1639:
1581:
1423:
1250:
59:
31:
1757:, the KPD not only wanted to create a cross-party collection movement dominated by KPD, but they also aimed specifically at the Reichstag election on 31 July 1932. The election campaign for the July election is regarded as the most violent in German history. In particular between KPD and Nazi supporters, it came to massive clashes and even shootings. After the forced dissolution in the wake of the
1660:
between members of the Nazi Party and the KPD left eight people severely injured, the KPD under Thälmann's leadership reacted to the establishment of the
Harzburg Front and the Iron Front with a call for their own Unity Front which they shortly after renamed
1596:
in 1932 indicated a shift away from the Third Period policies, as fascism came to be recognised as a more serious threat (the two red flags on its logo symbolized
Communists in unity with socialists), leading up to the 1934 and 1935 adoption of a
1746:), action against evictions. Initially, the RMSS units had minimal formal membership, but in the second half of 1932 local executive boards were created to co-ordinate the activities of the KPD, the Kampfbund, the RMSS and the now illegal
1566:-wing of the Nazi movement by using nationalist slogans. The KPD sometimes cooperated with the Nazis in attacking the SPD. In 1931, the KPD had united with the Nazis, whom they referred to as "working people's comrades", in
1738:, forming the nuclei of the latter's Unity Committees, organised on a micro-local basis, e.g. in apartment buildings, factories or allotments. As well as being involved in political streetfights, the RMSS and
2762:
1555:("Red Mass Self-Defence") units were formed by Kampfbund members as autonomous and loosely organized structures under the leadership of, but outside the formal organization of the KPD as part of the party's
1846:
state. On 11 July 1945, the
Soviets permitted the formation of the United Front of the Antifascist-Democratic Parties which included representatives from the "Communist KPD, the Social Democratic SPD, the
1570:
to bring down the SPD state government of
Prussia by means of a referendum. In the usage of the Soviet Union, and of the Comintern and its affiliated parties in this period, including the KPD, the epithet
1629:
became ubiquitous in Soviet, Comintern, and KPD usage, as
Communists who had been attacking democratic rivals were now told to change tack and engage in coalitions with them against the fascist threat.
1562:
During the Third Period, the KPD viewed the Nazi Party ambiguously. On one hand, the KPD considered the Nazi Party to be one of the fascist parties. On the other hand, the KPD sought to appeal to the
1503:
was a variant of fascism. Consequently, the KPD held that it was "the only anti-fascist party" in
Germany and stated that "fighting fascism means fighting the SPD just as much as it means fighting
1480:("Red Front Fighters League"; RFB), the KPD's paramilitary and propaganda organisation and first anti-fascist front, had been formed. The RFB was often involved in violent clashes with the police.
1779:
inspired a variety of different movements, groups and individuals in
Germany as well as other countries which widely adopted variants of its aesthetics and some of its tactics. Known as the wider
3169:
2617:
Richter, Michael (2006). "Die doppelte
Diktatur: Erfahrungen mit Diktatur in der DDR und Auswirkungen auf das Verhältnis zur Diktatur heute". In Besier, Gerhard; Stoklosa, Katarzyna (eds.).
1625:
was formed partly as a counter-move to the SPD's establishment of the Iron Front, which the KPD regarded as a "social fascist terror organisation." However, from the mid-1930s, the term
1734:
is difficult to determine because there were no membership cards. Rather, it developed out of the practical participation. The Red Mass Self-Defense (RMSS) units were absorbed into
1540:
834:
820:
827:
2311:
Grenville, Anthony (1992). "From Social
Fascism to Popular Front: KPD Policy as Reflected in the Works of Friedrich Wolf, Anna Seghers and Willi Bredel, 1928–1938".
596:
2506:
294:
2569:
Antifaschisten in 'antifaschistischer' Gewalt: mittel- und ostdeutsche
Schicksale in den Auseinandersetzungen zwischen Demokratie und Diktatur (1945 bis 1961)
1415:
while the social democrats and liberals strongly defended the republic and its constitution. As part of this struggle, all three factions organized their own
383:
1914:
Parteien und Presse in Rheinland-Pfalz 1945–1971: ein Beitrag zur Mediengeschichte unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Mainzer SPD-Zeitung 'Die Freiheit'
3180:
1742:
used their militant approach to develop a comprehensive network of self-defence for communities targeted by the Nazis such as in "tenant protection" (
299:
1985:
1959:
763:
3132:
2369:
3226:
1280:
1713:
1702:
2011:
2177:
Bois, Marcel (30 April 2020). "'March Separately, But Strike Together!' The Communist Party's United-Front Policy in the Weimar Republic".
1407:
in particular was the site of regular and often very violent clashes. Both the Communists and the Nazis explicitly sought to overthrow the
1118:
1750:, with the RMSS given a more distinct and almost paramilitary defence role, often co-operating on an ad hoc basis with the Reichsbanner.
1698:
1601:
policy of anti-fascist unity with non-Communist groups. In October 1931, a coalition of right-wing and far-right parties established the
1491:(SPD) as its main adversary and adopted the position that the SPD was the main fascist party in Germany. This was based on the theory of
591:
304:
171:
3236:
679:
1848:
508:
3241:
846:
601:
3221:
3068:
2858:
1808:
805:
496:
196:
2265:
625:
272:
2480:
1638:
520:
2328:
2153:
2079:
1327:
503:
361:
2532:
164:
3160:
Die Aktivisten der ersten Stunde: Die Antifa 1945 in der sowjetischen Besatzungszone zwischen Besatzungsmacht und Exil-KPD
3231:
1852:
491:
114:
1577:
was used to describe capitalist society in general and virtually any anti-Soviet or anti-Stalinist activity or opinion.
462:
3026:
2951:
2402:
1812:
1488:
1439:
1273:
1105:
874:
476:
469:
1834:
In the American, British, and French zones, antifa groups began to recede by the late summer of 1945, marginalized by
1396:
3051:
2797:
2709:
2680:
2656:
2626:
2600:
2576:
2542:
2463:
2455:
Kampfbünde der Arbeiterbewegung: das Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold und der Rote Frontkämpferbund in Sachsen 1924-1933
2426:
2046:
1945:
1921:
1545:
1323:
924:
154:
1875:
1567:
1364:
1330:
and was described by the KPD as a "red united front under the leadership of the only anti-fascist party, the KPD."
1205:
1838:
bans on political organization and by re-emerging divisions within the movement between Communists and others. In
2827:
1534:. The RFB was then banned as extremist by the governing Social Democrats. In 1930, the KPD established the RFB's
388:
1363:, respectively. In East Germany, it was considered part of the history and heritage of the KPD's successor, the
3151:
2727:
2297:
1343:
259:
1266:
1124:
669:
613:
581:
351:
129:
109:
892:
329:
2348:
1515:
was primarily viewed as the final stage of capitalism rather than a specific group or movement such as the
231:
3096:
1499: and that was supported by the Comintern during the late 1920s and early 1930s, which held that
1880:
1111:
971:
657:
576:
486:
447:
356:
149:
89:
3136:
2914:
1804:
1580:
1462:
government. Since 1928, the KPD was largely controlled and funded by the Soviet government through the
1431:
1384:
1319:
815:
742:
437:
405:
18:
This article is about the organisation in the Weimar Republic. For the later movement it inspired, see
1588:
banners, to the right imagery of the KPD fighting capitalism and to the left imagery attacking the SPD
1707:
1333:
In the postwar era, the historical organisation inspired new groups and networks, known as the wider
515:
373:
324:
94:
2221:
1747:
1476:
134:
1828:
1303:
778:
683:
1080:
1938:
Political Violence in the Weimar Republic, 1918–1933: Fight for the Streets and Fear of Civil War
442:
267:
211:
3115:
2453:
1559:
policy to work with other working class groups to defeat "fascism" as interpreted by the party.
3193:
1859:
1835:
1606:
1011:
914:
735:
632:
206:
1052:
708:
2646:
2642:
2353:
1232:
1001:
961:
934:
749:
725:
720:
642:
420:
334:
42:
241:
1642:
1322:(KPD) that existed from 1932 to 1933. It was primarily active as a KPD campaign during the
1157:
939:
730:
1823:
included "three Communists and three Social Democrats" while the antifascist committee in
1383:
The late 1920s and early 1930s saw rising tensions mainly between three broad groups, the
8:
3166:. Vorgelegt dem Rat der Philosophischen Fakultät der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena.
2963:
1093:
1087:
1066:
991:
284:
221:
201:
84:
2984:, Office of Military Government, Germany. Issues 1-22, 1945, pp. 13-15 (in which issue?)
1803:, spontaneously re-emerged in Germany in 1944, mainly involving veterans of the pre-war
1508:
2939:
2374:
2202:
1690:
as a "red united front under the leadership of the only anti-fascist party, the KPD."
1657:
1222:
1016:
856:
841:
432:
319:
2997:
452:
3147:
3047:
3022:
2947:
2793:
2744:
2705:
2676:
2652:
2622:
2596:
2572:
2538:
2459:
2422:
2398:
2324:
2298:"Divided they fell: The German left and the rise of Hitler • International Socialism"
2272:
2206:
2194:
2159:
2149:
2126:
2097:"Paul Levi and the Origins of the United-Front Policy in the Communist International"
2075:
2042:
1941:
1917:
1816:
1693:
The organisation held its first rally in Berlin on 10 July 1932, then capital of the
1614:
1408:
1099:
851:
689:
554:
415:
236:
216:
188:
159:
119:
1451:
1427:
457:
2763:"Antifaschische Aktion! Aufruf des Zentralkomitees an die deutsche Arbeiterklasse!"
2736:
2316:
2186:
2116:
2108:
2067:
1780:
1770:
1573:
1516:
1500:
1435:
1392:
1334:
1210:
1200:
1073:
1045:
996:
887:
800:
773:
652:
618:
559:
535:
525:
309:
19:
3126:
3107:
Die Antifaschistische Aktion. Dokumentation und Chronik, Mai 1932 Bis Januar 1933
2993:
2981:
2967:
2344:
2071:
1758:
1694:
1683:
1618:
1443:
1412:
1315:
1254:
1195:
393:
2673:
Der rote Faden. Kommunistische Parteigeschichte und Zensur unter Walter Ulbricht
2619:
Lasten diktatorischer Vergangenheit – Herausforderungen demokratischer Gegenwart
2320:
1862:
of the early 21st-century has drawn its aesthetics and some of its tactics from
3060:
2604:
1885:
1718:
1674:
1609:'s Heinrich Brüning. In response, the SPD and affiliated group established the
1602:
1492:
1026:
1021:
951:
878:
790:
713:
226:
2190:
2112:
427:
3215:
3202:
2902:
Beating the Fascists?: The German Communists and Political Violence 1929-1933
2889:
Beating the Fascists?: The German Communists and Political Violence 1929-1933
2876:
Beating the Fascists?: The German Communists and Political Violence 1929-1933
2814:
Beating the Fascists?: The German Communists and Political Violence 1929-1933
2748:
2740:
2697:
2440:
Beating the Fascists?: The German Communists and Political Violence 1929-1933
2390:
2198:
2130:
1598:
1496:
1167:
1152:
1147:
339:
181:
2163:
2790:'Man muss so radikal sein wie die Wirklichkeit': die PDS : eine Bilanz
1839:
1724:
1585:
1556:
1504:
1484:
1470:
policy of working with other working class and socialist parties to combat
1467:
1459:
1422:
1416:
1360:
1356:
1311:
1177:
701:
530:
139:
50:
2534:
Weimar Radicals: Nazis and Communists between Authenticity and Performance
1563:
1217:
1162:
74:
2121:
1249:
1890:
1682:) on 26 May 1932. The new organisation was based on the principle of a
1610:
1400:
1388:
1372:
1142:
1059:
908:
542:
124:
1819:
also participated. In 1945, the anti-fascist committee in the city of
58:
2096:
2012:"Straßenterror: So hilflos stand Weimar vor der Gewalt der Radikalen"
1843:
1820:
1463:
1455:
1227:
696:
30:
1783:, modern antifa groups have no direct organisational connection to
1652:
logo can be seen prominently displayed on the front of the building
1348:
1308:
1172:
986:
981:
1986:"Conquering the Capital: The Ruthless Rise of the Nazis in Berlin"
1960:"Conquering the Capital: The Ruthless Rise of the Nazis in Berlin"
1584:
The 1932 Unity Congress showing in the centre the logo flanked by
3044:
Denazification in Soviet-occupied Germany: Brandenburg, 1945-1948
2725:
Pike, David (1982). "German Writers in Soviet Exile, 1933–1945".
1824:
1686:, but it remained an integral part of the KPD. The KPD described
1531:
1527:
1471:
1368:
3158:
2271:. Verein zur Förderung Antifaschistischer Kultur. Archived from
1483:
However, after The Communist International's abrupt turn in its
3144:
Antifaschistische Aktion 1945: d. "Stunde Null" in Braunschweig
1523:
and, based on this theory, the term was applied quite broadly.
1404:
1520:
1367:. In West Germany, its aesthetics and name were embraced by
1551:("Fighting Alliance against Fascism"). In late 1931, local
902:
564:
176:
2481:"Gerade auf LeMO gesehen: LeMO Kapitel: Weimarer Republik"
1815:. Some members of other democratic political parties and
2304:
1532:
33 people were killed in the clash and subsequent rioting
597:
Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan
3019:
Niemandsland: A History of Unoccupied Germany, 1944-1945
2055:
1391:
a second, and a coalition of governing parties, mainly
1347:
moniker and a modified version of its logo. During the
3102:. Antifaschistischen Aktion/Bundesweite Organisation.
2787:
2066:. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 399–428.
2039:
In Stalins Gefolgschaft: Moskau und die KPD 1928–1933
384:
Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
2064:
German Communism, Workers' Protest, and Labor Unions
1645:, the KPD's headquarters from 1926 to 1933 in which
2442:, Cambridge University Press, 25 Aug 1983, pp. 3–4.
2388:
3004:, Volume 64, Number 4, December 1949. pp. 507–532.
2828:"Was ist 'klassische Antifa'? (neues deutschland)"
2315:. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 89–102.
3213:
3012:
3010:
2088:
1827:"had nine members, including three liberals and
1668:The KPD formally announced the establishment of
764:Romanian resistance movement during World War II
2891:, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 54, 98.
2788:Moreau, Patrick; Schorpp-Grabiak, Rita (2002).
3097:"Die Geschichte der Antifaschistischen Aktion"
2998:The Inter-Regnum in Germany: March-August 1945
2878:, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 97–98.
2593:Germany: From Revolution to Counter-Revolution
2146:Communism in Germany under the Weimar republic
830:Assembly for the National Liberation of Serbia
3007:
2170:
2137:
1274:
2062:Peterson, Larry (1993). "The United Front".
1916:. v. Hase & Koehler Verlag. p. 96.
3174:Linksextremismus: eine unterschätzte Gefahr
3105:Karl, Heinz; Kücklich, Erika, eds. (1965).
1842:, antifa groups were absorbed into the new
1723:, remains a widely used symbol of militant
1699:Association of Revolutionary Visual Artists
1474:. It was in this period, in 1924, that the
592:Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan
172:Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals
2933:
2904:, Cambridge University Press, 1983, p. 98.
2816:, Cambridge University Press, 1983, p. 81.
2702:Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory
2009:
1281:
1267:
680:Polish resistance movement in World War II
3016:
2651:. Melville House Publishing. p. 54.
2479:Museum, Stiftung Deutsches Historisches.
2310:
2120:
1907:
1905:
1530:rally in Berlin was broken up by police;
1442: as both its main adversary and as "
1119:(We Don't Need This) Fascist Groove Thang
3120:Antifaschismus: der geistige Bürgerkrieg
3046:. Harvard University Press. p. 48.
3035:
2915:"Kommunistischer Widerstand 1933 - 1945"
2458:(in German). Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar.
2061:
1983:
1957:
1761:in 1933, the movement went underground.
1637:
1579:
1421:
847:Liberation Front of the Slovenian People
29:
3137:"Antifaschistischen Komitees nach 1945"
3066:
2972:. Beacon Service Co., 1950. pp. 37-38.
2853:
2851:
2849:
2825:
2665:
2616:
2610:
2382:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2010:Kellerhoff, Sven Felix (10 July 2017).
1911:
497:Pope Pius XII and the German Resistance
197:Antifascist Worker and Peasant Militias
3214:
2781:
2696:
2566:
2343:
2337:
2143:
1902:
1817:Christians who opposed the Nazi régime
1605:, which opposed the government of the
1337:, many of which use the aesthetics of
821:Anti-fascist Assembly for the National
25:Anti-fascist militant group in Germany
3227:Anti-fascist organisations in Germany
3129:. Hamburg: Die Dt. Konservativen e.V.
2944:Antifaschismus – ein deutscher Mythos
2530:
2451:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2226:Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung
2222:"Zerstörung der Demokratie 1930-1933"
2094:
2036:
1458:party that was fiercely loyal to the
1328:November 1932 German federal election
1302:
835:Anti-Fascist Council for the National
602:Japanese People's Emancipation League
504:National Committee for a Free Germany
3041:
2846:
2724:
2641:
2635:
2367:
2361:
2176:
2025:
1304:[ˌantifaˈʃɪstɪʃəʔakˈtsi̯oːn]
2969:Betrayal: our occupation of Germany
2507:"Roter Frontkämpferbund, 1924-1929"
2419:Der rote Frontkämpferbund 1924–1929
2313:German Writers and Politics 1918–39
2266:"80 Jahre Antifaschistische Aktion"
1775:In the postwar era, the historical
1466:. Up until 1928, the KPD pursued a
521:Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization
492:Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany
115:Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany
13:
3194:Antifaschistische Aktion – Germany
3095:Autonome Antifa (M) (April 1995).
3089:
2478:
2263:
2240:
1984:Klußmann, Uwe (29 November 2012).
1958:Klußmann, Uwe (29 November 2012).
1617: and the constitution of the
1489:Social Democratic Party of Germany
1106:Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice
362:People's Liberation Insurgent Army
14:
3253:
3237:Organizations established in 1932
3187:
2368:Bois, Marcel (25 November 2015).
2219:
1697:. Its two-flag logo, designed by
1526:In 1929, the KPD's banned public
1324:July 1932 German federal election
925:Anti-fascist research group Kafka
2648:Antifa: The Antifascist Handbook
2621:. LIT Verlag. pp. 195–208.
1876:Anti-Germans (political current)
1633:
1487:from 1928, the KPD regarded the
1365:Socialist Unity Party of Germany
1248:
1206:Anti-Germans (political current)
57:
3242:Resistance against Nazi Germany
2987:
2975:
2957:
2907:
2894:
2881:
2868:
2819:
2806:
2755:
2718:
2690:
2585:
2560:
2551:
2524:
2499:
2472:
2445:
2432:
2411:
2395:Der missbrauchte Antifaschismus
2290:
2213:
1799:, all typically abbreviated to
3222:1932 establishments in Germany
3021:. Cambridge University Press.
2826:Deutschland, Redaktion neues.
2728:The American Historical Review
2095:Gaido, Daniel (3 April 2017).
2003:
1977:
1951:
1930:
1541:Kampfbund gegen den Faschismus
875:Post–World War II anti-fascism
260:Resistance during World War II
1:
3067:Balhorn, Loren (8 May 2017).
2792:. Nomos Verlag. p. 166.
2704:. Pan Macmillan. p. 54.
2531:Brown, Timothy Scott (2009).
2485:Deutsches Historisches Museum
2349:"The Ghost of Social-Fascism"
1896:
1378:
1125:Red and anarchist black metal
670:Norwegian resistance movement
614:Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
582:National Liberation Committee
352:Bulgarian resistance movement
130:Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold
3069:"The Lost History of Antifa"
2859:"The Lost History of Antifa"
2675:. Böhlau Verlag, Köln 2003,
2511:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
2072:10.1007/978-94-011-1644-2_12
1797:Antifaschistische Kommittees
1793:Antifaschistische Ausschüsse
1730:How many people belonged to
1511:." In KPD and Soviet usage,
1495:that had been proclaimed by
816:Yugoslav resistance movement
806:Moldovan resistance movement
273:National Liberation Movement
232:Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion
7:
3002:Political Science Quarterly
2982:Weekly Information Bulletin
2421:. Droste, Düsseldorf 1975,
2397:. Freiburg: Verlag Herder.
2393:; Neubert, Ehrhart (2002).
2321:10.1007/978-1-349-11815-1_7
1881:German resistance to Nazism
1869:
1112:This machine kills fascists
972:Aktion Kinder des Holocaust
658:Binnenlandse Strijdkrachten
577:Italian resistance movement
487:German resistance to Nazism
448:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans
300:Latvian resistance movement
165:Concentrazione Antifascista
150:1922 Italian general strike
90:Republikanischer Schutzbund
10:
3258:
3232:Communist Party of Germany
3017:Pritchard, Gareth (2012).
2370:"Hitler Wasn't Inevitable"
1849:Christian Democratic Union
1768:
1403:, making up a third side.
1385:Communist Party of Germany
1320:Communist Party of Germany
1318:started by members of the
893:Arsch huh, Zäng ussenander
406:Danish resistance movement
389:Jan Žižka partisan brigade
17:
3042:Vogt, Timothy R. (2000).
2595:, Fortress Books (1988),
2191:10.1163/1569206x-00001281
2113:10.1163/1569206x-12341515
1912:Stephan, Pieroth (1994).
1764:
1672:in the party's newspaper
374:Anti-Fascist Organisation
325:Belgian National Movement
34:"Come to us", 1932 poster
2687:series, vol. 25). p. 60.
2571:. A. Peter. p. 21.
1940:, Berghahn Books, 2012,
1864:Antifaschistische Aktion
1853:Liberal Democratic Party
1789:Antifaschistische Aktion
1785:Antifaschistische Aktion
1777:Antifaschistische Aktion
1755:Antifaschistische Aktion
1740:Antifaschistische Aktion
1736:Antifaschistische Aktion
1732:Antifaschistische Aktion
1688:Antifaschistische Aktion
1670:Antifaschistische Aktion
1663:Antifaschistische Aktion
1647:Antifaschistische Aktion
1623:Antifaschistische Aktion
1594:Antifaschistische Aktion
1553:Roter Massenselbstschutz
1450:Under the leadership of
1426:Under the leadership of
1353:Antifaschistische Aktion
1339:Antifaschistische Aktion
1295:Antifaschistische Aktion
837:Liberation of Yugoslavia
779:Slovak National Uprising
684:Polish Underground State
105:Antifaschistische Aktion
3157:Michelmann, Jeannette.
2685:Zeithistorische Studien
2567:Fippel, Günter (2003).
2452:Voigt, Carsten (2009).
1568:an unsuccessful attempt
1387:(KPD) on one side, the
823:Liberation of Macedonia
330:Front de l'Indépendance
212:Abraham Lincoln Brigade
2741:10.1086/ahr/88.1.133-a
2179:Historical Materialism
2101:Historical Materialism
1858:In the United States,
1829:progressive Christians
1748:Roter Frontkämpferbund
1653:
1589:
1477:Roter Frontkämpferbund
1447:
633:Jewish Labor Committee
207:International Brigades
135:Roter Frontkämpferbund
35:
3116:Knütter, Hans-Helmuth
2946:. Freiburg: Rowohlt.
2557:Rosenhaft, pp. 96–97.
2417:Kurt G. P. Schuster:
2185:(3). Brill: 138–165.
2148:. London: Macmillan.
2107:(1). Brill: 131–174.
2041:. Oldenbourg Verlag.
1656:After a brawl in the
1641:
1583:
1438:party and viewed the
1425:
1355:had a dual legacy in
1233:Libertarian socialism
1081:Grândola, Vila Morena
1002:Unite Against Fascism
962:Antifascistisk Aktion
935:Armed Forces Movement
726:Narodowe Siły Zbrojne
721:Kampfgruppe Auschwitz
643:Luxembourg resistance
305:Lithuanian resistance
33:
2671:Lokatis, Siegfried.
2144:Fowkes, Ben (1984).
2037:Hoppe, Bert (2011).
1643:Karl-Liebknecht-Haus
1538:successor, known as
1314:organisation in the
1158:Diversity of tactics
628:during the Holocaust
3203:Autonomen Antifa [M
2940:Grunenberg, Antonia
1507:and the parties of
1454:, the KPD became a
1255:Politics portal
1137:Tactics and methods
1094:Rock Against Racism
1088:Nazi Punks Fuck Off
1067:First they came ...
992:Anti-Fascist Action
709:Bataliony Chłopskie
295:Estonian resistance
285:Austrian resistance
268:Albanian resistance
222:Dabrowski Battalion
202:Confederal militias
85:Arbeiter-Schutzbund
2537:. Berghahn Books.
2389:Agethen, Manfred;
2278:on 4 February 2019
1658:Landtag of Prussia
1654:
1590:
1448:
1223:Left-wing politics
1017:Anti-Racist Action
857:Yugoslav Partisans
842:Croatian Partisans
745:Organizacja Bojowa
320:Belgian Resistance
242:Thälmann Battalion
155:Aventine Secession
36:
3146:. Musterschmidt.
2832:Neues Deutschland
2347:(February 1969).
2330:978-1-349-11817-5
2300:. 9 January 2013.
2220:Sturm, Reinhard.
2155:978-0-333-27271-8
2081:978-94-010-4718-0
1615:liberal democracy
1592:The formation of
1409:liberal democracy
1341:, especially the
1291:
1290:
1100:Rock gegen Rechts
1039:Music and culture
852:Slovene Partisans
626:Jewish resistance
555:Cretan resistance
472:of the Resistance
416:French Resistance
237:Palafox Battalion
217:British Battalion
189:Spanish Civil War
160:Arditi del Popolo
120:Confessing Church
3249:
3207:
3198:
3178:
3165:
3141:
3124:
3112:. Berlin: Dietz.
3111:
3101:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3014:
3005:
2994:Krieger, Leonard
2991:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2961:
2955:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2911:
2905:
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2716:
2715:
2694:
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2662:
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2436:
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2415:
2409:
2408:
2386:
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2365:
2359:
2358:
2345:Draper, Theodore
2341:
2335:
2334:
2308:
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2301:
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2085:
2059:
2053:
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2034:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1955:
1949:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1909:
1787:. Groups called
1771:Antifa (Germany)
1722:
1711:
1651:
1549:
1517:Italian Fascists
1501:social democracy
1436:Marxist-Leninist
1393:social democrats
1375:from the 1970s.
1306:
1301:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1253:
1252:
1211:Anti-Japaneseism
1201:Anti-nationalism
1074:Fischia il vento
1046:A las Barricadas
997:Anti-Nazi League
801:Soviet partisans
774:Slovak partisans
653:Dutch resistance
560:Greek resistance
536:Oster conspiracy
526:Schwarze Kapelle
470:National Council
465:de la Résistance
357:Fatherland Front
310:Soviet partisans
95:Socialist Action
61:
38:
37:
20:Antifa (Germany)
3257:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3212:
3211:
3205:
3196:
3190:
3176:
3170:Moreau, Patrick
3163:
3139:
3127:Heinrich Lummer
3122:
3109:
3099:
3092:
3090:Further reading
3087:
3077:
3075:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3015:
3008:
2992:
2988:
2980:
2976:
2962:
2958:
2938:
2934:
2924:
2922:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2900:Eve Rosenhaft,
2899:
2895:
2887:Eve Rosenhaft,
2886:
2882:
2874:Eve Rosenhaft,
2873:
2869:
2857:Loren Balhorn,
2856:
2847:
2837:
2835:
2824:
2820:
2812:Eve Rosenhaft,
2811:
2807:
2800:
2786:
2782:
2772:
2770:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2723:
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2615:
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2545:
2529:
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2515:
2513:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2488:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2450:
2446:
2438:Eve Rosenhaft,
2437:
2433:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2387:
2383:
2366:
2362:
2342:
2338:
2331:
2309:
2305:
2296:
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2291:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2264:Langer, Bernd.
2262:
2241:
2231:
2229:
2218:
2214:
2175:
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2156:
2142:
2138:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2035:
2026:
2016:
2014:
2008:
2004:
1994:
1992:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1956:
1952:
1936:Dirk Schumann:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1910:
1903:
1899:
1872:
1851:(CDU), and the
1781:antifa movement
1773:
1767:
1759:Machtergreifung
1716:
1705:
1695:Weimar Republic
1684:communist front
1649:
1636:
1619:Weimar Republic
1543:
1444:social fascists
1413:Weimar Republic
1381:
1335:antifa movement
1316:Weimar Republic
1299:
1287:
1247:
1240:
1239:
1196:Anti-capitalism
1191:
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1182:
1138:
1130:
1129:
1040:
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977:United Kingdom
941:
872:
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863:
836:
829:
822:
751:
744:
738:Ghetto Uprising
737:
715:
703:
691:
627:
620:
471:
464:
463:Mouvements Unis
453:Libération-Nord
394:Prague uprising
257:
249:
248:
166:
80:Central Europe
69:
26:
23:
12:
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5:
3255:
3245:
3244:
3239:
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3229:
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3210:
3209:
3200:
3189:
3188:External links
3186:
3185:
3184:
3181:Jürgen P. Lang
3167:
3155:
3133:Lein, Albrecht
3130:
3125:. Foreword by
3113:
3103:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3059:
3052:
3034:
3028:978-1107013506
3027:
3006:
2986:
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2956:
2952:978-3499131790
2932:
2919:DDR-Biografien
2906:
2893:
2880:
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2798:
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2698:Davies, Norman
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2404:978-3451280177
2403:
2391:Jesse, Eckhard
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1990:Spiegel Online
1976:
1964:Spiegel Online
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1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1886:Conny Wessmann
1883:
1878:
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1868:
1769:Main article:
1766:
1763:
1675:Die Rote Fahne
1635:
1632:
1603:Harzburg Front
1519:or the German
1493:social fascism
1452:Ernst Thälmann
1428:Ernst Thälmann
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1027:Refuse Fascism
1024:
1022:Redneck Revolt
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1007:United States
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879:denazification
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2799:9783789079290
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2769:. 26 May 1932
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2711:9780330472296
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2681:3-412-04603-5
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2658:9781612197043
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2628:9783825887896
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2601:1-870958-04-7
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2578:9783935881128
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2544:9781845459086
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2465:9783412204495
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2427:3-7700-5083-5
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1946:9780857453143
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1397:conservatives
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1357:East Germany
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1312:anti-fascist
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1178:United front
1053:¡Ay Carmela!
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828:Anti-fascist
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690:Anti-Fascist
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531:20 July plot
516:Rote Kapelle
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3206:(in German)
3197:(in German)
3177:(in German)
3164:(in German)
3140:(in German)
3123:(in German)
3110:(in German)
3100:(in German)
3078:1 September
2964:Kahn, David
2921:(in German)
2865:, May 2017.
2834:(in German)
2487:(in German)
2228:(in German)
1717: [
1714:Max Keilson
1706: [
1703:Max Gebhard
1564:Strasserite
1544: [
1373:autonomists
1218:Anti-racism
1163:Milkshaking
811:Yugoslavia
638:Luxembourg
428:Armée Juive
335:Secret Army
75:Black Lions
3216:Categories
3152:3788117028
2767:Rote Fahne
2735:(1): 8–9.
2643:Bray, Mark
2354:Commentary
1897:References
1891:Iron Front
1613:to defend
1611:Iron Front
1389:Nazi Party
1379:Background
1371:and later
1143:Black bloc
1060:Bella ciao
942:Revolution
909:Bella ciao
543:White Rose
125:Iron Front
110:Black Band
2773:10 August
2749:1937-5239
2605:Chapter 7
2207:219055035
2199:1465-4466
2131:1465-4466
1844:Stalinist
1821:Olbernhau
1464:Comintern
1456:Stalinist
1228:Anarchism
940:Carnation
930:Portugal
769:Slovakia
621:partisans
347:Bulgaria
71:Ethiopia
3172:(1996).
3135:(1978).
3118:(2010).
2942:(1993).
2700:(2008).
2645:(2017).
2357:: 29–42.
2164:10553402
1870:See also
1855:(LDP)."
1701:members
1536:de facto
1419:groups.
1401:liberals
1349:Cold War
1326:and the
1309:militant
1307:) was a
1190:See also
1173:Squadism
987:62 Group
982:43 Group
883:Germany
759:Romania
750:Zydowski
743:Żydowska
482:Germany
401:Denmark
379:Czechia
315:Belgium
280:Austria
263:Albania
167:Italiana
100:Germany
68:Interwar
43:a series
41:Part of
3183:. Bonn.
3179:. With
3073:Jacobin
2863:Jacobin
2516:21 June
2491:21 June
2375:Jacobin
2282:25 June
2232:21 June
2017:11 July
1995:25 June
1969:11 July
1825:Leipzig
1574:fascist
1528:May Day
1513:fascism
1509:Brüning
1472:fascism
1411:of the
1369:Maoists
1300:German:
957:Sweden
871:Postwar
714:Gwardia
675:Poland
665:Norway
609:Jewish
550:Greece
411:France
187:Spain (
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1801:antifa
1765:Legacy
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1460:Soviet
1430:, the
1405:Berlin
1344:antifa
1012:Antifa
947:Spain
898:Italy
888:Antifa
786:Spain
736:Warsaw
716:Ludowa
704:Ludowa
619:Jewish
587:Japan
572:Italy
438:Combat
421:Maquis
369:Burma
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2203:S2CID
1795:, or
1753:With
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1521:Nazis
731:Olimp
702:Armia
3148:ISBN
3080:2017
3048:ISBN
3023:ISBN
2948:ISBN
2927:2019
2840:2019
2794:ISBN
2775:2019
2745:ISSN
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2195:ISSN
2160:OCLC
2150:ISBN
2127:ISSN
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2019:2019
1997:2019
1971:2019
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1918:ISBN
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