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108:
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were levied on people, not property. Under the 1645 Virginia taxation act, "all negro men and women and all other men from the age of 16 to 60 shall be judged tithable." It is unclear from the records why the
Johnson women were exempted, but the change gave them the same social standing as white women, who were not taxed. During the case, the justices noted that Anthony and Mary "have lived Inhabitants in Virginia (above thirty years)" and had been respected for their "hard labor and known service".
337:
320:
patron, Robert Parker, than
Anthony Johnson had developed over the years with his patrons. Casor considered the dispute to be a matter of patron-client relationship, and this wrongful assumption resulted in his losing his case in court and having the ruling against him. Johnson knew that the local justices shared his fundamental belief in the sanctity of property. The judge sided with Johnson, although in future legal issues, race played a more prominent role.
348:, allegedly forged a letter in which Johnson acknowledged a debt; whether this debt was real or not is unknown. Johnson did not contest the case. Johnson was illiterate and could not have written the letter; nevertheless, the court awarded Scarborough 100 acres (40 ha) of Johnson's land to pay off his alleged "debt".
191:. Except for those indentured for life, they were released after a contracted period. Those who managed to survive their period of indenture would receive land and equipment after their contracts expired or were bought out. Most white laborers in this period also came to the colony as indentured servants.
351:
In this early period, free blacks enjoyed "relative equality" with the white community. About 20% of free black
Virginians owned their own homes. In 1662, the Virginia Colony passed a law that children in the colony were born with the social status of their mother, according to the Roman principle of
319:
The Casor lawsuit demonstrates the culture and mentality of planters in the mid-17th century. Individuals made assumptions about the society of
Northampton County and their place in it. According to historians T.H. Brean and Stephen Innes, Casor believed he could form a stronger relationship with his
294:
against Parker in the
Northampton Court in 1654 for the return of Casor. The court initially found in favor of Parker, but Johnson appealed. In 1655, the court reversed its ruling. Finding that Anthony Johnson still "owned" John Casor, the court ordered that he be returned with the court dues paid by
376:
Research indicates that when
Johnson died in 1670, his plantation was given to a white colonist, not to Johnson's children. A judge had ruled that he was "not a citizen of the colony" because he was black. In 1677, Anthony and Mary's grandson, John Jr., purchased a 44-acre (18-hectare) farm, which
323:
The Casor lawsuit was an example of how difficult it was for
Africans who were indentured servants to prevent being reduced to slavery. Most Africans could not read and had almost no knowledge of the English language. Planters found it easy to force them into slavery by refusing to acknowledge the
272:
When
Anthony Johnson was released from his servitude, he was legally recognized as a "free Negro." He became a successful farmer. In 1651, he owned 250 acres (100 ha) and the services of five indentured servants (four white and one black). In 1653, John Casor, a black indentured servant whose
260:
In 1652, "an unfortunate fire" caused "great losses" for the family, and
Johnson applied to the courts for tax relief. The court reduced the family's taxes and, on February 28, 1652, exempted his wife Mary and their two daughters from paying taxes "during their natural lives." At that time, taxes
241:
system by buying the contracts of five indentured servants, one of whom was his son, Richard
Johnson. The headright system worked so that if a man were to bring indentured servants over to the colonies (in this particular case, Johnson brought the five servants), he was owed 50 acres a "head", or
171:
The Virginia Muster (census) of 1624 lists his name as "Antonio not given," recorded as "a Negro" in the "notes" column. Historians dispute whether this was the same António later known as Anthony Johnson, as the census lists several men named "Antonio". This one is considered the most likely.
273:
contract Johnson appeared to have bought in the early 1640s, approached Captain Goldsmith, claiming his indenture had expired seven years earlier and that he was being held illegally by Johnson. A neighbor, Robert Parker, intervened and persuaded Johnson to free Casor.
377:
he named Angola. John Jr. died without leaving an heir, however. By 1730, the Johnson family had vanished from historical significance. Genealogical research suggests that some of Anthony's other descendants moved to Delaware and then to North Carolina.
362:, which held that the children of English subjects took the status of their father. The Virginian colonial government expressed the opinion that since Africans were not Christians, common law could not and did not apply to them.
310:
as the first documented slave (or slave for life) in America as punishment for escaping his captors in 1640. It is considered one of the first legal cases to make a racial distinction between black and white indentured servants.
305:
Though Casor was the first person who was declared an enslaved person in a civil case, there were both black and white indentured servants sentenced to lifetime servitude before him. Many historians describe indentured servant
233:
Sometime after 1635, António and Mary concluded the terms of their indentured servitude. António changed his name to Anthony Johnson. He first entered the legal record as an unindentured man when he purchased a calf in 1647.
138:
farmer in Maryland. He attained great wealth after completing his term as an indentured servant and has been referred to as "'the black patriarch' of the first community of Negro property owners in America".
182:
Such workers typically worked under a limited indenture contract for four to seven years to pay off their passage, room, board, lodging, and freedom dues. In the early colonial years, most Africans in the
179:
to a white planter named Bennet to work on his Virginia tobacco farm. (Slave laws were not passed until 1661 in Virginia; before that date, Africans were not officially considered to be enslaved).
536:
237:
The colonial government granted Johnson a large plot of farmland after he paid off his indentured contract by his labor. On July 24, 1651, he acquired 250 acres (100 ha) of land under the
412:
225:. She was brought to work on the same plantation as António, where she was the only woman present. António and Mary married and lived together for more than forty years.
358:. This meant that the children of slave women were born into slavery, even if their fathers were free, European, Christian, and white. This was a reversal of English
709:
1263:
199:
1003:
Taunya Lovell Banks, "Dangerous Woman: Elizabeth Key's Freedom Suit – Subjecthood and Racialized Identity in Seventeenth Century Colonial Virginia"
442:
328:
Although two white planters confirmed that Casor had completed his indentured contract with Johnson, the court still ruled in Johnson's favor.
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An African man indentured in Maryland who amassed sizable landholding and had indentured servants and enslaved people in the 1600s.
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369:, where he negotiated a lease on a 300-acre (120 ha) plot of land for ninety-nine years. He developed the property as a
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By the 1650s, Anthony and Mary Johnson were farming 250 acres in Northampton County, while their two sons owned 550 acres.
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farm, which he named Tories Vineyards. Mary survived, and in 1672, she bequeathed a cow to each of her grandsons.
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623:
Free Africans of North Carolina, Virginia, and South Carolina from the Colonial Period to about 1820, Volume 2
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In the early 1620s, African slave traders kidnapped the man who would later be known as Anthony Johnson in
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1027:
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of Virginia, were attempting to evict the colonists. They raided the settlement where Johnson worked on
160:. A colonist in Virginia bought António. As an indentured servant, António worked for a merchant at the
1779:
1764:
1744:
1678:
1667:
1789:
366:
651:"The Horrible Fate of John Casor, The First Black Man to be Declared Slave for Life in The Colonies"
1505:
888:
A Look at the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments: Slavery Abolished, Equal Protection Established
477:
Motives of Honor, Pleasure, and Profit: Plantation Management in the Colonial Chesapeake, 1607–1763
386:
695:
276:
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354:
195:
1800:
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1089:"The Johnson Family: The Migratory Study of an African-American Family on the Eastern Shore",
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Parker offered Casor work, and he signed a term of indenture to the planter. Johnson filed a
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8:
1627:
1602:
1521:
1464:
1452:
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123: 1600 – 1670) was an Angolan-born man who achieved wealth in the early 17th-century
567:
Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 2
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1002:
886:
345:
307:
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in 1621, he earned his freedom after several years and was granted land by the colony.
128:
124:
69:
1140:, Oneonta, NY: Sondhi Loimthongkul Center for Interdependence, Hartwick College, 1995.
737:
The History of Black Business in America: Capitalism, Race, Entrepreneurship, Volume 1
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holding that a person who had committed no crime could be held in servitude for life.
257:, would later become one of the first African men to be declared indentured for life.
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The Family Legacy of Anthony Johnson: From Jamestown, VA to Somerset, MD, 1619–1995
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1005:, Digital Commons Law, University of Maryland Law School. Retrieved April 21, 2009.
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servant. The land was located on the Great Naswattock Creek, which flowed into the
161:
1196:
1729:
1440:
1363:
1308:
1296:
1290:
1221:
673:"Myne Owne Ground" : Race and Freedom on Virginia's Eastern Shore, 1640–1676
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and sold him to Portuguese slavers, who named him António and sold him into the
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1481:
1284:
414:
History of Black Americans: From Africa to the Emergence of the Cotton Kingdom
1821:
1607:
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1411:
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Johnson ran a tobacco farm using indentured servants. One of those servants,
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1416:
1129:, John R. Howe, Peter J. Frederick, Allen F. Davis, and Allan M. Winkler.
291:
767:
Legal History of the Color Line: The Rise and Triumph of the One-Drop Rule
443:"Catholics who care about US Black history must read 'Four Hundred Souls'"
1532:
1470:
1097:
215:
1073:
Many Thousands Gone, The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America
538:
Up from Slavery; an Unfinished Journey: The Legacy of Dunbar High School
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1082:
1979/reprint 2004, 25th-anniversary edition: Oxford University Press
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completion of their indentured contracts. This is what happened in
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1120:
Slavery in the Americas; A Comparative Study of Virginia and Cuba
1108:
370:
135:
1212:
Fact CheckF: 9 'Facts' About Slavery They Don't Want You to Know
1041:"The impossible story of an African pioneer in colonial America"
1080:"Myne Own Ground" Race and Freedom on Virginia's Eastern Shore,
298:
This was the first instance of a judicial determination in the
1093:, University of Maryland Salisbury, accessed 16 November 2012.
797:
221:
In 1623, a Black woman named Mary arrived aboard the ship
1197:
Site of 17th Century Estate of Anthony and Mary Johnson
1113:
Africans in America: America's Journey Through Slavery,
164:. He was also received into the Roman Catholic Church.
1217:
Court Ruling on Anthony Johnson and His Servant (1655)
228:
1264:
Slavery in the colonial history of the United States
1131:
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society
1102:
Hard Road to Freedom: The Story of African America,
698:, encyclopediavirginia.org. Accessed March 9, 2023.
1251:
885:
1154:, Oxford University Press, NY, 1940 (p. 378)
1819:
707:
314:
16:Indentured servant, farmer, enslaver (1600–1670)
1147:Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1913
763:
1237:
1189:, "The Blurred Racial Lines Famous Families"
857:Colonialism: Key Concepts in American History
560:
558:
406:
404:
402:
19:For other people named Anthony Johnson, see
919:The Black American in United States History
1244:
1230:
1107:Johnson, Charles; Patricia Smith, and the
708:Lombard, Anne; Middleton, Richard (2011).
616:
614:
187:were held under such contracts of limited
1133:. 6th ed. New York: Pearson, 2004. 74–75.
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521:
519:
517:
417:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
399:
167:He sailed to Virginia in 1621 aboard the
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664:
625:. Genealogical Publishing. p. 705.
595:"'Black and white' in Colonial Virginia"
335:
275:
791:
675:. Oxford University Press. p. 12.
644:
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611:
1820:
1145:The Free Negro in Virginia, 1619–1865,
1087:Delmarva Settlers Settlers and Sites -
916:
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828:Popular Controversies in World History
825:
819:
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440:
1735:Burning of Winchester Medical College
1673:Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves
1657:An act concerning Servants and Slaves
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996:
805:. US History Publishers. p. 76.
803:Virginia: A Guide to the Old Dominion
670:
661:
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410:
218:and killed 52 of the 57 men present.
1878:17th-century African-American people
648:
639:
468:
365:Anthony Johnson moved his family to
1207:Anthony Johnson (?–1670), BlackPast
1152:Virginia, Guide to The Old Dominion
939:
711:Colonial America: A History to 1763
13:
1833:American people of Angolan descent
1795:Virginia in the American Civil War
1775:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
1078:Breen, Timothy and Stephen Innes.
741:University of North Carolina Press
502:, pbs.org. Accessed March 9, 2023.
229:Conclusion of indentured servitude
14:
1889:
1755:District of Columbia retrocession
1164:
1075:, Harvard University Press, 1998.
535:D.P.A, Archie Morris III (2019).
1873:17th-century American landowners
1750:Indentured servitude in Virginia
1398:Presidents of the United States
1115:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1999.
267:
106:
21:Anthony Johnson (disambiguation)
1638:List of plantations in Virginia
1202:Johnson Family Genealogy Report
1104:Rutgers University Press, 2002.
1047:
1033:
1021:
1008:
987:
974:
953:
946:Slavery and Indentured Servants
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500:Indentured Servants In The U.S.
1807:White House of the Confederacy
1725:African American Burial Ground
1253:History of slavery in Virginia
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505:
493:
459:
434:
425:
1:
1858:African-American slave owners
1853:People from colonial Virginia
1785:Memorial to Enslaved Laborers
1770:Human trafficking in Virginia
1449:(1728–1804), freed 450 slaves
441:Pender, Alicia (2021-03-13).
392:
344:In 1657, Johnson's neighbor,
340:1666 Marke of Anthony Johnson
331:
315:Significance of Casor lawsuit
210:dominant at that time in the
147:
120:
39:
1843:American indentured servants
1838:17th-century American slaves
1699:Franklin and Armfield Office
1183:, Exploring Maryland's Roots
248:Northampton County, Virginia
142:
7:
1848:People enslaved in Virginia
1511:Randolph family of Virginia
855:Kozlowski, Darrell (2010).
770:. Backintyme. p. 117.
380:
194:António almost died in the
10:
1894:
1868:African-American Catholics
1780:Liberation and Freedom Day
1765:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1745:First Africans in Virginia
1679:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
1668:Fugitive Slave Act of 1793
1136:Matthews, Harry Bradshaw,
1065:
565:Rodriguez, Junius (2007).
479:. UNC Press. p. 115.
447:National Catholic Reporter
281:Handwritten court ruling.
18:
1712:
1689:
1646:
1548:
1391:
1277:
1259:
1143:Russell, Jack Henderson.
1096:Horton, James Oliver and
1028:"Johnson, Anthony – 1670"
714:. John Wiley & Sons.
696:Virginia's First Africans
411:Foner, Philip S. (1980).
367:Somerset County, Maryland
105:
100:
92:
84:
76:
54:
35:
28:
1360:(fl. 1630s, living 1640)
1346:Mary and Anthony Johnson
1335:(Greenstead) (1630–1665)
799:Federal Writers' Project
387:African-American history
1333:Elizabeth Key Grinstead
949:Law Library of Congress
826:Danver, Steven (2010).
764:Frank W. Sweet (2005).
735:Walker, Juliet (2009).
649:Magazine, Smithsonian.
355:partus sequitur ventrem
196:Indian massacre of 1622
175:Johnson was sold as an
1801:Virginia v. John Brown
1790:Nat Turner's Rebellion
1150:WPA Writers' Program,
917:Toppin, Edgar (2010).
621:Heinegg, Paul (2005).
475:Walsh, Lorena (2010).
341:
287:
1863:American slave owners
1740:Coastwise slave trade
1516:William Barton Rogers
884:Conway, John (2008).
671:Breen, T. H. (2004).
431:Horton (2002), p. 29.
339:
279:
1441:Robert "King" Carter
1382:Booker T. Washington
1175:Africans in America,
655:Smithsonian Magazine
525:Breen (1980), p. 10.
511:Horton (2002), p. 26
189:indentured servitude
158:Atlantic slave trade
1760:Gabriel's Rebellion
1522:George Henry Thomas
1465:Robert M. T. Hunter
1453:Thomas Roderick Dew
1269:History of Virginia
1160:, Thinkport Library
1085:Cox, Ryan Charles.
1016:Africans in America
982:"Myne Owne Ground,"
963:. Virtual Jamestown
861:Infobase Publishing
80:António or Antonio
1321:William D. Gibbons
1293:(c. 1620s-d. 1673)
1118:Klein, Herbert S.
1091:Delmarva Settlers]
599:link.galegroup.com
346:Edmund Scarborough
342:
326:Johnson v. Parker.
288:
202:was attacked. The
177:indentured servant
134:He later became a
129:indentured servant
125:Colony of Virginia
70:Colony of Virginia
1815:
1814:
1476:Richard Bland Lee
1447:Robert Carter III
1352:Dangerfield Newby
1338:Left, husband of
1181:"Anthony Johnson"
1171:"Anthony Johnson"
1158:"Anthony Johnson"
1055:"Jeffery-Johnson"
1043:. 19 August 2019.
980:Breen and Innes,
923:Allyn & Bacon
894:Enslow Publishers
465:Breen 1980, p. 8.
300:Thirteen Colonies
244:Pungoteague River
208:indigenous people
185:Thirteen Colonies
154:Portuguese Angola
114:
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48:Portuguese Angola
1885:
1720:The 1619 Project
1713:Related articles
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863:. p. 78.
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1593:Mount Vernon
1488:George Mason
1392:Slave owners
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965:. Retrieved
961:"Slave Laws"
955:
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821:
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781:. Retrieved
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602:. Retrieved
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450:. Retrieved
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419:the original
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66:(aged 69–70)
1828:1670 deaths
1550:Plantations
1541:(1806–1876)
1535:(1715–1773)
1533:John Wayles
1529:(died 1642)
1518:(1804–1882)
1502:(1628–1692)
1496:(1798–1871)
1490:(1725–1792)
1484:(1826–1895)
1478:(1761–1827)
1471:Eppa Hunton
1467:(1809–1887)
1461:(1804–1888)
1455:(1802–1846)
1443:(1663–1732)
1437:(1710–1778)
1431:(1797–1871)
1384:(1856–1915)
1378:(1800–1831)
1372:(born 1624)
1366:(1776–1800)
1348:(1600–1670)
1323:(1825–1886)
783:23 February
216:Good Friday
43: 1600
1822:Categories
1691:Slave pens
1588:Mount Airy
1583:Montpelier
1578:Monticello
1568:Brookfield
1563:Berry Hill
1402:Washington
1376:Nat Turner
1358:John Punch
1303:John Casor
967:2013-11-04
604:2019-12-11
452:2021-03-13
393:References
360:common law
332:Later life
308:John Punch
255:John Casor
200:plantation
148:Early life
85:Occupation
1558:Beall-Air
1500:John Page
1407:Jefferson
1340:Jane Webb
1191:Frontline
239:headright
143:Biography
101:Signature
1633:Woodlawn
1628:Westover
1623:Tuckahoe
1603:Oatlands
1018:, p. 44.
832:ABC-CLIO
801:(1954).
571:ABC-CLIO
381:See also
223:Margaret
204:Powhatan
1613:Shirley
1573:Kenmore
1412:Madison
1177:PBS.org
1066:Sources
371:tobacco
136:tobacco
60: (
1675:, 1808
1659:, 1705
1417:Monroe
1285:Angela
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169:James.
88:Farmer
1422:Tyler
984:p. 15
1647:Laws
1109:WGBH
927:ISBN
898:ISBN
865:ISBN
836:ISBN
807:ISBN
785:2013
772:ISBN
745:ISBN
716:ISBN
677:ISBN
627:ISBN
575:ISBN
543:ISBN
481:ISBN
62:1671
58:1670
55:Died
36:Born
1193:PBS
250:.
246:in
1824::
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121:c.
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119:(
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23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
