111:
767:. It is used for qualitative and quantitative determination of both antigen and antibody. It involves the reaction of soluble antigen with soluble antibodies to form large interlocking aggravated called lattice. It occurs in two distinct stages. Firstly, the antigen and antibody rapidly form antigen-antibody complexes within few seconds and this is followed by a slower reaction in which the antibody-antigen complexes forms lattices that precipitate from the solution.
46:. The antigens and antibodies combine by a process called agglutination. It is the fundamental reaction in the body by which the body is protected from complex foreign molecules, such as pathogens and their chemical toxins. In the blood, the antigens are specifically and with high affinity bound by antibodies to form an antigen-antibody complex. The immune complex is then transported to cellular systems where it can be destroyed or deactivated.
144:
102:
the blood. There are many antibodies and each is specific for a particular type of antigen. Thus immune response in acquired immunity is due to the precise binding of antigens to antibody. Only very small area of the antigens and antibody molecules actually interact through complementary binding sites, called epitopes in antigens and paratopes in antibody.
717:
Normally antibodies can detect and differentiate molecules from outside of the body and those produced inside the body as a result of cellular activities. Self molecules as ignored by the immune system. However, in certain conditions, the antibodies recognise self molecules as antigens and triggers
182:
are all known to be involved depending on the interaction sites. Non-covalent bonds between antibody and antigen can also be mediated by interfacial water molecules. Such indirect bonds can contribute to the phenomenon of cross-reactivity, i.e. the recognition of different but related antigens by a
101:
Immunity developed as an individual is exposed to antigens is called adaptive or acquired immunity, in contrast to immunity developed at birth, which is innate immunity. Acquired immunity depends upon the interaction between antigens and a group of proteins called antibodies produced by B cells of
88:
The principles of specificity and cross-reactivity of the antigen-antibody interaction are useful in clinical laboratory for diagnostic purposes. One basic application is determination of ABO blood group. It is also used as a molecular technique for infection with different pathogens, such as HIV,
147:
Structure of hen egg lysozyme (HEL) antigen. (A) The 3-D structure of HEL (CPK representation) together with three Abs (ribbon representation). (B) The structure of HEL colored according to the same three epitopes as in (A). (C) The structure of HEL colored according to the epitopes predicted by
139:
these are roughly from residues 28 to 35, from 49 to 59, and from 92 to 103, respectively. HV3 is the most variable part. Thus these regions may be part of a paratope, the part of an antibody that recognizes and binds to an antigen. The rest of the V region between the hypervariable regions are
701:
for that antigen. Since antibodies are bivalent or polyvalent, this is the sum of the strengths of individual antibody-antigen interactions. The strength of an individual interaction between a single binding site on an antibody and its target epitope is termed the affinity of that interaction.
555:. However, these equations are applicable only to a single epitope binding, i.e. one antigen on one antibody. Since the antibody necessarily has two paratopes, and in many circumstances complex binding occurs, the multiple binding equilibrium can be summed up as:
688:
693:
where, at equilibrium, c is the concentration of free ligand, r represents the ratio of the concentration of bound ligand to total antibody concentration and n is the maximum number of binding sites per antibody molecule (the antibody valence).
546:
414:
1113:
Braden, BC; Dall'Acqua, W; Eisenstein, E; Fields, BA; Goldbaum, FA; Malchiodi, EL; Mariuzza, RA; Schwarz, FP; Ysern, X; Poljak, RJ (1995). "Protein motion and lock and key complementarity in antigen-antibody reactions".
126:
polypeptide. This region, called the variable (V) domain, is composed of amino acid sequences that define each type of antibody and their binding affinity to an antigen. The combined sequence of variable light chain
56:
There are several types of antibodies and antigens, and each antibody is capable of binding only to a specific antigen. The specificity of the binding is due to specific chemical constitution of each antibody. The
1561:
Taylor, Charles W.; Chakrabarty, Subhas; Schauder, Keith S.; Yeoman, Lynn C. (1983). "Identification of
Cytosolic Antigens from GW-39 Adenocarcinoma Cells by Crossed Immunoelectrophoresis and Immunofluorescence".
722:
depending on the type of antigens and antibodies involved. Such conditions are always harmful and sometimes deadly. The exact nature of antibody-antigen interaction in autoimmune disease is not yet understood.
191:
Antigen and antibody interact through a high affinity binding much like lock and key. A dynamic equilibrium exists for the binding. For example, the reaction is a reversible one, and can be expressed as:
1994:
1198:
Oda, Masayuki; Uchiyama, Susumu; Noda, Masanori; Nishi, Yoshinori; Koga, Maiko; Mayanagi, Kouta; Robinson, Carol V.; Fukui, Kiichi; Kobayashi, Yuji; Morikawa, Kosuke; Azuma, Takachika (2009).
778:
It acts on antigen-antibody reaction in which the antibodies cross-link particulate antigens resulting in the visible clumping of the particle. There are two types, namely active and passive
1070:
Lisova, O; Belkadi, L; Bedouelle, Hugues (Apr 2014). "Direct and indirect interactions in the recognition between a cross-neutralizing antibody and the four serotypes of dengue virus".
1435:
Cornaby, Caleb; Gibbons, Lauren; Mayhew, Vera; Sloan, Chad S.; Welling, Andrew; Poole, Brian D. (2015). "B cell epitope spreading: Mechanisms and contribution to autoimmune diseases".
561:
288:
1016:
van Oss, CJ; Good, RJ; Chaudhury, MK (1986). "Nature of the antigen-antibody interaction. Primary and secondary bonds: optimal conditions for association and dissociation".
1989:
763:
Soluble antigens combine with soluble antibodies in presence of an electrolyte at suitable temperature and pH to form insoluble visible complex. This is called a
449:
317:
731:
Antigen-antibody interaction is used in laboratory techniques for serological test of blood compatibility and various pathogenic infections. The most basic is
803:
Goldberg, Richard J. (1952). "A Theory of
Antibody—Antigen Reactions. I. Theory for Reactions of Multivalent Antigen with Bivalent and Univalent Antibody".
65:
of the antibody, situated at the variable region of the polypeptide chain. The variable region in turn has hyper-variable regions which are unique
709:
for the interactions they describe. The lower the dissociation constant, the higher the avidity or affinity, and the stronger the interaction.
1337:"Exploring avidity: understanding the potential gains in functional affinity and target residence time of bivalent and heterobivalent ligands"
1043:
Absolom, DR; van Oss, CJ (1986). "The nature of the antigen-antibody bond and the factors affecting its association and dissociation".
1692:
1614:
981:
Mian, I.Saira; Bradwell, Arthur R.; Olson, Arthur J. (1991). "Structure, function and properties of antibody binding sites".
841:
1679:, Techniques in Life Science and Biomedicine for the Non-Expert, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 23–30,
914:
1539:
683:{\displaystyle K_{a}={\frac {k_{{\ce {on}}}}{k_{{\ce {off}}}}}={\frac {{\ce {}}}{{\ce { }}}}={\frac {r}{c(n-r)}}}
552:
198:
1828:"Quantitation of Food Adulterants by Multiple Radial Immunodiffusion. I. Cross-Reacting Antigen Mixtures"
1286:
Estep, Patricia; Reid, Felicia; Nauman, Claire; Liu, Yuqi; Sun, Tingwan; Sun, Joanne; Xu, Yingda (2013).
70:
49:
The first correct description of the antigen-antibody reaction was given by
Richard J. Goldberg at the
764:
167:
69:
in each antibody. Antigens are bound to antibodies through weak and noncovalent interactions such as
140:
called framework regions. Each V domain has four framework domains, namely FR1, FR2, FR3, and FR4.
82:
770:
A special ring test is useful for diagnosis of anthrax and determination of adulteration in food.
779:
179:
50:
2014:
732:
1861:"Bubble-induced aggregation of platelets: effects of gas species, proteins, and decompression"
1827:
1288:"High throughput solution-based measurement of antibody-antigen affinity and epitope binning"
752:
706:
541:{\displaystyle K_{d}={\frac {k_{{\ce {off}}}}{k_{{\ce {on}}}}}={\frac {{\ce { }}}{{\ce {}}}}}
409:{\displaystyle K_{a}={\frac {k_{{\ce {on}}}}{k_{{\ce {off}}}}}={\frac {{\ce {}}}{{\ce { }}}}}
58:
78:
114:
Structural model of an antibody molecule. Rounded portions indicate antigen binding sites.
8:
2019:
2009:
1200:"Effects of antibody affinity and antigen valence on molecular forms of immune complexes"
175:
66:
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Antibodies bind antigens through weak chemical interactions, and bonding is essentially
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1789:"An immuno-diffusion assay to assess the protective antigen content of anthrax vaccine"
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in 1952. It came to be known as "Goldberg's theory" (of antigen-antibody reaction).
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The antibody-antigen binding kinetic can be described by the rate equation of a
122:
is formed from the amino-terminal end of both the light and heavy chains of the
901:
Janeway, Charles A Jr; Travers, Paul; Walport, Mark; Shlomchik, Mark J (2001).
697:
The overall strength of the binding of an antibody to an antigen is termed its
123:
74:
1939:
Parry, Christopher M.; Wijedoru, Lalith; Arjyal, Amit; Baker, Stephen (2011).
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1892:"Widal agglutination test – 100 years later: still plagued by controversy"
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1941:"The utility of diagnostic tests for enteric fever in endemic locations"
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are the association and dissociation rate constants, respectively.
294:
90:
62:
39:
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298:
157:
143:
31:
1746:"Double-immunodiffusion assay for detecting specific antibodies"
1513:"Immunoglobulins- antigen-antibody reactions and selected tests"
1560:
135:) creates three hypervariable regions (HV1, HV2, and HV3). In V
1386:"Binding Revisited-Avidity in Cellular Function and Signaling"
1472:"Assessing human B cell repertoire diversity and convergence"
740:
1015:
148:
Discotope (light blue), ellipro (purple), and seppa (pink).
1859:
Thorsen, T.; Klausen, H.; Lie, R. T.; Holmsen, H. (1993).
859:"Goldberg's theory of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro"
1434:
1938:
1858:
1787:
Adams, Trudy; Osborn, Sancha; Rijpkema, Sjoerd (2005).
930:
Sela-Culang, Inbal; Kunik, Vered; Ofran, Yanay (2013).
718:
unexpected immune responses. This results in different
1069:
932:"The structural basis of antibody-antigen recognition"
905:
Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and
Disease
436:
Reciprocally, the equilibibrium dissociation constant
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concentration, either in free (,) or bound () state.
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1519:. University of South Carolina School of Medicine
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1334:
1239:"Factors affecting the antigen-antibody reaction"
1151:"Factors affecting the antigen-antibody reaction"
257:
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239:
238:
2001:
1383:
1335:Vauquelin, Georges; Charlton, Steven J. (2013).
782:. They are used in blood tests for diagnosis of
1540:"Antigen/Antibody Tests for Infectious Disease"
1237:Reverberi, Roberto; Reverberi, Lorenzo (2007).
1149:Reverberi, Roberto; Reverberi, Lorenzo (2007).
1470:Imkeller, Katharina; Wardemann, Hedda (2018).
1042:
186:
158:Chemical basis of antigen-antibody interaction
1889:
26:, is a specific chemical interaction between
1673:"Precipitation and Agglutination Reactions"
1601:. Netherlands: Springer. pp. 309–386.
1243:Blood Transfusion = Trasfusione del Sangue
1155:Blood Transfusion = Trasfusione del Sangue
705:Avidity and affinity can be judged by the
1915:
1843:
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1384:Erlendsson, Simon; Teilum, Kaare (2020).
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909:(5 ed.). New York: Garland Science.
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805:Journal of the American Chemical Society
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1945:Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy
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2002:
1890:Olopoenia, L. A.; King, A. L. (2000).
1825:
891:
856:
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283:{\displaystyle {\ce { + <=> }}}
120:Fab (fragment, antigen-binding) region
923:
739:. Sophisticated applications include
712:
304:The equilibrium association constant
105:
1636:Journal of Investigative Dermatology
1630:Odell, Ian D; Cook, Deborah (2013).
16:Immune response chemical interaction
1538:Margolis, Simeon (5 January 2012).
735:determination, which is useful for
13:
1865:Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine
1390:Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences
1045:CRC Critical Reviews in Immunology
836:. London: CRC Press. p. 257.
833:Applications of Percolation Theory
311:can therefore be represented as:
96:
14:
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1983:
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553:second-order reversible reaction
61:or epitope is recognized by the
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1750:Current Protocols in Immunology
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1632:"Immunofluorescence Techniques"
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1832:Journal of AOAC International
1805:10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.04.017
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743:, enzyme-linked immunospot (
152:
131:) and variable heavy chain (V
20:Antigen-antibody interaction,
1896:Postgraduate Medical Journal
1758:10.1002/0471142735.im0203s00
1715:"Antigen-antibody reactions"
1607:10.1007/978-94-011-1552-0_12
1564:Immunological Investigations
1216:10.1016/j.molimm.2009.09.009
1128:10.1016/0031-6865(94)00046-x
1116:Pharmaceutica Acta Helvetiae
995:10.1016/0022-2836(91)90617-F
983:Journal of Molecular Biology
7:
1685:10.1007/978-3-319-77694-1_3
1599:Handbook of Immunochemistry
1597:FerenÄŤĂk, Miroslav (2013).
1517:Microbiology and Immunology
1449:10.1016/j.imlet.2014.11.001
187:Affinity of the interaction
10:
2036:
1542:. Remedy Health Media, LLC
297:concentration and is the
168:Electrostatic interactions
71:electrostatic interactions
1990:Antigen-antibody reaction
1677:Basic Serological Testing
1576:10.3109/08820138309050753
1403:10.3389/fmolb.2020.615565
1018:Journal of Chromatography
830:Sahimi, Muhammad (1994).
24:antigen-antibody reaction
949:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00302
180:hydrophobic interactions
83:hydrophobic interactions
1826:Lietze, Arthur (1969).
1752:. Chapter 2: Unit 2.3.
936:Frontiers in Immunology
51:University of Wisconsin
1845:10.1093/jaoac/52.5.988
774:Agglutination reaction
765:precipitation reaction
759:Precipitation reaction
684:
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149:
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1908:10.1136/pmj.76.892.80
1744:Hornbeck, P. (2001).
1476:Immunological Reviews
753:immunoelectrophoresis
707:dissociation constant
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59:antigenic determinant
1713:Virella, G. (1993).
1649:10.1038/jid.2012.455
1255:10.2450/2007.0047-07
1204:Molecular Immunology
1167:10.2450/2007.0047-07
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176:van der Waals forces
118:In an antibody, the
79:Van der Waals forces
67:amino acid sequences
857:Spiers, JA (1958).
817:10.1021/ja01142a045
720:autoimmune diseases
245:
1437:Immunology Letters
1304:10.4161/mabs.23049
749:immunofluorescence
713:Autoimmune disease
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106:Antibody structure
1957:10.1586/eri.11.47
1799:(36): 4517–4520.
1719:Immunology Series
1694:978-3-319-77693-4
1616:978-94-010-4678-7
1489:10.1111/imr.12670
1353:10.1111/bph.12106
843:978-0-203-22153-2
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172:hydrogen bonds
159:
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124:immunoglobulin
107:
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89:microbes, and
75:hydrogen bonds
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
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2032:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2015:Immune system
2013:
2011:
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1533:
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727:Application
93:parasites.
2020:Hematology
2010:Immunology
2004:Categories
1700:2021-11-11
1396:: 615565.
863:Immunology
790:References
153:Properties
28:antibodies
1642:(1): e4.
1024:: 111–9.
669:−
443:will be:
260:⇀
253:−
242:−
235:↽
1965:21692675
1926:10644383
1813:15908061
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1766:18432768
1658:23299451
1546:10 March
1523:10 March
1498:29944762
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1273:19204779
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1092:24591178
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295:antibody
91:helminth
63:paratope
40:antigens
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419:where
178:, and
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1969:S2CID
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1961:PMID
1922:PMID
1873:PMID
1809:PMID
1762:PMID
1727:PMID
1689:ISBN
1654:PMID
1611:ISBN
1580:PMID
1548:2015
1525:2015
1494:PMID
1453:PMID
1418:PMID
1367:PMID
1318:PMID
1292:mAbs
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