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1692:, the deposit contains 480 square miles (1,200 km) of coal-bearing rock which originally held 22.8 billion short tons (20.68 billion tonnes) of anthracite. The geographic region is roughly 100 miles (161 km) in length and 30 miles (48 km) in width. Because of historical mining and development of the lands overlying the coal, it is estimated that 7 billion short tons (6.3 billion tonnes) of minable reserves remain. Other areas of the United States also contain several smaller deposits of anthracite, such as those historically mined in
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sensed and are sealed while vents in uninhabited areas remain undiscovered. Occasionally, vents are discovered via fumes sensed by passers-by, often in forested areas. Attempts to extinguish those remaining have at times been futile, and several such combustion areas exist today. The existence of an underground combustion site can sometimes be identified in the winter where fallen snow is seen to be melted by the warmth conducted from below. Proposals for harnessing this heat as geothermal energy have not been successful.
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1236:. The large coal is raised from the mine and passed through breakers with toothed rolls to reduce the lumps to smaller pieces. The smaller pieces are separated into different sizes by a system of graduated sieves, placed in descending order. Sizing is necessary for different types of stoves and furnaces.
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Historically, from time to time, underground seams of coal have caught fire, often from careless or unfortunate mining activities. The pocket of ignited coal is fed oxygen by vent paths that have not yet been discovered. These can smolder for years. Commonly, exhaust vents in populated areas are soon
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Anthracite is classified into three grades, depending on its carbon content. Standard grade is used as a domestic fuel and in industrial power-generation. The rarer higher grades of anthracite are purer – i.e., they have a higher carbon content – and are used in steel-making and other segments of the
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continues to this day in eastern
Pennsylvania, and contributes up to 1% to the gross state product. More than 2,000 people were employed in the mining of anthracite coal in 1995. Most of the mining as of that date involved reclaiming coal from slag heaps (waste piles from past coal mining) at nearby
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China today mines by far the largest share of global anthracite production, accounting for more than three-quarters of global output. Most
Chinese production is of standard-grade anthracite, which is used in power generation. Increased demand in China has made that country into a net importer of the
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Anthracite shows some alteration by the development of secondary divisional planes and fissures so that the original stratification lines are not always easily seen. The thermal conductivity is also higher; a lump of anthracite feels perceptibly colder when held in the warm hand than a similar lump
1603:
The primary sizes used in the United States for domestic heating are
Chestnut, Pea, Buckwheat and Rice, with Chestnut and Rice being the most popular. Chestnut and Pea are used in hand fired furnaces while the smaller Rice and Buckwheat are used in automatic stoker furnaces. Rice is currently the
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started using only the more expensive anthracite coal in its passenger locomotives, dubbed themselves "The Road of
Anthracite", and advertised widely that travelers on their line could make railway journeys without getting their clothing stained with soot. The advertisements featured a white-clad
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The principal use of anthracite today is for a domestic fuel in either hand-fired stoves or automatic stoker furnaces. It delivers high energy per its weight and burns cleanly with little soot, making it ideal for this purpose. Its high value makes it prohibitively expensive for power plant use.
846:, produced by the more or less complete elimination of the volatile constituents of the former, and it is found most abundantly in areas that have been subjected to considerable stresses and pressures, such as the flanks of great mountain ranges. Anthracite is associated with strongly deformed
1035:
From the late 19th century until the 1950s, anthracite was the most popular fuel for heating homes and other buildings in the northern US, until it was supplanted by oil-burning systems, and more recently natural gas systems. Many large public buildings, such as schools, were heated with
1009:, on an open grate in a fireplace. Anthracite differs from wood in that it needs a draft from the bottom, and Judge Fell proved with his grate design that it was a viable heating fuel. In spring 1808, John and Abijah Smith shipped the first commercially mined load of anthracite down the
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High grade (HG) and ultra high grade (UHG) anthracite are the highest grades of anthracite coal. They are the purest forms of coal, having the highest degree of coalification, the highest carbon count and energy content and the fewest impurities (moisture, ash and volatiles).
850:
that were subjected to higher pressures and temperatures (but short of metamorphic conditions) just as bituminous coal is generally associated with less deformed or flat-lying sedimentary rocks. The compressed layers of anthracite that are deep mined in the folded
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On the opposite end from high-grade anthracite coal, semianthracite coal is defined as a coal which is intermediate between anthracite coal and bituminous coal, and particularly a coal which approaches anthracite in nonvolatile character.
304:. In Britain, it may also refer to coal exported from Britain during the 19th century. In American English, "culm" refers to the waste or slack from anthracite mining, mostly dust and small pieces not suitable for use in home furnaces.
1611:, a less elaborate classification is adopted, but great care is exercised in hand-picking and cleaning the coal from particles of pyrites in the higher qualities known as best malting coals, which are used for kiln-drying malt.
824:) on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis. The heat content of anthracite coal consumed in the United States averages 29 MJ/kg (25 million Btu/ton), on the as-received basis, containing both inherent moisture and mineral matter.
1098:), or less. Large quantities of anthracite for power purposes were formerly exported from South Wales to France, Switzerland and parts of Germany. As of April 2013, widespread commercial anthracite mining in
1699:
Among current producers, Russia, China, Poland, and
Ukraine have the largest estimated recoverable reserves of anthracite. Other countries with substantial reserves include Vietnam and North Korea.
1013:
from
Plymouth, Pennsylvania, marking the birth of commercial anthracite mining in the United States. From that first mine, production rose to an all-time high of over 100 million tons in 1917.
1386:
High grade and ultra high grade anthracite are harder than standard grade anthracite, and have a higher relative density. An example of a chemical formula for high-grade anthracite would be C
2385:
1989:
179:
Anthracite is categorized into several grades. Standard grade is used predominantly in power generation, and high grade (HG) and ultra high grade (UHG), are used predominantly in the
164:
type of coal, but still represents low-grade metamorphism, in which the carbon content is between 86% and 97%. The term is applied to those varieties of coal which do not give off
813:
matter. It is also free from included soft or fibrous notches and does not soil the fingers when rubbed. Anthracitization is the transformation of bituminous coal into anthracite.
1158:
fuel, mostly from
Vietnam, another major producer of anthracite for power generation, although increasing domestic consumption in Vietnam means that exports may be scaled back.
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in the UK was able to use its access to anthracite (it dominated the anthracite region) to earn a reputation for efficiency and cleanliness unmatched by other UK companies.
1857:
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HG and UHG anthracite account for a small percentage of the total anthracite market. The major producing countries are Russia, Ukraine, Vietnam, South Africa and the US.
1350:
Anthracite is divided by size mainly into applications that need lumps (typically larger than 10 mm) – various industrial processes where it replaces metallurgical
1401:
They also differ in usage from standard grade anthracite (used mainly for power generation), being employed mainly in metallurgy as a cost-efficient substitute for
816:
The moisture content of fresh-mined anthracite generally is less than 15 percent. The heat content of anthracite ranges from 26 to 33 MJ/kg (22 to 28 million
1024:
in 1828, which used waste heat to preheat combustion air, anthracite became a preferred fuel, accounting for 45% of US pig iron production within 15 years.
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of 1.3–1.4, and luster, which is often semi-metallic with a mildly green reflection. It contains a high percentage of fixed carbon and a low percentage of
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Current U.S. anthracite production averages around five million tons per year. Of that, about 1.8 million tons were mined in the state of
Pennsylvania.
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are extensions of the same layers of bituminous coal that are mined on the generally flat lying and undeformed sedimentary rocks further west on the
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1996:
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of anthracite with air (and a small proportion of steam) were at one time the most economical method of obtaining power, requiring only 1
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and woke to the sight of a large fire because his campfire had ignited an outcrop of anthracite coal. By 1795, an anthracite-fired
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Anthracite generally costs two to six times as much as regular coal. In June 2008, the wholesale cost of anthracite was US$ 150/
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is being applied to culm piles antedating laws requiring mine owners to restore lands to their approximate original condition.
774:
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and poems containing lines like "My gown stays white / From morn till night / Upon the road of
Anthracite". Similarly, the
1875:
Quinn, A.W.; Glass, H.D. (1958). "Rank of Coal and
Metamorphic Grade of Rocks of the Narragansett Basin of Rhode Island".
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sector. Anthracite accounts for about 1% of global coal reserves, and is mined in only a few countries around the world.
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987:
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1946:
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Chandler, Alfred D. (1972). "Anthracite coal and the beginnings of the industrial revolution in the United States".
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Anthracite was first experimentally burned as a residential heating fuel in the US on 11 February 1808, by Judge
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Countries producing HG and UHG anthracite include Russia and South Africa. HG and UHG anthracite are used as a
802:
1193:). It plays an important role in cost reduction in the steel making process and is also used in production of
852:
193:
1149:, meaning that it could be used within a designated Smoke Control Area such as the central London boroughs.
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is the term for a once-popular and trademarked brand of anthracite, mined by the Glen Alden Coal Company in
87:
1354:, and domestic fuel – and those that need fines (less than 10 mm), such as sintering and pelletising.
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used anthracite as a smokeless fuel for their boilers to avoid revealing their position to the blockaders.
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and appearance, like bituminous coal and often anthracite as well, as opposed to lignite, which is softer.
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has the largest known deposits of anthracite coal in the world with an estimated reserve of seven billion
99:
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metallurgical industries. Technical characteristics of the various grades of anthracite are as follows:
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967:, anthracite has been burned as a domestic fuel since at least medieval times, when it was mined near
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to directly burn anthracite efficiently, particularly waste culm. In the early 20th century US, the
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Chemically, anthracite may be considered as a transition stage between ordinary bituminous coal and
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Note: Peat is considered a precursor to coal. Graphite is only technically considered a coal type.
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https://medium.com/@thomascarpenito3/state-of-coal-and-renewable-energy-in-schuylkill-f8850fec3fa6
1205:. South Africa exports lower-quality, higher-ash anthracite to Brazil to be used in steel-making.
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Black coal, hard coal, stone coal, blind coal, Kilkenny coal, crow coal, craw coal, black diamond
2575:– Useful overview of the industry in the 20th century; fair-minded with an operators perspective
1913:"MIN 454: Underground Mining Methods handout; from course at the University of Alaska Fairbanks"
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1706:, Canada, is the world's largest previously undeveloped anthracite deposit. It is owned by the
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Lump, steamboat, egg and stove coals, the latter in two or three sizes, all three being above
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1737: – City in Luhansk Oblast, Ukraine, named after a large supply of anthracite found there
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Geologically, the largest most concentrated anthracite deposit in the world is found in the
971:. More recently, large-scale mining of anthracite took place across the western part of the
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NS, representing 94% carbon. UHG anthracite typically has a minimum carbon content of 95%.
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This article is about the compact variety of coal. For the Netflix television series, see
8:
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publicly-traded company Atrum Coal and has 1.57 billion tonnes of high grade anthracite.
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134:
1890:
982:, with the discovery of coal made by the hunter Necho Allen in what is now known as the
176:. Anthracite is difficult to ignite, and burns with a short, blue, and smokeless flame.
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2343:"Coal characteristics: Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research Basic Facts File #8"
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most sought-after size due to the ease of use and popularity of that type of furnace.
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The anthracite coal strike of 1922: A statement of its causes and underlying purposes
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Internal combustion motors driven by the so-called "mixed", "poor", "semi-water" or "
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Other uses include the fine particles used as filter media, and as an ingredient in
280:. In British English, culm is the imperfect anthracite, located predominantly north
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Anthracite is processed into different sizes by what is commonly referred to as a
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poster promoting anthracite, which was used extensively in military production
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The difficulty of igniting anthracite inhibited its early use, especially in
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2640:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 105–106.
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2259:"Coal prices and outlook - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"
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Mineral Resources of the Appalachian Region; USGS Professional Paper 580
1134:, falling to $ 107/ton in 2021; it makes up 1% of U.S. coal production.
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accounts for the majority of global production; other producers include
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for iron smelting; however, it lacked the pore space of metallurgical
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What the Coal Commission Found: An Authoritative Summary by the Staff
2071:
which are broader terms meaning all varieties of coal of a stonelike
1782:
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1707:
1406:
1178:
1145:. Anthracite was an authorised fuel in terms of the United Kingdom's
1131:
1103:
1021:
832:
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closed mines. Some underground anthracite coal is also being mined.
217:), literally "coal-like". Other terms which refer to anthracite are
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2189:
Waters of Discord: The Union Blockade of Texas During the Civil War
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Since the 1980s, anthracite refuse or mine waste has been used for
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1713:
Anthracites of newer Tertiary or Cretaceous age are found in the
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369:
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293:
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265:, and sprayed with a blue dye at the mine before shipping to its
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1840:"The State of Coal and Renewable Energy in Schuylkill County",
978:
In the United States, anthracite coal history began in 1790 in
546:
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91:
63:
1743: – Collective term for higher-quality coal, a softer coal
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and is sold in the United Kingdom under trade names such as
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2908:
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2097:
2090:
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404:
346:
83:
2451:"Marston – Anthracite production and exports: A world map"
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
1357:
The common American classification by size is as follows:
2903:
2588:(5 vol in 3; 1925) Official US government investigation.
2293:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
611:
2085:
US Geological Survey and US Department of Mines (1968).
937:
An anthracite coal breaker and power house buildings in
2662:
2494:
2206:
2042:
292:. The term is also used to refer to some carboniferous
2594:
Tryon, Frederick Gale, and Joseph Henry Willits, eds.
1955:
986:. Legend has it that Allen fell asleep at the base of
1990:"The Coal Resource: A Comprehensive Overview of Coal"
1770:
For example, anthracite of the Narragansett Basin in
3019:
Health and environmental impact of the coal industry
2603:
General policies committee of anthracite operators.
2131:, Dillwyn Miles (Ed), Gomer Press, Llandysul, 1994,
3009:
Environmental justice and coal mining in Appalachia
2554:
2150:
1374: in (38 mm) size on round-hole screens.
2234:"King Coal Country Debates a Sacrilege, Gas Heat"
157:. Total production in 2020 was 615 million tons.
4099:
2506:. Vol. 2 (9th ed.). 1878. p. 106.
269:markets to distinguish it from its competitors.
94:content, the fewest impurities, and the highest
2586:Report of the United states coal commission....
1106:sites remain, along with some relatively small
1036:anthracite-burning furnaces through the 1980s.
1020:for smelting iron. With the development of the
2410:DamnInteresting.com (accessed August 29, 2006)
2153:Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics
3097:
2678:
2607:(1923); Official statement by the operators.
2348:. Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research
2020:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 1989
902:, the central and eastern portions producing
894:is confined to the contorted portion west of
768:
2078:
928:
914:of bituminous coal at the same temperature.
2468:"Atrum Coal Groundhog Project – Atrum Coal"
1939:Coal Mining Technology: Theory and Practice
1649:A 1908 postcard of burning anthracite near
787:Anthracite is similar in appearance to the
3104:
3090:
2685:
2671:
2569:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1936:
1874:
1816:. U.S. Energy Information Administration.
794:and is sometimes used as a jet imitation.
775:
761:
567:Coal mining disasters in the United States
2185:
2148:
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1852:
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1660:A vein of anthracite that caught fire in
1060:Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad
890:In the same way the anthracite region of
172:vapours when heated below their point of
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1976:
1808:
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925:, which eventually replaced anthracite.
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192:
98:of all types of coal and is the highest
1721:in Canada and at various places in the
801:by its greater hardness (2.75–3 on the
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2419:
2231:
1995:. World Coal Institute. Archived from
1847:
3085:
2977:mining disasters in the United States
2666:
1803:
1208:
1102:has now ceased, although a few large
955:"Anthracite is a 'fighting fuel'", a
1757:
1702:The Groundhog Anthracite Deposit in
1634:
2426:PAGS Progress Reports and Bulletins
2420:Ashley, George H. (December 1945).
2408:"The Smoldering Ruins of Centralia"
2006:
1688:, Pennsylvania. Locally called the
1113:
917:Anthracite has a history of use in
13:
3111:
3004:Environmental issues in Appalachia
2579:
2511:
1126:trophy custom-made from anthracite
300:hill countries, also known as the
14:
4134:
2614:
1941:. Society for Mining Metallurgy.
1862:Energy Information Administration
1858:"International Energy Statistics"
1671:
1625:
1614:Anthracite dust can be made into
1436:Standard classifications by size
797:Anthracite differs from ordinary
296:found in both Britain and in the
2750:
2139:, pp. 60, 69–70, 90–95, 139, 255
2129:The Description of Pembrokeshire
1417:(PCI) and direct injection into
1028:smelting was later displaced by
582:Environmental problems involving
353:
82:, is a hard, compact variety of
45:
2460:
2443:
2413:
2400:
2378:
2360:
2335:
2314:
2275:
2251:
2225:
2179:
2142:
2121:
2109:
2051:
1820:from the original on 2019-08-29
272:Culm has different meanings in
2654:Pennsylvania Anthracite Museum
2386:"Definition of semianthracite"
1982:
1930:
1905:
1832:
1764:
1684:, United States in and around
1217:A photograph taken in 1908 by
1173:or coal substitute in various
1:
2645:"What are the types of coal?"
2232:Urbina, Ian (June 10, 2008).
2186:Underwood, Rodman L. (2008).
2018:The Oxford English Dictionary
1796:
1377:
975:until the late 20th century.
942:
307:
16:Hard, compact variety of coal
2555:Hudson Coal Company (1932).
2057:Not to be confused with the
204:Anthracite derives from the
7:
2368:"Molar mass of C240H90O4NS"
2322:"retrieved January 3, 2011"
2283:"uksmokecontrolareas.co.uk"
1728:
1421:. They can also be used in
1254:Ultra High grade anthracite
10:
4139:
3024:Health effects of coal ash
2832:power in the United States
2159:Cambridge University Press
2149:Rosenberg, Nathan (1982).
1899:10.2113/gsecongeo.53.5.563
1638:
1007:Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
910:and domestic house coals.
213:
18:
3909:
3747:
3534:
3117:
3072:
2927:
2759:
2748:
2700:
2303:Petmin Annual Report 2011
2192:. McFarland. p. 55.
1838:Carpenito, Thomas (2019)
1415:pulverised coal injection
1248:Standard grade anthracite
1163:Mining of anthracite coal
1152:
929:History of mining and use
853:Ridge and Valley Province
702:Coal pollution mitigation
597:coal mining in Appalachia
111:Northeastern Pennsylvania
61:
56:
44:
35:
2894:Greenhouse gas emissions
2692:
2559:. New York. p. 425.
980:Pottsville, Pennsylvania
835:. The practice known as
602:Greenhouse gas emissions
395:Coal-fired power station
390:Coal combustion products
188:
3169:Basaltic trachyandesite
3137:Alkali feldspar granite
3054:Problems in coal mining
2637:Encyclopædia Britannica
2557:The Story of Anthracite
2520:Business History Review
2503:Encyclopædia Britannica
2157:. Cambridge, New York:
2044:Encyclopædia Britannica
1937:Stefanenko, R. (1983).
1694:Crested Butte, Colorado
1662:Centralia, Pennsylvania
659:Problems in coal mining
199:Trevorton, Pennsylvania
160:Anthracite is the most
3029:History of coal mining
2658:Scranton, Pennsylvania
2649:U.S. Geological Survey
1752:History of coal mining
1747:History of coal miners
1653:
1651:Scranton, Pennsylvania
1622:, Ancit and Taybrite.
1425:and domestically as a
1315:Fixed carbon (minimum)
1229:
1227:Pittston, Pennsylvania
1127:
994:had been built on the
960:
948:
737:History of coal mining
632:the petroleum industry
499:Coal preparation plant
331:
320:
288:, which was used as a
201:
197:An anthracite pile in
21:Anthracite (TV series)
3554:Banded iron formation
2884:Fossil fuel phase-out
2782:Black coal equivalent
2428:(130). Archived from
2422:"Anthracite Reserves"
2406:Bellows, Alan (2006)
1648:
1405:in processes such as
1251:High grade anthracite
1216:
1121:
1069:Great Western Railway
1050:The invention of the
973:South Wales Coalfield
954:
936:
857:Appalachian Mountains
829:coal power generation
722:Fossil fuel phase-out
326:
316:Anthracite coal from
315:
196:
90:. It has the highest
2889:Great Smog of London
2822:pollution mitigation
2308:May 5, 2012, at the
1678:Lackawanna Coal Mine
885:Western Pennsylvania
732:Great Smog of London
2807:fired power station
2802:combustion products
2727:Sub-bituminous coal
2704:(lowest to highest)
2701:Coal types by grade
2106:, pp. 105–106.
2002:on 15 October 2009.
1891:1958EcGeo..53..563Q
1437:
1298:Volatiles (maximum)
1197:, silicomanganese,
318:Ibbenbüren, Germany
32:
3910:Specific varieties
2942:Black lung disease
2919:Toxic heavy metals
2899:Metallurgical coal
2627:"Anthracite"
2497:"Anthracite"
2238:The New York Times
1779:metamorphic facies
1654:
1435:
1423:water purification
1264:Moisture (maximum)
1230:
1209:Sizing and grading
1175:metallurgical coal
1147:Clean Air Act 1993
1128:
1078:" produced by the
1041:American Civil War
961:
949:
727:Fossil fuels lobby
649:Hydrosulfuric acid
637:toxic heavy metals
557:Black lung disease
519:Metallurgical coal
477:Coal-mining region
332:
329:Bay City, Michigan
321:
202:
88:submetallic lustre
26:
4118:Metamorphic rocks
4095:
4094:
3345:Nepheline syenite
3079:
3078:
2837:preparation plant
2772:Asian brown cloud
2705:
2388:. Merriam-Webster
1758:Explanatory notes
1635:Underground fires
1601:
1600:
1444:Imperial (inches)
1348:
1347:
1124:American football
1011:Susquehanna River
869:Allegheny Plateau
848:sedimentary rocks
785:
784:
542:Asian brown cloud
267:Northeastern U.S.
69:
68:
31:
4130:
4123:Organic minerals
4037:Rapakivi granite
3749:Metamorphic rock
3536:Sedimentary rock
3405:Quartz monzonite
3106:
3099:
3092:
3083:
3082:
3034:Hydrogen sulfide
2754:
2703:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2664:
2663:
2641:
2629:
2622:Bauerman, Hilary
2574:
2568:
2560:
2551:
2507:
2499:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2474:. Archived from
2464:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2417:
2411:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2347:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2318:
2312:
2300:
2291:
2290:
2285:. Archived from
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2204:
2203:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2156:
2146:
2140:
2125:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2082:
2076:
2055:
2049:
2040:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1994:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1953:
1952:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1919:on 26 March 2009
1915:. Archived from
1909:
1903:
1902:
1878:Economic Geology
1872:
1866:
1865:
1854:
1845:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1814:"Coal explained"
1810:
1790:
1768:
1704:British Columbia
1680:in northeastern
1594:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1438:
1434:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1332:Sulfur (maximum)
1243:
1242:
1114:Anthracite today
1045:blockade runners
996:Schuylkill River
947:
944:
863:of East-central
807:relative density
777:
770:
763:
676:Related articles
357:
334:
333:
327:Anthracite from
278:American English
216:
215:
74:, also known as
49:
38:Metamorphic rock
33:
29:
25:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4091:
3905:
3849:Pseudotachylite
3743:
3530:
3462:Tephriphonolite
3113:
3110:
3080:
3075:
3068:
2923:
2760:Coal combustion
2755:
2746:
2732:Bituminous coal
2702:
2696:
2691:
2617:
2582:
2580:Primary sources
2562:
2561:
2532:10.2307/3113503
2514:
2512:Further reading
2491:
2490:
2481:
2479:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2435:
2433:
2418:
2414:
2405:
2401:
2391:
2389:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2327:
2325:
2324:. Coaldiver.org
2320:
2319:
2315:
2310:Wayback Machine
2301:
2294:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2267:
2265:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2242:
2240:
2230:
2226:
2218:
2207:
2200:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2147:
2143:
2126:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2102:
2098:
2083:
2079:
2056:
2052:
2041:
2032:
2023:
2021:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1999:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1975:
1956:
1949:
1935:
1931:
1922:
1920:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1873:
1869:
1856:
1855:
1848:
1837:
1833:
1823:
1821:
1812:
1811:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1793:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1741:Bituminous coal
1731:
1719:Rocky Mountains
1674:
1643:
1637:
1628:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1380:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1211:
1203:silicon carbide
1199:calcium carbide
1155:
1116:
1088:horsepower-hour
1052:Wootten firebox
1026:Anthracite iron
945:
931:
799:bituminous coal
781:
752:
751:
677:
669:
668:
532:
524:
523:
380:Bituminous coal
365:
310:
241:(in Scotland),
191:
52:
51:Anthracite coal
28:
27:Anthracite coal
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4136:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4042:Rhomb porphyry
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3884:Talc carbonate
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3753:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3540:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3477:Trachyandesite
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3400:Quartz diorite
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3162:Picrite basalt
3159:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:Types of rocks
3109:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3086:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3039:Mining regions
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2967:homogenization
2964:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2933:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2914:Sulfur dioxide
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2827:power in China
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2708:
2706:
2698:
2697:
2690:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2651:
2642:
2632:Chisholm, Hugh
2616:
2615:External links
2613:
2612:
2611:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2590:online vol 1-2
2581:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2552:
2526:(2): 141–181.
2513:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2489:
2488:
2459:
2442:
2412:
2399:
2377:
2359:
2334:
2313:
2292:
2289:on 2009-02-07.
2274:
2250:
2224:
2222:, p. 106.
2205:
2199:978-0786437764
2198:
2178:
2171:
2141:
2127:Owen, George,
2120:
2116:Rosenberg 1982
2108:
2096:
2093:. p. 126.
2077:
2050:
2030:
2005:
1981:
1979:, p. 105.
1954:
1947:
1929:
1904:
1885:(5): 563–576.
1867:
1846:
1831:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1738:
1730:
1727:
1715:Crowsnest Pass
1673:
1672:Major reserves
1670:
1641:Coal-seam fire
1636:
1633:
1627:
1626:Semianthracite
1624:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1481:22–38 mm
1479:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1427:smokeless fuel
1419:blast furnaces
1395:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1376:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1221:of a group of
1210:
1207:
1177:applications (
1154:
1151:
1115:
1112:
1043:, Confederate
1018:blast furnaces
988:Broad Mountain
930:
927:
919:blast furnaces
805:), its higher
783:
782:
780:
779:
772:
765:
757:
754:
753:
750:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
707:Coal-seam fire
704:
699:
697:Coal phase-out
694:
689:
684:
678:
675:
674:
671:
670:
667:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
640:
639:
634:
629:
627:sulfur dioxide
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
533:
530:
529:
526:
525:
522:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
495:
494:
489:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
453:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
366:
363:
362:
359:
358:
350:
349:
343:
342:
309:
306:
245:(in Ireland),
190:
187:
96:energy density
67:
66:
59:
58:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4135:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4002:Litchfieldite
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3967:Hyaloclastite
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3814:Litchfieldite
3812:
3810:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3380:Phonotephrite
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3285:Hyaloclastite
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3157:Alkali basalt
3155:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3107:
3102:
3100:
3095:
3093:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3071:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2982:mining region
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2683:
2681:
2676:
2674:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2572:
2566:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2505:
2504:
2498:
2493:
2492:
2478:on 2012-06-17
2477:
2473:
2472:atrumcoal.com
2469:
2463:
2452:
2446:
2432:on 2020-08-09
2431:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2403:
2387:
2381:
2373:
2372:www.webqc.org
2369:
2363:
2344:
2338:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2220:Bauerman 1911
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2201:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2182:
2174:
2172:0-521-27367-6
2168:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2154:
2145:
2138:
2137:1-85902-120-4
2134:
2130:
2124:
2118:, pp. 89
2117:
2112:
2105:
2104:Bauerman 1911
2100:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2054:
2047:
2045:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2019:
2015:
2009:
1998:
1991:
1985:
1978:
1977:Bauerman 1911
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1950:
1948:0-89520-404-5
1944:
1940:
1933:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1851:
1844:
1843:
1835:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1802:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1763:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1632:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1605:
1596:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1413:, as well as
1412:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1384:
1375:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1281:Ash (maximum)
1280:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1235:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1125:
1120:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
976:
974:
970:
966:
963:In southwest
958:
953:
940:
935:
926:
924:
920:
915:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
888:
886:
882:
878:
877:West Virginia
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
849:
845:
840:
838:
834:
831:in a form of
830:
825:
823:
819:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
795:
793:
790:
778:
773:
771:
766:
764:
759:
758:
756:
755:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
687:Carboniferous
685:
683:
682:Carbon bubble
680:
679:
673:
672:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
584:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
534:
531:Externalities
528:
527:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
493:
490:
488:
485:
484:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
407:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
367:
361:
360:
356:
352:
351:
348:
345:
344:
340:
336:
335:
330:
325:
319:
314:
305:
303:
302:Culm Measures
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
255:black diamond
252:
248:
244:
243:Kilkenny coal
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
210:
207:
200:
195:
186:
184:
182:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
162:metamorphosed
158:
156:
155:United States
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
115:United States
112:
108:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
65:
60:
55:
48:
43:
40:
39:
34:
22:
4012:Luxullianite
3992:Lapis lazuli
3937:Blue Granite
3864:Serpentinite
3839:Metapsammite
3756:
3589:Conglomerate
3511:Trondhjemite
3489:Trachybasalt
3430:Pantellerite
3335:Monzogranite
3280:Hornblendite
3265:Granodiorite
3119:Igneous rock
3059:Refined coal
2972:liquefaction
2864:Energy value
2736:
2635:
2604:
2595:
2585:
2556:
2523:
2519:
2501:
2480:. Retrieved
2476:the original
2471:
2462:
2445:
2434:. Retrieved
2430:the original
2425:
2415:
2402:
2390:. Retrieved
2380:
2371:
2362:
2350:. Retrieved
2337:
2326:. Retrieved
2316:
2287:the original
2277:
2266:. Retrieved
2262:
2253:
2241:. Retrieved
2237:
2227:
2188:
2181:
2152:
2144:
2128:
2123:
2111:
2099:
2086:
2080:
2068:
2061:
2053:
2043:
2022:. Retrieved
2017:
2014:"anthracite"
2008:
1997:the original
1984:
1938:
1932:
1921:. Retrieved
1917:the original
1907:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1839:
1834:
1822:. Retrieved
1789:sub-facies).
1772:Rhode Island
1766:
1717:part of the
1712:
1701:
1698:
1682:Pennsylvania
1675:
1659:
1655:
1629:
1613:
1606:
1602:
1447:Metric (mm)
1431:
1400:
1385:
1381:
1359:
1356:
1349:
1238:
1231:
1223:breaker boys
1168:
1160:
1156:
1136:
1129:
1110:operations.
1108:drift mining
1080:gasification
1073:
1063:woman named
1049:
1038:
1034:
1015:
1000:
992:iron furnace
977:
969:Saundersfoot
962:
957:World War II
916:
912:
889:
865:Pennsylvania
841:
826:
815:
796:
786:
712:Energy lobby
607:human health
440:South Africa
374:
364:Economic use
271:
263:Pennsylvania
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
208:
203:
185:
178:
159:
139:South Africa
104:
79:
75:
71:
70:
36:
4113:Coal mining
3901:Whiteschist
3792:Greenschist
3772:Cataclasite
3762:Amphibolite
3689:Phosphorite
3639:Itacolumite
3564:Calcarenite
3410:Quartzolite
3350:Nephelinite
3320:Lamprophyre
3275:Harzburgite
3233:Napoleonite
3206:Charnockite
3201:Carbonatite
3191:Blairmorite
3142:Anorthosite
2929:Coal mining
2879:Fossil fuel
2392:January 11,
2263:www.eia.gov
1776:greenschist
1690:Coal Region
1609:South Wales
1411:pelletising
1195:ferroalloys
1191:pelletizing
1065:Phoebe Snow
1056:locomotives
1039:During the
984:Coal Region
946: 1935
908:coking coal
892:South Wales
861:Coal Region
837:reclamation
747:War on coal
717:Fossil fuel
577:Coal slurry
572:Coal refuse
509:Coke (fuel)
457:Coal mining
294:rock strata
259:"Blue Coal"
235:coffee coal
209:anthrakítēs
170:hydrocarbon
135:North Korea
107:Coal Region
86:that has a
57:Composition
4102:Categories
4067:Teschenite
4052:Shonkinite
4027:Pietersite
4022:Novaculite
3932:Borolanite
3917:Adamellite
3834:Metapelite
3802:Calcflinta
3767:Blueschist
3757:Anthracite
3739:Wackestone
3719:Travertine
3664:Lumachelle
3644:Jaspillite
3599:Diamictite
3521:Websterite
3506:Troctolite
3482:Benmoreite
3442:Shonkinite
3415:Rhyodacite
3395:Pyroxenite
3370:Peridotite
3330:Lherzolite
3305:Kimberlite
3295:Ignimbrite
3290:Icelandite
3270:Granophyre
3179:Shoshonite
2952:Coalfields
2737:Anthracite
2482:2013-11-24
2436:2019-05-16
2328:2018-01-24
2268:2023-05-13
2161:. p.
2062:Steinkohle
2024:2010-06-26
1923:2009-05-05
1824:16 January
1797:References
1708:Australian
1666:ghost town
1639:See also:
1620:Phurnacite
1616:briquettes
1378:High grade
1219:Lewis Hine
1143:briquettes
1090:(0.6
1076:Dowson gas
1003:Jesse Fell
939:New Mexico
904:steam coal
879:, Eastern
803:Mohs scale
789:mineraloid
587:Appalachia
492:in the USA
482:Coal power
472:in the USA
375:Anthracite
308:Properties
239:blind coal
227:stone coal
219:black coal
214:ἀνθρακίτης
181:metallurgy
153:, and the
119:short tons
102:of coals.
80:black coal
72:Anthracite
4082:Variolite
4072:Theralite
4062:Tachylite
4047:Rodingite
4017:Mangerite
3997:Larvikite
3982:Jasperoid
3977:Jadeitite
3942:Epidosite
3896:Tectonite
3889:Soapstone
3854:Quartzite
3824:Migmatite
3809:Itabirite
3787:Granulite
3729:Turbidite
3709:Sylvinite
3704:Siltstone
3694:Sandstone
3679:Oil shale
3659:Limestone
3634:Gritstone
3629:Greywacke
3624:Geyserite
3614:Evaporite
3604:Diatomite
3579:Claystone
3544:Argillite
3457:Tachylyte
3425:Comendite
3375:Phonolite
3365:Pegmatite
3340:Monzonite
3315:Lamproite
3310:Komatiite
3250:Foidolite
3211:Enderbite
3174:Mugearite
3064:Whitedamp
3049:Peak coal
3044:Outbursts
2947:Coal dust
2937:Blackdamp
2842:seam fire
2817:phase-out
2565:cite book
2548:154542035
2069:steenkool
1783:muscovite
1735:Antratsyt
1725:in Peru.
1539:9.5–14.3
1515:Buckwheat
1478: in
1407:sintering
1185:, direct
1179:sintering
1132:short ton
1104:open cast
1022:hot blast
833:recycling
822:short ton
742:Peak coal
664:Whitedamp
654:Outbursts
562:Coal dust
552:Blackdamp
467:in the UK
410:Australia
251:craw coal
247:crow coal
231:dark coal
223:hard coal
168:or other
147:Australia
76:hard coal
4057:Taconite
4032:Pyrolite
3957:Ganister
3927:Aphanite
3922:Appinite
3844:Phyllite
3829:Mylonite
3797:Hornfels
3777:Eclogite
3674:Mudstone
3649:Laterite
3609:Dolomite
3526:Wehrlite
3501:Trachyte
3494:Hawaiite
3472:Tonalite
3467:Tephrite
3420:Rhyolite
3385:Porphyry
3360:Obsidian
3245:Essexite
3196:Boninite
3186:Basanite
3132:Andesite
3014:Firedamp
2869:Flue gas
2792:Charcoal
2767:Ash pond
2742:Graphite
2624:(1911).
2306:Archived
2243:June 21,
2073:hardness
1818:Archived
1787:chlorite
1729:See also
1686:Scranton
1597:2.4–4.8
1568:4.8–9.5
1452:Chestnut
1189:charge,
1140:charcoal
1054:enabled
900:Llanelli
873:Kentucky
844:graphite
811:volatile
692:Coal oil
644:Firedamp
592:coal ash
537:Ash pond
504:Coal tar
487:in China
462:in Chile
400:Coal gas
385:Charcoal
339:a series
337:Part of
286:Cornwall
174:ignition
4077:Unakite
4007:Llanite
3972:Ijolite
3947:Felsite
3879:Suevite
3714:Tillite
3654:Lignite
3594:Coquina
3559:Breccia
3452:Syenite
3300:Ijolite
3260:Granite
3228:Diorite
3223:Diabase
3127:Adakite
2874:Fly ash
2722:Lignite
2634:(ed.).
2598:(1925).
2540:3113503
1887:Bibcode
1590:⁄
1580:⁄
1561:⁄
1551:⁄
1532:⁄
1522:⁄
1503:⁄
1493:⁄
1473:⁄
1459:⁄
1369:⁄
1234:breaker
896:Swansea
859:of the
855:of the
450:Ukraine
405:Coal in
370:Ammonia
298:Rhenish
290:pigment
274:British
143:Vietnam
131:Ukraine
113:in the
100:ranking
62:86–97%
3987:Kenyte
3962:Gossan
3859:Schist
3819:Marble
3782:Gneiss
3684:Oolite
3549:Arkose
3447:Sovite
3437:Scoria
3390:Pumice
3355:Norite
3325:Latite
3255:Gabbro
3240:Dunite
3218:Dacite
3152:Basalt
3147:Aplite
2992:slurry
2987:refuse
2859:Coking
2777:Asthma
2609:online
2546:
2538:
2352:15 May
2196:
2169:
2135:
2059:German
2046:(1878)
1945:
1774:is of
1573:Barley
1510:14–22
1153:Mining
883:, and
547:Asthma
514:Coking
445:Turkey
435:Russia
430:Poland
420:Europe
415:Canada
253:, and
151:Canada
127:Russia
92:carbon
64:carbon
3952:Flint
3874:Slate
3869:Skarn
3734:Varve
3699:Shale
3619:Flint
3574:Chert
3569:Chalk
2712:Xylit
2630:. In
2544:S2CID
2536:JSTOR
2454:(PDF)
2346:(PDF)
2066:Dutch
2000:(PDF)
1993:(PDF)
1723:Andes
1344:0.8%
1100:Wales
1084:pound
965:Wales
622:smoke
425:India
282:Devon
206:Greek
189:Names
166:tarry
123:China
4108:Coal
3724:Tufa
3669:Marl
3584:Coal
3516:Tuff
2997:town
2957:Coal
2909:Smog
2854:Coke
2797:Coal
2787:Char
2717:Peat
2694:Coal
2571:link
2394:2022
2354:2012
2245:2008
2194:ISBN
2167:ISBN
2133:ISBN
2091:USGS
1943:ISBN
1826:2022
1544:Rice
1441:Name
1409:and
1403:coke
1352:coke
1341:0.6%
1327:84%
1293:14%
1258:Coke
1201:and
1171:coke
1086:per
1030:coke
923:coke
898:and
881:Ohio
875:and
617:smog
347:Coal
284:and
276:and
105:The
84:coal
78:and
4087:Wad
2962:gas
2904:NOx
2847:tar
2812:gas
2656:in
2647:at
2528:doi
2064:or
1895:doi
1607:In
1486:Pea
1388:240
1324:85%
1321:80%
1318:73%
1310:2%
1304:10%
1301:10%
1290:12%
1287:15%
1284:20%
1276:5%
1273:13%
1270:15%
1267:15%
1225:in
1183:PCI
1122:An
1096:kWh
1005:in
871:of
818:Btu
792:jet
612:NOx
249:or
109:of
4104::
2567:}}
2563:{{
2542:.
2534:.
2524:46
2522:.
2500:.
2470:.
2424:.
2370:.
2295:^
2261:.
2236:.
2208:^
2165:.
2163:88
2089:.
2033:^
2016:.
1957:^
1893:.
1883:53
1881:.
1860:.
1849:^
1805:^
1696:.
1668:.
1592:16
1582:32
1553:16
1534:16
1495:16
1429:.
1392:90
1338:1%
1335:1%
1307:5%
1187:BF
1181:,
1092:kg
1032:.
998:.
943:c.
941:,
906:,
887:.
341:on
257:.
237:,
233:,
229:,
225:,
221:,
149:,
145:,
141:,
137:,
133:,
129:,
121:.
3105:e
3098:t
3091:v
2686:e
2679:t
2672:v
2573:)
2550:.
2530::
2485:.
2456:.
2439:.
2396:.
2374:.
2356:.
2331:.
2271:.
2247:.
2202:.
2175:.
2048:.
2027:.
1951:.
1926:.
1901:.
1897::
1889::
1864:.
1828:.
1785:-
1781:(
1588:3
1585:–
1578:3
1563:8
1559:3
1556:–
1549:3
1530:9
1527:–
1524:8
1520:3
1505:8
1501:7
1498:–
1491:9
1475:2
1471:1
1468:+
1466:1
1464:–
1461:8
1457:7
1396:4
1394:O
1390:H
1371:2
1367:1
1364:+
1362:1
1094:/
820:/
776:e
769:t
762:v
211:(
23:.
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