2546:
2562:
1763:
352:
1084:
2578:
2274:
2038:, the large variety of body shapes presents a difficult problem when attempting to apply standard directional terms. Depending on the organism, some terms are taken by analogy from vertebrate anatomy, and appropriate novel terms are applied as needed. Some such borrowed terms are widely applicable in most invertebrates; for example proximal, meaning "near" refers to the part of an appendage nearest to where it joins the body, and distal, meaning "standing away from" is used for the part furthest from the point of attachment. In all cases, the usage of terms is dependent on the
2064:
558:
2079:
2454:
573:
2170:
411:
542:
2049:
2473:
2113:
604:
37:
4190:
4547:
215:
313:
4557:
2094:
499:
1345:
1591:
343:. This means descriptions as if the organism is in its standard anatomical position, even when the organism in question has appendages in another position. This helps avoid confusion in terminology when referring to the same organism in different postures. In humans, this refers to the body in a standing position with arms at the side and palms facing forward, with thumbs out and to the sides.
1754:
1439:
to the front of the face than the superior aspect of the organism. Similarly, the term "caudal" is used more in embryology and only occasionally used in human anatomy. This is because the brain is situated at the superior part of the head whereas the nose is situated in the anterior part. Thus, the "rostrocaudal axis" refers to a C shape (see image).
1134:. Although the direction indicated by "proximal" and "distal" is always respectively towards or away from the point of attachment, a given structure can be either proximal or distal in relation to another point of reference. Thus the elbow is distal to a wound on the upper arm, but proximal to a wound on the lower arm.
771:) are used to indicate that something is towards (-ad) or away from (-ab) something else. For example, "distad" means "in the distal direction", and "distad of the femur" means "beyond the femur in the distal direction". Further examples may include cephalad (towards the cephalic end), craniad, and proximad.
1542:
and dentistry apply special terms of location to describe the mouth and teeth. This is because although teeth may be aligned with their main axes within the jaw, some different relationships require special terminology as well; for example, teeth also can be rotated, and in such contexts terms like
1438:
These terms are generally preferred in veterinary medicine and not used as often in human medicine. In humans, "cranial" and "cephalic" are used to refer to the skull, with "cranial" being used more commonly. The term "rostral" is rarely used in human anatomy, apart from embryology, and refers more
2144:
organisms, there is nothing to distinguish one line through the centre of the organism from any other. An indefinite number of triads of mutually perpendicular axes could be defined, but any such choice of axes would be useless, as nothing would distinguish a chosen triad from any others. In such
2031:, so a term such as "rostral" used to refer to the beak in some animals is instead used to refer to part of the brain; humans do also not have a tail so a term such as "caudal" that refers to the tail end may also be used in humans and animals without tails to refer to the hind part of the body.
2026:
organisms, anatomical descriptions usually use the same terms as those for other vertebrates. However, humans stand upright on two legs, meaning their anterior/posterior and ventral/dorsal directions are the same, and the inferior/superior directions are necessary. Humans do not have a
372:
Many anatomical terms can be combined, either to indicate a position in two axes simultaneously or to indicate the direction of a movement relative to the body. For example, "anterolateral" indicates a position that is both anterior and lateral to the body axis (such as the bulk of the
516:
The axes of the body are lines drawn about which an organism is roughly symmetrical. To do this, distinct ends of an organism are chosen, and the axis is named according to those directions. An organism that is symmetrical on both sides has three main axes that intersect at
2545:
1141:. Unfortunately, different authors use the terms in opposite senses. Some consider "distal" as further from a point of origin near the centre of the body and others as further from where the organ reaches the body's surface; or other points of origin may be envisaged.
2384:(jellyfish, sea anemones and corals) have an incomplete digestive system, meaning that one end of the organism has a mouth, and the opposite end has no opening from the gut (coelenteron). For this reason, the end of the organism with the mouth is referred to as the
258:
to precisely delineate and communicate information about animal bodies and their organs, even though the meaning of some of the terms often is context-sensitive. Much of this information has been standardised in internationally agreed vocabularies for humans
2539:. Usually, the eyes are arranged in two roughly parallel, horizontal and symmetrical rows of eyes. Eyes are labelled according to their position as anterior and posterior lateral eyes (ALE) and (PLE); and anterior and posterior median eyes (AME) and (PME).
1807:
are complementary terms describing an anatomical structure that is rotated forwards (towards the front of the body) or backwards (towards the back of the body), relative to some other position. They are particularly used to describe the curvature of the
179:, some terms may not have any meaning at all; for example, an animal that is radially symmetrical will have no anterior surface, but can still have a description that a part is close to the middle ("proximal") or further from the middle ("distal").
1985: 'internal organs'): associated with organs within the body's cavities and pertaining to the innermost layer. For example, the stomach is covered with a lining called the visceral peritoneum, as opposed to the parietal peritoneum.
1601:
Additional terms may be used to avoid confusion when describing the surfaces of the hand and what is the "anterior" or "posterior" surface. The term "anterior", while anatomically correct, can be confusing when describing the
1115: 'to stand away from') are used to describe parts of a feature that are close to or distant from the main mass of the body, respectively. Thus the upper arm in humans is proximal and the hand is distal.
1893: 'axle'): around the central axis of the organism or the extremity. Two related terms, "abaxial" and "adaxial", refer to locations away from and toward the central axis of an organism, respectively
290:, such as how humans tend to be standing upright and with their arms reaching forward. Thus, the "top" of a human is the head, whereas the "top" of a dog would be the back, and the "top" of a
2561:
156:. This position provides a definition of what is at the front ("anterior"), behind ("posterior") and so on. As part of defining and describing terms, the body is described through the use of
1372:
Specific terms exist to describe how close or far something is to the head or tail of an animal. To describe how close to the head of an animal something is, three distinct terms are used:
2411:
Unlike vertebrates, cnidarians have only a single distinctive axis. "Lateral", "dorsal", and "ventral" have no meaning in such organisms, and all can be replaced by the generic term
1144:
This terminology is also employed in molecular biology and therefore by extension is also used in chemistry, specifically referring to the atomic loci of molecules from the overall
489:, which is perpendicular to the other two planes. In a human, this plane is parallel to the ground; in a quadruped, this divides the animal into anterior and posterior sections.
2453:
3853:
572:
644: 'preposition beneath, close to, nearly etc') is used to indicate something that is beneath, or something that is subordinate to or lesser than. For example,
3497:
914: 'middle') describes structures close to the midline, or closer to the midline than another structure. For example, in a human, the arms are lateral to the
115:
2022:
in animals, whether animals stand on one or two legs, and whether an animal is symmetrical or not, as discussed above. For example, as humans are approximately
1547:, and "medial" and "lateral" are used to refer to the closeness to the midline of the dental arch. Terms used to describe structures include "buccal" (from
1163:
refer to the distance towards and away from the centre of something. That might be an organ, a region in the body, or an anatomical structure. For example, the
2527:
refers to the surface of a leg that is closest to the posterior end of an arachnid's body. Most spiders have eight eyes in four pairs. All the eyes are on the
1062: 'knock-kneed' ) are terms used to describe a state in which a part further away is abnormally placed towards (varus) or away from (valgus) the midline.
2199:
can be defined by points on opposite sides of the organism. There is typically no basis for the definition of a third axis. Usually such organisms are
541:
2427:
can be used, but in the case of radiates indicates the central point, rather than a central axis as in vertebrates. Thus, there are multiple possible
1543:"anterior" or "lateral" become ambiguous. For example, the terms "distal" and "proximal" are also redefined to mean the distance away or close to the
2551:
Aspects of spider anatomy. This aspect shows the mainly prolateral surface of the anterior femora, plus the typical horizontal eye pattern of the
1387: 'beak, nose') describes something situated toward the oral or nasal region, or in the case of the brain, toward the tip of the frontal lobe.
2140:
organisms, most directional terms are meaningless, since the shape of the organism is not constant and no distinct axes are fixed. Similarly, in
1304: 'back') surface of an organism refers to the back, or upper side, of an organism. If talking about the skull, the dorsal side is the top.
3401:
2187:
In organisms that maintain a constant shape and have one dimension longer than the other, at least two directional terms can be used. The
108:
2577:
1967: 'boundary or end') at the extremity of a usually projecting structure. For example, "...an antenna with a terminal sensory hair".
1606:
of the hand; Similarly is "posterior", used to describe the back of the hand and arm. This confusion can arise because the forearm can
182:
International organisations have determined vocabularies that are often used as standards for subdisciplines of anatomy. For example,
2472:
2063:
557:
2078:
4515:
101:
2211:, where they appear essentially two-dimensional. In some cases a third axis can be defined, particularly where a non-terminal
814:, the most superior part of the human body is the head and the most inferior is the feet. As a second example, in humans, the
3936:
3896:
3812:
3507:
3438:
3411:
3275:
2919:
2862:
2752:
977: 'against'): on the side opposite to another structure. For example, the right arm and leg are controlled by the left,
339:
can change position with respect to the main body, terms to describe position need to refer to an animal when it is in its
1490:, made to landmarks that are on the skin or visible underneath. For example, structures may be described relative to the
1878:
Several other terms are also used to describe location. These terms are not used to form the fixed axes. Terms include:
1638:
is its dorsal surface; the underside, either the palmar (on the forelimb) or the plantar (on the hindlimb) surface. The
4214:
2973:
4110:
4078:
4043:
4016:
3977:
3379:
3347:
3339:
3319:
1138:
218:
Because of differences in the way humans and other animals are structured, different terms are used according to the
2364:
2048:
388:
image may be said to be "anteroposterior", indicating that the beam of X-rays passes from their source to patient's
1499:
88:
73:
3078:
4601:
4209:
2222:
have distinctive ends of the body. In such organisms, the end with a mouth (or equivalent structure, such as the
1207:) describes something further away from the centre of something. For example, the arm is peripheral to the body.
45:
3109:
1073:
4328:
2806:
995: 'same'): on the same side as another structure. For example, the left arm is ipsilateral to the left leg.
3456:"A proposal for a standard terminology of anatomical notation and orientation in fossil vertebrate dentitions"
902: 'to the side') describes something to the sides of an animal, as in "left lateral" and "right lateral".
4285:
2830:
2818:
2300:
also have distinctive ends. The part of the organism attached to the substrate is usually referred to as the
2093:
1491:
3471:
4596:
4527:
4452:
4447:
3253:
3251:
2618:
1467:
the structure is at. The position is often abbreviated. For example, structures at the level of the fourth
340:
317:
307:
287:
267:
190:
153:
3578:
3157:
Singh, S (8 March 2000). "Chemistry, design, and structure-activity relationship of cocaine antagonists".
4457:
4242:
2603:
1580:
396:
body wall. Combined terms were once generally hyphenated, but the modern tendency is to omit the hyphen.
3926:
3772:
3676:
3674:
3248:
1989:
can also be used to mean "organ". For example, the stomach is a viscus within the abdominal cavity, and
4189:
3833:
3784:
1762:
1231:
of the abdomen is deep to the skin. "Deep" is one of the few anatomical terms of location derived from
728: 'above, on top of') is used to indicate something that is above something else. For example, the
83:
78:
2907:
2895:
1700:
Similarly, in the forearm, for clarity, the sides are named after the bones. Structures closer to the
1508:
are used to describe anatomical location. For example, the mid-clavicular line is used as part of the
351:
4565:
3671:
3659:
3647:
3582:
3538:
3536:
3534:
2883:
2175:
1168:
835:
3521:
3519:
3263:
2943:
2871:
4204:
3287:
2931:
2498:
1505:
63:
17:
3531:
3030:
4591:
3516:
2278:
2005:) is used to denote a location along the gastrointestinal tract that is relatively closer to the
1949:
is the lining on the inside of the abdominal cavity. Parietal can also refer specifically to the
1228:
617:, the prefix 'ab-', is used to indicate something that is 'away from' the mouth, for example the
3236:
3200:
3190:
3188:
3042:
2535:, and their sizes, shapes and locations are characteristic of various spider families and other
2312: 'support/foundation'), whereas the end furthest from the attachment is referred to as the
4532:
4437:
3066:
2416:
1164:
1083:
655:
261:
184:
53:
3428:
3054:
3018:
2854:
4323:
4103:
3821:
3224:
3185:
3006:
2994:
2982:
2742:
2628:
1257: 'surface') describes something near the outer surface of the organism. For example, in
1077:
2443:
do have distinct "tentacular" and "pharyngeal" axes and are thus anatomically equivalent to
4480:
4123:
2264:(not normally attached to a surface), although the term can also be applied to one that is
1787:
1224:
364:
4383:
2523:
refers to the surface of a leg that is closest to the anterior end of an arachnid's body.
521:. An organism that is round or not symmetrical may have different axes. Example axes are:
8:
4495:
4363:
4221:
4159:
4142:
3695:"Evaluation of the extent of neoplastic infiltration in small intestinal tumours in dogs"
3212:
2794:
2768:
2623:
2375:
2289:
2265:
2023:
1509:
1487:
1453:
978:
954:
939:
811:
645:
393:
4388:
2273:
1945: 'wall'): pertaining to the outer wall of a body cavity. For example, the parietal
4510:
4398:
4067:
3729:
3694:
3475:
2963:
2367:
2141:
1866:
1651:
1529:
1145:
729:
703:
681:
680: 'under') is used to indicate something that is within or below. For example, the
548:
2195:
is defined by points at the opposite ends of the organism. Similarly, a perpendicular
1227:) describes something further away from the surface of the organism. For example, the
864: 'after') describes what is to the back of something. For example, for a dog the
274:
Different terms are used for groups of creatures with different body layouts, such as
206:, to have a standard set of terms to communicate clearly the position of a structure.
4606:
4556:
4406:
4340:
4318:
4226:
4172:
4152:
4074:
4039:
4022:
4012:
3973:
3932:
3902:
3892:
3808:
3734:
3716:
3503:
3434:
3407:
3375:
3343:
3335:
3315:
3174:
2969:
2858:
2748:
2483:
2239:
2234:
1472:
1468:
1452:
The location of anatomical structures can also be described in relation to different
959:'left'). However, it is preferred to use more precise terms where possible.
663:
3603:
1685:
459:
4586:
4550:
4485:
4280:
4096:
3724:
3706:
3556:
3479:
3467:
3166:
2208:
1495:
1464:
1460:
1235:
rather than Latin – the anglicised Latin term would have been "profound" (from
1054:
508:
485:
419:
405:
374:
157:
1679:
1626: 'palm of the hand') is commonly used to describe the front of the hand, and
1427: 'tail') describes how close something is to the trailing end of an organism.
167:
The meaning of terms that are used can change depending on whether an organism is
4308:
4292:
4275:
3608:
2363:
and others are also included, since they are pentaradial, meaning they have five
2332:
2169:
1908:
1779:
1476:
1044:
890:
These terms describe how close something is to the midline, or the medial plane.
702: 'between') is used to indicate something that is between. For example, the
685:
161:
3632:
410:
294:
may be on either the left or right side. Unique terms are also used to describe
4560:
4378:
4350:
4335:
4313:
2502:
2401:
2389:
2317:
2305:
1978:
1960:
1938:
1900:
1886:
1854:
1820:
1619:
1556:
1548:
1420:
1406:
1394:
1380:
1312:
1297:
1250:
1236:
1196:
1178:
1131:
1108:
1096:
1059:
1049:
1024:
1002:
988:
970:
945:
930:
907:
895:
857:
845:
803:
791:
764:
752:
721:
695:
673:
662: 'under') is used to indicate something that is beneath. For example, the
637:
453:
332:
243:
203:
149:
4053:
1614:
and flip the location of the hand. For improved clarity, the directional term
929:
The terms "left" and "right" are sometimes used, or their Latin alternatives (
27:
Standard terms for unambiguous description of relative placement of body parts
4580:
4421:
4358:
4263:
4258:
4179:
4137:
4026:
3906:
3720:
3455:
3135:
2348:
2112:
2035:
1991:
1950:
1701:
1639:
1539:
1323:
1204:
1186:
472:
2260:. Properly, this terminology would apply only to an organism that is always
1831:
than normal, whether pathologically or incidentally. For example, a woman's
607:
Terms can be modified with prefixes and suffixes. In this image showing the
4505:
4416:
4411:
4147:
3884:
3738:
3178:
2360:
2124: – an amoeba). (b) An organism with a spherical body plan (
1319: 'belly') surface refers to the front, or lower side, of an organism.
603:
428:
295:
247:
227:
199:
176:
1413: 'head') describes how close something is to the head of an organism.
36:
4522:
4373:
4368:
4270:
4088:
4054:"Dictionary by Merriam-Webster: America's most-trusted online dictionary"
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2552:
1674:
1568:
1544:
1232:
1010:
518:
437:
172:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
1590:
1189:
run centrally through the body; many smaller vessels branch from these.
621:. Other terms are combined to indicate axes, such as proximodistal axis.
2613:
2608:
2584:
2440:
2356:
2344:
2261:
2228:
2200:
1946:
1924:
1534:
Special terms are used to describe the mouth and teeth. Fields such as
1483:
and coccyx are fused, they are not often used to provide the location.
1435:, the eyes are caudal to the nose and rostral to the back of the head.
1331:
1278:
823:
279:
223:
3170:
432:, which divides the body into left and right. This passes through the
327:
can change orientation with respect to their environment, and because
312:
286:
is different between the two groups, and so is what is considered the
4500:
4490:
4475:
4167:
3957:"Collins Online Dictionary | Definitions, Thesaurus and Translations"
3711:
2674:
2598:
2568:
2463:
2444:
2243:
2238:), or the end that usually points in the direction of the organism's
2223:
2212:
2129:
2117:
2039:
2019:
1535:
1513:
1456:. They are used in anatomy, surface anatomy, surgery, and radiology.
1361:
1262:
1119:
1072:"Proximal" and "distal" redirect here. For the linguistic terms, see
919:
613:
608:
381:
328:
255:
251:
214:
195:
3956:
3499:
Textbook of Oral
Anatomy, Physiology, Histology and Tooth Morphology
1368:
meaning the region on C shape connecting rostral and caudal regions.
498:
194:
for animals. These allow parties that use anatomical terms, such as
2528:
2516:
2512:
2479:
2381:
2378:. Radially symmetrical organisms always have one distinctive axis.
2352:
2340:
2297:
2293:
2219:
2204:
2137:
2070:
1611:
1357:
1327:
1266:
1217:
These terms refer to the distance of a structure from the surface.
1127:
578:
389:
336:
291:
283:
219:
1009: 'twice'): on both sides of the body. For example, bilateral
242:
terms of location have been developed, usually based on Latin and
4119:
2532:
2508:
2336:
2248:
1666:
1607:
1036:
298:
as well, because of their wider variety of shapes and symmetry.
239:
235:
168:
133:
3987:
3400:
Butler, Paul; Mitchell, Adam W. M.; Ellis, Harold (1999-10-14).
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
1459:
Structures may be described as being at the level of a specific
1344:
926:
has a similar meaning to lateral but is restricted to the head.
418:
Anatomical terms describe structures with relation to four main
355:
Anatomical terms can be combined to be more specific. This is a
2180:
1928:
1840:
1832:
1809:
1791:
1775:
1729:
1647:
1598:
Several anatomical terms are particular to the hands and feet.
1480:
1137:
The terms are also applied to internal anatomy, such as to the
1032:
1014:
810: 'below') describes what is below it. For example, in the
741:
626:
582:
324:
275:
137:
3372:
Invertebrate zoology : a functional evolutionary approach
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2645:
2536:
2371:
2100:
1721:
1579:"Plantar" redirects here. For the fictional frog family, see
1564:
1517:
1432:
915:
880:
openings are posterior to the eyes but anterior to the tail.
819:
441:
385:
145:
141:
2120:. (a) An organism with an asymmetrical, amoeboid body plan (
1907: 'light, opening'): on the—hollow—inside of an organ's
1185:) describes something close to the centre. For example, the
3854:"Chave de identificação dos Ctenophora da costa brasileira"
2085:
2028:
2006:
1753:
1716:, and structures relating to both bones are referred to as
1709:
1603:
1258:
1123:
877:
873:
869:
865:
815:
564:
445:
433:
360:
3140:
Mitteilungen der
Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft
2715:
2511:. Two specialized terms are useful in describing views of
1654:
is so named because it is on the dorsal side of the foot.
1118:"Proximal and distal" are frequently used when describing
4009:
Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice
3136:"Lippen are not lips, and other nomenclatural confusions"
2055:
1827:) describes an anatomical structure being tilted further
1693:
pads are those on the underside of hands or fingers; the
1635:
1631:
733:
707:
3972:(4th ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: Saunders/Elsevier.
3891:(3rd ed.). Dubuque, IA: W.C. Brown Co. p. 19.
3633:"Study Guide - Histology of the Gastrointestinal System"
502:
Organisms where the ends of the long axis are distinct (
246:
words, to enable all biological and medical scientists,
3472:
10.1671/0272-4634(2003)23[1:APFAST]2.0.CO;2
3374:(7th ed.). Thomson, Belmont: Thomson-Brooks/Cole.
2396: 'of the mouth'), and the opposite surface is the
2107:
2013:
1471:
may be abbreviated as "C4", at the level of the fourth
1074:
Demonstrative § Distal and proximal demonstratives
278:(creatures that stand on two feet, such as humans) and
4073:(3rd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3306:
3304:
3302:
1697:
surface describes the sole of the heel, foot or toes.
1031: 'one'): on one side of the body. For example, a
535:
Examples of axes in specific animals are shown below.
4036:
Vertebrates: comparative anatomy, function, evolution
1563: 'palate') referring to structures close to the
798: 'above') describes what is above something and
3693:Morrice, Michael; Polton, Gerry; Beck, Sam (2019).
3399:
3299:
3260:, "dorsal/ventral axis specification" (GO:0009950).
2784:
2782:
2466:, showing multiple radial and medio-peripheral axes
1720:. Similarly, in the lower leg, structures near the
1630:is the back of the hand. For example, the top of a
4066:
4006:
3310:Hickman, C. P. Jr., Roberts, L. S. and Larson, A.
2853:(6th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p.
2709:
4011:(41st ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Limited.
3745:
3692:
3686:
3426:
3284:, "cranial" and "cephalic", accessed 3 July 2020.
3090:
2928:, "Super-" and "Supra-", accessed on 3 July 2020.
2327:
4578:
3369:
2779:
1995:refers to pain originating from internal organs.
1442:
872:is considered the most posterior part; for many
852: 'before') describes what is in front, and
4052:
3967:
3931:. Oxford University Press, US. pp. 17–19.
3839:
3790:
3778:
3680:
3665:
3653:
3491:
3489:
3447:
3433:. Gulf Professional Publishing. pp. 558–.
3293:
3281:
3269:
2949:
2937:
2925:
2913:
2901:
2889:
2877:
2836:
2824:
2812:
2668:
1339:
834:"Anterior" redirects here. For other uses, see
301:
3502:. Wolters kluwer india Pvt Ltd. pp. 6–7.
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3087:, "varus" and "valgus", accessed 17 July 2020.
2848:
2815:, "Anteroposterior", accessed 14 October 2020.
2136:In organisms with a changeable shape, such as
2018:Different terms are used because of different
1594:Anatomical terms used to describe a human hand
547:Anatomical axes in a human, similar for other
4104:
4033:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3763:
3495:
2961:
2728:
476:, which divides the body into front and back.
109:
3845:
3757:
3554:
3486:
2827:, "Cephalocaudal", accessed 14 October 2020.
2744:The Chest X-ray: A Systematic Teaching Atlas
625:Several terms are commonly seen and used as
3453:
3420:
3352:
3324:
2839:, "Dorsoventral", accessed 14 October 2020.
1861:) describes an anatomical structure tilted
1650:of muscles which flex the fingers, and the
1039:, meaning weakness on one side of the body.
392:body wall through the body to exit through
4118:
4111:
4097:
3913:
3877:
3766:A Concise Etymological Dictionary of Latin
3630:
3133:
2849:Pellerito, John; Polak, Joseph F. (2012).
1873:
116:
102:
3968:Dyce, KM; Sack, WO; Wensing, CJG (2010).
3802:
3728:
3710:
3406:. Cambridge University Press. p. 1.
3370:Ruppert, EE; Fox, RS; Barnes, RD (2004).
2962:Gordh, Gordon; Headrick, David H (2011).
1843:may be anteverted, that is to say tilted
1835:typically is anteverted, tilted slightly
1151:
829:
175:. Additionally, for some animals such as
3807:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3579:"NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms "lumen""
3545:, "retroversion", accessed 17 July 2020.
3039:, "contralateral", accessed 2 July 2020.
2851:Introduction to Vascular Ultrasonography
2272:
2168:
2111:
1589:
1343:
1082:
782:
666:supplies the muscles beneath the tongue.
602:
497:
409:
350:
311:
213:
4038:(8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
3955:
3827:
3542:
3528:, "anteversion", accessed 17 July 2020.
3525:
3242:
3230:
3218:
3206:
3194:
3084:
3072:
3060:
3048:
3036:
3024:
3012:
3000:
2988:
2800:
2439:. However, some biradially symmetrical
2256:end. The opposite end then becomes the
1743:
1555: 'cheek') and "palatal" (from
1447:
1212:
132:are used to describe unambiguously the
14:
4579:
4069:Hyman's comparative vertebrate anatomy
3883:
3781:, "rostral", accessed 14 October 2020.
3245:, "superficial", accessed 2 July 2020.
3209:, "peripheral", accessed 17 July 2020.
3051:, "ipsilateral", accessed 2 July 2020.
2955:
2215:or other unique structure is present.
2164:
1953:of the skull or associated structures.
1067:
4092:
3842:, "aboral", accessed 13 October 2020.
3793:, "caudal", accessed 14 October 2020.
3768:. Halle (Saale): Max Niemeyer Verlag.
3395:
3393:
3391:
3156:
3075:, "unilateral", accessed 2 July 2020.
2740:
1865:away from something. An example is a
1486:References may also take origin from
1277:These two terms, used in anatomy and
1272:
885:
4064:
3751:
3096:
3063:, "bilateral", accessed 2 July 2020.
3027:, "posterior", accessed 2 July 2020.
2916:, "Inter-", accessed on 3 July 2020.
2904:, "Infra-", accessed on 3 July 2020.
2788:
2108:Asymmetrical and spherical organisms
2014:Specific animals and other organisms
1919:is away from the lumen. Opposite to
1911:(body cavity or tubular structure);
1673:is used exclusively to describe the
1475:"T4", and at the level of the third
962:Terms derived from lateral include:
563:Anatomical axes and directions in a
144:. The terms, typically derived from
3830:, "oral", accessed 13 October 2020.
3683:, "visceral", accessed 3 July 2020.
3668:, "terminal", accessed 3 July 2020.
3656:, "parietal", accessed 3 July 2020.
3233:, "profound", accessed 2 July 2020.
3197:, "central", accessed 17 July 2020.
3110:"What do distal and proximal mean?"
3015:, "anterior", accessed 2 July 2020.
3003:, "inferior", accessed 2 July 2020.
2991:, "superior", accessed 2 July 2020.
2892:, "Hypo-", accessed on 3 July 2020.
2567:Typical arrangement of eyes in the
1677:. These terms describe location as
1661:can also be used synonymously with
24:
3986:
3948:
3460:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3388:
3272:, "rostral", accessed 3 July 2020.
3257:
2952:, "an-", accessed on 17 July 2020.
2880:, "Sub-", accessed on 3 July 2020.
2341:jellyfish, sea anemones and corals
2268:(normally attached to a surface).
2207:, and are nearly always viewed on
2099:Anatomical terms of location in a
2084:Anatomical terms of location in a
2069:Anatomical terms of location in a
2054:Anatomical terms of location in a
1523:
1463:, depending on the section of the
1281:, describe something at the back (
25:
4618:
3852:Oliveira, Otto Müller Patrão de.
3851:
3454:Smith, J. B.; Dodson, P. (2003).
3332:General Zoology Laboratory Manual
3296:, "caudal", accessed 3 July 2020.
2940:, "-ad", accessed on 3 July 2020.
2374:are not included, since they are
2288:Organisms that are attached to a
2252:), is normally designated as the
1665:to refer to the underside of the
1574:
346:
152:roots, describe something in its
4555:
4546:
4545:
4188:
3496:Rajkumar, K.; Ramya, R. (2017).
2803:, "axis", accessed 17 July 2020.
2576:
2560:
2544:
2471:
2452:
2092:
2077:
2062:
2047:
1761:
1752:
1087:Anatomical directional reference
979:contralateral, side of the brain
868:is anterior to the eyes and the
581:or near-spheroid organs such as
571:
556:
540:
35:
3924:
3868:
3796:
3699:Veterinary Medicine and Science
3624:
3596:
3571:
3548:
3221:, "deep", accessed 2 July 2020.
3150:
3127:
3102:
2842:
2284:, showing the apical–basal axes
316:A male and female human in the
209:
4065:Wake, Marvale H., ed. (1992).
4007:Standring, Susan, ed. (2016).
3994:. The Gene Ontology Consortium
3970:Textbook of veterinary anatomy
3874:Ruppert et al. (2004), p. 184.
3635:. Southern Illinois University
2761:
2734:
2333:Radially symmetrical organisms
2328:Radially symmetrical organisms
2282:sponges (Venus flower baskets)
2145:organisms, only terms such as
1348:In the human skull, the terms
13:
1:
3557:"Medical Definition of Lumen"
2669:Dyce, Sack & Wensing 2010
2634:
2339: – primarily
1492:anterior superior iliac spine
1443:Other terms and special cases
775:
744:, added to the end of words:
4528:Standard anatomical position
4453:Glossary of plant morphology
4448:Glossary of dinosaur anatomy
4443:Anatomical terms of location
3803:Valentine, James W. (2004).
3403:Applied Radiological Anatomy
2639:
2619:Proper right and proper left
2571:, with PME being the largest
2183:with a fixed elongated shape
2161:, are usefully descriptive.
1340:Rostral, cranial, and caudal
1322:For example, in a fish, the
1139:reproductive tract of snails
1076:. For the dental terms, see
598:
444:, and, in many animals, the
414:Anatomical planes in a human
341:standard anatomical position
318:standard anatomical position
308:Standard anatomical position
302:Standard anatomical position
288:standard anatomical position
282:. The reasoning is that the
268:Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria
191:Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria
154:standard anatomical position
130:anatomical terms of location
7:
3134:Hutchinson, J.M.C. (2022).
2604:Geometric terms of location
2592:
2507:Special terms are used for
2335:include those in the group
2116:Asymmetrical and spherical
1708:, structures closer to the
222:and whether an animal is a
10:
4623:
3427:Pieter A. Folkens (2000).
2965:A Dictionary of Entomology
2496:
2492:
2487:, aboral and oral surfaces
2242:(such as the end with the
1578:
1527:
1356:are adapted to the curved
1169:peripheral nervous systems
1071:
1017:on both sides of the body.
833:
403:
305:
4566:Index of anatomy articles
4541:
4468:
4430:
4397:
4349:
4301:
4251:
4235:
4197:
4186:
4130:
4034:Kardong, Kenneth (2019).
3583:National Cancer Institute
2176:Phaeodactylum tricornutum
1782:(above), compared with a
1035:can result in unilateral
836:Anterior (disambiguation)
399:
4215:morphological plasticity
4205:Bacterial cell structure
2741:Hofer, Matthias (2006).
2587:the AME are the largest.
2499:Glossary of spider terms
2423: 'circumference').
1931:, or the cavity's wall).
1847:to some relevant degree.
1728:and structures near the
1512:in medicine to feel the
1052: 'bow-legged') and
922:are medial to the legs.
740:Other terms are used as
525:The anteroposterior axis
44:This article is part of
4058:www.merriam-webster.com
3925:Foelix, Rainer (2011).
3889:How to Know the Spiders
3611:.com Medical Dictionary
2445:bilaterally symmetrical
2376:bilaterally symmetrical
2280:Euplectella aspergillum
2142:spherically symmetrical
2024:bilaterally symmetrical
1874:Other directional terms
1243: 'due to depth').
1229:external oblique muscle
648:means beneath the skin.
493:
4602:Orientation (geometry)
4533:Transcendental anatomy
4438:Anatomical terminology
3805:On the Origin of Phyla
3764:Tucker, T. G. (1931).
2968:(2nd ed.). CABI.
2747:. Thieme. p. 24.
2285:
2184:
2133:
1595:
1369:
1265:is superficial to the
1165:central nervous system
1152:Central and peripheral
1088:
949:
934:
830:Anterior and posterior
622:
528:The cephalocaudal axis
513:
458:
415:
369:
320:
262:Terminologia Anatomica
231:
185:Terminologia Anatomica
54:Anatomical terminology
4210:cellular morphologies
3961:collinsdictionary.com
2629:Sinistral and dextral
2462:, another species of
2276:
2172:
2128: – a
2115:
1593:
1347:
1330:, but ventral to the
1148:of a given compound.
1103: 'nearest') and
1086:
1078:Glossary of dentistry
783:Superior and inferior
759: 'towards') and
606:
531:The dorsoventral axis
501:
413:
354:
315:
217:
4481:Anatomical variation
4164:Microscopic anatomy
3840:Merriam-Webster 2020
3791:Merriam-Webster 2020
3779:Merriam-Webster 2020
3681:Merriam-Webster 2020
3666:Merriam-Webster 2020
3654:Merriam-Webster 2020
3294:Merriam-Webster 2020
3282:Merriam-Webster 2020
3270:Merriam-Webster 2020
2950:Merriam-Webster 2020
2938:Merriam-Webster 2020
2926:Merriam-Webster 2020
2914:Merriam-Webster 2020
2902:Merriam-Webster 2020
2890:Merriam-Webster 2020
2878:Merriam-Webster 2020
2837:Merriam-Webster 2020
2825:Merriam-Webster 2020
2813:Merriam-Webster 2020
2775:. 29 September 2023.
2712:, pp. xvi–xvii.
2408: 'away from').
2298:animal-like protists
2173:Four individuals of
1788:bimanual examination
1744:Rotational direction
1454:anatomical landmarks
1448:Anatomical landmarks
1213:Superficial and deep
822:but inferior to the
483:, also known as the
463:to the median plane.
365:Mantophryne insignis
4597:Medical terminology
4496:Form classification
4364:Neanderthal anatomy
4222:Colonial morphology
4160:Comparative anatomy
4143:Superficial anatomy
3631:David King (2009).
3314:. McGraw-Hill 2003
3114:The Survival Doctor
2710:Gray's Anatomy 2016
2624:Reflection symmetry
2365:discrete rotational
2324: 'peak/tip').
2165:Elongated organisms
1790:facing towards the
1488:superficial anatomy
1068:Proximal and distal
818:is superior to the
812:anatomical position
730:supraorbital ridges
704:intercostal muscles
585:may be measured by
504:Paramecium caudatum
4511:History of anatomy
4198:Bacteria and fungi
3928:Biology of Spiders
3856:. Biota Neotropica
3555:William C. Shiel.
2286:
2185:
2134:
1867:retroverted uterus
1786:uterus undergoing
1652:dorsal venous arch
1596:
1530:Dental terminology
1479:"L3". Because the
1401: 'skull') or
1370:
1326:are dorsal to the
1289:) of an organism.
1285:) or front/belly (
1273:Dorsal and ventral
1203:, originally from
1089:
886:Medial and lateral
682:infraorbital nerve
623:
549:orthograde bipedal
514:
470:, also called the
416:
370:
321:
232:
4574:
4573:
4407:Amphibian anatomy
4399:Other vertebrates
4341:Arthropod cuticle
4319:Insect morphology
4314:Gastropod anatomy
4227:Lichen morphology
4153:brain morphometry
3938:978-0-19-973482-5
3898:978-0-697-04899-8
3814:978-0-226-84548-7
3509:978-93-86691-16-3
3440:978-0-12-746612-5
3413:978-0-521-48110-6
3171:10.1021/cr9700538
2864:978-1-4557-3766-6
2754:978-3-13-144211-6
2484:Porania pulvillus
2209:microscope slides
2193:longitudinal axis
2042:of the organism.
1771:Image showing an
1500:medial epicondyle
1473:thoracic vertebra
1469:cervical vertebra
1013:means removal of
958:
944:'right';
943:
664:hypoglossal nerve
420:anatomical planes
158:anatomical planes
126:
125:
16:(Redirected from
4614:
4559:
4549:
4548:
4486:Anatomical plane
4384:Elephant anatomy
4281:Plant morphology
4192:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4072:
4061:
4049:
4030:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3983:
3964:
3943:
3942:
3922:
3911:
3910:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3849:
3843:
3837:
3831:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3800:
3794:
3788:
3782:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3761:
3755:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3732:
3714:
3712:10.1002/vms3.147
3690:
3684:
3678:
3669:
3663:
3657:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3552:
3546:
3540:
3529:
3523:
3514:
3513:
3493:
3484:
3483:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3397:
3386:
3385:
3367:
3350:
3328:
3322:
3312:Animal Diversity
3308:
3297:
3291:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3183:
3182:
3159:Chemical Reviews
3154:
3148:
3147:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3106:
3100:
3094:
3088:
3082:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3046:
3040:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3004:
2998:
2992:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2935:
2929:
2923:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2899:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2777:
2776:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2713:
2707:
2672:
2666:
2580:
2564:
2548:
2475:
2456:
2433:medio-peripheral
2203:(free-swimming)
2096:
2081:
2066:
2051:
1778:lying above the
1765:
1756:
1506:Anatomical lines
1496:medial malleolus
1465:vertebral column
1431:For example, in
953:
938:
706:run between the
684:runs within the
575:
560:
544:
509:Stentor roeselii
486:transverse plane
481:horizontal plane
406:Anatomical plane
375:pectoralis major
118:
111:
104:
39:
32:
31:
21:
4622:
4621:
4617:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4570:
4537:
4464:
4458:leaf morphology
4426:
4393:
4389:Giraffe anatomy
4345:
4309:Decapod anatomy
4297:
4293:Soil morphology
4276:Plant life-form
4247:
4231:
4193:
4184:
4126:
4117:
4087:
4081:
4046:
4019:
3997:
3995:
3980:
3951:
3949:General sources
3946:
3939:
3923:
3914:
3899:
3882:
3878:
3873:
3869:
3859:
3857:
3850:
3846:
3838:
3834:
3826:
3822:
3815:
3801:
3797:
3789:
3785:
3777:
3773:
3762:
3758:
3750:
3746:
3691:
3687:
3679:
3672:
3664:
3660:
3652:
3648:
3638:
3636:
3629:
3625:
3615:
3613:
3609:Merriam-Webster
3602:
3601:
3597:
3587:
3585:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3562:
3560:
3553:
3549:
3541:
3532:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3494:
3487:
3452:
3448:
3441:
3430:Human Osteology
3425:
3421:
3414:
3398:
3389:
3382:
3368:
3353:
3329:
3325:
3309:
3300:
3292:
3288:
3280:
3276:
3268:
3264:
3256:
3249:
3241:
3237:
3229:
3225:
3217:
3213:
3205:
3201:
3193:
3186:
3165:(3): 925–1024.
3155:
3151:
3132:
3128:
3119:
3117:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3095:
3091:
3083:
3079:
3071:
3067:
3059:
3055:
3047:
3043:
3035:
3031:
3023:
3019:
3011:
3007:
2999:
2995:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2960:
2956:
2948:
2944:
2936:
2932:
2924:
2920:
2912:
2908:
2900:
2896:
2888:
2884:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2847:
2843:
2835:
2831:
2823:
2819:
2811:
2807:
2799:
2795:
2787:
2780:
2773:Merriam-Webster
2767:
2766:
2762:
2755:
2739:
2735:
2727:
2716:
2708:
2675:
2671:, pp. 2–3.
2667:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2572:
2565:
2556:
2549:
2505:
2495:
2488:
2476:
2467:
2457:
2330:
2218:Some elongated
2197:transverse axis
2167:
2153:, or sometimes
2126:Actinophrys sol
2110:
2103:
2097:
2088:
2082:
2073:
2067:
2058:
2052:
2016:
1876:
1839:. A misaligned
1798:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1758:
1757:
1746:
1724:(shinbone) are
1689:; For example,
1588:
1577:
1532:
1526:
1524:Mouth and teeth
1477:lumbar vertebra
1461:spinal vertebra
1450:
1445:
1342:
1275:
1215:
1154:
1081:
1070:
888:
839:
832:
785:
778:
601:
594:
576:
567:
561:
552:
545:
496:
454:sagittal planes
408:
402:
349:
310:
304:
265:) and animals (
212:
204:medical doctors
188:for humans and
162:anatomical axes
122:
93:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4620:
4610:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4592:Animal anatomy
4589:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4563:
4553:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4472:
4470:
4469:Related topics
4466:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4403:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4355:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4336:Spider anatomy
4333:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4316:
4311:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4194:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4170:
4162:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4145:
4140:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4116:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4093:
4086:
4085:
4079:
4062:
4050:
4044:
4031:
4017:
4004:
3988:"GeneOntology"
3984:
3978:
3965:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3937:
3912:
3897:
3876:
3867:
3844:
3832:
3820:
3813:
3795:
3783:
3771:
3756:
3744:
3705:(2): 189–198.
3685:
3670:
3658:
3646:
3623:
3595:
3570:
3547:
3530:
3515:
3508:
3485:
3446:
3439:
3419:
3412:
3387:
3380:
3351:
3330:Miller, S. A.
3323:
3298:
3286:
3274:
3262:
3247:
3235:
3223:
3211:
3199:
3184:
3149:
3126:
3101:
3089:
3077:
3065:
3053:
3041:
3029:
3017:
3005:
2993:
2981:
2975:978-1845935429
2974:
2954:
2942:
2930:
2918:
2906:
2894:
2882:
2870:
2863:
2841:
2829:
2817:
2805:
2793:
2778:
2769:"dorsolateral"
2760:
2753:
2733:
2729:Kardong's 2019
2714:
2673:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2503:Spider anatomy
2494:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2477:
2470:
2468:
2460:Aurelia aurita
2458:
2451:
2329:
2326:
2166:
2163:
2122:Amoeba proteus
2109:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2098:
2091:
2089:
2083:
2076:
2074:
2068:
2061:
2059:
2053:
2046:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
1996:
1968:
1954:
1932:
1894:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1848:
1770:
1769:
1760:
1759:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1576:
1575:Hands and feet
1573:
1571:respectively.
1528:Main article:
1525:
1522:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1429:
1428:
1414:
1388:
1341:
1338:
1274:
1271:
1214:
1211:
1153:
1150:
1069:
1066:
1041:
1040:
1018:
996:
982:
887:
884:
831:
828:
784:
781:
777:
774:
773:
772:
738:
737:
732:are above the
711:
689:
667:
649:
600:
597:
596:
595:
577:
570:
568:
562:
555:
553:
546:
539:
533:
532:
529:
526:
495:
492:
491:
490:
477:
464:
449:
404:Main article:
401:
398:
348:
347:Combined terms
345:
306:Main article:
303:
300:
211:
208:
124:
123:
121:
120:
113:
106:
98:
95:
94:
92:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
60:
57:
56:
50:
49:
41:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4619:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4552:
4544:
4543:
4540:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4467:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4423:
4422:Shark anatomy
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4379:Horse anatomy
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4359:Human anatomy
4357:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4302:Invertebrates
4300:
4294:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4259:Plant anatomy
4257:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4191:
4181:
4180:Morphometrics
4178:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4138:Gross anatomy
4136:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4114:
4109:
4107:
4102:
4100:
4095:
4094:
4091:
4082:
4080:9780226870113
4076:
4071:
4070:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4045:9781260092042
4041:
4037:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4018:9780702052309
4014:
4010:
4005:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3979:9781416066071
3975:
3971:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3953:
3940:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3880:
3871:
3855:
3848:
3841:
3836:
3829:
3824:
3816:
3810:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3787:
3780:
3775:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3748:
3740:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3677:
3675:
3667:
3662:
3655:
3650:
3634:
3627:
3612:
3610:
3605:
3604:""abluminal""
3599:
3584:
3580:
3574:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3527:
3522:
3520:
3511:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3492:
3490:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3450:
3442:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3423:
3415:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3383:
3381:0-03-025982-7
3377:
3373:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3349:
3348:0-07-243559-3
3345:
3341:
3340:0-07-252837-0
3337:
3334:McGraw-Hill,
3333:
3327:
3321:
3320:0-07-234903-4
3317:
3313:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3295:
3290:
3283:
3278:
3271:
3266:
3259:
3254:
3252:
3244:
3239:
3232:
3227:
3220:
3215:
3208:
3203:
3196:
3191:
3189:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3130:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3098:
3093:
3086:
3081:
3074:
3069:
3062:
3057:
3050:
3045:
3038:
3033:
3026:
3021:
3014:
3009:
3002:
2997:
2990:
2985:
2977:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2958:
2951:
2946:
2939:
2934:
2927:
2922:
2915:
2910:
2903:
2898:
2891:
2886:
2879:
2874:
2866:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2833:
2826:
2821:
2814:
2809:
2802:
2797:
2790:
2785:
2783:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2756:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2737:
2731:, p. 16.
2730:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2711:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2670:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2644:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2586:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2500:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2417:Ancient Greek
2414:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2370:. Echinoderm
2369:
2366:
2362:
2361:sea cucumbers
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2283:
2281:
2277:A cluster of
2275:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2258:posterior end
2255:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2171:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2102:
2095:
2090:
2087:
2080:
2075:
2072:
2065:
2060:
2057:
2050:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2036:invertebrates
2032:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2008:
2004:
2001:(opposite to
2000:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1992:visceral pain
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1951:parietal bone
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1764:
1755:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1640:palmar fascia
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1592:
1586:
1584:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1540:palaeontology
1537:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1324:pectoral fins
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1205:Ancient Greek
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1187:great vessels
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1149:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1085:
1079:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
997:
994:
990:
986:
983:
980:
976:
972:
968:
967:Contralateral
965:
964:
963:
960:
956:
951:
947:
941:
936:
932:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
883:
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
837:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
780:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
747:
746:
745:
743:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
717:
712:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
690:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
668:
665:
661:
657:
656:Ancient Greek
653:
650:
647:
643:
639:
635:
632:
631:
630:
628:
620:
616:
615:
610:
605:
592:
588:
584:
580:
574:
569:
566:
559:
554:
550:
543:
538:
537:
536:
530:
527:
524:
523:
522:
520:
511:
510:
506:, above, and
505:
500:
488:
487:
482:
478:
475:
474:
473:coronal plane
469:
468:frontal plane
465:
462:
461:
456:
455:
450:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
430:
425:
424:
423:
421:
412:
407:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
378:
376:
367:
366:
362:
358:
353:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
319:
314:
309:
299:
297:
296:invertebrates
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
272:
270:
269:
264:
263:
257:
253:
249:
248:veterinarians
245:
241:
237:
229:
225:
221:
216:
207:
205:
201:
200:veterinarians
197:
193:
192:
187:
186:
180:
178:
177:invertebrates
174:
170:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
119:
114:
112:
107:
105:
100:
99:
97:
96:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
61:
59:
58:
55:
52:
51:
47:
43:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
4516:19th century
4506:Hertwig rule
4442:
4417:Fish anatomy
4412:Bird anatomy
4286:reproductive
4148:Neuroanatomy
4068:
4057:
4035:
4008:
3996:. Retrieved
3992:GeneOntology
3991:
3969:
3960:
3927:
3888:
3885:Kaston, B.J.
3879:
3870:
3858:. Retrieved
3847:
3835:
3828:Collins 2020
3823:
3804:
3798:
3786:
3774:
3765:
3759:
3754:, p. 1.
3747:
3702:
3698:
3688:
3661:
3649:
3637:. Retrieved
3626:
3614:. Retrieved
3607:
3598:
3586:. Retrieved
3573:
3561:. Retrieved
3559:. MedicieNet
3550:
3543:Collins 2020
3526:Collins 2020
3498:
3463:
3459:
3449:
3429:
3422:
3402:
3371:
3331:
3326:
3311:
3289:
3277:
3265:
3243:Collins 2020
3238:
3231:Collins 2020
3226:
3219:Collins 2020
3214:
3207:Collins 2020
3202:
3195:Collins 2020
3162:
3158:
3152:
3143:
3139:
3129:
3118:. Retrieved
3116:. 2011-10-05
3113:
3104:
3099:, p. 5.
3092:
3085:Collins 2020
3080:
3073:Collins 2020
3068:
3061:Collins 2020
3056:
3049:Collins 2020
3044:
3037:Collins 2020
3032:
3025:Collins 2020
3020:
3013:Collins 2020
3008:
3001:Collins 2020
2996:
2989:Collins 2020
2984:
2964:
2957:
2945:
2933:
2921:
2909:
2897:
2885:
2873:
2850:
2844:
2832:
2820:
2808:
2801:Collins 2020
2796:
2791:, p. 6.
2772:
2763:
2743:
2736:
2525:Retrolateral
2524:
2520:
2506:
2482:
2459:
2441:comb jellies
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2412:
2410:
2405:
2397:
2393:
2385:
2380:
2345:comb jellies
2331:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2301:
2287:
2279:
2270:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2233:
2227:
2217:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2186:
2174:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2135:
2125:
2121:
2033:
2017:
2002:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1956:
1942:
1934:
1920:
1916:
1915:is towards,
1912:
1904:
1896:
1890:
1882:
1877:
1862:
1858:
1851:Retroversion
1850:
1844:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1816:
1805:retroversion
1804:
1800:
1799:
1783:
1772:
1737:
1733:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1705:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1656:
1643:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1600:
1597:
1582:
1560:
1552:
1533:
1510:cardiac exam
1504:
1485:
1458:
1451:
1437:
1430:
1424:
1416:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1390:
1384:
1376:
1371:
1366:rostrocaudal
1365:
1353:
1349:
1336:
1321:
1316:
1308:
1306:
1301:
1293:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1254:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1209:
1200:
1192:
1191:
1182:
1174:
1173:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1143:
1136:
1117:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1092:
1090:
1064:
1053:
1043:
1042:
1028:
1020:
1006:
998:
992:
984:
974:
966:
961:
928:
923:
911:
903:
899:
891:
889:
882:
861:
853:
849:
841:
840:
807:
799:
795:
787:
786:
779:
768:
760:
756:
748:
739:
726:super, supra
725:
715:
713:
699:
691:
677:
669:
659:
651:
646:subcutaneous
641:
633:
624:
618:
612:
590:
586:
534:
519:right angles
515:
507:
503:
484:
480:
471:
467:
457:, which are
452:
429:median plane
427:
417:
379:
371:
363:
359:view of the
357:dorsolateral
356:
322:
273:
266:
260:
233:
228:invertebrate
210:Introduction
189:
183:
181:
166:
140:, including
129:
127:
89:Neuroanatomy
74:Microanatomy
68:
29:
4523:Physiognomy
4374:Dog anatomy
4369:Cat anatomy
4271:Plant habit
3639:12 December
3616:12 December
3588:12 December
3563:12 December
3466:(1): 1–12.
2553:Sparassidae
2429:radial axes
2357:sea urchins
2349:echinoderms
2147:superficial
2118:body shapes
1859:retroversus
1817:Anteversion
1801:Anteversion
1784:retroverted
1657:In humans,
1569:hard palate
1545:dental arch
1255:superficies
1247:Superficial
1233:Old English
1225:Old English
1011:orchiectomy
985:Ipsilateral
551:vertebrates
438:spinal cord
173:quadrupedal
4581:Categories
4431:Glossaries
4243:Structures
4124:morphology
3998:26 October
3120:2016-01-07
2635:References
2614:Laterality
2609:Handedness
2585:Salticidae
2521:Prolateral
2497:See also:
2421:περιφέρεια
2415:(from
2413:peripheral
2400:(from
2398:aboral end
2388:(from
2382:Cnidarians
2351:, such as
2316:(from
2314:apical end
2304:(from
2292:, such as
2262:planktonic
2240:locomotion
2229:Paramecium
2201:planktonic
2020:body plans
1977:(from
1959:(from
1947:peritoneum
1937:(from
1925:adventitia
1899:(from
1885:(from
1853:(from
1825:anteversus
1819:(from
1773:anteverted
1718:radioulnar
1618:(from
1585:characters
1419:(from
1405:(from
1393:(from
1379:(from
1332:dorsal fin
1311:(from
1296:(from
1279:embryology
1249:(from
1223:(from
1201:peripheria
1195:(from
1193:Peripheral
1177:(from
1161:peripheral
1122:, such as
1120:appendages
1107:(from
1095:(from
1091:The terms
1058:(from
1048:(from
1023:(from
1021:Unilateral
1001:(from
987:(from
969:(from
906:(from
894:(from
856:(from
844:(from
802:(from
790:(from
776:Main terms
763:(from
751:(from
720:(from
694:(from
672:(from
654:(from
636:(from
329:appendages
280:quadrupeds
256:anatomists
240:zoological
236:anatomical
224:vertebrate
196:anatomists
4501:Gracility
4491:Body plan
4476:Allometry
4173:molecular
4168:histology
4027:920806541
3907:668250654
3752:Wake 1992
3721:2053-1095
3097:Wake 1992
2789:Wake 1992
2640:Citations
2599:Chirality
2569:Lycosidae
2517:pedipalps
2515:legs and
2464:jellyfish
2447:animals.
2302:basal end
2290:substrate
2244:flagellum
2224:cytostome
2213:cytostome
2130:heliozoan
2040:body plan
1921:outermost
1917:abluminal
1913:adluminal
1536:osteology
1514:apex beat
1362:Hominidae
1263:epidermis
1241:profundus
1183:centralis
1128:tentacles
999:Bilateral
900:lateralis
854:posterior
614:Chrysaora
609:jellyfish
599:Modifiers
394:posterior
382:radiology
377:muscle).
337:tentacles
234:Standard
128:Standard
4607:Position
4551:Category
4236:Protists
3887:(1972).
3739:30779310
3179:11749256
2593:See also
2529:carapace
2513:arachnid
2480:sea star
2435:(half-)
2386:oral end
2368:symmetry
2353:starfish
2347:. Adult
2343:and the
2254:anterior
2220:protists
2205:protists
2155:proximal
2138:amoeboid
2071:kangaroo
1971:Visceral
1965:terminus
1957:Terminal
1935:Parietal
1738:peroneal
1612:supinate
1583:Amphibia
1581:List of
1403:cephalic
1358:neuraxis
1328:anal fin
1267:subcutis
1167:and the
1101:proximus
1093:proximal
1037:weakness
950:sinister
924:Temporal
920:genitals
842:Anterior
800:inferior
788:Superior
742:suffixes
627:prefixes
611:species
579:Spheroid
512:, below)
460:parallel
390:anterior
323:Because
292:flounder
284:neuraxis
220:neuraxis
69:Location
46:a series
18:Anterior
4587:Anatomy
4351:Mammals
4329:Odonata
4324:Diptera
4120:Anatomy
3860:6 April
3730:6498519
3480:8134718
3258:GO 2014
2583:In the
2533:prosoma
2531:of the
2509:spiders
2493:Spiders
2337:Radiata
2294:sponges
2266:sessile
2249:Euglena
2235:Stentor
1983:viscera
1897:Luminal
1845:forward
1837:forward
1829:forward
1794:(below)
1780:bladder
1734:fibular
1695:plantar
1686:plantar
1671:plantar
1648:tendons
1646:to the
1608:pronate
1561:palatum
1516:of the
1498:or the
1399:κρανίον
1391:Cranial
1385:rostrum
1377:Rostral
1350:rostral
1309:ventral
1287:ventral
1175:Central
1157:Central
1113:distare
957:
942:
892:Lateral
808:inferus
325:animals
252:doctors
169:bipedal
138:animals
134:anatomy
4561:Portal
4252:Plants
4131:Fields
4077:
4042:
4025:
4015:
3976:
3935:
3905:
3895:
3811:
3737:
3727:
3719:
3506:
3478:
3437:
3410:
3378:
3346:
3338:
3318:
3177:
3146:: 3–7.
2972:
2861:
2751:
2425:Medial
2394:ōrālis
2372:larvae
2181:diatom
2159:distal
1999:Aboral
1987:Viscus
1975:viscus
1943:paries
1929:serosa
1841:pelvis
1833:uterus
1810:uterus
1792:rectum
1776:uterus
1730:fibula
1726:tibial
1706:radial
1702:radius
1680:palmar
1669:, but
1663:palmar
1644:palmar
1628:dorsal
1616:palmar
1494:, the
1481:sacrum
1433:horses
1417:Caudal
1411:κεφαλή
1354:caudal
1317:venter
1302:dorsum
1294:dorsal
1283:dorsal
1261:, the
1146:moiety
1130:, and
1105:distal
1055:valgus
1033:stroke
1015:testes
975:contra
935:dexter
918:. The
912:medius
904:Medial
718:Supra-
714:Super-
692:Inter-
670:Infra-
619:aboral
583:testes
400:Planes
276:bipeds
202:, and
142:humans
84:Muscle
79:Motion
4264:fruit
3476:S2CID
2419:
2404:
2402:Latin
2392:
2390:Latin
2320:
2318:Latin
2310:basis
2308:
2306:Latin
2101:horse
1981:
1979:Latin
1963:
1961:Latin
1941:
1939:Latin
1923:(the
1909:lumen
1905:lumen
1903:
1901:Latin
1889:
1887:Latin
1883:Axial
1857:
1855:Latin
1823:
1821:Latin
1722:tibia
1714:ulnar
1691:volar
1659:volar
1624:palma
1622:
1620:Latin
1565:cheek
1559:
1557:Latin
1553:bucca
1551:
1549:Latin
1518:heart
1425:cauda
1423:
1421:Latin
1409:
1407:Greek
1397:
1395:Greek
1383:
1381:Latin
1315:
1313:Latin
1300:
1298:Latin
1253:
1251:Latin
1239:
1237:Latin
1199:
1197:Latin
1181:
1179:Latin
1132:limbs
1111:
1109:Latin
1099:
1097:Latin
1060:Latin
1050:Latin
1045:Varus
1027:
1025:Latin
1005:
1003:Latin
991:
989:Latin
973:
971:Latin
946:Latin
931:Latin
916:torso
910:
908:Latin
898:
896:Latin
860:
858:Latin
848:
846:Latin
820:chest
806:
804:Latin
796:super
794:
792:Latin
767:
765:Latin
755:
753:Latin
724:
722:Latin
700:inter
698:
696:Latin
686:orbit
678:infra
676:
674:Latin
658:
652:Hypo-
640:
638:Latin
593:axes.
591:short
442:navel
386:X-ray
384:, an
333:limbs
331:like
244:Greek
150:Greek
146:Latin
4122:and
4075:ISBN
4040:ISBN
4023:OCLC
4013:ISBN
4000:2014
3974:ISBN
3933:ISBN
3903:OCLC
3893:ISBN
3862:2023
3809:ISBN
3735:PMID
3717:ISSN
3641:2020
3618:2020
3590:2020
3565:2020
3504:ISBN
3435:ISBN
3408:ISBN
3376:ISBN
3344:ISBN
3342:and
3336:ISBN
3316:ISBN
3175:PMID
2970:ISBN
2859:ISBN
2749:ISBN
2537:taxa
2501:and
2478:The
2437:axes
2431:and
2322:apex
2189:long
2179:, a
2157:and
2151:deep
2149:and
2086:fish
2029:beak
2007:anus
2003:oral
1973:and
1891:axis
1863:back
1803:and
1736:(or
1732:are
1712:are
1710:ulna
1704:are
1683:and
1675:sole
1667:palm
1610:and
1604:palm
1567:and
1352:and
1307:The
1292:The
1259:skin
1221:Deep
1159:and
1124:fins
1029:unus
993:ipse
955:lit.
940:lit.
878:gill
876:the
874:fish
870:tail
866:nose
862:post
850:ante
824:head
816:neck
734:eyes
708:ribs
634:Sub-
589:and
587:long
565:fish
494:Axes
479:The
466:The
451:The
446:tail
434:head
426:The
361:frog
335:and
254:and
238:and
160:and
64:Bone
3725:PMC
3707:doi
3468:doi
3167:doi
3163:100
3144:107
2855:559
2406:ab-
2246:in
2232:or
2226:in
2191:or
2056:dog
2034:In
1740:).
1642:is
1636:paw
1634:'s
1632:dog
1360:of
1007:bis
761:-ab
749:-ad
716:or
660:ὑπό
642:sub
380:In
271:).
226:or
171:or
148:or
136:of
4583::
4056:.
4021:.
3990:.
3959:.
3915:^
3901:.
3733:.
3723:.
3715:.
3701:.
3697:.
3673:^
3606:.
3581:.
3533:^
3518:^
3488:^
3474:.
3464:23
3462:.
3458:.
3390:^
3354:^
3301:^
3250:^
3187:^
3173:.
3161:.
3142:.
3138:.
3112:.
2857:.
2781:^
2771:.
2717:^
2676:^
2647:^
2519:.
2359:,
2355:,
2296:,
2132:).
1927:,
1812:.
1538:,
1520:.
1502:.
1364:,
1334:.
1269:.
1171:.
1126:,
952:,
948::
937:,
933::
826:.
769:ab
757:ad
629::
440:,
436:,
422::
250:,
198:,
164:.
48:on
4112:e
4105:t
4098:v
4083:.
4060:.
4048:.
4029:.
4002:.
3982:.
3963:.
3941:.
3909:.
3864:.
3817:.
3741:.
3709::
3703:5
3643:.
3620:.
3592:.
3567:.
3512:.
3482:.
3470::
3443:.
3416:.
3384:.
3181:.
3169::
3123:.
2978:.
2867:.
2757:.
2555:.
2009:.
1869:.
1587:.
1080:.
981:.
838:.
736:.
710:.
688:.
448:.
368:.
259:(
230:.
117:e
110:t
103:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
