1193:
do this, he showed him great marks of favour. When he was sacrificing to the gods in
Corinth, he sent portions of the meat to Aratus at Sicyon, and complimented Aratus in front of his guests: "I thought this Sicyonian youth was only a lover of liberty and of his fellow-citizens, but now I look upon him as a good judge of the manners and actions of kings. For formerly he despised us, and, placing his hopes further off, admired the Egyptians, hearing much of their elephants, fleets, and palaces. But after seeing all these at a nearer distance, and perceiving them to be but mere stage props and pageantry, he has now come over to us. And for my part I willingly receive him, and, resolving to make great use of him myself, command you to look upon him as a friend." These words were readily believed by many, and when they were reported to Ptolemy, he half believed them.
893:
realising that his Gallic troops were hard pressed, now advanced into the city with more troops, but in the narrow streets this soon led to confusion as men got lost and wandered around. The two forces now paused and waited for daylight. When the sun rose, Pyrrhus saw how strong the opposition was and decided the best thing was to retreat. Fearing that the gates would be too narrow for his troops to easily exit the city, he sent a message to his son, Helenus, who was outside with the main body of the army, asking him to break down a section of the walls. The messenger, however, failed to convey his instructions clearly. Misunderstanding what was required, Helenus took the rest of the elephants and some picked troops and advanced into the city to help his father.
1132:
1350:, who was to reign for the next 10 years. Except for a short period when he defeated the Gauls, Antigonus was not a heroic or successful military leader. His skills were mainly political. He preferred to rely on cunning, patience, and persistence to achieve his goals. While more brilliant leaders, like his father Demetrius and his neighbour Pyrrhus, aimed higher and fell lower, Antigonus achieved a measure of security. It is also said of him that he gained the affection of his subjects by his honesty and his cultivation of the arts, which he accomplished by gathering round him distinguished literary men, in particular philosophers, poets, and historians. A tomb in
815:. Antigonus's Macedonian troops retreated, but his own body of Gallic mercenaries, who had charge of his elephants, stood firm until Pyrrhus's troops surrounded them, whereupon they surrendered both themselves and the elephants. Pyrrhus now chased after the rest of Antigonus's army which, demoralised by its earlier defeat, declined to fight. As the two armies faced each other, Pyrrhus called out to the various officers by name and persuaded the whole body of infantry to desert. Antigonus escaped by concealing his identity. Pyrrhus now took control of upper Macedonia and Thessaly, while Antigonus held on to the coastal towns.
461:. As the Thebans defended their city stubbornly, Demetrius often forced his men to attack the city at great cost, even though there was little hope of capturing it. It is said that, distressed by the heavy losses, Antigonus asked his father: "Why, father, do we allow these lives to be thrown away so unnecessarily?" Demetrius appears to have showed his contempt for the lives of his soldiers by replying: "We don't have to find rations for the dead." But he also showed a similar disregard for his own life and was badly wounded at the siege by a bolt through the neck.
1081:, persuaded Antiochus to take advantage of the war in Greece to attack Egypt. To counter this, Ptolemy dispatched a force of pirates and freebooters to raid and attack the lands and provinces of Antiochus, while his army fought a defensive campaign, holding back the stronger Seleucid army. Although successfully defending Egypt, Ptolemy II was unable to save Athens from Antigonus. In 263/2 or 262/1 BC, the Athenians and Spartans, worn down by several years of war and the devastation of their lands, made peace with Antigonus, who thus retained his hold on Greece.
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138:
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who had recently lost a son in the retreat from Sparta, did not. Indeed, with the help of
Aristeas, he was plotting to seize the city. In the middle of the night, he marched his army up to the city walls and entered through a gate that Aristeas had opened. His Gallic troops seized the market place, but he had difficulty getting his elephants into the city through the small gates. This gave the Argives time to rally. They occupied strong points and sent messengers asking Antigonus for help.
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822:, the ancient capital of Macedonia, he installed a garrison of Gauls, who greatly offended the Macedonians by digging up the tombs of their kings and leaving the bones scattered about as they searched for gold. He also neglected to finish off his enemy. Leaving him in control of the coastal cities, he contented himself with insults. He called Antigonus a shameless man for still wearing the purple, but he did little to destroy the remnants of his power.
778:, Macedonia's western neighbour, was a general of mercurial ability, widely renowned for his bravery, but he did not apply his talents sensibly and often snatched after vain hopes, so that Antigonus used to compare him to a dice player, who had excellent throws, but did not know how to use them. When the Gauls defeated Ptolemy Ceraunus and the Macedonian throne became vacant, Pyrrhus was occupied in his campaigns overseas. Hoping to conquer first
682:
32:
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his army, he invaded
Macedonia with the intention of filling his coffers with plunder. The campaign, however, went better than expected. Making himself master of several towns and being joined by two thousand deserters, his hopes started to grow and he went in search of Antigonus, attacking his army in a narrow pass and throwing it into disorder at the
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had characterized the careers of his father and grandfather. Aware that the Greeks loved freedom and autonomy, he was careful to grant a semblance of this in as much as it did not clash with his own power. Also, he tried to avoid the odium that direct rule brings by controlling the Greeks through intermediaries. It is for this reason that
748:
880:, were keen rivals. As Aristippus was an ally of Antigonus, Aristeas invited Pyrrhus to come to Argos to help him take over the city. Antigonus, aware that Pyrrhus was advancing on Argos, marched his army there as well, taking up a strong position on some high ground near the city. When Pyrrhus learned this, he encamped about
472:, who immediately formed an alliance. In the spring of 288 BC Ptolemy's fleet appeared off Greece, inciting the cities to revolt. At the same time, Lysimachus attacked Macedonia from the east while Pyrrhus did so from the west. Demetrius left Antigonus in control of the rest of Greece, while he hurried to Macedonia.
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rider. This beast surged against the tide of fugitives, crushing friend and foe alike, until it found its dead master, whereupon it picked him up, placed him on its tusks, and went on the rampage. In this chaos
Pyrrhus was struck down by a tile thrown by an old woman and killed by Zopyrus, a soldier of Antigonus.
865:, to reach the city with a force of mercenaries from Corinth. Soon after this, the Spartan king, Areus, returned from Crete with 2,000 men. These reinforcements stiffened resistance, and Pyrrhus, finding that he was losing men to desertion every day, broke off the attack and started to plunder the country.
950:
With the restoration of the territories captured by
Pyrrhus, and with grateful allies in Sparta and Argos, and garrisons in Corinth and other cities, Antigonus securely controlled Macedonia and Greece. The careful way he guarded his power shows that he wished to avoid the vicissitudes of fortune that
900:
Halcyoneus, one of
Antigonus's sons, heard that Pyrrhus had been killed. Taking the head, which had been cut off by Zopyrus, he rode to where his father was and threw it at his feet. Far from being delighted, Antigonus was angry with his son and struck him, calling him a barbarian and drove him away.
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telling them to henceforth consider him a dead man and to ignore any letters they might receive written under his seal. Macedonia, meanwhile, had been divided between
Pyrrhus and Lysimachus, but, "like two wolves sharing a piece of meat", they soon fought over it with the result that Lysimachus drove
1192:
Antigonus was troubled by the rising power and popularity of Aratus. If he were to receive extensive military and financial support from
Ptolemy, Aratus would be able to threaten his position. He decided therefore to either win him over to his side or at least discredit him with Ptolemy. In order to
535:
Following the capture of his father, Antigonus proved himself a dutiful son. He wrote to all the kings, especially
Seleucus, offering to surrender all the territory he controlled and proposing himself as a hostage for his father's release, but to no avail. In 283 BC, at the age of 55, Demetrius died
896:
With some of his troops trying to get out of the city and others trying to get in, Pyrrhus's army was now thrown into confusion. This was made worse by the elephants. The largest one had fallen across the gateway and was blocking the way, while another elephant, called Nicon, was trying to find its
810:
Pyrrhus's retreat from Italy, however, proved very unlucky for
Antigonus. Returning to Epirus with an army of eight thousand foot and five hundred horse, he was in need of money to pay them. This encouraged him to look for another war, so the next year, after adding a force of Gallic mercenaries to
464:
In 291 BC, Demetrius finally took the city after using siege engines to demolish its walls. But control of Macedonia and most of Greece was merely a stepping stone to his plans for further conquest. He aimed at nothing less than the revival of Alexander's empire and started making preparations on a
888:
The Argives, fearing that their territory would become a war zone, sent deputations to the two kings begging them to go elsewhere and allow their city to remain neutral. Both kings agreed, but Antigonus won over the trust of the Argives by surrendering his son as a hostage for his pledge. Pyrrhus,
667:
Antigonus besieged Cassandreia for ten months, but was unable to dislodge Appolodorus and his men. Antigonus then resorted to trickery, he retreated his army and sent one of his mercenary commanders, Ameinias the Phocian, to negotiate with Apollodorus. During the negotiations Ameinias had 2,000 of
1294:
While Persaeus was at Antigonus' court, Antigonus once, wishing to make trial of him, caused some false news to be brought to him that his estate had been ravaged by the enemy, and as his countenance fell, "Do you see," said he, "that wealth is not a matter of indifference?" Persaeus subsequently
892:
When Antigonus heard that Pyrrhus had treacherously attacked the city, he advanced to the walls and sent a strong force inside to help the Argives. At the same time Areus arrived with a force of 1,000 Cretans and light-armed Spartans. These forces attacked the Gauls in the market place. Pyrrhus,
904:
After the death of Pyrrhus, his whole army and camp surrendered to Antigonus, greatly increasing his power. Later, Halcyoneus discovered Helenus, Pyrrhus's son, disguised in threadbare clothes. He treated him kindly and brought him to his father who was more pleased with his behaviour. "This is
1286:
studied under both the Megarians and Cynics before founding the Stoic school and he became particularly associated with Antigonus. We're told "Antigonus (Gonatas) also favoured him , and whenever he came to Athens would hear him lecture and often invited him to come to his court.". Diogenes
1287:
Laertius reproduces a brief series of letters between Zeno and Antigonus, in which he asked the Stoic to attend his court and help guide him in virtue, for the benefit of the Macedonian people. Zeno at this time was too sickly and frail to travel so instead he sent two of his best students
1115:, to challenge his king, seeking independence as a tyrant. Alexander's revolt was the most serious threat to the Macedonian hegemony in Greece, and since Antigonus' military efforts were unsuccessful, he probably resolved to poison the traitor in 247 BC. By offering a marriage with his heir
573:
from the north, crushed Ptolemy's army and killed him in battle, starting two years of complete anarchy in the kingdom. After plundering Macedonia, the Gauls invaded further regions of Greece, moving southwards. Antigonus cooperated in the defence of Greece against the barbarians, but the
605:
appeared, Antigonus laid an ambush. He abandoned his camp and beached his ships, then concealed his men. The Gauls looted the camp, but when they started to attack the ships, Antigonus's army appeared, trapping them with the sea to their rear. In this way Antigonus resoundingly won the
1034:. In Greece, Athens and Sparta, once the dominant states, naturally resented the domination of Antigonus. The pride, which in the past had made these cities mortal enemies, now served to unite them. In 267 BC, probably with encouragement from Egypt, an Athenian by the name of
912:, the son of Pyrrhus and his successor as king of Epirus, repeated his father's adventure by conquering Macedonia. However, only a few years later, Alexander was not only expelled from Macedonia by Antigonus' son Demetrius, but he also lost Epirus and had to go into exile in
479:
and Demetrius's army promptly deserted and went over to the enemy who was much admired by the Macedonians for his bravery. At this change of fortune, Phila, the mother of Antigonus, killed herself with poison. Meanwhile, Athens revolted. Demetrius therefore returned and
901:
He then covered his face with his cloak and burst into tears. The fate of Pyrrhus reminded him all too clearly of the tragic fates of his own grandfather and his father who had suffered similar swings of fortune. He then had Pyrrhus's body cremated with great ceremony.
450:. Hoping to seize Lysimachus' territories in Thrace and Asia, Demetrius delegated command of his forces in Boeotia to Antigonus and immediately marched north. While he was away, the Boeotians rose in rebellion, but were defeated by Antigonus, who bottled them up in
884:
and the next day dispatched a herald to Antigonus, calling him a coward and challenging him to come down and fight on the plain. Antigonus replied that he would choose his own moment to fight and that if Pyrrhus was weary of life, he could find many ways to die.
1170:, who had ruled with the acquiescence of Antigonus, freed the people, and recalled the exiles. This led to confusion and division within the city. Fearing that Antigonus would exploit these divisions to attack the city, Aratus applied for the city to join the
905:
better than what you did before, my son," he said, "but why leave him in these clothes which are a disgrace to us now that we know ourselves the victors?" Greeting him courteously, Antigonus treated Helenus as an honoured guest and sent him back to Epirus.
419:
The fate of Antigonus Gonatas, now 18, was closely tied with that of his father Demetrius, who escaped from the battle with 9,000 troops. Jealousy among the victors eventually allowed Demetrius to regain part of the power his father had lost. He conquered
668:
his men launch a surprise attack on the city with specially prepared ladders of the right height, they gained possession of the walls and summoned Antigonus. By the end of 276 BC Antigonus had gained control of most of Macedon.
1255:
schools. We're told that "many persons courted Antigonus and went to meet him whenever he came to Athens" and that after an unnamed sea battle, many Athenians went to see Antigonus or wrote him flattering letters.
484:, but he soon grew impatient and decided on a more dramatic course. Leaving Antigonus in charge of the war in Greece, he assembled all his ships and embarked with 11,000 infantry and all his cavalry to attack
559:, the son of Ptolemy, murdered Seleucus and seized the Macedonian throne. Antigonus decided the time was ripe to take back his father's kingdom, but when he marched north, Ptolemy Keraunos defeated his army.
1045:
The Macedonian king responded by ravaging the territory of Athens with an army while blockading them by sea. In this campaign he also destroyed the grove and temple of Poseidon that stood at the entrance to
660:, from the country. There were other pretenders, an Alexander and an Arrhidaeus, who might have been the same person. After defeating these, the final problem facing Antigonus was Apollodorus the tyrant of
798:
by his haughty behaviour. Needing reinforcements, he wrote to Antigonus as a fellow Greek king, asking him for troops and money, but Antigonus politely refused. In 275 BC, the Romans fought Pyrrhus at the
1227:. Every Athenian freeman he captured was sent back to the Athenians without ransom to encourage them to join the rebellion. The Macedonians, however, retained their hold on Athens and the rest of Greece.
431:
Because Antigonus Gonatas was the grandson of Antipater and the nephew of Cassander through his mother, his presence helped to reconcile the supporters of these former kings to the rule of his father.
475:
By now the Macedonians had come to resent the extravagance and arrogance of Demetrius, and were not prepared to fight a difficult campaign for him. In 287 BC, Pyrrhus took the Macedonian city of
1204:
and thus the Peloponnese. When news of this success reached Corinth, the Corinthians rose in rebellion, overthrew Antigonus' party, and joined the Achaean League. Next Aratus took the port of
3487:
1181:
Preferring to use guile rather than military power, Antigonus sought to regain control over Sicyon through winning the young man over to his side. Accordingly, he sent him a gift of 25
1014:
The next stage of Antigonus's career is not documented and what we know has been patched together from a few historical fragments: Antigonus seems to have been on very good terms with
640:
After his victory over the Celts, Antigonus marched towards Macedon and had to fight his way into the country for others were still contending for the throne. First Antigonus defeated
803:
which ended inconclusively, although many modern sources wrongly state that Pyrrhus lost the battle. Pyrrhus had been drained by his recent wars in Sicily, and by the earlier "
387:
The careers of Antigonus's grandfather Antigonus Monophthalmus and father showed great swings in fortune. After coming closer than anyone to reuniting the empire of
849:. Antigonus, after reoccupying part of Macedonia, gathered what forces he could and sailed to Greece to oppose him. As a large part of the Spartan army led by king
536:
in captivity in Syria. When Antigonus heard that his father's remains were being brought to him, he put to sea with his entire fleet, met Seleucus's ships near the
1155:
Having successfully repelled the external threat to his control of Greece, the main danger to the power of Antigonus lay in the Greek love of liberty. In 251 BC,
1279:, who was best known as resembling the Cynics, fell ill, Antigonus sent two servants to act as nurses to him, and Antigonus himself reputedly later visited him.
1196:
But Aratus was far from becoming a friend of Antigonus, whom he regarded as the oppressor of his city's freedom. In 243 BC, in an attack by night, he seized the
3505:
1822:
Weber, G.; Herrscher (1995). "Hof und Dichter. Aspekte der Legitimierung und Repräsentation hellenistischer Könige am Beispiel der ersten drei Antigoniden".
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1185:, but, Aratus, instead of being corrupted by this wealth, immediately gave it away to his fellow citizens. With this money and another sum he received from
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527:
In 285 BC, Demetrius, worn down by his fruitless campaign, surrendered to Seleucus. At this point, he wrote to his son and to his commanders in Athens and
877:
1235:
Antigonus surrounded himself at court with a circle of notable intellectuals and philosophers. He was mentioned several times by Diogenes Laertius in
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After Zeno's death, Antigonus reputedly exclaimed "What an audience I have lost!". Antigonus subsequently made a gift of three thousand drachmas to
1271:, a distinguished member of Phaedo's school of philosophy, about whether to attend a drinking party. Antigonus also knew the Pyrrhonist philosopher
384:
in 305 BC, was his uncle. The year of Antigonus Gonatas' birth, however, Antipater died, leading to further struggles for territory and dominance.
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916:. His exile didn't last long, as the Macedonians had to abandon Epirus eventually under pressure from Alexander's allies, the Acarnanians and the
376:, who had controlled Macedonia and the rest of Greece since 334 BC and was recognized as regent of the empire, which in theory remained united.
3949:
3492:
3491:
1108:, was seized by Antiochus II. In 255 BC, Ptolemy made peace, ceding lands to the Seleucids and confirming Antigonus in his mastery of Greece.
3171:
637:, who had ruled Macedon for several years, Antigonus had a legitimate claim to the Macedonian throne and now he was also seen as its savior.
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who proved anxious to have good relations with Epirus' powerful neighbour, as was sanctioned by the marriage between the regent's daughter
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1643:
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by the armies of Lysimachus and Seleucus, Antigonus attained success in Greece. Ptolemy's fleet was driven off and Athens surrendered.
3444:
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Two years later, however, the Egyptian interfered again, inducing with his subsidies the Macedonian governor of Corinth and Euboea,
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3435:
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with great hopes of taking the city easily, but the citizens organized stout resistance, allowing one of Antigonus's commanders,
68:
1084:
Ptolemy II continued to interfere in the affairs of Greece and this led to war in 261. After two years in which little changed,
1781:
629:, a Macedonian nobleman, had managed to check the Celts to a certain extent, but it was Antigonus who finally defeated them at
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703:
49:
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advancing left, holding shield decorated with aegis, preparing to cast thunderbolt. Greek legend reads: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΝΤΙΓΟΝΟΥ,
468:
Such preparations and the obvious intent behind them, naturally alarmed the other kings, Seleucus, Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and
75:
3489:
610:
strengthening his claim to the Macedonian throne. Around this time, under these favourable omens, Antigonus's niece-wife
837:. Gathering an army of twenty-five thousand foot, two thousand horse, and twenty-four elephants, he crossed over to the
3412:
1844:
82:
1812:
729:
115:
3499:
711:
3964:
1971:
1223:
enrolled in the Achaean League. With this increased strength, Aratus invaded the territory of Athens and plundered
578:
took the lead in defeating the Gauls. In 278 BC a Greek army with a large Aetolian contingent checked the Gauls at
458:
1675:
3959:
3496:
3474:
3455:
3446:
64:
3528:
3477:
3095:
2987:
707:
570:
53:
3472:
3464:
3449:
3176:
1409:
1131:
3453:
3236:
3222:
3090:
3075:
2230:
1768:
956:
800:
516:
286:
1275:. Menedemus and Timon had both previously studied with the Megarian school. When the eclectic philosopher
1089:
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540:, and took the relics to Corinth with great ceremony. After this, the remains were interred at the town of
240:
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1964:
812:
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2900:
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365:
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grand scale, ordering the construction of a fleet of 500 ships, many of them of unprecedented size.
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148:
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89:
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2019:
1948:
1894:
1877:
1637:
1591:
1347:
1186:
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1004:
696:
42:
20:
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551:
In 282 BC, Seleucus declared war on Lysimachus and the next year defeated and killed him at the
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2190:
2095:
2085:
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1000:
920:. Alexander seems to have died about 242 BC, leaving his country under the regency of his wife
909:
634:
615:
425:
361:
276:
254:
210:
3390:
1710:
3719:
3702:
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2842:
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2180:
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2014:
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after a long period defined by anarchy and chaos and acquired fame for his victory over the
3803:
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3709:
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2004:
1904:
1268:
1112:
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1026:, the sister of Antigonus, is very famous. Such an alliance naturally threatened the third
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862:
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169:
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8:
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3254:
3249:
3140:
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2831:
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2411:
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2215:
2195:
2159:
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2100:
2009:
1718:
Adams, W. L. "Alexander's Successors to 221 BC". In Roisman, J.; Worthington, I. (eds.).
1549:
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1008:
980:
964:
925:
873:
842:
826:
598:
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511:
388:
357:
321:
352:. The origin of the Hellenistic nickname Gonatas is unknown. He was descended from the
3857:
3734:
3649:
3584:
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869:
807:" over the Romans, and thus decided to end his campaign in Italy and return to Epirus.
562:
Ptolemy's success, however, was short-lived. In the winter of 279 BC, a great horde of
408:
369:
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The Seleucid Empire had signed a peace treaty with Egypt, but Antiochus's son-in-law,
3829:
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1884:
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1808:
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1692:
1684:
1472:
1370:
1167:
1120:
1054:. To support the Athenians and prevent the power of Antigonus from growing too much,
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996:
771:
641:
469:
325:
266:
247:
200:
179:
1778:
1211:
This setback for Antigonus sparked a general uprising against Macedonian power. The
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3115:
2934:
2585:
2469:
2371:
2164:
2139:
1740:
1619:
1382:
1327:
1314:, Zeno's successor as head of the Stoa, whose lectures he also attended. The poet
1304:
1156:
1144:
1039:
937:
825:
Before this campaign was finished, Pyrrhus had embarked upon a new one. In 272 BC,
649:
556:
520:
500:
137:
1860:
633:
and freed the Macedonians from years of terror, hardship and anarchy. As a son of
395:
in 301 BC and the territory he formerly controlled was divided among his enemies,
3793:
2811:
2768:
2703:
2663:
2479:
2356:
2298:
2263:
2255:
2134:
1938:
1911:
1785:
1595:
1272:
1240:
1182:
1074:
1031:
1027:
1019:
960:
917:
858:
804:
747:
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400:
392:
1038:
persuaded the Athenians to join the Spartans in declaring war on Antigonus (see
3596:
3188:
2758:
2698:
2386:
1996:
1666:
1283:
1224:
1189:, he was able to reconcile the different parties in Sicyon and unite the city.
1171:
1058:, the king of Egypt, sent a fleet to break the blockade. The Egyptian admiral,
783:
760:
457:
After the failure of his expedition to Thrace, Demetrius joined his son at the
451:
298:
1381:
was set by a number of other 18th-century composers, among them the Bohemians
1295:
became an important figure at the Macedonian court. After Antigonus captured
955:
says, "No man ever set up more absolute rulers in Greece than Antigonus." The
3918:
3156:
3145:
2643:
2633:
2590:
2555:
2283:
1754:
1745:
1671:
1632:
1603:
1318:, who had also studied Stoicism under Zeno, lived at the court of Antigonus.
1078:
791:
3198:
3161:
3125:
2778:
2763:
2678:
2618:
2580:
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2545:
2220:
1346:
In 239 BC, Antigonus died at the age of 80 and left his kingdom to his son
1088:, the new Seleucid king, made a military agreement with Antigonus, and the
443:
1679:
1239:, in relation to various philosophers, particularly those linked with the
942:
2738:
2733:
2673:
2658:
2595:
2540:
2517:
2512:
2487:
2225:
1197:
1035:
976:
968:
838:
661:
579:
1636:
1303:. Persaeus died in 243 BC defending the city against the attack led by
3783:
3297:
3264:
3130:
2788:
2648:
2535:
2502:
2464:
2456:
1805:
The making of a king : Antigonus Gonatas of Macedon and the Greeks
1647:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 125.
1611:
1282:
Ultimately, though, Antigonus became most associated with the Stoics.
1244:
1136:
908:
This was not the end of Antigonus' problems with Epirus: shortly after
657:
653:
602:
590:
555:
in Lydia. He then crossed to Europe to claim Thrace and Macedonia, but
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404:
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3166:
3150:
2783:
2773:
2748:
2718:
2623:
2565:
2497:
2492:
2245:
2240:
2115:
2037:
1956:
1615:
1311:
1260:
1220:
1200:, the strategically important fort by which Antigonus controlled the
1140:
1097:
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913:
645:
541:
396:
377:
373:
308:
681:
31:
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1705:
1661:
1363:
1335:
1288:
1252:
1093:
952:
881:
787:
752:
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537:
353:
1291:
and Philonides the Theban, who subsequently lived with Antigonus.
1267:
which was very popular". We're also told that Antigonus consulted
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2708:
1351:
1296:
1216:
1205:
1101:
1067:
850:
834:
819:
528:
435:
381:
337:
329:
261:
1795:
F. W. Walbank, "Antigonus Gonatus in Thrace (281–277 B.C.)," in
3420:
2723:
1789:
1607:
1583:
1579:
1331:
1315:
1300:
1212:
1175:
1164:
1160:
1051:
1047:
992:
972:
830:
795:
775:
756:
583:
439:
421:
391:, Antigonus Monophthalmus was defeated and killed in the great
349:
3431:
854:
779:
563:
489:
485:
476:
447:
302:
1362:
The life of Antigonus is the basis of the story line of the
1123:
and regained control of Corinth in the winter of 245/44 BC.
794:. He then lost the support of the Greek cities in Italy and
755:, with flowing locks bound with marine plant. Reverse shows
586:, inflicting heavy casualties and forcing them to retreat.
333:
19:"Antigonus II" redirects here. For the Judean prince, see
1299:
around 244 BC, he put Persaeus in control of the city as
818:
But Pyrrhus now wasted his victory. Taking possession of
360:) on both his father's and mother's side. His father was
1582:
has been won here, on the borders, and even six hundred
442:
and the enemy of his father, had been taken prisoner by
1092:
began. Under the combined attack, Egypt lost ground in
868:
The most important Peloponnesian city after Sparta was
1774:
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
424:
and in 294 BC he seized the throne of Macedonia from
751:Coin of Antigonus II Gonatas. Obverse with head of
621:
368:, who then controlled much of Asia. His mother was
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1569:Diogenes Laertius, Lives and Opinions, 'Cleanthes'
1493:Diogenes Laertius, Lives and Opinions, 'Menedemus'
1377:in 1744. As with most of Metastasio's librettos,
1863:entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith
1230:
1070:and fortified it as a base for naval operations.
782:and then Africa, he got involved in wars against
438:, he received news that Lysimachus, the ruler of
3916:
589:The next year (277 BC), Antigonus sailed to the
1733:Karanos. Bulletin of Ancient Macedonian Studies
1590:rules, beyond there where the four kings named
1484:Diogenes Laertius, Lives and Opinions, Euclides
1330:as one of the recipients of the Indian Emperor
1821:
1503:Diogenes Laertius, Lives and Opinions, 'Timon'
1263:taught Antigonus "and dedicated to him a work
1237:The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers
1143:, on boss of Macedonian shield. Reverse shows
790:, the two most powerful states in the western
434:In 292 BC, while Demetrius was campaigning in
3529:
3406:
1972:
1560:Diogenes Laertius, Lives and Opinions, 'Zeno'
1522:Diogenes Laertius, Lives and Opinions, 'Zeno'
1513:Diogenes Laertius, Lives and Opinions, 'Bion'
601:. When an army of Gauls under the command of
532:Pyrrhus out and took over the whole kingdom.
1834:
1722:. Oxford and Malden: 2010. pp. 208–224.
1586:(5,400–9,600 km) away, where the Greek king
959:installed or maintained by Gonatas include:
742:
523:, c. 40 BC, Archaeological Museum of Naples.
1763:Antigonus II Gonatas: A Political Biography
1126:
710:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3536:
3522:
3413:
3399:
1979:
1965:
1802:
380:, Antipater's oldest son who would become
136:
1744:
730:Learn how and when to remove this message
324:ruler who solidified the position of the
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1631:
1130:
941:
746:
510:
1835:Wheatley, Pat; Dunn, Charlotte (2020).
1729:"The Regnal Years of Antigonos Gonatas"
1546:Description of Greece, Book II: Corinth
1321:
928:and Antigonus' son and heir Demetrius.
763:inscription reads: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΝΤΙΓΟΝΟΥ,
16:King of Macedonia from 277 BC to 239 BC
3917:
1986:
1726:
1602:rule, likewise in the south among the
1341:
1208:and captured 25 of Antigonus's ships.
3950:Buddhism in the ancient Mediterranean
3517:
3394:
2911:Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos
1960:
614:gave birth to his son and successor,
414:
3903:Debatable or disputed rulers are in
3543:
3379:Hellenistic rulers were preceded by
1404:
1402:
1007:, (Megalopolis, c. 245–235 BC), and
991:(Megalopolis, assassinated 252 BC),
708:adding citations to reliable sources
675:
671:
515:Antigonus II Gonatas and his mother
506:
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
3940:People from Larissa (regional unit)
1839:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1807:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
931:
343:
13:
3945:3rd-century BC Macedonian monarchs
3583:
3422:The division of Alexander's empire
1475:, Lives and Opinions, 'Arcesilaus'
1159:, a young nobleman in the city of
1139:mint. Obverse with horned head of
348:Antigonus Gonatas was born around
14:
3976:
1854:
1797:Studia in Honorem Georgi Mihailov
1717:
1533:Lives of the Eminent Philosophers
1399:
946:Northern border at around 240 BC.
1622:, 13th Rock Edict, S. Dhammika).
680:
622:Conquering the Macedonian throne
30:
1655:
1625:
1572:
1563:
1554:
1538:
1525:
1516:
1215:revolted and together with the
759:seated naked, holding bow. The
544:that his father had founded in
495:As Demetrius was chased across
41:needs additional citations for
1507:
1496:
1487:
1478:
1466:
1453:
1440:
1427:
1326:Antigonus is mentioned in the
1231:Relationship with philosophers
1022:ruler of Asia, whose love for
1003:(Argos, assassinated 240 BC),
767:, meaning "of king Antigonus."
232:239 BC (aged approximately 80)
1:
3383:in most of their territories.
2181:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter
1392:
1135:Silver coin of Antigonus II.
979:(Elis, assassinated 272 BC),
975:(Keryneia, resigned 275 BC),
314:
287:Phila (daughter of Antipater)
3888:Pseudo-Philip/Pseudo-Perseus
1357:
1354:is suggested to be his own.
1119:Antigonus took in his widow
519:, detail of a fresco of the
309:
241:Phila (daughter of Seleucus)
7:
2176:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
492:, provinces of Lysimachus.
10:
3981:
1803:Waterfield, Robin (2021).
1689:Epitome of Pompeius Trogus
1178:towns in the Peloponnese.
1174:, a league of a few small
1113:Alexander, son of Craterus
1064:a small uninhabited island
935:
303:
18:
3901:
3867:Post-Conquest Rebel Kings
3866:
3828:
3766:
3733:
3715:Alexander III (the Great)
3595:
3581:
3551:
3428:
3377:
3283:
3114:
3021:
2963:
2876:
2797:
2604:
2526:
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2455:
2297:
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2125:
2081:Antigonus I Monophthalmus
2071:
2028:
1995:
1945:
1936:
1928:
1918:
1909:
1901:
1891:
1882:
1874:
1869:
1638:"Antigonus Gonatas"
1383:Christoph Willibald Gluck
1259:The Megarian philosopher
963:(Sicyon, c. 300–280 BC),
743:Antigonus against Pyrrhus
366:Antigonus I Monophthalmus
282:
272:
260:
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220:
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196:
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154:
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142:Coin of Antigonus Gonatas
135:
130:
2442:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
2241:Cleopatra VII Philopator
1720:A Companion to Macedonia
1373:, first set to music by
1127:Antigonus against Aratus
971:(Sicyon c. 280–270 BC),
833:, invited him to invade
813:Battle of the Aous River
428:, the son of Cassander.
3965:Demetrius I Poliorcetes
3239:'s attempted rule with
2920:Mithridates V Euergetes
2332:Antiochus III the Great
2145:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
2086:Demetrius I Poliorcetes
2010:Alexander III the Great
1878:Demetrius I Poliorcetes
1644:Encyclopædia Britannica
1187:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
1056:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
21:Antigonus II Mattathias
3960:Ancient Greek monarchs
3589:
3023:Monarchs of Cappadocia
2925:Mithridates VI Eupator
2447:Philip II Philoromaeus
2432:Antiochus XII Dionysus
2422:Demetrius III Eucaerus
2417:Antiochus XI Epiphanes
2402:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus
2342:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
2337:Seleucus IV Philopator
2322:Seleucus II Callinicus
2221:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
2096:Demetrius II Aetolicus
1949:Demetrius II Aetolicus
1895:Demetrius II Aetolicus
1837:Demetrius the Besieger
1746:10.5565/rev/karanos.73
1727:Coskun, Altay (2021).
1152:
1151:, "of King Antigonus."
1117:Demetrius II Aetolicus
995:(Sicyon, 252–251 BC),
987:(Sicyon, 264–252 BC),
983:(Argos, from 272 BC),
947:
768:
616:Demetrius II Aetolicus
571:descended on Macedonia
524:
65:"Antigonus II Gonatas"
3587:
2965:Monarchs of Commagene
2886:Mithridates I Ctistes
2427:Philip I Philadelphus
2407:Seleucus VI Epiphanes
2397:Antiochus VIII Grypus
2392:Seleucus V Philometor
2377:Antiochus VII Sidetes
2367:Antiochus VI Dionysus
2327:Seleucus III Ceraunus
2226:Berenice IV Epiphanea
2171:Ptolemy VI Philometor
2155:Ptolemy IV Philopator
2150:Ptolemy III Euergetes
2015:Philip III Arrhidaeus
1134:
1050:near the border with
1011:(Argos, 240–235 BC).
945:
872:. The two chief men,
857:at the time, Pyrrhus
750:
514:
364:, himself the son of
362:Demetrius Poliorcetes
277:Demetrius Poliorcetes
2799:Monarchs of Bithynia
2382:Alexander II Zabinas
2362:Demetrius II Nicator
2279:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
2246:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
2211:Ptolemy XI Alexander
2186:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
2091:Antigonus II Gonatas
1861:Antigonus II Gonatas
1322:Relations with India
1269:Menedemus of Eretria
1104:, held by its ally,
989:Aristodemus the Good
981:Aristippus the Elder
801:Battle of Beneventum
704:improve this section
608:Battle of Lysimachia
553:Battle of Corupedium
336:who had invaded the
295:Antigonus II Gonatas
131:Antigonus II Gonatas
50:improve this article
3381:Hellenistic satraps
2412:Antiochus X Eusebes
2347:Antiochus V Eupator
2289:Cleopatra Selene II
2216:Ptolemy XII Auletes
2201:Ptolemy X Alexander
2196:Ptolemy IX Lathyros
2160:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
2101:Antigonus III Doson
1779:"Antigonus Gonatas"
1714:, 2.43–45, 9.29, 34
1531:Diogenes Laertius,
1410:"Antigonus Gonatas"
1375:Johann Adolph Hasse
1342:Death and appraisal
1277:Bion of Borysthenes
863:Aminias the Phocian
599:Thracian Chersonese
597:at the neck of the
566:under their leader
358:Alexander the Great
356:(the successors of
255:Demetrius Aetolicus
211:Demetrius Aetolicus
3735:Antipatrid dynasty
3590:
3285:Monarchs of Epirus
3118:Cimmerian Bosporus
2878:Monarchs of Pontus
2437:Cleopatra Selene I
2317:Antiochus II Theos
2307:Seleucus I Nicator
2274:Demetrius the Fair
2256:Monarchs of Cyrene
1784:2007-10-30 at the
1459:Robin Waterfield,
1446:Robin Waterfield,
1433:Robin Waterfield,
1202:Isthmus of Corinth
1153:
1149:Basileōs Antigonou
1100:, and the city of
1086:Antiochus II Theos
999:(Sicyon, 251 BC),
948:
769:
765:Basileōs Antigonou
525:
415:Demetrius’ general
372:, the daughter of
3955:Pyrrhus of Epirus
3935:Antigonid dynasty
3912:
3911:
3830:Antigonid dynasty
3819:
3767:Dynastic conflict
3692:Ptolemy of Aloros
3680:
3511:
3510:
3388:
3387:
2868:Socrates Chrestus
2357:Alexander I Balas
2352:Demetrius I Soter
2312:Antiochus I Soter
2058:Antipater Etesias
1955:
1954:
1946:Succeeded by
1919:Succeeded by
1892:Succeeded by
1761:Gabbert, Janice;
1578:"The conquest by
1473:Diogenes Laertius
1371:Pietro Metastasio
1090:Second Syrian War
805:Pyrrhic victories
740:
739:
732:
672:King of Macedonia
642:Antipater Etesias
507:In the wilderness
482:besieged the city
446:, a ruler of the
326:Antigonid dynasty
304:Ἀντίγονος Γονατᾶς
292:
291:
267:Antigonid dynasty
201:Pyrrhus of Epirus
180:Pyrrhus of Epirus
149:King of Macedonia
126:
125:
118:
100:
3972:
3882:Pseudo-Alexander
3813:
3789:Ptolemy Ceraunus
3674:
3545:Kings of Macedon
3538:
3531:
3524:
3515:
3514:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3392:
3391:
3180:
3096:Ariobarzanes III
2470:Ptolemy Epigonos
2372:Diodotus Tryphon
2165:Cleopatra I Syra
2140:Ptolemy Keraunos
1981:
1974:
1967:
1958:
1957:
1929:Preceded by
1902:Preceded by
1875:Preceded by
1867:
1866:
1850:
1831:
1818:
1758:
1748:
1723:
1649:
1648:
1640:
1629:
1623:
1620:Edicts of Ashoka
1610:, and as far as
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1570:
1567:
1561:
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1425:
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1422:
1420:
1414:Oxford Reference
1406:
1387:Josef Mysliveček
1328:Edicts of Ashoka
1305:Aratus of Sicyon
1145:Athena Alkidemos
1040:Chremonidean War
938:Chremonidean War
932:Chremonidean War
735:
728:
724:
721:
715:
684:
676:
650:Ptolemy Epigonos
648:, he then drove
557:Ptolemy Keraunos
501:Taurus Mountains
344:Birth and family
322:Macedonian Greek
320:– 239 BC) was a
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3504:
3424:
3419:
3389:
3384:
3373:
3279:
3270:Mithridates III
3174:
3117:
3116:Monarchs of the
3110:
3091:Ariobarzanes II
3076:Ariarathes VIII
3017:
3003:Mithridates III
2959:
2901:Mithridates III
2872:
2793:
2600:
2528:Greco-Bactrians
2522:
2474:
2451:
2293:
2250:
2135:Ptolemy I Soter
2121:
2067:
2024:
1991:
1985:
1951:
1942:
1939:King of Macedon
1934:
1924:
1915:
1912:King of Macedon
1907:
1897:
1888:
1880:
1857:
1847:
1815:
1786:Wayback Machine
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1273:Timon of Phlius
1233:
1163:, expelled the
1129:
1032:Ptolemaic Egypt
1028:successor state
940:
934:
859:besieged Sparta
829:, an important
745:
736:
725:
719:
716:
701:
685:
674:
624:
593:, landing near
509:
459:Siege of Thebes
417:
393:Battle of Ipsus
382:King of Macedon
346:
317:
253:
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35:
24:
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3925:320s BC births
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3597:Argead dynasty
3593:
3592:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3570:
3563:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3548:
3541:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3518:
3509:
3508:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3418:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3395:
3386:
3385:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3328:Neoptolemus II
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3289:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3243:
3234:
3225:
3223:Mithridates II
3220:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3189:Paerisades III
3186:
3181:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3122:
3120:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3086:Ariobarzanes I
3083:
3078:
3073:
3071:Ariarathes VII
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3046:Ariarathes III
3043:
3038:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2993:Mithridates II
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2896:Mithridates II
2893:
2888:
2882:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2759:Apollodotus II
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2610:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2484:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2461:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2387:Cleopatra Thea
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2303:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2260:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2131:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1984:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1961:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1944:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1917:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1890:
1885:Antigonid King
1881:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1870:Regnal titles
1865:
1864:
1856:
1855:External links
1853:
1852:
1851:
1846:978-0198836049
1845:
1832:
1819:
1813:
1800:
1799:(Sofia, 1995),
1793:
1769:Smith, William
1766:
1759:
1724:
1715:
1703:
1682:
1667:Parallel Lives
1657:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1635:, ed. (1911).
1633:Chisholm, Hugh
1624:
1571:
1562:
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1340:
1323:
1320:
1284:Zeno of Citium
1232:
1229:
1172:Achaean League
1128:
1125:
936:Main article:
933:
930:
744:
741:
738:
737:
688:
686:
679:
673:
670:
644:, a nephew of
623:
620:
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6:
4:
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2:
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3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3930:239 BC deaths
3928:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3906:
3900:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3848:Antigonus III
3846:
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3836:
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3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3699:
3698:Perdiccas III
3696:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3666:
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3556:
3554:
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3534:
3532:
3527:
3525:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3427:
3423:
3416:
3411:
3409:
3404:
3402:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3382:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3308:Neoptolemus I
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3204:Mithridates I
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3194:Paerisades IV
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3157:Paerisades II
3155:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3146:Spartokos III
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3081:Ariarathes IX
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3066:Ariarathes VI
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3051:Ariarathes IV
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3036:Ariarathes II
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3008:Antiochus III
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2983:Mithridates I
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
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2921:
2918:
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2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2858:Nicomedes III
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
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2750:
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2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2689:Demetrius III
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2644:Antimachus II
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2634:Apollodotus I
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2591:Eucratides II
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2556:Euthydemus II
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
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2477:
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2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
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2300:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2284:Ptolemy Apion
2282:
2280:
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2272:
2270:
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2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2253:
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2239:
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2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2191:Cleopatra III
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
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2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1982:
1977:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1950:
1941:
1940:
1933:
1927:
1923:
1914:
1913:
1906:
1900:
1896:
1887:
1886:
1879:
1873:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1848:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1814:9780198853015
1810:
1806:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1738:
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1730:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1707:
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1702:
1698:
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1686:
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1669:
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1663:
1660:
1659:
1646:
1645:
1639:
1634:
1628:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1594:, Antigonos,
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1566:
1557:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1534:
1528:
1519:
1510:
1504:
1499:
1490:
1481:
1474:
1469:
1463:, pp 120–121.
1462:
1456:
1450:, pp 119–120.
1449:
1443:
1437:, pp 118–119.
1436:
1430:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1403:
1398:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1339:
1338:proselytism.
1337:
1333:
1329:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1290:
1285:
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1199:
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1103:
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1080:
1076:
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1037:
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1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
944:
939:
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
883:
879:
875:
871:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
841:and occupied
840:
836:
832:
828:
823:
821:
816:
814:
808:
806:
802:
797:
793:
792:Mediterranean
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
766:
762:
758:
754:
749:
734:
731:
723:
713:
709:
705:
699:
698:
694:
689:This section
687:
683:
678:
677:
669:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
638:
636:
632:
628:
619:
617:
613:
609:
604:
600:
596:
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587:
585:
581:
577:
572:
569:
565:
560:
558:
554:
549:
547:
543:
539:
533:
530:
522:
521:Villa Fannius
518:
513:
504:
502:
498:
493:
491:
487:
483:
478:
473:
471:
466:
462:
460:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
432:
429:
427:
423:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
311:
300:
296:
288:
285:
281:
278:
275:
271:
268:
265:
263:
259:
256:
251:
249:
245:
242:
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61:Find sources:
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39:This article
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3843:Demetrius II
3838:Antigonus II
3837:
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3809:Antigonus II
3808:
3799:Antipater II
3725:Alexander IV
3703:
3691:
3686:Alexander II
3676:
3640:Perdiccas II
3573:
3566:
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3343:Alexander II
3199:Paerisades V
3162:Spartokos IV
3126:Paerisades I
3101:Ariarathes X
3056:Ariarathes V
3031:Ariarathes I
3013:Antiochus IV
2998:Antiochus II
2930:Pharnaces II
2891:Ariobarzanes
2863:Nicomedes IV
2853:Nicomedes II
2779:Apollophanes
2764:Hippostratos
2679:Heliokles II
2639:Demetrius II
2619:Antimachus I
2581:Eucratides I
2576:Demetrius II
2561:Antimachus I
2546:Euthydemus I
2231:Ptolemy XIII
2206:Berenice III
2090:
2053:Antipater II
2020:Alexander IV
1937:
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1417:. Retrieved
1413:
1385:in 1756 and
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702:Please help
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48:Please help
43:verification
40:
3774:Demetrius I
3758:Alexander V
3753:Antipater I
3670:Amyntas III
3635:Alexander I
3605:Perdiccas I
3588:Vergina Sun
3364:Pyrrhus III
3348:Olympias II
3318:Alexander I
3175: [
3172:Spartokos V
3041:Ariamnes II
2988:Antiochus I
2950:Pythodorida
2906:Pharnaces I
2827:Zipoetes II
2822:Nicomedes I
2739:Artemidoros
2734:Menander II
2674:Antialcidas
2659:Agathokleia
2614:Demetrius I
2606:Indo-Greeks
2596:Heliocles I
2551:Demetrius I
2541:Diodotus II
2518:Eumenes III
2513:Attalus III
2488:Philetaerus
2457:Lysimachids
2269:Berenice II
2236:Ptolemy XIV
2118:(pretender)
2048:Alexander V
2030:Antipatrids
1988:Hellenistic
1943:272–239 BC
1916:277–274 BC
1889:283–239 BC
1672:"Demetrius"
1544:Pausanias,
1265:On Kingship
1221:Epidaurians
1217:Troezenians
1198:Acrocorinth
1036:Chremonides
977:Aristotimus
969:Timocleidas
843:Megalopolis
839:Peloponnese
720:August 2020
662:Cassandreia
652:, a son of
580:Thermopylae
252:Halcyoneus
197:Predecessor
189:272–239 BC
166:Predecessor
158:277–274 BC
3919:Categories
3784:Lysimachus
3720:Philip III
3704:Amyntas IV
3677:Argaeus II
3660:Amyntas II
3655:Aeropus II
3354:Pyrrhus II
3333:Alcetas II
3298:Tharrhypas
3265:Gepaepyris
3237:Scribonius
3131:Satyros II
3061:Orophernes
2973:Ptolemaeus
2955:Polemon II
2848:Prusias II
2817:Zipoetes I
2789:Strato III
2714:Theophilos
2694:Philoxenus
2649:Menander I
2629:Agathocles
2571:Agathocles
2536:Diodotus I
2508:Attalus II
2503:Eumenes II
2465:Lysimachus
2073:Antigonids
1830:: 285–316.
1771:(editor);
1612:Tamraparni
1393:References
1245:Pyrrhonist
1137:Amphipolis
1077:, king of
1024:Stratonice
1009:Aristippus
965:Euthydemus
874:Aristippus
774:, king of
654:Lysimachus
631:Lysimachia
603:Cerethrius
595:Lysimachia
591:Hellespont
497:Asia Minor
405:Lysimachus
318: 320
106:April 2015
76:newspapers
3893:Euephenes
3875:Andriscus
3804:Sosthenes
3748:Philip IV
3743:Cassander
3710:Philip II
3665:Pausanias
3645:Archelaus
3630:Amyntas I
3620:Aeropus I
3610:Argaeus I
3552:Legendary
3338:Pyrrhus I
3303:Alcetas I
3209:Pharnaces
3184:Kamasarye
3167:Leukon II
3151:Hygiainon
3106:Archelaus
2945:Polemon I
2843:Prusias I
2784:Strato II
2774:Zoilos II
2769:Dionysios
2749:Archebius
2719:Peukolaos
2684:Polyxenos
2624:Pantaleon
2566:Pantaleon
2498:Attalus I
2493:Eumenes I
2299:Seleucids
2127:Ptolemies
2116:Philip VI
2063:Sosthenes
2043:Philip IV
2038:Cassander
2005:Philip II
1905:Sosthenes
1755:2604-3521
1739:: 49–58.
1711:Histories
1676:"Pyrrhus"
1616:Sri Lanka
1600:Alexander
1588:Antiochos
1461:Antigonus
1448:Antigonus
1435:Antigonus
1419:12 August
1389:in 1780.
1358:Reception
1312:Cleanthes
1261:Euphantus
1213:Megarians
1106:Timarchus
1098:Phoenicia
1060:Patroclus
1016:Antiochus
985:Abantidas
918:Aetolians
914:Acarnania
827:Cleonymus
691:does not
646:Cassander
635:Demetrius
627:Sosthenes
576:Aetolians
542:Demetrias
426:Alexander
397:Cassander
389:Alexander
378:Cassander
374:Antipater
310:Antígonos
224:c. 320 BC
207:Successor
176:Successor
170:Sosthenes
3853:Philip V
3794:Meleager
3615:Philip I
3574:Tyrimmas
3369:Deidamia
3350:(regent)
3323:Aeacides
3260:Aspurgus
3153:(regent)
3136:Prytanis
2978:Sames II
2834:(regent)
2807:Boteiras
2754:Telephos
2744:Hermaeus
2699:Diomedes
2669:Strato I
2654:Zoilos I
2480:Attalids
2167:(regent)
2106:Philip V
1824:Historia
1792:, (1867)
1782:Archived
1706:Polybius
1697:xxv. 1–3
1680:"Aratus"
1662:Plutarch
1550:ii. 8. 4
1379:Antigono
1367:Antigono
1364:libretto
1336:Buddhist
1289:Persaeus
1241:Megarian
1206:Lechaeum
1168:Nicocles
1094:Anatolia
1020:Seleucid
1005:Lydiadas
997:Nicocles
953:Polybius
922:Olympias
878:Aristeas
788:Carthage
753:Poseidon
546:Thessaly
538:Cyclades
409:Seleucus
354:Diadochi
3905:italics
3858:Perseus
3816:Pyrrhus
3779:Pyrrhus
3650:Orestes
3625:Alcetas
3560:Caranus
3359:Ptolemy
3313:Arybbas
3293:Admetus
3275:Cotys I
3255:Polemon
3250:Polemon
3246:Dynamis
3241:Dynamis
3232:Dynamis
3228:Asander
3218:Dynamis
3214:Asander
3141:Eumelos
2940:Arsaces
2915:Laodice
2838:Ziaelas
2832:Etazeta
2709:Epander
2704:Amyntas
2111:Perseus
1997:Argeads
1932:Pyrrhus
1922:Pyrrhus
1608:Pandyas
1592:Ptolemy
1584:yojanas
1352:Vergina
1297:Corinth
1225:Salamis
1183:talents
1176:Achaean
1102:Miletus
1068:Laurium
957:tyrants
882:Nauplia
853:was in
847:Arcadia
835:Laconia
831:Spartan
772:Pyrrhus
712:removed
697:sources
658:Arsinoe
568:Brennus
529:Corinth
499:to the
470:Pyrrhus
436:Boeotia
401:Ptolemy
338:Balkans
330:Macedon
262:Dynasty
90:scholar
3567:Coenus
2935:Darius
2729:Nicias
2724:Thraso
2664:Lysias
1990:rulers
1843:
1811:
1790:Boston
1765:(1997)
1753:
1685:Justin
1606:, the
1604:Cholas
1580:Dharma
1535:7.1.36
1332:Ashoka
1316:Aratus
1301:Archon
1251:, and
1165:tyrant
1161:Sicyon
1157:Aratus
1121:Nicaea
1079:Cyrene
1052:Megara
1048:Attica
1018:, the
993:Paseas
926:Phthia
796:Sicily
776:Epirus
757:Apollo
584:Delphi
477:Beroea
452:Thebes
440:Thrace
422:Athens
407:, and
350:320 BC
283:Mother
273:Father
237:Spouse
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
3248:with
3230:with
3216:with
3179:]
2913:with
2586:Plato
2264:Magas
1618:)." (
1596:Magas
1253:Stoic
1249:Cynic
1075:Magas
1066:near
973:Iseas
967:and
961:Cleon
870:Argos
855:Crete
851:Areus
820:Aegae
780:Italy
761:Greek
612:Phila
564:Gauls
517:Phila
490:Lydia
486:Caria
448:Getae
370:Phila
334:Gauls
299:Greek
248:Issue
186:Reign
155:Reign
97:JSTOR
83:books
1841:ISBN
1809:ISBN
1751:ISSN
1701:26.2
1693:24.1
1598:and
1421:2020
1219:and
1096:and
876:and
786:and
784:Rome
695:any
693:cite
656:and
582:and
488:and
229:Died
221:Born
69:news
2812:Bas
1741:doi
1369:by
1334:'s
1141:Pan
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845:in
706:by
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3177:ru
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