive in some situations. In the glaciated areas of North
America, for example, almost all native earthworms are thought to have been killed by the glaciers and the worms currently found in those areas are all introduced from other areas, primarily from Europe, and,
2288:
and then sperm from the spermathecae. Fertilization and development of earthworm eggs takes place in the cocoon. Leeches' eggs are fertilized in the ovaries, and then transferred to the cocoon. In all clitellates the cocoon also either produces yolk when the eggs are fertilized or nutrients while
1751:
that serves as a lining) from the preceding and following segments on either side. Each mesentery is similar except that the mesothelium is the lining of each of the pair of coelomata, and the blood vessels and, in polychaetes, the main nerve cords are embedded in it. The mesothelium is made of
744:
is used less frequently by doctors than it once was, some leech species are regarded as endangered species because they have been over-harvested for this purpose in the last few centuries. Ragworms' jaws are now being studied by engineers as they offer an exceptional combination of lightness and
2456:
have come from China around 30 AD, India around 200 AD, ancient Rome around 50 AD and later throughout Europe. In the 19th century medical demand for leeches was so high that some areas' stocks were exhausted and other regions imposed restrictions or bans on exports, and
1587:, fine hair-like extensions that increase the area available for secreting the cheta. When the cheta is complete, the microvilli withdraw into the chetoblast, leaving parallel tunnels that run almost the full length of the cheta. Hence annelids' chetae are structurally different from the
1535:
fibers, usually in layers that spiral in alternating directions so that the fibers cross each other. These are secreted by the one-cell deep epidermis (outermost skin layer). A few marine annelids that live in tubes lack cuticles, but their tubes have a similar structure, and
1468:(Greek χαιτη, meaning "hair") and, in some species, appendages. The frontmost and rearmost sections are not regarded as true segments as they do not contain the standard sets of organs and do not develop in the same way as the true segments. The frontmost section, called the
984:
history: in the 19th century they were assigned to the phylum "Gephyrea", which is now empty as its members have been assigned to other phyla; the
Echiura were next regarded as annelids until the 1940s, when they were classified as a phylum in their own right; but a
1943:
that can be everted (turned inside out to extend it). In these animals the foremost few segments often lack septa so that, when the muscles in these segments contract, the sharp increase in fluid pressure from all these segments everts the pharynx very quickly. Two
7054:
This is the case for circular muscles, which have been reported as absent in many families (Opheliidae, Protodrilidae, Spionidae, Oweniidae, Aphroditidae, Acoetidae, Polynoidae, Sigalionidae, Phyllodocidae, Nephtyidae, Pisionidae, and
Nerillidae; Tzetlin
704:
that improve the effectiveness of the parapodia. In species with incomplete septa or none, the blood circulates through the main body cavity without any kind of pump, and there is a wide range of locomotory techniques – some burrowing species turn their
1834:
to crawl or swim. In these animals the septa enable the circular and longitudinal muscles to change the shape of individual segments, by making each segment a separate fluid-filled "balloon". However, the septa are often incomplete in annelids that are
2635:, found in Australia and a little older than the Burgess Shale, was possibly an annelid. However, it lacks some typical annelid features and has features which are not usually found in annelids and some of which are associated with other phyla. Then
2717:, was found that changed the hypotheses about how the annelid head developed. It appears to have bristles on its head segment akin to those along its body, as if the head simply developed as a specialized version of a previously generic segment.
1871:
some of the vessels that connect the upper and lower main vessels function as hearts. Species with poorly developed or no septa generally have no blood vessels and rely on the circulation within the coelom for delivering nutrients and oxygen.
2824:
into higher-level groups. In 1997 Greg Rouse and
Kristian Fauchald attempted a "first heuristic step in terms of bringing polychaete systematics to an acceptable level of rigour", based on anatomical structures, and divided polychaetes into:
2343:
more recently, from Asia. Northern hardwood forests are especially negatively impacted by invasive worms through the loss of leaf duff, soil fertility, changes in soil chemistry and the loss of ecological diversity. Especially of concern is
1814:
1810:
1813:
2322:
of organic matter and thus making it more quickly available to other organisms, and by concentrating minerals and converting them to forms that plants can use more easily. Earthworms are also important prey for birds ranging in size from
825:
which can grow up to 6.7 m (22 ft). Although research since 1997 has radically changed scientists' views about the evolutionary family tree of the annelids, most textbooks use the traditional classification into the following sub-groups:
2253:, and it is uncertain how they produce ova and sperm. In a few species the rear of the body splits off and becomes a separate individual that lives just long enough to swim to a suitable environment, usually near the surface, and spawn.
696:, and the vessels in segments near the front ends of these species are often built up with muscles that act as hearts. The septa of such species also enable them to change the shapes of individual segments, which facilitates movement by
1815:
1760:
fibers in the body wall. The mesothelium may also form radial and circular muscles on the septa, and circular muscles around the blood vessels and gut. Parts of the mesothelium, especially on the outside of the gut, may also form
2098:, can regenerate from a single segment, and others can regenerate even if their heads are removed. Annelids are the most complex animals that can regenerate after such severe damage. On the other hand, leeches cannot regenerate.
2244:
Some polychaetes breed only once in their lives, while others breed almost continuously or through several breeding seasons. While most polychaetes remain of one sex all their lives, a significant percentage of species are full
2221:
becomes the pygidium (tail-piece); a narrow band immediately in front of that becomes the growth zone that produces new segments; and the rest of the trochophore becomes the peristomium (the segment that contains the mouth).
2075:, seem to reproduce entirely asexually, while others reproduce asexually in summer and sexually in autumn. Asexual reproduction in oligochaetes is always by dividing into two or more pieces, rather than by budding. However,
2025:. Both of these systems use a two-stage filtration process, in which fluid and waste products are first extracted and these are filtered again to re-absorb any re-usable materials while dumping toxic and spent materials as
1463:
and
Polygordius have lost their segmentation, but these are the exceptions from the rule. Most of an annelid's body consists of segments that are practically identical, having the same sets of internal organs and external
3690:
In addition to re-writing the classification of annelids and three previously independent phyla, the molecular phylogenetics analyses undermine the emphasis that decades of previous writings placed on the importance of
1862:. Species with well-developed septa generally also have blood vessels running all long their bodies above and below the gut, the upper one carrying blood forwards while the lower one carries it backwards. Networks of
1684:
The sensors are primarily single cells that detect light, chemicals, pressure waves and contact, and are present on the head, appendages (if any) and other parts of the body. Nuchal ("on the neck") organs are paired,
1495:
The segments develop one at a time from a growth zone just ahead of the pygidium, so that an annelid's youngest segment is just in front of the growth zone while the peristomium is the oldest. This pattern is called
1709:
of arthropods' eyes. Some tube-worms use ocelli widely spread over their bodies to detect the shadows of fish, so that they can quickly withdraw into their tubes. Some burrowing and tube-dwelling polychaetes have
3686:
among the clitellates. Rouse accepted the analyses based on molecular phylogenetics, and their main conclusions are now the scientific consensus, although the details of the annelid family tree remain uncertain.
1812:
2352:
Earthworms migrate only a limited distance annually on their own, and the spread of invasive worms is increased rapidly by anglers and from worms or their cocoons in the dirt on vehicle tires or footwear.
1718:
have on the undersides of their heads palps that are used both in feeding and as "feelers", and some of these also have antennae that are structurally similar but probably are used mainly as "feelers".
8724:
Guo, Jin; Parry, Luke A.; Vinther, Jakob; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Wei, Fan; Zhao, Jun; Zhao, Yang; Béthoux, Olivier; Lei, Xiangtong; Chen, Ailin; Hou, Xianguang; Chen, Taimin; Cong, Peiyun (2022).
1647:, is generally "ladder-like", consisting of a pair of nerve cords that run through the bottom part of the body and have in each segment paired ganglia linked by a transverse connection. From each
5643:
Struck, T. H.; Paul, C.; Hill, N.; Hartmann, S.; Hösel, C.; Kube, M.; Lieb, B.; Meyer, A.; Tiedemann, R.; Purschke, G. N.; Bleidorn, C. (2011). "Phylogenomic analyses unravel annelid evolution".
2677:. It is not until the early Ordovician that the first annelid jaws are found, thus the crown-group cannot have appeared before this date and probably appeared somewhat later. By the end of the
8070:
Conway Morris, S.; Pickerill, R.K.; Harland, T.L. (1982). "A possible annelid from the
Trenton Limestone (Ordovician) of Quebec, with a review of fossil oligochaetes and other annulate worms".
1972:
have sticky pads in the roofs of their mouths, and some of these can evert the pads to capture prey. Leeches often have an eversible proboscis, or a muscular pharynx with two or three teeth.
8579:
Aguinaldo, A. M. A.; J. M. Turbeville; L. S. Linford; M. C. Rivera; J. R. Garey; R. A. Raff; J. A. Lake (1997). "Evidence for a clade of nematodes, arthropods and other moulting animals".
4632:
as it is to assume that the ancestral protostome or bilaterian was segmented and that segmentation disappeared in many descendant phyla. The current view is that annelids are grouped with
7001:
2241:
that inject sperm into the female. There is no guarantee that this is a representative sample of polychaetes' reproductive patterns, and it simply reflects scientists' current knowledge.
3674:, of which nine were outgroups, in other words not considered closely related to annelids but included to give an indication of where the organisms under study are placed on the larger
953:
because of their simple body structure, but are now regarded as polychaetes. Some other groups of animals have been classified in various ways, but are now widely regarded as annelids:
1108:
and internally by septa ("partitions") at the same points, although in some species the septa are incomplete and in a few cases missing. Most of the segments contain the same sets of
8528:
Dunn, CW; Hejnol, A; Matus, DQ; Pang, K; Browne, WE; Smith, SA; Seaver, E; Rouse, GW; Obst, M (2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life".
3655:
to compare similarities and differences in one gene, presented a very different view, in which: the clitellates were an offshoot of one branch of the polychaete family tree; the
1651:
a branching system of local nerves runs into the body wall and then encircles the body. However, in most polychaetes the two main nerve cords are fused, and in the tube-dwelling
3682:, generally regarded at the time as a separate phylum, on another branch of the polychaete tree, and concluded that leeches were a sub-group of oligochaetes rather than their
1631:(local control centers) above and in front of the pharynx, linked by nerve cords either side of the pharynx to another pair of ganglia just below and behind it. The brains of
5863:
Renne, Paul R.; Deino, Alan L.; Hilgen, Frederik J.; Kuiper, Klaudia F.; Mark, Darren F.; Mitchell, William S.; Morgan, Leah E.; Mundil, Roland; Smit, Jan (7 February 2013).
1064:). It has also been shown that a rudimentary neural segmentation similar to that of annelids occurs in the early larval stage, even if these traits are absent in the adults.
1575:("limbs") of annelids that have them often bear more complex chetae at their tips – for example jointed, comb-like or hooked. Chetae are made of moderately flexible β-
903:
that stores and nourishes fertilized eggs until they hatch or, in moniligastrids, yolky eggs that provide nutrition for the embryos. The clitellates are sub-divided into:
2302:
2229:, which are almost all marine animals, are unknown, and only about 25% of the 300+ species whose lifecycles are known follow this pattern. About 14% use a similar
1635:
are generally in the prostomium, while those of clitellates are in the peristomium or sometimes the first segment behind the prostomium. In some very mobile and active
633:
research since 1997 has radically changed this scheme, viewing leeches as a sub-group of oligochaetes and oligochaetes as a sub-group of polychaetes. In addition, the
1839:
or that do not move by peristalsis or by movements of parapodia – for example some move by whipping movements of the body, some small marine species move by means of
1811:
2268:) are full hermaphrodites, although in a few leech species younger adults function as males and become female at maturity. All have well-developed gonads, and all
1014:, but in 1998 it was suggested that they are a sub-group of polychaetes. However, another analysis in 2002 suggested that myzostomids are more closely related to
1583:, each of which has a chetoblast ("hair-forming") cell at the bottom and muscles that can extend or retract the cheta. The chetoblasts produce chetae by forming
1846:
The fluid in the coelomata contains coelomocyte cells that defend the animals against parasites and infections. In some species coelomocytes may also contain a
1552:, in other words a combination of cells and non-cellular materials such as collagen. Below this are two layers of muscles, which develop from the lining of the
2318:
so that oxygen and water can penetrate it, and both surface and burrowing worms help to produce soil by mixing organic and mineral matter, by accelerating the
7024:
2014:– to organic matter that feeds themselves and their hosts, while the worms extend their palps into the gas flows to absorb the gases needed by the bacteria.
3876:
3715:
1753:
245:
6534:"A close phylogenetic relationship between Sipuncula and Annelida evidenced from the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Phascolosoma esculenta"
3667:, were placed on other branches of the polychaete tree. Subsequent molecular phylogenetics analyses on a similar scale presented similar conclusions.
4254:
316:
10410:
4007:
3890:
3804:
3728:
3711:
2813:
1152:, and molt until the arthropods reach their full size. Most annelids have closed circulatory systems, where the blood makes its entire circuit via
724:. The burrowing of marine polychaetes, which may constitute up to a third of all species in near-shore environments, encourages the development of
261:
240:
11054:
1843:(fine muscle-powered hairs) and some burrowers turn their pharynges (throats) inside out to penetrate the sea-floor and drag themselves into it.
931:, mainly on fish, while most freshwater species are predators. They have suckers at both ends of their bodies, and use these to move rather like
6970:
6643:
Mitochondrial Genome
Evolution in Annelida—A Systematic Study on Conservative and Variable Gene Orders and the Factors Influencing its Evolution
2426:
sometimes find that worms are more effective bait than artificial flies, and worms can be kept for several days in a tin lined with damp moss.
961:
were first discovered in 1914, and their lack of a recognizable gut made it difficult to classify them. They have been classified as a separate
8300:
1595:, which are made of the more rigid α-chitin, have a single internal cavity, and are mounted on flexible joints in shallow pits in the cuticle.
1048:
characters. Phylogenetic analyses based on 79 ribosomal proteins indicated a position of
Sipuncula within Annelida. Subsequent analysis of the
11080:
8177:
A group of worms classified by some as polychaetes and by others as clitellates, see Rouse & Fauchald (1997) "Cladistics and polychaetes"
7792:
2210:
8024:"Palaeosols in the upper Narrabeen Group of New South Wales as evidence of Early Triassic palaeoenvironments without exact modern analogues"
7818:"Inconsistencies in proposed annelid affinities of early biomineralized organism Cloudina (Ediacaran): structural and ontogenetic evidences"
2214:
7580:
1939:
Feeding structures in the mouth region vary widely, and have little correlation with the animals' diets. Many polychaetes have a muscular
6631:
5848:
1523:
11177:
1858:
in others (dissolved in the plasma) – and provide oxygen transport within their segments. Respiratory pigment is also dissolved in the
1677:
have a different system, in which one neuron controls a group of muscle fibers. Most annelids' longitudinal nerve trunks include giant
6088:
1571:
and other capabilities. The simplest are unjointed and form paired bundles near the top and bottom of each side of each segment. The
7946:
2656:, and concluded that it was the oldest annelid known to date. There has been vigorous debate about whether the Burgess Shale fossil
11028:
7817:
1975:
The gut is generally an almost straight tube supported by the mesenteries (vertical partitions within segments), and ends with the
11067:
10116:
1472:(Greek προ- meaning "in front of" and στομα meaning "mouth") contains the brain and sense organs, while the rearmost, called the
2506:
salts. These advantages have attracted the attention of engineers. Investigations showed that ragworm jaws are made of unusual
8690:
645:, previously regarded as separate phyla, are now regarded as sub-groups of polychaetes. Annelids are considered members of the
8702:
8000:
7721:
7669:
7592:
7557:
7530:
7503:
7459:
7400:
7375:
7341:
7310:
7276:
7245:
7214:
7134:
7047:
6910:
6879:
6848:
6817:
6792:
6761:
6692:
6362:
6324:
6293:
6259:
6071:
1560:
character in
Annelida. Some annelids also have oblique internal muscles that connect the underside of the body to each side.
7657:
1488:(Greek περι- meaning "around" and στομα meaning "mouth"), is regarded by some zoologists as not a true segment, but in some
11072:
1916:
in polychaetes. The gills of tube-dwellers and burrowers usually cluster around whichever end has the stronger water flow.
2445:
Scientists study aquatic annelids to monitor the oxygen content, salinity and pollution levels in fresh and marine water.
11172:
7059:. 2002). Tzetlin and Filippova (2005) suggest that absence of circular muscles is possibly plesiomorphic in the Annelida.
2788:, have been tentatively classified as oligochaetes, but these identifications are uncertain and some have been disputed.
2688:, fossils of most of the modern mobile polychaete groups had appeared. Many fossil tubes look like those made by modern
8830:
5945:
2434:, and there have been proposals to farm them in order to reduce over-fishing of their natural populations. Some marine
913:. Oligochaetes have a sticky pad in the roof of the mouth. Most are burrowers that feed on wholly or partly decomposed
833:(about 12,000 species). As their name suggests, they have multiple chetae ("hairs") per segment. Polychaetes have
7547:
8504:
7520:
7491:
5186:
The "Lophotrochozoa" hypothesis is also supported by the fact that many phyla within this group, including annelids,
11139:
11007:
8867:
5715:"The earliest annelids: Lower Cambrian polychaetes from the Sirius Passet Lagerstätte, Peary Land, North Greenland"
2082:
Most polychaetes and oligochaetes also use similar mechanisms to regenerate after suffering damage. Two polychaete
3140:, which are distinguished by having long grooved palps that they use for feeding, and most of which live in tubes.
692:
show no obvious signs of segmentation. In species with well-developed septa, the blood circulates entirely within
11085:
11020:
8862:
1639:
the brain is enlarged and more complex, with visible hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain sections. The rest of the
7425:
586:. The species exist in and have adapted to various ecologies – some in marine environments as distinct as
8946:
8936:
8919:
2170:
1362:
8415:"Combined-data phylogenetics and character evolution of Clitellata (Annelida) using 18S rDNA and morphology"
760:
fossils may represent annelids, the oldest known fossil that is identified with confidence comes from about
7902:
Budd, G. E.; Jensen, S. (May 2000). "A critical reappraisal of the fossil record of the bilaterian phyla".
6134:
Struck, T.H.; Schult, N.; Kusen, T.; Hickman, E.; Bleidorn, C.; McHugh, D.; Halanych, K.M. (5 April 2007).
1673:, and the speed and power of the fiber's contractions depends on the combined effects of all its neurons.
10963:
10950:
10109:
5807:
753:
8157:
6642:
7685:
5818:
2249:
or change sex during their lives. Most polychaetes whose reproduction has been studied lack permanent
11095:
10253:
7738:
7617:
Scaps, P. (February 2002). "A review of the biology, ecology and potential use of the common ragworm
2641:
1451:
810:
124:
10968:
8491:. Vol. 1: Annelida Basal Groups and Pleistoannelida, Sedentaria I. De Gruyter. pp. 37–68.
8296:
7073:"Challenging received wisdoms: Some contributions of the new microscopy to the new animal phylogeny"
5864:
797:, are the remains of oligochaetes, and the earliest indisputable fossils of the group appear in the
8150:"Annelida. Annelida. Segmented worms: bristleworms, ragworms, earthworms, leeches and their allies"
6493:"Spiralian Phylogenomics Supports the Resurrection of Bryozoa Comprising Ectoprocta and Entoprocta"
2523:
1964:
that wash food particles towards their mouths. Non-selective deposit feeders ingest soil or marine
1897:
11144:
7785:
5812:
2498:
Ragworms' jaws are strong but much lighter than the hard parts of many other organisms, which are
853:
10338:
8951:
5833:
3652:
2110:
986:
809:
There are over 22,000 living annelid species, ranging in size from microscopic to the Australian
6926:
Paxton, H. (June 2005). "Molting polychaete jaws—ecdysozoans are not the only molting animals".
3736:, the clade containing nearly all of annelid diversity, divided into two highly diverse groups:
10890:
10102:
8823:
8023:
3777:
3692:
3675:
2230:
1756:
cells; in other words, their bodies form part of the epithelium but their bases extend to form
1640:
1568:
1101:
669:
11121:
8726:"A Cambrian tommotiid preserving soft tissues reveals the metameric ancestry of lophophorates"
7985:
5714:
11116:
10566:
10216:
8914:
8276:
8257:
5625:
5226:
4625:
3146:, the most active polychaetes, which have parapodia reinforced by internal spines (aciculae).
2858:
2571:, but the similarities are too vague for these fossils to be classified with confidence. The
2546:
1830:(waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body), or flex the body while using
845:. Most are marine animals, although a few species live in fresh water and even fewer on land.
749:
465:
217:
11131:
11108:
2339:, and in some cases conserving earthworms may be essential for conserving endangered birds.
1504:, have fixed maximum numbers of segments, while others add segments throughout their lives.
10976:
10937:
10231:
8737:
8643:
8588:
8537:
8334:
8203:
8079:
8038:
7750:
6808:
Anderson, D. T. (1998). "The Annelida and their close relatives". In Anderson, D.T. (ed.).
6445:
6147:
5879:
5768:
5652:
4629:
2269:
1706:
927:-shaped" and whose best known members are leeches. Marine species are mostly blood-sucking
815:
11059:
7367:
7361:
7333:
7327:
7302:
7296:
7268:
7262:
7237:
7231:
7206:
7200:
7126:
7120:
6902:
6896:
6871:
6865:
6840:
6834:
6784:
6778:
6753:
6747:
6354:
6348:
6316:
6310:
6063:
6057:
2599:
belong). Until 2008 the earliest fossils widely accepted as annelids were the polychaetes
8:
5710:
5041:
2689:
2636:
2572:
2533:
2418:
that tunnels through coral, detaches in order to spawn at the surface, and the people of
1847:
1836:
1736:
868:
740:. Scientists observe annelids to monitor the quality of marine and fresh water. Although
598:
10094:
8741:
8647:
8592:
8541:
8447:
8338:
8207:
8083:
8042:
7833:
7754:
6449:
6151:
5883:
5838:
5772:
5656:
2356:
Marine annelids may account for over one-third of bottom-dwelling animal species around
1100:
phyla, but they have a distinctive combination of features. Their bodies are long, with
10928:
10561:
10243:
9379:
8931:
8909:
8897:
8872:
8802:
8612:
8561:
8510:
8469:
8395:
8360:
8125:
8121:
7927:
7915:
7884:
7766:
7739:"Decay and preservation of polychaetes; taphonomic thresholds in soft-bodied organisms"
7638:
6993:
6951:
6725:
6609:
6584:
6560:
6533:
6414:
6170:
6135:
5903:
5737:
5676:
4780:
3707:
2459:
2003:
1648:
1644:
1580:
1117:
981:
821:
701:
684:
separate the segments of many species, but are poorly defined or absent in others, and
119:
7712:
Rouse, G. (1998). "The Annelida and their close relatives". In Anderson, D. T. (ed.).
7450:
Rouse, G. (1998). "The Annelida and their close relatives". In Anderson, D. T. (ed.).
6683:
Rouse, G. (1998). "The Annelida and their close relatives". In Anderson, D. T. (ed.).
6250:
Rouse, G. (1998). "The Annelida and their close relatives". In Anderson, D. T. (ed.).
11167:
11103:
10353:
9801:
9721:
9071:
8941:
8904:
8892:
8882:
8816:
8763:
8755:
8698:
8671:
8666:
8631:
8604:
8553:
8514:
8500:
8431:
8414:
8352:
8231:
8226:
8191:
7996:
7919:
7880:
7717:
7665:
7588:
7553:
7526:
7499:
7455:
7421:
7396:
7371:
7337:
7306:
7272:
7241:
7210:
7181:
7173:
7130:
7094:
7043:
6989:
6943:
6939:
6906:
6895:
Ruppert, E. E.; Fox, R. S. & Barnes, R. D. (2004). "Onychophora and Tardigrada".
6875:
6844:
6813:
6788:
6757:
6746:
Ruppert, E. E.; Fox, R. S. & Barnes, R. D. (2004). "Introduction to Arthropoda".
6688:
6614:
6565:
6514:
6473:
6468:
6433:
6406:
6358:
6320:
6289:
6284:
Rouse, G. (1998). "The Annelida and their close relatives". In Anderson, D.T. (ed.).
6255:
6175:
6067:
5941:
5895:
5786:
5668:
5199:
3703:
2601:
2499:
2480:
2345:
1740:
1549:
1003:, mainly as parasites. In the past they have been regarded as close relatives of the
677:
591:
8473:
8364:
8129:
7931:
7888:
7770:
7642:
6955:
6729:
6418:
5741:
4844:
4754:
2364:. Burrowing species increase the penetration of water and oxygen into the sea-floor
10629:
10508:
10400:
10343:
10283:
10278:
10206:
10191:
8856:
8790:
8745:
8661:
8651:
8616:
8596:
8565:
8545:
8492:
8459:
8426:
8399:
8387:
8342:
8272:
8221:
8211:
8117:
8087:
8046:
7961:
7911:
7876:
7825:
7758:
7630:
7163:
7084:
7036:
Minelli, Alessandro (2009), "Chapter 6. A gallery of the major bilaterian clades",
6997:
6985:
6935:
6717:
6604:
6596:
6555:
6545:
6504:
6463:
6453:
6396:
6209:
6165:
6155:
5933:
5907:
5887:
5776:
5729:
5680:
5660:
4688:
4129:
2821:
2820:. For many years there was no clear arrangement of the approximately 80 polychaete
2708:
2395:
2369:
2289:
they are developing. All clitellates hatch as miniature adults rather than larvae.
1995:
1945:
1932:
1762:
1659:
1600:
970:
914:
771:
period. Fossils of most modern mobile polychaete groups appeared by the end of the
519:
481:
416:
282:
9075:
8578:
8413:
Marotta, Roberto; Ferraguti, Marco; Erséus, Christer; Gustavsson, Lena M. (2008).
8378:
Weigert, Anne; Bleidorn, Christoph (2015). "Current status of annelid phylogeny".
8185:
8183:
4823:
1979:
on the underside of the pygidium. However, in members of the tube-dwelling family
1484:, generally on the underside. The first section behind the prostomium, called the
1032:
was originally classified as annelids, despite the complete lack of segmentation,
672:. Each segment has the same sets of organs and, in most polychates, has a pair of
10942:
10802:
10707:
10669:
10624:
10556:
10313:
10273:
10258:
10151:
10082:
9988:
9839:
9742:
9599:
9132:
8323:"The Evolution of Annelids Reveals Two Adaptive Routes to the Interstitial Realm"
8063:
7979:
7977:
7975:
7261:
Ruppert, E.E.; Fox, R.S. & Barnes, R.D. (2004). "Introduction to Bilateria".
7037:
5755:
Bobrovskiy, I.; Nagovitsyn, A.; Hope, J. M.; Luzhnaya, E.; Brocks, J. J. (2022).
5222:
5001:
4943:
4885:
4450:
4060:
3733:
2736:
2558:
1748:
1302:
Coelom; but this is reduced or missing in many leeches and some small polychaetes
1109:
950:
946:
819:, which can both grow up to 3 meters (9.8 ft) long to the largest annelid,
353:
267:
10955:
7786:"A Revised Morphology of Cloudina with Ecological and Phylogenetic Implications"
6777:
Ruppert, E. E.; Fox, R. S. & Barnes, R. D. (2004). "Echiura and Sipuncula".
6708:
Cutler, B. (August 1980). "Arthropod cuticle features and arthropod monophyly".
5822:. Vol. 2 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 65–72.
5061:
4785:
11015:
11002:
10862:
10807:
10797:
10639:
10453:
10405:
10318:
10293:
10288:
10268:
10263:
10166:
10156:
9747:
9725:
9543:
9455:
9433:
9396:
8887:
8636:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
8487:
Struck TH (2019). "Phylogeny". In Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W (eds.).
8196:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
8180:
7199:
Ruppert, E.E.; Fox, R.S. & Barnes, R.D. (2004). "Introduction to Metazoa".
6438:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5263:
5253:
4867:
4799:
4649:
3928:
3913:
3393:
2735:, and it has been suggested that these animals evolved around the same time as
2713:
2692:
polychaetes, but the first tubes clearly produced by polychaetes date from the
2607:
2538:
2407:
2324:
2307:
2306:(1881) presented the first scientific analysis of earthworms' contributions to
2297:
2022:
2011:
1999:
1957:
1928:
1129:
1121:
1023:
966:
891:
or parapodia. However, they have a unique reproductive organ, the ring-shaped
733:
646:
202:
8750:
8725:
8496:
8391:
8347:
8322:
8050:
7972:
7762:
7634:
7168:
7151:
5781:
5756:
3683:
887:(about 10,000 species ). These have few or no chetae per segment, and no
11161:
10586:
10571:
10533:
10458:
10394:
10380:
10328:
10323:
10237:
10226:
10221:
10201:
10196:
10171:
9892:
9796:
9295:
8759:
7690:
7391:
Hickman, Cleveland; Roberts, L.; Keen, S.; Larson, A.; Eisenhour, D. (2007).
7177:
6550:
5843:
5407:
5214:
5099:
4980:
4711:
4613:
4465:
4142:
3137:
2934:
2704:
2678:
2646:
2612:
2484:
2453:
2319:
2246:
2018:
1953:
1881:
1855:
1714:(tilt and balance sensors) that indicate which way is down. A few polychaete
1690:
1557:
1113:
1049:
1041:
1036:
and other annelid characters. The phylum Sipuncula was later allied with the
942:
932:
842:
772:
741:
358:
59:
8632:"Evolution of the bilaterian body plan: What have we learned from annelids?"
8216:
8103:
8101:
7965:
6509:
6492:
6458:
5937:
5891:
2310:. Some burrow while others live entirely on the surface, generally in moist
720:
both as prey and in some regions are important in aeration and enriching of
10913:
10782:
10777:
10752:
10727:
10717:
10644:
10513:
10387:
10348:
10333:
10308:
10303:
10248:
10181:
9998:
9993:
9881:
9737:
9623:
9509:
9412:
9391:
9261:
9212:
9168:
9149:
8767:
8675:
8656:
8557:
8356:
7923:
7185:
7098:
6947:
6618:
6569:
6518:
6410:
6401:
6384:
6179:
6160:
5899:
5790:
5672:
5445:
5234:
5230:
4953:
4715:
4680:
4388:
4269:
4157:
4108:
3769:
3753:
3696:
3656:
3561:
3011:
2878:
2751:
2472:
2206:
2088:
1980:
1859:
1702:
1153:
1097:
1069:
1061:
958:
888:
838:
737:
693:
634:
610:
602:
594:, others in fresh water, and yet others in moist terrestrial environments.
456:
346:
321:
292:
8608:
8235:
8192:"Molecular evidence that echiurans and pogonophorans are derived annelids"
6477:
6434:"Molecular evidence that echiurans and pogonophorans are derived annelids"
6385:"Unsegmented Annelids? Possible Origins of Four Lophotrochozoan Worm Taxa"
5852:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 72–73.
5733:
5641:
Since this section was written, a new paper has revised the 2007 results:
2553:' fossil record consists mainly of the jaws that some species had and the
2349:
and at least one state (Wisconsin) has listed it as a prohibited species.
1924:
11041:
10922:
10837:
10812:
10757:
10732:
10654:
10649:
10614:
10604:
10298:
10211:
9959:
9930:
9916:
9906:
9491:
9307:
9220:
9002:
8098:
7829:
7089:
7072:
6600:
6214:
6197:
5865:"Time Scales of Critical Events Around the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary"
5811:
5552:
5242:
4976:
4880:
4732:
4645:
4601:
4494:
4375:
4193:
3984:
3832:
3773:
3719:
3290:
2962:
2893:
2805:
2783:
2774:
2768:
2721:
2703:. In 2012, a 508 million year old species of annelid found near the
2672:
2623:
2596:
2582:
2563:
2439:
2431:
2411:
2384:
2311:
2273:
2195:
2094:
2065:
1990:, which can make up 15% of the worms' total weight. The bacteria convert
1827:
1819:
1744:
1697:("little eyes") that detect the direction from which light is coming and
1485:
1460:
1459:
In addition to Sipuncula and Echiura, also lineages like Lobatocerebrum,
1202:
1085:
1053:
992:
906:
896:
792:
783:
697:
622:
448:
403:
336:
272:
255:
250:
34:
8549:
8464:
8448:"Phylogeny of basal descendants of cocoon-forming annelids (Clitellata)"
5664:
2796:
Traditionally the annelids have been divided into two major groups, the
2745:
2587:, has been classified by some authors as an annelid, but by others as a
2064:
off a new individual while the parent remains a complete organism. Some
1492:
the peristomium has chetae and appendages like those of other segments.
1105:
10870:
10832:
10762:
10742:
10737:
10722:
10692:
10664:
10619:
10609:
10581:
10576:
10518:
10493:
10186:
10161:
10056:
10041:
10036:
10017:
10012:
9940:
9887:
9857:
9849:
9791:
9665:
9657:
9640:
9420:
9332:
9285:
9225:
9187:
9161:
9007:
8992:
7863:
Dzik, J. (2004). "Anatomy and relationships of the Early Cambrian worm
6721:
5536:
5463:
5338:
5205:
5057:
5037:
4963:
4641:
4637:
4617:
4609:
4605:
4490:
4205:
3772:
polychaetes, and several archiannelids. Some small groups, such as the
3749:
3745:
3737:
3266:
2801:
2797:
2778:
2740:
2667:
2568:
2550:
2492:
2435:
2415:
2388:
2380:
2361:
2357:
2257:
2226:
2162:
2070:
2057:
2047:
1969:
1905:
1901:
1851:
1782:
1698:
1674:
1636:
1632:
1584:
1489:
1469:
1281:
1197:
1011:
1000:
910:
884:
830:
787:
717:
658:
650:
630:
618:
617:
for locomotion. Most textbooks still use the traditional division into
614:
587:
397:
383:
363:
306:
182:
106:
79:
44:
8808:
6378:
6376:
6374:
6191:
6189:
2178:
It is thought that annelids were originally animals with two separate
1104:
that are divided externally by shallow ring-like constrictions called
11046:
10989:
10787:
10767:
10659:
10538:
10473:
10463:
10448:
10443:
10424:
10176:
10022:
9969:
9964:
9935:
9924:
9873:
9868:
9820:
9732:
9519:
9514:
9476:
9325:
9317:
9246:
9198:
9119:
9106:
9087:
9082:
9041:
8600:
7359:
7325:
7294:
7118:
7114:
7112:
7110:
7108:
6894:
6864:
Ruppert, E. E.; Fox, R. S. & Barnes, R. D. (2004). "Arthropoda".
6863:
6832:
6776:
6745:
6308:
6055:
5493:
5246:
5191:
4996:
4929:
4819:
4749:
4745:
4667:
4653:
4621:
4363:
4301:
4218:
4080:
4023:
3817:
3757:
3723:
3679:
3315:
3234:
3143:
3128:, less than 1,000 burrowing species that look rather like earthworms.
3125:
3101:
3059:
2998:
2947:
2809:
2698:
2683:
2651:
2631:
2617:
2592:
2588:
2277:
2261:
2217:
becomes the prostomium (head); a small area round the trochophore's
2191:
1991:
1984:
1949:
1913:
1893:
1868:
1863:
1831:
1802:
1711:
1666:
1592:
1572:
1497:
1477:
1306:
1187:
1145:
1133:
1081:
1029:
1015:
1004:
920:
892:
876:
872:
834:
798:
777:
762:
757:
725:
689:
673:
662:
642:
579:
432:
421:
409:
389:
326:
311:
287:
172:
159:
136:
96:
84:
10884:
8091:
6346:
6279:
6277:
6275:
6273:
6271:
2730:
2383:
that can be very dangerous to their hosts. Some small tube-dwelling
1072:, a group of extremely simplified parasites traditionally placed in
10994:
10907:
10842:
10822:
10817:
10792:
10772:
10747:
10712:
10702:
10697:
10528:
10503:
10483:
10143:
10046:
10030:
9953:
9945:
9900:
9863:
9844:
9833:
9815:
9809:
9670:
9611:
9587:
9484:
9365:
9254:
9138:
9029:
9020:
8926:
8797:
7730:
7360:
Ruppert, E. E.; Fox, R. S. & Barnes, R. D. (2004). "Annelida".
7326:
Ruppert, E. E.; Fox, R. S. & Barnes, R. D. (2004). "Annelida".
7295:
Ruppert, E. E.; Fox, R. S. & Barnes, R. D. (2004). "Annelida".
7119:
Ruppert, E. E.; Fox, R. S. & Barnes, R. D. (2004). "Annelida".
6833:
Ruppert, E. E.; Fox, R. S. & Barnes, R. D. (2004). "Nemertea".
6583:
Wanninger, Andreas; Kristof, Alen; Brinkmann, Nora (Jan–Feb 2009).
6371:
6309:
Ruppert, E. E.; Fox, R. S. & Barnes, R. D. (2004). "Annelida".
6186:
6056:
Ruppert, E. E.; Fox, R. S. & Barnes, R. D. (2004). "Annelida".
5355:
5277:
5195:
5095:
4924:
4767:
4719:
4316:
4093:
4070:
3765:
3761:
3741:
3660:
3159:
3026:
2977:
2914:
2763:
2725:
2693:
2626:
2576:
2391:
2365:
2202:
2060:
can reproduce asexually, by dividing into two or more pieces or by
1987:
1965:
1790:
1770:
1532:
1473:
1443:
1317:
1192:
1137:
1077:
1037:
1007:
928:
768:
710:
331:
297:
277:
192:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
11033:
7415:
7260:
7229:
7198:
7105:
6678:
6676:
6674:
6672:
6670:
6347:
Ruppert, E. E.; Fox, R. S. & Barnes, R.D. (2004). "Annelida".
2762:
pellets may be evidence that earthworms were present in the early
1731:(body cavities) in each segment, separated from other segments by
10827:
10523:
10498:
10488:
10478:
10434:
10371:
9982:
9974:
9911:
9825:
9645:
9632:
9556:
9501:
9426:
8108:
Rouse, G. W.; Fauchald, K. (1997). "Cladistics and polychaetes".
6668:
6666:
6664:
6662:
6660:
6658:
6656:
6654:
6652:
6650:
6382:
6268:
6245:
6129:
6127:
6125:
6123:
6121:
6119:
6117:
6115:
5757:"Guts, gut contents, and feeding strategies of Ediacaran animals"
5508:
5311:
5187:
5024:
4839:
4633:
4403:
3670:
In 2007 Torsten Struck and colleagues compared three genes in 81
3467:
3131:
2924:
2846:
2663:
2658:
2554:
2507:
2503:
2427:
2423:
2265:
2061:
2051:
2007:
1940:
1794:
1786:
1628:
1624:
1544:
in the epidermis protect their skins. Under the epidermis is the
1182:
1125:
1073:
1057:
1033:
1019:
996:
977:
706:
685:
654:
638:
575:
571:
440:
341:
89:
64:
8412:
7445:
7443:
7441:
7439:
7437:
7416:
Ruppert, E.E.; Fox, R.S. & Barnes, R.D. (2004). "Mollusca".
7230:
Ruppert, E.E.; Fox, R.S. & Barnes, R.D. (2004). "Annelida".
6243:
6241:
6239:
6237:
6235:
6233:
6231:
6229:
6227:
6225:
5754:
5213:
Fossil discoveries lead to the hypothesis that Annelida and the
1567:("hairs") of annelids project out from the epidermis to provide
10687:
10679:
10548:
10051:
9785:
8985:
8972:
8843:
8840:
8785:
6962:
6801:
5837:
5249:
5238:
5218:
4684:
3664:
2755:
2476:
2336:
2209:
into miniature adults: the part of the trochophore between the
1778:
1757:
1732:
1728:
1694:
1670:
1576:
1553:
1545:
1465:
1149:
1136:
by cells in the skin underneath, is made of tough but flexible
962:
729:
681:
606:
567:
146:
8251:
8249:
8247:
8245:
7705:
7290:
7288:
7223:
6971:"Proposing a solution to the Articulata–Ecdysozoa controversy"
6647:
6112:
5705:
5703:
5701:
3760:
and some archiannelids, as well as several polychaete groups.
10596:
10468:
8149:
8069:
7434:
7355:
7353:
7192:
7150:
Bok, Michael J.; Macali, Armando; Garm, Anders (2024-04-08).
6741:
6739:
6222:
6198:"Book Review: Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Annelida"
4498:
3671:
3319:
2817:
2759:
2488:
2468:
2449:
2438:' predation on molluscs causes serious losses to fishery and
2419:
2376:
2332:
2328:
2285:
2250:
2238:
2198:
2187:
2083:
2076:
2026:
1961:
1876:
1840:
1766:
1715:
1686:
1652:
1620:
1604:
1541:
1537:
1508:
1501:
1285:
1045:
924:
860:
626:
583:
552:
425:
7489:
7319:
6302:
5923:
5921:
5919:
5917:
2303:
The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms
1722:
1689:
structures found only in polychaetes, and are thought to be
1658:
the single nerve chord has no ganglia and is located in the
1076:, are actually reduced annelids. Research suggest that also
945:, minute annelids that live in the spaces between grains of
756:
tubes that some of the species secreted. Although some late
10981:
10634:
10126:
8480:
8242:
8015:
7285:
6136:"Annelid phylogeny and the status of Sipuncula and Echiura"
6051:
6049:
6047:
6045:
6043:
6041:
6039:
6037:
6035:
6033:
6031:
6029:
6027:
6025:
6023:
6021:
6019:
6017:
6015:
6013:
6011:
6009:
6007:
6005:
6003:
6001:
5999:
5698:
4657:
4652:. Meanwhile, arthropods are now regarded as members of the
4620:. Within the protostomes, annelids used to be grouped with
3640:
Annelid groups and phyla incorporated into Annelida (2007;
2511:
2464:
2430:
are commercially important as bait and as food sources for
2315:
2281:
2234:
2218:
2183:
2042:
1976:
1909:
1867:
muscles to form a heart, while in the forward ends of many
1798:
1678:
1608:
1588:
1564:
1481:
1331:
1222:
1141:
900:
721:
543:
531:
522:
493:
7485:
7483:
7481:
7479:
7477:
7475:
7473:
7471:
7350:
6857:
6736:
6342:
6340:
6338:
6336:
5997:
5995:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5987:
5985:
5983:
5981:
5979:
5237:
of annelids. Both groups share in common: the presence of
3663:, which for a few decades had been regarded as a separate
2021:
to remove soluble waste products, while those without use
1912:
associated with most segments, often as extensions of the
1705:
that can probably form images. The compound eyes probably
1669:, each muscle fiber (cell) is controlled by more than one
1124:
makes them inter-dependent. Their bodies are covered by a
10124:
7904:
Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
7254:
6582:
5914:
3646:
Highlights major changes to traditional classifications.
2179:
1774:
537:
499:
487:
8723:
7390:
6826:
6133:
5709:
1068:
Mitogenomic and phylogenomic analysis also implies that
9775:
7938:
7468:
6770:
6333:
5976:
989:
analysis in 1997 concluded that echiurans are annelids.
7545:
5862:
5642:
5217:
are more closely related to each other than any other
2379:
do little direct harm to their victims, some transmit
8693:. In Hall, B.K.; Pearson, R.D.; Müller, G.B. (eds.).
8629:
8148:
Rouse, G. W.; Pleijel, F.; McHugh, D. (August 2002).
7522:
Invertebrate conservation and agricultural ecosystems
7395:(4th ed.). New York: Mc Graw Hill. p. 204.
6888:
6383:
Halanych, K. M.; Dahlgren, T. G.; McHugh, D. (2002).
1693:. Some polychaetes also have various combinations of
1052:'s DNA has confirmed their close relationship to the
732:
to penetrate the sea floor. In addition to improving
716:
Earthworms are oligochaetes that support terrestrial
528:
505:
490:
8265:
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
7858:
7856:
7854:
7852:
7850:
7578:
5532:
5459:
5403:
5334:
5307:
2666:
or an annelid. Polychaetes diversified in the early
2471:. More recently leeches have been used to assist in
1884:. The anus is on the upper surface of the pygidium.
1096:
No single feature distinguishes Annelids from other
540:
534:
502:
496:
8527:
8299:. University of California Museum of Paleontology.
7612:
7610:
5928:Rouse, G. W. (2002). "Annelida (Segmented Worms)".
3134:, the great majority of polychaetes, divided into:
1983:the gut is blocked by a swollen lining that houses
1518:
525:
484:
8147:
7986:"Evolution of terrestrial burrowing invertebrates"
3780:, but belong to either one of these large groups.
3618:some "Scolecida", "Canalipalpata" and "Aciculata"
1968:via mouths that are generally unspecialized. Some
969:. More recently they have been re-classified as a
8446:Christoffersen, Martin Lindsey (1 January 2012).
8143:
8141:
8139:
8107:
7847:
7420:(7th ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp. 290–291.
5963:
5961:
5959:
5957:
11159:
10411:Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms
8321:Struck, T.; Golombek, Anja; et al. (2015).
8289:
7607:
7490:Siddall, M. E.; Borda, E.; Rouse, G. W. (2004).
6089:"Diversity of Soil Fauna and Ecosystem Function"
4660:"), along with some phyla that are unsegmented.
2368:, which encourages the growth of populations of
965:, Pogonophora, or as two phyla, Pogonophora and
8377:
7152:"High-resolution vision in pelagic polychaetes"
6807:
5967:
1931:tube worms have no gut and gain nutrients from
804:
801:period, which began 66 million years ago.
782:. Palaeontologists disagree about whether some
752:, their fossils are rare – mostly jaws and the
114:Annelida and some examples of their diversity.
8445:
8320:
8136:
7944:
7525:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 44–46.
7039:Perspectives in Animal Phylogeny and Evolution
5954:
2406:Earthworms make a significant contribution to
2032:
10110:
8824:
7498:. Oxford University Press. pp. 237–248.
7454:. Oxford University Press. pp. 196–202.
7149:
6812:. Oxford University Press. pp. 183–196.
6687:. Oxford University Press. pp. 183–196.
6531:
6288:. Oxford University Press. pp. 179–183.
6254:. Oxford University Press. pp. 176–179.
2422:regard these spawning modules as a delicacy.
6532:Shen, X.; Ma, X.; Ren, J.; Zhao, F. (2009).
6484:
5927:
2804:. In turn the clitellates were divided into
2463:is treated as an endangered species by both
2272:. Earthworms store their partners' sperm in
2079:have never been seen reproducing asexually.
1908:(the group to which earthworms belong) have
1614:
668:The basic annelid form consists of multiple
9211:
7494:. In Cracraft, J.; Donoghue, M. J. (eds.).
3118:Morphological phylogeny of Annelida (1997)
2372:and small animals alongside their burrows.
1527:Internal anatomy of a segment of an annelid
1476:(Greek πυγιδιον, meaning "little tail") or
700:("ripples" that pass along the body) or by
556:
10117:
10103:
9185:
8831:
8817:
8717:
8630:Shankland, M.; Seaver, E.C. (April 2000).
7901:
7736:
6707:
2401:
2292:
2161:
1442:
1091:
859:
709:inside out to drag themselves through the
105:
9378:
8749:
8665:
8655:
8463:
8430:
8419:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
8346:
8225:
8215:
8021:
7983:
7947:"Calcareous tubeworms of the Phanerozoic"
7815:
7809:
7167:
7088:
6682:
6608:
6559:
6549:
6508:
6467:
6457:
6400:
6283:
6249:
6213:
6195:
6169:
6159:
5780:
4595:
2791:
1723:Coelom, locomotion and circulatory system
1500:. Some groups of annelids, including all
899:") around their bodies, which produces a
9245:
9169:Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)
9117:
8277:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.112202.130124
8255:
7895:
7716:. Oxford University Press. p. 202.
7366:(7th ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp.
7332:(7th ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp.
7301:(7th ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp.
7267:(7th ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp.
7236:(7th ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp.
7205:(7th ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp.
7125:(7th ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp.
6901:(7th ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp.
6870:(7th ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp.
6839:(7th ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp.
6783:(7th ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp.
6752:(7th ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp.
6525:
6490:
6353:(7th ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp.
6062:(7th ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp.
5832:
5806:
5209:Phylogenetic tree of early lophophorates
5204:
3706:of the Annelid phylum is comprised by a
2532:
2041:
1923:
1919:
1807:
1341:
1316:
1293:
1290:
1271:
1265:
1257:
1237:
1214:
1148:' cuticles are made of the more rigid α-
10142:
8970:
8838:
8695:Environment, Development, and Evolution
8688:
7035:
6968:
6315:(7th ed.). Brooks / Cole. p.
6086:
2517:
2225:However, the lifecycles of most living
2205:. Later they sink to the sea-floor and
2037:
1128:(outer covering) that does not contain
973:, Siboglinidae, within the polychaetes.
736:, annelids serve humans as food and as
11160:
10370:
9163:Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)
9133:Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)
8486:
8189:
7783:
7737:Briggs, D. E. G.; Kear, A. J. (1993).
7579:Edwards, C. A.; Bohlen, P. J. (1996).
7070:
6925:
6431:
2452:for the medically dubious practice of
2146:
2101:
1769:of vertebrates: producing and storing
1765:that perform similar functions to the
1507:The phylum's name is derived from the
1424:
1414:
1404:
10889:
10888:
10098:
9104:
8812:
7711:
7658:"The humble worm – with a difference"
7616:
7546:Nancarrow, L.; Taylor, J. H. (1998).
7492:"Towards a tree of life for Annelida"
7449:
6589:Communicative and Integrative Biology
5802:
5800:
4644:(fan-like feeding structures) and/or
3776:, are more difficult to place due to
3426:some "Scolecida" and "Canalipalpata"
2141:
2126:
1388:
1378:
1368:
11096:cf4d99f5-4ed6-4286-91d3-415c155cd975
11021:cc06e815-f413-4dd7-ab31-0281d34b845b
9434:Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)
8031:Australian Journal of Earth Sciences
7862:
7655:
6710:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
3651:Also in 1997 Damhnait McHugh, using
2151:
2136:
2131:
1739:. Each septum forms a sandwich with
1311:Two coelomata, main and in tentacles
562:, "little ring"), also known as the
8380:Organisms Diversity & Evolution
7518:
7077:Integrative and Comparative Biology
6389:Integrative and Comparative Biology
6202:Integrative and Comparative Biology
5826:
2194:. The fertilized eggs develop into
2121:
2116:
1160:Summary of distinguishing features
909:("with few hairs"), which includes
13:
9468:
9274:
9031:Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)
8303:from the original on 15 April 2009
8258:"The new view of animal phylogeny"
8160:from the original on 12 April 2009
8122:10.1111/j.1463-6409.1997.tb00412.x
8072:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
7954:Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences
7916:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1999.tb00046.x
7798:from the original on 27 March 2009
7007:from the original on 20 March 2009
6491:Hausdorf, B.; et al. (2007).
5797:
4640:and several other phyla that have
1627:(throat), consisting of a pair of
1522:
1330:Open outflow, return via branched
14:
11189:
11178:Extant Cambrian first appearances
8778:
7585:Biology and ecology of earthworms
7552:. Ten Speed Press. pp. 2–6.
3732:clade. This grade is followed by
3186:some "Scolecida" and "Aciculata"
1960:use "crowns" of palps covered in
1623:generally forms a ring round the
1454:Diagram of segments of an annelid
10075:Phyla with ≥1000 extant species
8796:
8784:
8432:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00408.x
7881:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2004.00136.x
7581:"Earthworm ecology: communities"
6990:10.1046/j.1463-6409.2003.00122.x
6940:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2005.05039.x
5098:
5060:
5040:
5000:
4979:
4928:
4884:
4843:
4822:
4784:
4753:
3710:of basal groups of polychaetes:
2528:
2483:compounds and several important
2109:
2017:Annelids with blood vessels use
1735:and from each other by vertical
1519:Body wall, chaetae and parapodia
1361:
852:
518:
480:
123:
32:
8682:
8623:
8572:
8521:
8439:
8406:
8371:
8314:
8297:"Reading trees: A quick review"
8171:
7777:
7678:
7649:
7572:
7539:
7512:
7409:
7384:
7143:
7064:
7029:
7018:
6919:
6701:
6636:
6625:
6576:
6497:Molecular Biology and Evolution
6425:
6080:
5635:
3564:, previously phylum Pogonophora
2816:, whose best-known members are
2720:The earliest good evidence for
2557:tubes that some secreted. Some
2331:, and for mammals ranging from
1900:is via the skin. However, many
1531:Annelids' cuticles are made of
1353:
625:(which include earthworms) and
9262:Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)
7995:. CRC LEME. pp. 211–215.
7664:. Read Books. pp. 14–15.
7587:. Springer. pp. 124–126.
6969:Nielsen, C. (September 2003).
6585:"Sipunculans and segmentation"
5856:
5748:
5618:
5221:. Because of the body plan of
3470:, previously a separate phylum
3237:, previously a separate phylum
2276:("sperm stores") and then the
1887:
1822:moves this "worm" to the right
1348:
1232:Repetition of internal organs
1:
9105:
8736:(21): S0960–9822(22)01455–5.
8697:. MIT Press. pp. 67–69.
8489:Handbook of Zoology: Annelida
7945:Vinn, O.; Mutvei, H. (2009).
7662:Practical Fresh Water Fishing
7025:The Invertebrate Tree of Life
5930:Encyclopedia of Life Sciences
5722:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
5691:
2591:(i.e. in the phylum to which
2487:, one of which also prevents
1727:Most annelids have a pair of
1171:Recently merged into Annelida
949:, were treated as a separate
9874:Echinozoans inc. sea urchins
8154:The Tree of Life Web Project
7816:Vinn, O.; Zatoń, M. (2012).
5808:McIntosh, William Carmichael
5252:compartments; and a similar
4600:Annelids are members of the
1935:bacteria living inside them.
1892:In some annelids, including
1338:
1335:
1326:
1268:
1254:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1226:
1211:
1180:
1163:
1112:, although sharing a common
1088:as their closest relatives.
837:that function as limbs, and
805:Classification and diversity
7:
9931:Chelicerates inc. arachnids
9671:Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
9486:Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
9397:Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
9286:Loricifera (corset animals)
7496:Assembling the tree of life
7042:, Oxford University Press,
6928:Evolution & Development
4612:animals – the other is the
2754:consisting of a convoluted
2314:. The burrowers loosen the
2284:that collects ova from the
2033:Reproduction and life cycle
1305:Two coelomata, main and in
10:
11194:
11173:Cambrian first appearances
9821:Medusozoans inc. jellyfish
9567:Annelida (segmented worms)
9392:Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
9308:Onychophora (velvet worms)
8452:Turkish Journal of Zoology
5816:. In Baynes, T. S. (ed.).
2549:, their fossils are rare.
2521:
1301:
1262:
1251:
1231:
1208:
676:that many species use for
613:organisms. They also have
570:, with over 22,000 extant
10897:
10860:
10678:
10595:
10547:
10432:
10423:
10366:
10138:
10134:
10129:phyla/divisions by domain
10071:
9869:Asterozoans inc. starfish
9771:
9764:
9715:
9666:Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
9656:
9647:Ectoprocta (moss animals)
9631:
9622:
9607:
9598:
9583:
9576:
9552:
9541:
9500:
9492:Gastrotricha (hairybacks)
9475:
9464:
9453:
9405:
9387:
9374:
9363:
9316:
9303:
9294:
9281:
9270:
9238:
9221:Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)
9207:
9196:
9181:
9157:
9148:
9128:
9113:
9100:
9065:
9040:
9016:
9001:
8993:Ctenophora (comb jellies)
8981:
8966:
8850:
8751:10.1016/j.cub.2022.09.011
8497:10.1515/9783110291582-002
8392:10.1007/s13127-016-0265-7
8348:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.007
8051:10.1080/08120099708728303
7763:10.1017/S0094837300012343
7169:10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.055
6087:Lavelle, P. (July 1996).
5932:. John Wiley & Sons.
5782:10.1016/j.cub.2022.10.051
5624:The term originated from
5550:
5530:
5506:
5491:
5484:
5477:
5457:
5450:
5421:
5401:
5394:
5387:
5352:
5332:
5325:
5305:
5298:
5291:
5274:
5267:
5093:
5055:
5035:
5028:
4994:
4974:
4967:
4957:
4947:
4922:
4915:
4900:
4878:
4871:
4837:
4817:
4810:
4803:
4778:
4771:
4743:
4736:
4709:
4702:
4678:
4671:
4487:
4463:
4448:
4441:
4434:
4401:
4386:
4379:
4361:
4354:
4347:
4314:
4299:
4292:
4267:
4252:
4245:
4238:
4231:
4216:
4209:
4191:
4155:
4140:
4133:
4106:
4091:
4084:
4074:
4064:
4054:
4021:
4004:
3997:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3926:
3911:
3904:
3887:
3880:
3870:
3863:
3830:
3815:
3808:
3798:
3791:
3695:in the classification of
3616:
3576:
3558:
3551:
3538:
3531:
3491:
3464:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3424:
3391:
3367:
3334:
3312:
3305:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3258:
3231:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3099:
3057:
3024:
3009:
3002:
2975:
2960:
2945:
2938:
2928:
2918:
2891:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2844:
2837:
2758:partly filled with small
2260:(the group that includes
2190:into the water via their
1615:Nervous system and senses
1176:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1040:, mostly on the basis of
811:giant Gippsland earthworm
230:
225:
120:Scientific classification
118:
113:
104:
23:
16:Phylum of segmented worms
9427:Rotifera (wheel animals)
9226:Priapulida (penis worms)
8156:. Tree of Life Project.
8022:Retallack, G.J. (1997).
7991:. In Roach, I.C. (ed.).
7984:Humphreys, G.S. (2003).
6551:10.1186/1471-2164-10-136
6432:McHugh, D. (July 1997).
6140:BMC Evolutionary Biology
5972:. VermEcology, Yokohama.
5968:Blakemore, R.J. (2012).
5834:Mitchell, Peter Chalmers
5611:
2524:List of Annelid families
1515:, meaning "little ring".
1314:Coelom only in proboscis
1056:and Annelida (including
10339:Thermodesulfobacteriota
9641:Entoprocta or Kamptozoa
9613:Nemertea (ribbon worms)
9334:Tardigrada (waterbears)
9327:Arthropoda (arthropods)
8691:"The Determined Embryo"
8256:Halanych, K.M. (2004).
8217:10.1073/pnas.94.15.8006
7966:10.3176/earth.2009.4.07
7635:10.1023/A:1015681605656
6459:10.1073/pnas.94.15.8006
5970:Cosmopolitan Earthworms
5938:10.1038/npg.els.0001599
5892:10.1126/science.1230492
5849:Encyclopædia Britannica
5819:Encyclopædia Britannica
4604:, one of the two major
3653:molecular phylogenetics
2733: million years ago
2701: million years ago
2686: million years ago
2639:and John Peel reported
2620: million years ago
2539:Burgessochaeta setigera
2448:Accounts of the use of
2402:Interaction with humans
2375:Although blood-sucking
2293:Ecological significance
1854:in some species, green
1280:Generally no; but some
1252:Septa between segments
1092:Distinguishing features
987:molecular phylogenetics
841:that are thought to be
780: million years ago
765: million years ago
599:bilaterally symmetrical
226:Classes and subclasses
30:Cambrian Stage 3–recent
9816:Anthozoans inc. corals
9515:Dicyemida or Rhombozoa
8689:Pearson, R.D. (2003).
8657:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4434
7784:Miller, A. J. (2004).
7071:Jenner, R. A. (2006).
6196:Hutchings, P. (2007).
6161:10.1186/1471-2148-7-57
5713:; Pjeel, J.S. (2008).
5210:
4624:under the super-group
4596:External relationships
3648:
2792:Internal relationships
2777:going back to the mid
2567:in some ways resemble
2542:
2510:that bind strongly to
2410:. The rear end of the
2231:external fertilization
2054:
1936:
1826:Many annelids move by
1823:
1641:central nervous system
1528:
1327:Closed in most species
1209:External segmentation
1177:Similar-looking phyla
728:by enabling water and
649:, a "super-phylum" of
557:
11117:Paleobiology Database
10567:Neocallimastigomycota
9946:Hexapods inc. insects
9256:Nematoda (roundworms)
7824:(CG2012_A03): 39–47.
6510:10.1093/molbev/msm214
6096:Biology International
5734:10.4202/app.2008.0110
5626:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
5227:phylogenetic analysis
5208:
4648:larvae as members of
3578:some "Canalipalpata"
3540:some "Canalipalpata"
3220:some "Canalipalpata"
3152:
2611:, both from Canada's
2536:
2045:
1927:
1920:Feeding and excretion
1818:
1707:evolved independently
1526:
1284:molt their jaws, and
1218:Only in a few species
621:(almost all marine),
11016:Fauna Europaea (new)
10232:Coprothermobacterota
9139:Chordata (chordates)
8793:at Wikimedia Commons
7993:Advances in Regolith
7714:Invertebrate Zoology
7656:Sell, F. E. (2008).
7619:Hediste diversicolor
7452:Invertebrate Zoology
7418:Invertebrate Zoology
7363:Invertebrate Zoology
7329:Invertebrate Zoology
7298:Invertebrate Zoology
7264:Invertebrate Zoology
7233:Invertebrate Zoology
7202:Invertebrate Zoology
7122:Invertebrate Zoology
6898:Invertebrate Zoology
6867:Invertebrate Zoology
6836:Invertebrate Zoology
6810:Invertebrate Zoology
6780:Invertebrate Zoology
6749:Invertebrate Zoology
6685:Invertebrate Zoology
6601:10.4161/cib.2.1.7505
6402:10.1093/icb/42.3.678
6350:Invertebrate Zoology
6312:Invertebrate Zoology
6286:Invertebrate Zoology
6252:Invertebrate Zoology
6059:Invertebrate Zoology
5767:(24): 5382–5389.e3.
5711:Conway Morris, Simon
2784:472 to 461
2769:251 to 245
2728:period, which began
2673:488 to 474
2583:549 to 542
2518:Evolutionary history
2038:Asexual reproduction
1793:waste products into
1144:– on the other hand
923:, whose name means "
816:Amynthas mekongianus
793:472 to 461
9589:Mollusca (molluscs)
9074:of the animal root
8742:2022CBio...32E4769G
8648:2000PNAS...97.4434S
8593:1997Natur.387R.489A
8550:10.1038/nature06614
8542:2008Natur.452..745D
8465:10.3906/zoo-1002-27
8339:2015CBio...25.1993S
8208:1997PNAS...94.8006M
8190:McHugh, D. (1997).
8084:1982CaJES..19.2150M
8043:1997AuJES..44..185R
7822:Carnets de Géologie
7755:1993Pbio...19..107B
7519:New, T. R. (2005).
6450:1997PNAS...94.8006M
6152:2007BMCEE...7...57S
5884:2013Sci...339..684R
5773:2022CBio...32E5382B
5665:10.1038/nature09864
5657:2011Natur.471...95S
2746:130 to 90
2637:Simon Conway Morris
2573:small shelly fossil
2545:Since annelids are
2118:Apical tuft (cilia)
2102:Sexual reproduction
1848:respiratory pigment
1548:, which is made of
1324:Circulatory system
1161:
1080:are annelids, with
748:Since annelids are
653:that also includes
10562:Blastocladiomycota
9802:Calcareous sponges
8987:Porifera (sponges)
7830:10.4267/2042/46095
7090:10.1093/icb/icj014
6722:10.1007/BF01953812
6215:10.1093/icb/icm008
5211:
3370:some "Oligochaeta"
3337:some "Oligochaeta"
2543:
2460:Hirudo medicinalis
2123:Prototroch (cilia)
2055:
2004:hydrothermal vents
1937:
1824:
1743:in the middle and
1649:segmental ganglion
1645:ventral nerve cord
1603:(fused bundles of
1579:and are formed by
1529:
1498:teloblastic growth
1244:In primitive forms
1159:
1118:circulatory system
822:Microchaetus rappi
592:hydrothermal vents
11155:
11154:
11104:Open Tree of Life
10891:Taxon identifiers
10882:
10881:
10878:
10877:
10856:
10855:
10419:
10418:
10362:
10361:
10354:Verrucomicrobiota
10092:
10091:
10067:
10066:
9760:
9759:
9756:
9755:
9711:
9710:
9707:
9706:
9703:
9702:
9699:
9698:
9695:
9694:
9691:
9690:
9687:
9686:
9683:
9682:
9679:
9678:
9537:
9536:
9533:
9532:
9449:
9448:
9445:
9444:
9359:
9358:
9355:
9354:
9351:
9350:
9347:
9346:
9343:
9342:
9234:
9233:
9177:
9176:
9096:
9095:
9061:
9060:
9057:
9056:
8789:Media related to
8704:978-0-262-08319-5
8587:(6632): 489–493.
8536:(7188): 745–749.
8333:(15): 1993–1999.
8202:(15): 8006–8009.
8110:Zoologica Scripta
8078:(11): 2150–2157.
8002:978-0-7315-5221-4
7869:Zoologica Scripta
7723:978-0-19-551368-4
7671:978-1-4437-6157-4
7594:978-0-412-56160-3
7559:978-0-89815-994-3
7532:978-0-521-53201-3
7505:978-0-19-517234-8
7461:978-0-19-551368-4
7402:978-0-07-252844-2
7377:978-0-03-025982-1
7343:978-0-03-025982-1
7312:978-0-03-025982-1
7278:978-0-03-025982-1
7247:978-0-03-025982-1
7216:978-0-03-025982-1
7136:978-0-03-025982-1
7049:978-0-19-856620-5
6978:Zoologica Scripta
6912:978-0-03-025982-1
6881:978-0-03-025982-1
6850:978-0-03-025982-1
6819:978-0-19-551368-4
6794:978-0-03-025982-1
6763:978-0-03-025982-1
6694:978-0-19-551368-4
6503:(12): 2723–2729.
6444:(15): 8006–8009.
6364:978-0-03-025982-1
6326:978-0-03-025982-1
6295:978-0-19-551368-4
6261:978-0-19-551368-4
6073:978-0-03-025982-1
5878:(6120): 684–687.
5608:
5607:
5599:
5598:
5590:
5589:
5581:
5580:
5572:
5571:
5563:
5562:
5519:
5518:
5434:
5433:
5376:
5375:
5367:
5366:
5183:
5182:
5174:
5173:
5165:
5164:
5156:
5155:
5147:
5146:
5138:
5137:
5129:
5128:
5120:
5119:
5111:
5110:
5082:
5081:
5073:
5072:
5025:Bryozoa s.l.
5014:
5013:
4857:
4856:
4616:, which includes
4592:
4591:
4583:
4582:
4574:
4573:
4565:
4564:
4556:
4555:
4547:
4546:
4538:
4537:
4529:
4528:
4520:
4519:
4511:
4510:
4476:
4475:
4423:
4422:
4414:
4413:
4336:
4335:
4327:
4326:
4281:
4280:
4177:
4176:
4168:
4167:
4119:
4118:
4043:
4042:
4034:
4033:
3957:
3956:
3948:
3947:
3939:
3938:
3877:Chaetopteriformia
3852:
3851:
3843:
3842:
3716:Chaetopteriformia
3704:phylogenetic tree
3636:
3635:
3627:
3626:
3605:
3604:
3596:
3595:
3587:
3586:
3520:
3519:
3511:
3510:
3502:
3501:
3493:some "Scolecida"
3480:
3479:
3453:some "Scolecida"
3413:
3412:
3404:
3403:
3380:
3379:
3356:
3355:
3347:
3346:
3247:
3246:
3122:
3121:
3112:
3111:
3088:
3087:
3079:
3078:
3070:
3069:
3046:
3045:
3037:
3036:
2988:
2987:
2904:
2903:
2786:million years ago
2771:million years ago
2748:million years ago
2675:million years ago
2654:million years old
2585:million years ago
2481:anti-inflammatory
2346:Amynthas agrestis
2182:, which released
2173:Trochophore larva
2138:Metatroch (cilia)
1994:matter – such as
1816:
1763:chloragogen cells
1754:epitheliomuscular
1741:connective tissue
1550:connective tissue
1410: Growth zone
1384: Peristomium
1346:
1345:
1288:molt their skins
1263:Cuticle material
980:have a checkered
915:organic materials
795:million years ago
597:The Annelids are
473:
472:
246:Chaetopteriformia
221:
11185:
11148:
11147:
11135:
11134:
11125:
11124:
11112:
11111:
11099:
11098:
11089:
11088:
11076:
11075:
11063:
11062:
11050:
11049:
11037:
11036:
11024:
11023:
11011:
11010:
10998:
10997:
10985:
10984:
10972:
10971:
10959:
10958:
10946:
10945:
10933:
10932:
10931:
10918:
10917:
10916:
10886:
10885:
10630:Anthocerotophyta
10509:Hemimastigophora
10430:
10429:
10401:Nitrososphaerota
10368:
10367:
10344:Thermomicrobiota
10284:Kiritimatiellota
10279:Ignavibacteriota
10244:Deferribacterota
10207:Campylobacterota
10192:Bdellovibrionota
10140:
10139:
10136:
10135:
10119:
10112:
10105:
10096:
10095:
9773:
9772:
9729:
9629:
9628:
9605:
9604:
9581:
9580:
9550:
9549:
9546:
9473:
9472:
9466:
9465:
9462:
9461:
9458:
9385:
9384:
9376:
9375:
9372:
9371:
9368:
9301:
9300:
9279:
9278:
9272:
9271:
9243:
9242:
9209:
9208:
9205:
9204:
9201:
9194:
9193:
9190:
9183:
9182:
9155:
9154:
9126:
9125:
9122:
9115:
9114:
9102:
9101:
9079:
9014:
9013:
8979:
8978:
8975:
8968:
8967:
8879:
8859:
8833:
8826:
8819:
8810:
8809:
8801:Data related to
8800:
8788:
8772:
8771:
8753:
8721:
8715:
8714:
8712:
8711:
8686:
8680:
8679:
8669:
8659:
8642:(9): 4434–4437.
8627:
8621:
8620:
8601:10.1038/387489a0
8576:
8570:
8569:
8525:
8519:
8518:
8484:
8478:
8477:
8467:
8443:
8437:
8436:
8434:
8410:
8404:
8403:
8375:
8369:
8368:
8350:
8318:
8312:
8311:
8309:
8308:
8293:
8287:
8286:
8284:
8283:
8262:
8253:
8240:
8239:
8229:
8219:
8187:
8178:
8175:
8169:
8168:
8166:
8165:
8145:
8134:
8133:
8105:
8096:
8095:
8067:
8061:
8060:
8058:
8057:
8028:
8019:
8013:
8012:
8010:
8009:
7990:
7981:
7970:
7969:
7951:
7942:
7936:
7935:
7899:
7893:
7892:
7860:
7845:
7844:
7842:
7841:
7832:. Archived from
7813:
7807:
7806:
7804:
7803:
7797:
7790:
7781:
7775:
7774:
7734:
7728:
7727:
7709:
7703:
7702:
7700:
7699:
7686:"Rags to riches"
7682:
7676:
7675:
7653:
7647:
7646:
7629:(1–3): 203–218.
7614:
7605:
7604:
7602:
7601:
7576:
7570:
7569:
7567:
7566:
7543:
7537:
7536:
7516:
7510:
7509:
7487:
7466:
7465:
7447:
7432:
7431:
7413:
7407:
7406:
7393:Animal Diversity
7388:
7382:
7381:
7357:
7348:
7347:
7323:
7317:
7316:
7292:
7283:
7282:
7258:
7252:
7251:
7227:
7221:
7220:
7196:
7190:
7189:
7171:
7162:(7): R269–R270.
7147:
7141:
7140:
7116:
7103:
7102:
7092:
7068:
7062:
7061:
7033:
7027:
7022:
7016:
7015:
7013:
7012:
7006:
6975:
6966:
6960:
6959:
6923:
6917:
6916:
6892:
6886:
6885:
6861:
6855:
6854:
6830:
6824:
6823:
6805:
6799:
6798:
6774:
6768:
6767:
6743:
6734:
6733:
6705:
6699:
6698:
6680:
6645:
6640:
6634:
6629:
6623:
6622:
6612:
6580:
6574:
6573:
6563:
6553:
6529:
6523:
6522:
6512:
6488:
6482:
6481:
6471:
6461:
6429:
6423:
6422:
6404:
6380:
6369:
6368:
6344:
6331:
6330:
6306:
6300:
6299:
6281:
6266:
6265:
6247:
6220:
6219:
6217:
6193:
6184:
6183:
6173:
6163:
6131:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6106:
6093:
6084:
6078:
6077:
6053:
5974:
5973:
5965:
5952:
5951:
5925:
5912:
5911:
5869:
5860:
5854:
5853:
5841:
5839:"Annelida"
5830:
5824:
5823:
5815:
5813:"Annelida"
5804:
5795:
5794:
5784:
5752:
5746:
5745:
5719:
5707:
5685:
5684:
5639:
5633:
5622:
5534:
5487:
5486:
5480:
5479:
5461:
5453:
5452:
5405:
5397:
5396:
5390:
5389:
5336:
5328:
5327:
5309:
5301:
5300:
5294:
5293:
5270:
5269:
5260:
5259:
5102:
5064:
5044:
5031:
5030:
5005:
5004:
4983:
4970:
4969:
4960:
4959:
4950:
4949:
4933:
4932:
4918:
4917:
4889:
4888:
4874:
4873:
4848:
4847:
4826:
4813:
4812:
4806:
4805:
4789:
4788:
4774:
4773:
4757:
4739:
4738:
4705:
4704:
4689:Nemertodermatida
4674:
4673:
4664:
4663:
4502:
4444:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4382:
4381:
4357:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4295:
4294:
4272:(pogonophorans)
4248:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4212:
4211:
4136:
4135:
4130:Protodriliformia
4087:
4086:
4077:
4076:
4067:
4066:
4057:
4056:
4000:
3999:
3978:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3907:
3906:
3883:
3882:
3873:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3811:
3810:
3801:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3784:
3783:
3565:
3554:
3553:
3534:
3533:
3471:
3447:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3371:
3338:
3323:
3308:
3307:
3294:
3282:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3261:
3260:
3238:
3214:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3180:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3156:
3155:
3005:
3004:
2941:
2940:
2931:
2930:
2921:
2920:
2872:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2840:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2808:, which include
2787:
2772:
2749:
2737:flowering plants
2734:
2709:British Columbia
2702:
2687:
2676:
2655:
2621:
2586:
2561:fossils such as
2396:whirling disease
2370:aerobic bacteria
2201:, which live as
2165:
2157:
2155:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2113:
1996:hydrogen sulfide
1933:chemoautotrophic
1817:
1785:; breaking down
1777:; producing the
1591:("bristles") of
1446:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1376:
1375:
1374: Prostomium
1373:
1365:
1162:
1158:
863:
856:
796:
781:
766:
560:
550:
549:
546:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
512:
511:
508:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
461:
453:
445:
437:
417:Branchiobdellida
413:
393:
378:
376:Traditional view
283:Protodriliformia
236:
216:
128:
127:
109:
94:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
11193:
11192:
11188:
11187:
11186:
11184:
11183:
11182:
11158:
11157:
11156:
11151:
11143:
11138:
11130:
11128:
11120:
11115:
11107:
11102:
11094:
11092:
11084:
11079:
11071:
11066:
11058:
11053:
11045:
11040:
11032:
11027:
11019:
11014:
11006:
11001:
10993:
10988:
10980:
10975:
10967:
10962:
10954:
10949:
10941:
10936:
10927:
10926:
10921:
10912:
10911:
10906:
10893:
10883:
10874:
10852:
10803:Gnathostomulida
10708:Xenacoelomorpha
10674:
10670:Flowering plant
10625:Marchantiophyta
10591:
10557:Chytridiomycota
10543:
10415:
10358:
10314:Planctomycetota
10274:Gemmatimonadota
10259:Elusimicrobiota
10152:Acidobacteriota
10130:
10123:
10093:
10088:
10063:
9989:Phylactolaemata
9777:
9767:
9766:
9752:
9743:Xenambulacraria
9719:
9675:
9652:
9618:
9600:Kryptotrochozoa
9594:
9572:
9542:
9529:
9520:Monoblastozoa (
9496:
9454:
9441:
9413:Micrognathozoa
9401:
9364:
9339:
9312:
9290:
9266:
9230:
9197:
9186:
9173:
9144:
9118:
9109:
9092:
9069:
9053:
9036:
9005:
8997:
8971:
8962:
8961:
8877:
8855:
8846:
8837:
8781:
8776:
8775:
8730:Current Biology
8722:
8718:
8709:
8707:
8705:
8687:
8683:
8628:
8624:
8577:
8573:
8526:
8522:
8507:
8485:
8481:
8444:
8440:
8411:
8407:
8376:
8372:
8327:Current Biology
8319:
8315:
8306:
8304:
8295:
8294:
8290:
8281:
8279:
8260:
8254:
8243:
8188:
8181:
8176:
8172:
8163:
8161:
8146:
8137:
8106:
8099:
8092:10.1139/e82-189
8068:
8064:
8055:
8053:
8026:
8020:
8016:
8007:
8005:
8003:
7988:
7982:
7973:
7949:
7943:
7939:
7900:
7896:
7861:
7848:
7839:
7837:
7814:
7810:
7801:
7799:
7795:
7788:
7782:
7778:
7735:
7731:
7724:
7710:
7706:
7697:
7695:
7684:
7683:
7679:
7672:
7654:
7650:
7615:
7608:
7599:
7597:
7595:
7577:
7573:
7564:
7562:
7560:
7544:
7540:
7533:
7517:
7513:
7506:
7488:
7469:
7462:
7448:
7435:
7428:
7414:
7410:
7403:
7389:
7385:
7378:
7358:
7351:
7344:
7324:
7320:
7313:
7293:
7286:
7279:
7259:
7255:
7248:
7228:
7224:
7217:
7197:
7193:
7156:Current Biology
7148:
7144:
7137:
7117:
7106:
7069:
7065:
7050:
7034:
7030:
7023:
7019:
7010:
7008:
7004:
6973:
6967:
6963:
6924:
6920:
6913:
6893:
6889:
6882:
6862:
6858:
6851:
6831:
6827:
6820:
6806:
6802:
6795:
6775:
6771:
6764:
6744:
6737:
6706:
6702:
6695:
6681:
6648:
6641:
6637:
6630:
6626:
6581:
6577:
6530:
6526:
6489:
6485:
6430:
6426:
6381:
6372:
6365:
6345:
6334:
6327:
6307:
6303:
6296:
6282:
6269:
6262:
6248:
6223:
6194:
6187:
6132:
6113:
6104:
6102:
6091:
6085:
6081:
6074:
6054:
5977:
5966:
5955:
5948:
5926:
5915:
5867:
5861:
5857:
5831:
5827:
5805:
5798:
5761:Current Biology
5753:
5749:
5717:
5708:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5688:
5651:(7336): 95–98.
5640:
5636:
5623:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5600:
5591:
5582:
5573:
5564:
5520:
5435:
5377:
5368:
5223:lophotrochozoan
5184:
5175:
5166:
5157:
5148:
5139:
5130:
5121:
5112:
5083:
5074:
5015:
4999:
4944:Kryptotrochozoa
4927:
4883:
4858:
4842:
4783:
4656:("animals that
4598:
4593:
4584:
4575:
4566:
4557:
4548:
4539:
4530:
4521:
4512:
4489:
4477:
4451:Terebelliformia
4424:
4415:
4337:
4328:
4282:
4255:Cirratuliformia
4178:
4169:
4120:
4061:Pleistoannelida
4044:
4035:
3958:
3949:
3940:
3853:
3844:
3734:Pleistoannelida
3649:
3645:
3638:
3637:
3628:
3606:
3597:
3588:
3560:
3521:
3512:
3503:
3481:
3466:
3414:
3405:
3381:
3369:
3357:
3348:
3336:
3314:
3288:
3270:
3265:
3248:
3233:
3113:
3089:
3080:
3071:
3047:
3038:
2989:
2905:
2794:
2782:
2767:
2744:
2729:
2697:
2682:
2671:
2650:
2616:
2615:, formed about
2581:
2531:
2526:
2520:
2404:
2295:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2167:
2166:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2104:
2040:
2035:
1929:Lamellibrachian
1922:
1890:
1808:
1725:
1617:
1521:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1440:
1439:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1356:
1351:
1255:In most species
1221:Yes, except in
1174:Closely related
1094:
1024:acanthocephales
947:marine sediment
881:
880:
879:
870:
865:
864:
857:
807:
791:
776:
761:
629:-like species.
564:segmented worms
521:
517:
483:
479:
459:
451:
443:
435:
407:
387:
374:
372:
354:Terebelliformia
317:Cirratuliformia
268:Pleistoannelida
232:
215:
122:
100:
99:record, 567 Ma
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
11191:
11181:
11180:
11175:
11170:
11153:
11152:
11150:
11149:
11136:
11126:
11113:
11100:
11090:
11077:
11064:
11051:
11038:
11025:
11012:
11003:Fauna Europaea
10999:
10986:
10973:
10960:
10947:
10934:
10919:
10903:
10901:
10895:
10894:
10880:
10879:
10876:
10875:
10868:
10866:
10863:Incertae sedis
10858:
10857:
10854:
10853:
10851:
10850:
10845:
10840:
10835:
10830:
10825:
10820:
10815:
10810:
10808:Micrognathozoa
10805:
10800:
10798:Acanthocephala
10795:
10790:
10785:
10780:
10775:
10770:
10765:
10760:
10755:
10750:
10745:
10740:
10735:
10730:
10725:
10720:
10715:
10710:
10705:
10700:
10695:
10690:
10684:
10682:
10676:
10675:
10673:
10672:
10667:
10662:
10657:
10652:
10647:
10642:
10640:Lycopodiophyta
10637:
10632:
10627:
10622:
10617:
10612:
10607:
10601:
10599:
10593:
10592:
10590:
10589:
10584:
10579:
10574:
10569:
10564:
10559:
10553:
10551:
10545:
10544:
10542:
10541:
10536:
10531:
10526:
10521:
10516:
10511:
10506:
10501:
10496:
10491:
10486:
10481:
10476:
10471:
10466:
10461:
10456:
10454:Ancyromonadida
10451:
10446:
10440:
10438:
10427:
10421:
10420:
10417:
10416:
10414:
10413:
10408:
10406:Thermoproteota
10403:
10398:
10391:
10384:
10376:
10374:
10364:
10363:
10360:
10359:
10357:
10356:
10351:
10346:
10341:
10336:
10331:
10326:
10321:
10319:Pseudomonadota
10316:
10311:
10306:
10301:
10296:
10294:Mycoplasmatota
10291:
10289:Lentisphaerota
10286:
10281:
10276:
10271:
10269:Fusobacteriota
10266:
10264:Fibrobacterota
10261:
10256:
10251:
10246:
10241:
10234:
10229:
10224:
10219:
10214:
10209:
10204:
10199:
10194:
10189:
10184:
10179:
10174:
10169:
10167:Armatimonadota
10164:
10159:
10157:Actinomycetota
10154:
10148:
10146:
10132:
10131:
10122:
10121:
10114:
10107:
10099:
10090:
10089:
10087:
10086:
10079:
10072:
10069:
10068:
10065:
10064:
10062:
10061:
10060:
10059:
10054:
10049:
10044:
10039:
10027:
10026:
10025:
10020:
10015:
10003:
10002:
10001:
9996:
9991:
9979:
9978:
9977:
9972:
9967:
9962:
9954:Platyhelminths
9950:
9949:
9948:
9943:
9938:
9933:
9921:
9920:
9919:
9914:
9909:
9897:
9896:
9895:
9890:
9878:
9877:
9876:
9871:
9866:
9854:
9853:
9852:
9847:
9842:
9830:
9829:
9828:
9823:
9818:
9806:
9805:
9804:
9799:
9794:
9781:
9779:
9769:
9768:
9765:
9762:
9761:
9758:
9757:
9754:
9753:
9751:
9750:
9748:Centroneuralia
9745:
9740:
9735:
9730:
9716:
9713:
9712:
9709:
9708:
9705:
9704:
9701:
9700:
9697:
9696:
9693:
9692:
9689:
9688:
9685:
9684:
9681:
9680:
9677:
9676:
9674:
9673:
9668:
9662:
9660:
9654:
9653:
9651:
9650:
9643:
9637:
9635:
9626:
9620:
9619:
9617:
9616:
9608:
9602:
9596:
9595:
9593:
9592:
9584:
9578:
9574:
9573:
9571:
9570:
9563:
9553:
9547:
9544:Lophotrochozoa
9539:
9538:
9535:
9534:
9531:
9530:
9528:
9527:
9517:
9512:
9506:
9504:
9498:
9497:
9495:
9494:
9489:
9481:
9479:
9470:
9459:
9456:Platytrochozoa
9451:
9450:
9447:
9446:
9443:
9442:
9440:
9439:
9438:
9437:
9430:
9418:
9415:(Limnognathia)
9409:
9407:
9403:
9402:
9400:
9399:
9394:
9388:
9382:
9369:
9361:
9360:
9357:
9356:
9353:
9352:
9349:
9348:
9345:
9344:
9341:
9340:
9338:
9337:
9330:
9322:
9320:
9314:
9313:
9311:
9310:
9304:
9298:
9292:
9291:
9289:
9288:
9282:
9276:
9268:
9267:
9265:
9264:
9259:
9251:
9249:
9240:
9236:
9235:
9232:
9231:
9229:
9228:
9223:
9217:
9215:
9202:
9191:
9179:
9178:
9175:
9174:
9172:
9171:
9166:
9158:
9152:
9146:
9145:
9143:
9142:
9135:
9129:
9123:
9111:
9110:
9098:
9097:
9094:
9093:
9091:
9090:
9085:
9080:
9066:
9063:
9062:
9059:
9058:
9055:
9054:
9052:
9051:
9047:
9045:
9044:(Triploblasts)
9038:
9037:
9035:
9034:
9027:
9025:and relatives)
9017:
9011:
8999:
8998:
8996:
8995:
8990:
8982:
8976:
8964:
8963:
8960:
8959:
8958:
8957:
8956:
8955:
8952:Mesomycetozoea
8949:
8944:
8934:
8924:
8923:
8922:
8917:
8912:
8907:
8902:
8901:
8900:
8888:Diaphoretickes
8885:
8880:
8875:
8870:
8865:
8860:
8852:
8851:
8848:
8847:
8836:
8835:
8828:
8821:
8813:
8807:
8806:
8805:at Wikispecies
8794:
8780:
8779:External links
8777:
8774:
8773:
8716:
8703:
8681:
8622:
8571:
8520:
8505:
8479:
8438:
8405:
8386:(2): 345–362.
8370:
8313:
8288:
8241:
8179:
8170:
8135:
8116:(2): 139–204.
8097:
8062:
8037:(2): 185–201.
8014:
8001:
7971:
7960:(4): 286–296.
7937:
7894:
7846:
7808:
7776:
7749:(1): 107–135.
7729:
7722:
7704:
7677:
7670:
7648:
7606:
7593:
7571:
7558:
7538:
7531:
7511:
7504:
7467:
7460:
7433:
7426:
7408:
7401:
7383:
7376:
7349:
7342:
7318:
7311:
7284:
7277:
7253:
7246:
7222:
7215:
7191:
7142:
7135:
7104:
7063:
7052:, p. 82:
7048:
7028:
7017:
6984:(5): 475–482.
6961:
6934:(4): 337–340.
6918:
6911:
6887:
6880:
6856:
6849:
6825:
6818:
6800:
6793:
6769:
6762:
6735:
6700:
6693:
6646:
6635:
6624:
6575:
6524:
6483:
6424:
6395:(3): 678–684.
6370:
6363:
6332:
6325:
6301:
6294:
6267:
6260:
6221:
6208:(5): 788–789.
6185:
6111:
6079:
6072:
5975:
5953:
5947:978-0470016176
5946:
5913:
5855:
5844:Chisholm, Hugh
5825:
5796:
5747:
5728:(1): 137–148.
5696:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5634:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5606:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5597:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5588:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5579:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5570:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5561:
5560:
5557:
5556:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5542:
5541:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5517:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5490:
5485:
5483:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5456:
5451:
5449:
5441:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5432:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5400:
5395:
5393:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5374:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5365:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5351:
5348:
5347:
5344:
5343:
5331:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5304:
5299:
5297:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5273:
5268:
5266:
5264:Lophotrochozoa
5258:
5254:metanephridial
5181:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5172:
5171:
5168:
5167:
5163:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5154:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5145:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5136:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5127:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5118:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5109:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5080:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5071:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5034:
5029:
5027:
5021:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5012:
5011:
5008:
5007:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4973:
4968:
4966:
4958:
4956:
4948:
4946:
4940:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4921:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4877:
4872:
4870:
4868:Lophotrochozoa
4864:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4855:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4816:
4811:
4809:
4804:
4802:
4800:Platytrochozoa
4796:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4777:
4772:
4770:
4764:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4742:
4737:
4735:
4729:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4716:Ambulacrarians
4708:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4677:
4672:
4670:
4662:
4650:Lophotrochozoa
4597:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4581:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4572:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4554:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4545:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4474:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4447:
4442:
4440:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4412:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4385:
4380:
4378:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4360:
4355:
4353:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4298:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4251:
4246:
4244:
4239:
4237:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4215:
4210:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4139:
4134:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4090:
4085:
4083:
4075:
4073:
4065:
4063:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4008:Lobatocerebrum
4003:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3981:
3976:
3974:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3929:Chaetopteridae
3925:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3914:Psammodrilidae
3910:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3891:Apistobranchus
3886:
3881:
3879:
3871:
3869:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3814:
3809:
3807:
3805:Palaeoannelida
3799:
3797:
3792:
3790:
3782:
3778:long branching
3729:Lobatocerebrum
3712:Palaeoannelida
3634:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3557:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3443:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3394:Aeolosomatidae
3390:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3311:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3285:
3280:
3278:
3273:
3271:
3264:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3210:
3205:
3203:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3176:
3171:
3169:
3164:
3162:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3141:
3129:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3008:
3003:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2944:
2939:
2937:
2929:
2927:
2919:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2875:
2870:
2868:
2863:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2843:
2838:
2836:
2831:
2814:hirudinomorphs
2793:
2790:
2724:occurs in the
2714:Kootenayscolex
2608:Burgessochaeta
2530:
2527:
2519:
2516:
2500:biomineralized
2485:anticoagulants
2408:soil fertility
2403:
2400:
2308:soil fertility
2298:Charles Darwin
2294:
2291:
2247:hermaphrodites
2169:
2168:
2160:
2115:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2023:protonephridia
2000:carbon dioxide
1958:Filter feeders
1921:
1918:
1889:
1886:
1789:; and turning
1724:
1721:
1616:
1613:
1520:
1517:
1450:
1449:
1441:
1420: Pygidium
1367:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1122:nervous system
1093:
1090:
1066:
1065:
1027:
990:
974:
967:Vestimentifera
957:Pogonophora /
939:
938:
937:
936:
918:
867:
866:
858:
851:
850:
849:
848:
847:
846:
806:
803:
734:soil fertility
647:Lophotrochozoa
566:, are a large
471:
470:
469:
468:
462:
454:
446:
438:
430:
429:
428:
419:
414:
394:
371:
370:
369:
368:
367:
366:
361:
356:
351:
350:
349:
344:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
304:
303:
302:
301:
300:
295:
285:
275:
265:
262:Lobatocerebrum
258:
253:
248:
243:
241:Palaeoannelida
234:Cladistic view
228:
227:
223:
222:
210:
206:
205:
203:Lophotrochozoa
200:
196:
195:
190:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
170:
163:
162:
157:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
116:
115:
111:
110:
102:
101:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11190:
11179:
11176:
11174:
11171:
11169:
11166:
11165:
11163:
11146:
11141:
11137:
11133:
11127:
11123:
11118:
11114:
11110:
11105:
11101:
11097:
11091:
11087:
11082:
11078:
11074:
11069:
11065:
11061:
11056:
11052:
11048:
11043:
11039:
11035:
11030:
11026:
11022:
11017:
11013:
11009:
11004:
11000:
10996:
10991:
10987:
10983:
10978:
10974:
10970:
10965:
10961:
10957:
10952:
10948:
10944:
10939:
10935:
10930:
10924:
10920:
10915:
10909:
10905:
10904:
10902:
10900:
10896:
10892:
10887:
10873:
10872:
10867:
10865:
10864:
10859:
10849:
10846:
10844:
10841:
10839:
10836:
10834:
10831:
10829:
10826:
10824:
10821:
10819:
10816:
10814:
10811:
10809:
10806:
10804:
10801:
10799:
10796:
10794:
10791:
10789:
10786:
10784:
10781:
10779:
10776:
10774:
10771:
10769:
10766:
10764:
10761:
10759:
10756:
10754:
10751:
10749:
10746:
10744:
10741:
10739:
10736:
10734:
10731:
10729:
10726:
10724:
10721:
10719:
10716:
10714:
10711:
10709:
10706:
10704:
10701:
10699:
10696:
10694:
10691:
10689:
10686:
10685:
10683:
10681:
10677:
10671:
10668:
10666:
10663:
10661:
10658:
10656:
10653:
10651:
10648:
10646:
10643:
10641:
10638:
10636:
10633:
10631:
10628:
10626:
10623:
10621:
10618:
10616:
10613:
10611:
10608:
10606:
10603:
10602:
10600:
10598:
10594:
10588:
10587:Basidiomycota
10585:
10583:
10580:
10578:
10575:
10573:
10572:Glomeromycota
10570:
10568:
10565:
10563:
10560:
10558:
10555:
10554:
10552:
10550:
10546:
10540:
10537:
10535:
10534:Stramenopiles
10532:
10530:
10527:
10525:
10522:
10520:
10517:
10515:
10512:
10510:
10507:
10505:
10502:
10500:
10497:
10495:
10492:
10490:
10487:
10485:
10482:
10480:
10477:
10475:
10472:
10470:
10467:
10465:
10462:
10460:
10459:Apusomonadida
10457:
10455:
10452:
10450:
10447:
10445:
10442:
10441:
10439:
10436:
10431:
10428:
10426:
10422:
10412:
10409:
10407:
10404:
10402:
10399:
10396:
10395:Nanoarchaeota
10392:
10389:
10385:
10382:
10381:Euryarchaeota
10378:
10377:
10375:
10373:
10369:
10365:
10355:
10352:
10350:
10347:
10345:
10342:
10340:
10337:
10335:
10332:
10330:
10329:Spirochaetota
10327:
10325:
10324:Rhodothermota
10322:
10320:
10317:
10315:
10312:
10310:
10307:
10305:
10302:
10300:
10297:
10295:
10292:
10290:
10287:
10285:
10282:
10280:
10277:
10275:
10272:
10270:
10267:
10265:
10262:
10260:
10257:
10255:
10254:Dictyoglomota
10252:
10250:
10247:
10245:
10242:
10239:
10238:Cyanobacteria
10235:
10233:
10230:
10228:
10227:Chrysiogenota
10225:
10223:
10222:Chloroflexota
10220:
10218:
10215:
10213:
10210:
10208:
10205:
10203:
10202:Calditrichota
10200:
10198:
10197:Caldisericota
10195:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10183:
10180:
10178:
10175:
10173:
10172:Atribacterota
10170:
10168:
10165:
10163:
10160:
10158:
10155:
10153:
10150:
10149:
10147:
10145:
10141:
10137:
10133:
10128:
10120:
10115:
10113:
10108:
10106:
10101:
10100:
10097:
10084:
10083:dubious phyla
10080:
10078:
10074:
10073:
10070:
10058:
10055:
10053:
10050:
10048:
10045:
10043:
10040:
10038:
10035:
10034:
10033:
10032:
10028:
10024:
10021:
10019:
10016:
10014:
10011:
10010:
10009:
10008:
10004:
10000:
9997:
9995:
9992:
9990:
9987:
9986:
9985:
9984:
9980:
9976:
9973:
9971:
9968:
9966:
9963:
9961:
9958:
9957:
9956:
9955:
9951:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9928:
9927:
9926:
9922:
9918:
9915:
9913:
9910:
9908:
9905:
9904:
9903:
9902:
9898:
9894:
9891:
9889:
9886:
9885:
9884:
9883:
9882:Hemichordates
9879:
9875:
9872:
9870:
9867:
9865:
9862:
9861:
9860:
9859:
9855:
9851:
9848:
9846:
9843:
9841:
9838:
9837:
9836:
9835:
9831:
9827:
9824:
9822:
9819:
9817:
9814:
9813:
9812:
9811:
9807:
9803:
9800:
9798:
9797:Glass sponges
9795:
9793:
9790:
9789:
9788:
9787:
9783:
9782:
9780:
9774:
9770:
9763:
9749:
9746:
9744:
9741:
9739:
9738:Deuterostomia
9736:
9734:
9731:
9727:
9724:of Bilateria
9723:
9718:
9717:
9714:
9672:
9669:
9667:
9664:
9663:
9661:
9659:
9655:
9649:
9648:
9644:
9642:
9639:
9638:
9636:
9634:
9630:
9627:
9625:
9621:
9615:
9614:
9610:
9609:
9606:
9603:
9601:
9597:
9591:
9590:
9586:
9585:
9582:
9579:
9575:
9569:
9568:
9564:
9562:
9560:
9557:Cycliophora (
9555:
9554:
9551:
9548:
9545:
9540:
9525:
9523:
9518:
9516:
9513:
9511:
9508:
9507:
9505:
9503:
9499:
9493:
9490:
9488:
9487:
9483:
9482:
9480:
9478:
9474:
9471:
9467:
9463:
9460:
9457:
9452:
9436:
9435:
9431:
9429:
9428:
9424:
9423:
9422:
9419:
9417:
9416:
9411:
9410:
9408:
9404:
9398:
9395:
9393:
9390:
9389:
9386:
9383:
9381:
9377:
9373:
9370:
9367:
9362:
9336:
9335:
9331:
9329:
9328:
9324:
9323:
9321:
9319:
9315:
9309:
9306:
9305:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9296:Panarthropoda
9293:
9287:
9284:
9283:
9280:
9277:
9273:
9269:
9263:
9260:
9258:
9257:
9253:
9252:
9250:
9248:
9244:
9241:
9237:
9227:
9224:
9222:
9219:
9218:
9216:
9214:
9210:
9206:
9203:
9200:
9195:
9192:
9189:
9184:
9180:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9164:
9160:
9159:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9147:
9141:
9140:
9136:
9134:
9131:
9130:
9127:
9124:
9121:
9116:
9112:
9108:
9103:
9099:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9081:
9077:
9073:
9068:
9067:
9064:
9049:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9039:
9033:
9032:
9028:
9026:
9024:
9019:
9018:
9015:
9012:
9009:
9004:
9000:
8994:
8991:
8989:
8988:
8984:
8983:
8980:
8977:
8974:
8969:
8965:
8953:
8950:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8940:
8939:
8938:
8935:
8933:
8930:
8929:
8928:
8925:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8915:Stramenopiles
8913:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8903:
8899:
8896:
8895:
8894:
8891:
8890:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8881:
8878:(major groups
8876:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8858:
8854:
8853:
8849:
8845:
8842:
8834:
8829:
8827:
8822:
8820:
8815:
8814:
8811:
8804:
8799:
8795:
8792:
8787:
8783:
8782:
8769:
8765:
8761:
8757:
8752:
8747:
8743:
8739:
8735:
8731:
8727:
8720:
8706:
8700:
8696:
8692:
8685:
8677:
8673:
8668:
8663:
8658:
8653:
8649:
8645:
8641:
8637:
8633:
8626:
8618:
8614:
8610:
8606:
8602:
8598:
8594:
8590:
8586:
8582:
8575:
8567:
8563:
8559:
8555:
8551:
8547:
8543:
8539:
8535:
8531:
8524:
8516:
8512:
8508:
8506:9783110291469
8502:
8498:
8494:
8490:
8483:
8475:
8471:
8466:
8461:
8458:(1): 95–119.
8457:
8453:
8449:
8442:
8433:
8428:
8424:
8420:
8416:
8409:
8401:
8397:
8393:
8389:
8385:
8381:
8374:
8366:
8362:
8358:
8354:
8349:
8344:
8340:
8336:
8332:
8328:
8324:
8317:
8302:
8298:
8292:
8278:
8274:
8270:
8266:
8259:
8252:
8250:
8248:
8246:
8237:
8233:
8228:
8223:
8218:
8213:
8209:
8205:
8201:
8197:
8193:
8186:
8184:
8174:
8159:
8155:
8151:
8144:
8142:
8140:
8131:
8127:
8123:
8119:
8115:
8111:
8104:
8102:
8093:
8089:
8085:
8081:
8077:
8073:
8066:
8052:
8048:
8044:
8040:
8036:
8032:
8025:
8018:
8004:
7998:
7994:
7987:
7980:
7978:
7976:
7967:
7963:
7959:
7955:
7948:
7941:
7933:
7929:
7925:
7921:
7917:
7913:
7910:(2): 253–95.
7909:
7905:
7898:
7890:
7886:
7882:
7878:
7874:
7870:
7866:
7859:
7857:
7855:
7853:
7851:
7836:on 2013-07-11
7835:
7831:
7827:
7823:
7819:
7812:
7794:
7787:
7780:
7772:
7768:
7764:
7760:
7756:
7752:
7748:
7744:
7740:
7733:
7725:
7719:
7715:
7708:
7693:
7692:
7691:The Economist
7687:
7681:
7673:
7667:
7663:
7659:
7652:
7644:
7640:
7636:
7632:
7628:
7624:
7623:Hydrobiologia
7620:
7613:
7611:
7596:
7590:
7586:
7582:
7575:
7561:
7555:
7551:
7550:
7549:The worm book
7542:
7534:
7528:
7524:
7523:
7515:
7507:
7501:
7497:
7493:
7486:
7484:
7482:
7480:
7478:
7476:
7474:
7472:
7463:
7457:
7453:
7446:
7444:
7442:
7440:
7438:
7429:
7423:
7419:
7412:
7404:
7398:
7394:
7387:
7379:
7373:
7369:
7365:
7364:
7356:
7354:
7345:
7339:
7335:
7331:
7330:
7322:
7314:
7308:
7304:
7300:
7299:
7291:
7289:
7280:
7274:
7270:
7266:
7265:
7257:
7249:
7243:
7239:
7235:
7234:
7226:
7218:
7212:
7208:
7204:
7203:
7195:
7187:
7183:
7179:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7161:
7157:
7153:
7146:
7138:
7132:
7128:
7124:
7123:
7115:
7113:
7111:
7109:
7100:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7083:(2): 93–103.
7082:
7078:
7074:
7067:
7060:
7058:
7051:
7045:
7041:
7040:
7032:
7026:
7021:
7003:
6999:
6995:
6991:
6987:
6983:
6979:
6972:
6965:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6941:
6937:
6933:
6929:
6922:
6914:
6908:
6904:
6900:
6899:
6891:
6883:
6877:
6873:
6869:
6868:
6860:
6852:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6837:
6829:
6821:
6815:
6811:
6804:
6796:
6790:
6786:
6782:
6781:
6773:
6765:
6759:
6755:
6751:
6750:
6742:
6740:
6731:
6727:
6723:
6719:
6715:
6711:
6704:
6696:
6690:
6686:
6679:
6677:
6675:
6673:
6671:
6669:
6667:
6665:
6663:
6661:
6659:
6657:
6655:
6653:
6651:
6644:
6639:
6633:
6628:
6620:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6579:
6571:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6543:
6539:
6535:
6528:
6520:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6487:
6479:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6451:
6447:
6443:
6439:
6435:
6428:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6379:
6377:
6375:
6366:
6360:
6356:
6352:
6351:
6343:
6341:
6339:
6337:
6328:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6313:
6305:
6297:
6291:
6287:
6280:
6278:
6276:
6274:
6272:
6263:
6257:
6253:
6246:
6244:
6242:
6240:
6238:
6236:
6234:
6232:
6230:
6228:
6226:
6216:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6192:
6190:
6181:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6130:
6128:
6126:
6124:
6122:
6120:
6118:
6116:
6101:
6097:
6090:
6083:
6075:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6060:
6052:
6050:
6048:
6046:
6044:
6042:
6040:
6038:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6030:
6028:
6026:
6024:
6022:
6020:
6018:
6016:
6014:
6012:
6010:
6008:
6006:
6004:
6002:
6000:
5998:
5996:
5994:
5992:
5990:
5988:
5986:
5984:
5982:
5980:
5971:
5964:
5962:
5960:
5958:
5949:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5924:
5922:
5920:
5918:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5866:
5859:
5851:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5829:
5821:
5820:
5814:
5809:
5803:
5801:
5792:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5751:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5716:
5712:
5706:
5704:
5702:
5697:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5638:
5631:
5627:
5621:
5617:
5604:
5603:
5595:
5594:
5586:
5585:
5577:
5576:
5568:
5567:
5559:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5548:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5528:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5515:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5504:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5489:
5488:
5482:
5481:
5475:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5467:
5466:
5465:
5455:
5454:
5448:
5447:
5443:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5430:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5419:
5418:
5415:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5408:Phragmochaeta
5399:
5398:
5392:
5391:
5385:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5372:
5371:
5363:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5350:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5330:
5329:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5303:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5289:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5279:
5272:
5271:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5257:
5255:
5251:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5231:lophophorates
5228:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5215:lophophorates
5207:
5203:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5179:
5178:
5170:
5169:
5161:
5160:
5152:
5151:
5143:
5142:
5134:
5133:
5125:
5124:
5116:
5115:
5107:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5097:
5091:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5078:
5077:
5069:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5039:
5033:
5032:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5010:
5009:
5006:
5003:
4998:
4992:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4972:
4971:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4934:
4931:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4913:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4898:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4890:
4887:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4853:
4852:
4849:
4846:
4841:
4835:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4821:
4815:
4814:
4808:
4807:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4782:
4776:
4775:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4751:
4747:
4741:
4740:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4712:Deuterostomia
4707:
4706:
4700:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4676:
4675:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4661:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4630:independently
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4614:deuterostomes
4611:
4607:
4603:
4588:
4587:
4579:
4578:
4570:
4569:
4561:
4560:
4552:
4551:
4543:
4542:
4534:
4533:
4525:
4524:
4516:
4515:
4507:
4506:
4503:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4485:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4472:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4466:Maldanomorpha
4461:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4432:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4419:
4418:
4410:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4332:
4331:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4290:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4173:
4172:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4143:Polygordiidae
4138:
4137:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4115:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4039:
4038:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4002:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3953:
3952:
3944:
3943:
3935:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3885:
3884:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3848:
3847:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3764:contains the
3763:
3759:
3755:
3754:pogonophorans
3751:
3748:contains the
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3700:
3698:
3697:invertebrates
3694:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3657:pogonophorans
3654:
3647:
3643:
3632:
3631:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3601:
3600:
3592:
3591:
3583:
3582:
3579:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3556:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3541:
3536:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3516:
3515:
3507:
3506:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3449:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3409:
3408:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3352:
3351:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3310:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3284:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3268:
3263:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3216:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3182:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3138:Canalipalpata
3136:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3084:
3083:
3075:
3074:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3042:
3041:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2936:
2935:Canalipalpata
2933:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2742:
2739:in the early
2738:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2705:Burgess shale
2700:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2680:
2679:Carboniferous
2674:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2653:
2648:
2647:Sirius Passet
2644:
2643:
2642:Phragmochaeta
2638:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2625:
2619:
2614:
2613:Burgess Shale
2610:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2529:Fossil record
2525:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2479:has provided
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2455:
2454:blood-letting
2451:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2320:decomposition
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2171:
2164:
2112:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2019:metanephridia
2015:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1954:Phyllodocidae
1951:
1947:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1856:chlorocruorin
1853:
1849:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1703:compound eyes
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1558:plesiomorphic
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1525:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1480:contains the
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1452:
1445:
1432:
1396:
1364:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1261:
1250:
1243:
1230:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1173:
1157:
1155:
1154:blood vessels
1151:
1147:
1143:
1140:and does not
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1062:pogonophorans
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:mitochondrion
1047:
1043:
1042:developmental
1039:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
991:
988:
983:
979:
975:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
955:
954:
952:
948:
944:
943:Archiannelida
934:
930:
926:
922:
919:
916:
912:
908:
905:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
889:nuchal organs
886:
883:
882:
878:
874:
869:
862:
855:
844:
840:
839:nuchal organs
836:
832:
829:
828:
827:
824:
823:
818:
817:
812:
802:
800:
794:
789:
786:from the mid
785:
779:
774:
773:Carboniferous
770:
767:in the early
764:
759:
755:
751:
746:
743:
742:blood-letting
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
714:
712:
708:
703:
699:
695:
694:blood vessels
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
603:triploblastic
600:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
559:
554:
548:
516:
510:
478:
467:
463:
458:
455:
450:
447:
442:
439:
434:
431:
427:
423:
420:
418:
415:
411:
405:
401:
400:
399:
395:
391:
385:
381:
380:
379:
377:
365:
362:
360:
359:Maldanomorpha
357:
355:
352:
348:
345:
343:
340:
339:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
309:
308:
305:
299:
296:
294:
291:
290:
289:
286:
284:
281:
280:
279:
276:
274:
271:
270:
269:
266:
264:
263:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
238:
237:
235:
229:
224:
219:
214:
211:
208:
207:
204:
201:
199:Superphylum:
198:
197:
194:
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
126:
121:
117:
112:
108:
103:
98:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
22:
19:
10898:
10869:
10861:
10847:
10783:Orthonectida
10778:Gastrotricha
10753:Nematomorpha
10728:Chaetognatha
10718:Hemichordate
10645:Pteridophyta
10514:Malawimonada
10388:Korarchaeota
10349:Thermotogota
10334:Synergistota
10309:Nitrospirota
10304:Nitrospinota
10249:Deinococcota
10182:Bacteroidota
10081:Potentially
10076:
10029:
10006:
10005:
9999:Gymnolaemata
9994:Stenolaemata
9983:Ectoproctans
9981:
9952:
9923:
9899:
9893:Pterobranchs
9880:
9856:
9832:
9808:
9784:
9778:within phyla
9776:Major groups
9646:
9633:Bryozoa s.l.
9624:Lophophorata
9612:
9588:
9566:
9565:
9558:
9521:
9510:Orthonectida
9485:
9432:
9425:
9414:
9333:
9326:
9255:
9213:Scalidophora
9162:
9150:Ambulacraria
9137:
9050:(see below↓)
9030:
9022:
8986:
8937:Opisthokonta
8733:
8729:
8719:
8708:. Retrieved
8694:
8684:
8639:
8635:
8625:
8584:
8580:
8574:
8533:
8529:
8523:
8488:
8482:
8455:
8451:
8441:
8422:
8418:
8408:
8383:
8379:
8373:
8330:
8326:
8316:
8305:. Retrieved
8291:
8280:. Retrieved
8268:
8264:
8199:
8195:
8173:
8162:. Retrieved
8153:
8113:
8109:
8075:
8071:
8065:
8054:. Retrieved
8034:
8030:
8017:
8006:. Retrieved
7992:
7957:
7953:
7940:
7907:
7903:
7897:
7875:(1): 57–69.
7872:
7868:
7864:
7838:. Retrieved
7834:the original
7821:
7811:
7800:. Retrieved
7779:
7746:
7743:Paleobiology
7742:
7732:
7713:
7707:
7696:. Retrieved
7689:
7680:
7661:
7651:
7626:
7622:
7618:
7598:. Retrieved
7584:
7574:
7563:. Retrieved
7548:
7541:
7521:
7514:
7495:
7451:
7417:
7411:
7392:
7386:
7362:
7328:
7321:
7297:
7263:
7256:
7232:
7225:
7201:
7194:
7159:
7155:
7145:
7121:
7080:
7076:
7066:
7056:
7053:
7038:
7031:
7020:
7009:. Retrieved
6981:
6977:
6964:
6931:
6927:
6921:
6897:
6890:
6866:
6859:
6835:
6828:
6809:
6803:
6779:
6772:
6748:
6713:
6709:
6703:
6684:
6638:
6627:
6595:(1): 56–59.
6592:
6588:
6578:
6541:
6538:BMC Genomics
6537:
6527:
6500:
6496:
6486:
6441:
6437:
6427:
6392:
6388:
6349:
6311:
6304:
6285:
6251:
6205:
6201:
6143:
6139:
6103:. Retrieved
6099:
6095:
6082:
6058:
5969:
5929:
5875:
5871:
5858:
5847:
5828:
5817:
5764:
5760:
5750:
5725:
5721:
5648:
5644:
5637:
5629:
5620:
5551:
5531:
5507:
5492:
5462:
5458:
5446:Lophophorata
5444:
5423:
5422:
5406:
5402:
5354:
5353:
5337:
5333:
5310:
5306:
5276:
5275:
5241:secreted by
5235:sister group
5212:
5185:
5094:
5056:
5036:
4995:
4975:
4954:Lophophorata
4923:
4902:
4901:
4879:
4838:
4818:
4779:
4744:
4710:
4681:Acoelomorpha
4679:
4599:
4495:oligochaetes
4488:
4464:
4449:
4402:
4389:Capitellidae
4387:
4362:
4315:
4300:
4270:Siboglinidae
4268:
4253:
4217:
4192:
4187:
4158:Protodrilida
4156:
4141:
4109:Phyllodocida
4107:
4092:
4022:
4006:
4005:
3983:
3927:
3912:
3889:
3888:
3831:
3816:
3787:
3727:
3702:The updated
3701:
3693:segmentation
3689:
3684:sister-group
3676:tree of life
3669:
3650:
3641:
3639:
3617:
3577:
3562:Siboglinidae
3559:
3539:
3492:
3465:
3452:
3425:
3392:
3368:
3335:
3313:
3287:
3232:
3219:
3185:
3100:
3058:
3025:
3012:Phyllodocida
3010:
2976:
2961:
2946:
2892:
2879:Euarthropoda
2877:
2845:
2806:oligochaetes
2795:
2775:Body fossils
2766:period from
2752:trace fossil
2722:oligochaetes
2719:
2712:
2696:, less than
2657:
2640:
2630:
2606:
2600:
2597:sea anemones
2575:
2562:
2544:
2537:
2497:
2475:, and their
2473:microsurgery
2458:
2447:
2444:
2442:operations.
2405:
2385:oligochaetes
2374:
2355:
2351:
2344:
2341:
2301:
2296:
2274:spermathecae
2256:Most mature
2255:
2243:
2233:but produce
2224:
2207:metamorphose
2177:
2093:
2089:Chaetopterus
2087:
2081:
2069:
2066:oligochaetes
2056:
2050:tubeworm is
2016:
1981:Siboglinidae
1974:
1938:
1891:
1874:
1860:blood plasma
1845:
1825:
1726:
1691:chemosensors
1683:
1664:
1655:
1618:
1597:
1562:
1530:
1512:
1506:
1494:
1458:
1430:
1394:
1354:Segmentation
1299:Body cavity
1098:invertebrate
1095:
1070:Orthonectida
1067:
959:Siboglinidae
940:
907:Oligochaetes
843:chemosensors
820:
814:
808:
784:body fossils
747:
715:
667:
623:oligochaetes
611:invertebrate
596:
563:
555:
514:
476:
474:
460:(old phylum)
452:(old phylum)
444:(old phylum)
436:(old phylum)
410:paraphyletic
390:paraphyletic
375:
373:
347:Capitellidae
322:Siboglinidae
293:Phyllodocida
260:
233:
231:
212:
189:(unranked):
179:(unranked):
166:
153:
18:
11042:iNaturalist
10923:Wikispecies
10838:Brachiopoda
10813:Cycliophora
10758:Onychophora
10733:Kinorhyncha
10655:Ginkgophyta
10650:Cycadophyta
10615:Chlorophyta
10605:Glaucophyta
10299:Myxococcota
10217:Chlorobiota
10212:Chlamydiota
10057:Tusk shells
10042:Cephalopods
10013:Polychaetes
9960:Turbellaria
9941:Crustaceans
9917:Secernentea
9907:Chromadorea
9888:Acorn worms
9858:Echinoderms
9850:Vertebrates
9792:Demosponges
9726:is disputed
9188:Protostomia
9076:is disputed
9003:ParaHoxozoa
8271:: 229–256.
7694:. July 2008
5553:Brachiopoda
5256:structure.
5225:fossils, a
4977:Brachiopoda
4881:Cycliophora
4733:Protostomia
4646:trochophore
4642:lophophores
4638:brachiopods
4618:vertebrates
4602:protostomes
4376:Capitellida
4194:Myzostomida
3985:Amphinomida
3833:Magelonidae
3774:Myzostomida
3770:phyllodocid
3750:clitellates
3720:Amphinomida
3680:sipunculans
3291:Oligochaeta
2963:Terebellida
2894:Onychophora
2802:clitellates
2798:polychaetes
2569:polychaetes
2564:Dickinsonia
2555:mineralized
2551:Polychaetes
2547:soft-bodied
2440:aquaculture
2436:polychaetes
2432:aquaculture
2414:, a marine
2412:Palolo worm
2394:that cause
2389:myxosporean
2381:flagellates
2362:tidal zones
2358:coral reefs
2312:leaf litter
2280:produces a
2258:clitellates
2227:polychaetes
2211:apical tuft
2196:trochophore
2095:Dodecaceria
2058:Polychaetes
1970:clitellates
1906:clitellates
1902:polychaetes
1898:respiration
1888:Respiration
1864:capillaries
1828:peristalsis
1820:Peristalsis
1791:nitrogenous
1745:mesothelium
1737:mesenteries
1699:camera eyes
1675:Vertebrates
1637:polychaetes
1633:polychaetes
1540:-secreting
1490:polychaetes
1486:peristomium
1461:Diurodrilus
1400: Mouth
1349:Description
1282:polychaetes
1203:Onychophora
1086:Magelonidae
1054:Myzostomida
1012:tardigrades
1001:echinoderms
993:Myzostomida
897:pack saddle
885:Clitellates
831:Polychaetes
754:mineralized
750:soft-bodied
718:food chains
702:undulations
698:peristalsis
659:brachiopods
651:protostomes
635:Pogonophora
619:polychaetes
588:tidal zones
466:Machaeridia
457:Pogonophora
449:Myzostomida
404:Oligochaeta
337:Capitellida
273:Myzostomida
256:Sipunculida
251:Amphinomida
183:Protostomia
11162:Categories
10871:Parakaryon
10833:Entoprocta
10768:Arthropoda
10763:Tardigrada
10743:Priapulida
10738:Loricifera
10723:Echinoderm
10693:Ctenophora
10665:Gnetophyta
10620:Charophyta
10610:Rhodophyta
10582:Ascomycota
10577:Zygomycota
10519:Metamonada
10494:Euglenozoa
10479:Ciliophora
10187:Balneolota
10162:Aquificota
10037:Gastropods
10018:Clitellata
9925:Arthropods
9864:Sea lilies
9810:Cnidarians
9728:; see also
9658:Brachiozoa
9421:Syndermata
9380:Gnathifera
9078:; see also
9023:Trichoplax
9021:Placozoa (
9008:Planulozoa
8710:2009-07-03
8307:2009-04-13
8282:2009-04-17
8164:2009-04-13
8056:2009-04-13
8008:2009-04-13
7840:2012-08-29
7802:2009-04-12
7698:2009-04-20
7600:2009-04-12
7565:2009-04-02
7427:0030259827
7011:2009-03-11
6716:(8): 953.
6105:2009-04-20
5692:References
5537:Tommotiids
5464:Wufengella
5339:Kimberella
5245:; paired,
5243:microvilli
5229:found the
5192:nemerteans
5058:Ectoprocta
5038:Entoprocta
4964:Brachiozoa
4781:Gnathifera
4750:Arthropods
4626:Articulata
4622:arthropods
4610:bilaterian
4606:superphyla
4491:Clitellata
4206:Sedentaria
3746:Sedentaria
3738:Sedentaria
3642:simplified
3267:Clitellata
2859:Articulata
2810:earthworms
2779:Ordovician
2741:Cretaceous
2668:Ordovician
2522:See also:
2416:polychaete
2262:earthworms
2215:prototroch
2071:Aulophorus
2068:, such as
1894:earthworms
1869:earthworms
1852:hemoglobin
1783:hemoglobin
1712:statocysts
1667:arthropods
1593:arthropods
1585:microvilli
1470:prostomium
1436: Anus
1198:Arthropoda
1146:arthropods
1078:nemerteans
1010:or of the
999:and other
911:earthworms
788:Ordovician
745:strength.
726:ecosystems
678:locomotion
663:nemerteans
580:earthworms
574:including
398:Clitellata
384:Polychaeta
364:Clitellata
307:Sedentaria
10788:Dicyemida
10660:Pinophyta
10539:Telonemia
10474:Cryptista
10464:Breviatea
10449:Amoebozoa
10444:Alveolata
10425:Eukaryote
10177:Bacillota
10023:Sipuncula
9970:Monogenea
9965:Trematoda
9936:Myriapods
9901:Nematodes
9845:Tunicates
9840:Lancelets
9834:Chordates
9826:Myxozoans
9733:Nephrozoa
9722:phylogeny
9522:Salinella
9477:Rouphozoa
9318:Tactopoda
9247:Nematoida
9199:Ecdysozoa
9120:Bilateria
9107:Bilateria
9088:Benthozoa
9083:Eumetazoa
9072:phylogeny
9042:Bilateria
8932:Amoebozoa
8910:Alveolata
8898:Cryptista
8873:Eukaryota
8760:1879-0445
8515:242569001
7865:Myoscolex
7178:0960-9822
6146:(1): 57.
5630:annélides
5494:Phoronida
5247:metameric
5196:flatworms
4997:Phoronida
4820:Rouphozoa
4746:Ecdysozoa
4720:chordates
4668:Bilateria
4654:Ecdysozoa
4364:Opheliida
4302:Sabellida
4219:Orbiniida
4081:Aciculata
4024:Sipuncula
3818:Oweniidae
3758:echiurans
3724:Sipuncula
3661:echiurans
3316:Hirudinea
3235:Sipuncula
3144:Aciculata
3126:Scolecida
3102:Sipuncula
3060:Scolecida
2999:Aciculata
2948:Sabellida
2632:Myoscolex
2593:jellyfish
2589:cnidarian
2559:Ediacaran
2493:spreading
2398:in fish.
2392:parasites
2387:transmit
2278:clitellum
2192:nephridia
1992:inorganic
1985:symbiotic
1966:sediments
1950:Eunicidae
1914:parapodia
1904:and some
1882:inchworms
1875:However,
1832:parapodia
1781:-carrier
1752:modified
1729:coelomata
1660:epidermis
1581:follicles
1573:parapodia
1478:periproct
1307:proboscis
1272:α-chitin
1188:Sipuncula
1082:Oweniidae
1058:echiurans
1030:Sipuncula
1016:flatworms
1008:flatworms
1005:trematode
982:taxonomic
933:inchworms
929:parasites
921:Hirudinea
893:clitellum
877:clitellum
873:earthworm
835:parapodia
799:Paleogene
758:Ediacaran
707:pharynges
690:Sipuncula
674:parapodia
643:Sipuncula
631:Cladistic
615:parapodia
607:coelomate
433:Sipuncula
422:Hirudinea
327:Sabellida
312:Orbiniida
288:Aciculata
173:Nephrozoa
160:Bilateria
143:Kingdom:
137:Eukaryota
97:Ediacaran
95:Possible
11168:Annelids
10956:Annelida
10943:Annelida
10929:Annelida
10908:Wikidata
10899:Annelida
10848:Annelida
10843:Mollusca
10823:Phoronid
10818:Nemertea
10793:Rotifera
10773:Flatworm
10748:Nematoda
10713:Chordate
10703:Cnidaria
10698:Placozoa
10529:Rhizaria
10504:Haptista
10484:Cercozoa
10144:Bacteria
10047:Bivalves
10031:Molluscs
10007:Annelids
9366:Spiralia
8973:Animalia
8927:Amorphea
8905:Rhizaria
8893:Hacrobia
8883:Excavata
8868:Bacteria
8803:Annelida
8791:Annelida
8768:36170853
8676:10781038
8558:18322464
8474:83066199
8425:: 1–26.
8365:12919216
8357:26212885
8301:Archived
8158:Archived
8130:86797269
7932:39772232
7924:10881389
7889:85216629
7793:Archived
7771:84073818
7643:22669841
7186:38593767
7099:21672726
7002:Archived
6956:22020406
6948:15982370
6730:84995596
6632:Annelida
6619:19513266
6570:19327168
6519:17921486
6419:14782179
6411:21708764
6180:17411434
5900:23393261
5836:(1911).
5810:(1878).
5791:36417903
5742:35811524
5673:21368831
5424:Annelida
5356:Mollusca
5278:Nemertea
5250:coelomic
5200:cleavage
5188:molluscs
5096:Nemertea
4925:Mollusca
4903:Annelida
4768:Spiralia
4752:, etc.)
4634:molluscs
4317:Spionida
4094:Eunicida
4071:Errantia
3788:Annelida
3762:Errantia
3742:Errantia
3718:and the
3160:Annelida
3027:Eunicida
2978:Spionida
2915:Annelida
2822:families
2764:Triassic
2726:Tertiary
2707:beds in
2694:Jurassic
2681:, about
2670:, about
2649:, about
2627:Cambrian
2577:Cloudina
2508:proteins
2428:Ragworms
2366:sediment
2300:'s book
2270:copulate
2213:and the
2203:plankton
2143:Mesoderm
2073:furcatus
2048:sabellid
1988:bacteria
1946:families
1803:excreted
1787:proteins
1771:glycogen
1749:membrane
1687:ciliated
1569:traction
1533:collagen
1474:pygidium
1318:Hemocoel
1277:Molting
1266:Collagen
1193:Nemertea
1168:Annelida
1138:collagen
1134:secreted
1102:segments
1038:Mollusca
1034:bristles
1020:rotifers
997:crinoids
995:live on
790:, about
775:, about
769:Cambrian
711:sediment
670:segments
655:molluscs
576:ragworms
515:Annelida
477:annelids
332:Spionida
298:Eunicida
278:Errantia
213:Annelida
209:Phylum:
193:Spiralia
147:Animalia
133:Domain:
24:Annelida
10828:Bryozoa
10524:Provora
10499:Jakobea
10489:Discoba
10435:Protist
10372:Archaea
10125:Extant
10052:Chitons
9975:Cestoda
9912:Enoplea
9786:Sponges
9559:Symbion
9502:Mesozoa
8942:Animals
8863:Archaea
8839:Extant
8738:Bibcode
8644:Bibcode
8617:4334033
8609:9168109
8589:Bibcode
8566:4397099
8538:Bibcode
8400:5353873
8335:Bibcode
8236:9223304
8204:Bibcode
8080:Bibcode
8039:Bibcode
7751:Bibcode
7368:477–478
7334:466–469
7303:434–441
7269:196–224
7238:423–425
7207:103–104
7127:425–429
6998:1416582
6903:505–510
6872:518–521
6841:271–282
6785:490–495
6754:523–524
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6478:9223304
6446:Bibcode
6355:471–482
6171:1855331
6148:Bibcode
6064:414–420
5908:6112274
5880:Bibcode
5872:Science
5846:(ed.).
5769:Bibcode
5681:4428998
5653:Bibcode
5509:Bryozoa
5312:Wiwaxia
5239:chaetae
5233:as the
4840:Mesozoa
4499:leeches
4404:Echiura
3766:eunicid
3468:Echiura
3320:leeches
3132:Palpata
2925:Palpata
2847:Echiura
2818:leeches
2781:, from
2743:, from
2690:sessile
2664:mollusc
2659:Wiwaxia
2622:in the
2602:Canadia
2580:, from
2504:calcium
2450:leeches
2424:Anglers
2377:leeches
2360:and in
2337:badgers
2286:ovaries
2266:leeches
2156:= cilia
2128:Stomach
2077:leeches
2062:budding
2052:budding
2008:methane
1941:pharynx
1877:leeches
1837:sessile
1795:ammonia
1629:ganglia
1625:pharynx
1513:annelus
1502:leeches
1466:chaetae
1286:leeches
1183:Echiura
1132:but is
1126:cuticle
1074:Mesozoa
978:Echiura
686:Echiura
639:Echiura
584:leeches
572:species
558:anellus
551:, from
464:Class †
441:Echiura
426:leeches
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342:Echiura
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11109:941620
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2282:cocoon
2251:gonads
2199:larvae
2084:genera
1948:, the
1896:, all
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1779:oxygen
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8396:S2CID
8361:S2CID
8261:(PDF)
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5612:Notes
5219:phyla
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3665:phyla
2760:fecal
2645:from
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2188:sperm
2180:sexes
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2046:This
2027:urine
2012:seeps
2010:from
2006:, or
2002:from
1962:cilia
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1841:cilia
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1511:word
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1342:Open
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951:class
925:leech
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627:leech
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11086:6340
11081:NCBI
11068:ITIS
11029:GBIF
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2148:Anus
2092:and
1998:and
1977:anus
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722:soil
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11060:234
10977:EoL
10951:AFD
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