Antinatalism - Knowledge

761:. In this story, the existence of the utopian city of Omelas and the good fortune of its inhabitants depend on the suffering of one child who is tortured in an isolated place and who cannot be helped. The majority accepts this state of affairs and stays in the city, but there are those who do not agree with it, who do not want to participate in it, and thus they "walk away from Omelas". Contestabile and Woolfe draw a parallel here: for Omelas to exist, the child must be tortured, and in the same way, the existence of our world is related to the fact that someone innocent is constantly harmed. According to Contestabile and Woolfe, antinatalists can be seen just as "the ones who walk away from Omelas", who do not accept such a world, and who do not approve of its perpetuation. Contestabile poses the question: is all happiness able to compensate for the extreme suffering of even one person? The question of whether universal harmony is worth the tears of one child tormented to death has already appeared before in 559:

nature, but because of the structural situation in which the human being has always been. In this situation, we are cornered by various kinds of structural discomforts while having to conduct our lives in a limited amount of time and in limited spaces of action, such that different interests often conflict with each other. We do not have to have bad intentions to treat others with disregard; we are compelled to do so in order to survive, pursue our projects, and escape from suffering. Cabrera also draws attention to the fact that life is associated with the constant risk of one experiencing strong physical pain, which is common in human life, for example as a result of a serious illness, and maintains that the mere existence of such possibility impedes us morally, as well as that because of it, we can at any time lose, as a result of its occurrence, the possibility of a dignified, moral functioning even to a minimal extent.

391:, stating that they both "view the development of consciousness as an aberration in an otherwise fluid and fluent universe marked by some sense of non-human harmony, stability and tranquility." According to Zandbergen, antinatalism and Taoism view human consciousness as something that cannot be fixed, for example by returning to a more harmonious way of life, but rather it has to be undone. Humans are tasked with a project of a peaceful, non-violent dismantling of consciousness. From the Taoist perspective, consciousness is purpose-driven, which goes against the spontaneous and unconscious flow of the Tao, hence humans have an imperative to return to the Tao. Humans have to do it spontaneously, and it cannot be brought about from "the outside" (the Tao, the Heaven, or anything else). Zandbergen quotes John S. Major et al. 2010 to make the parallel between Taoism and antinatalism even clearer: 491:

primarily in the unilateral and non-consensual nature of the act, which makes procreation per se inevitably asymmetrical; be it a product of forethought, or a product of neglect. It is always connected with the interests (or disinterests) of other humans, not the created human. In addition, Cabrera points out that in his view the manipulation of procreation is not limited to the act of creation itself, but it is continued in the process of raising the child, during which parents gain great power over the child's life, who is shaped according to their preferences and for their satisfaction. He emphasizes that although it is not possible to avoid manipulation in procreation, it is perfectly possible to avoid procreation itself and that then no moral rule is violated.

22: 1163:. Terror management theory argues that humans are equipped with unique cognitive abilities beyond what is necessary for survival, which includes symbolic thinking, extensive self-consciousness and perception of themselves as temporal beings aware of the finitude of their existence. The desire to live alongside the awareness of the inevitability of death triggers terror in humans. Opposition to this fear is among humans primary motivations. To escape it, humans build defensive structures around themselves to ensure their symbolic or literal immortality, to feel like valuable members of a meaningful universe, and to focus on protecting themselves from immediate external threats. 575:'s practical imperative (according to Kant, a man should never be used as merely a means to an end, but always be treated as an end in himself). They argue that a person can be created for the sake of their parents or other people, but that it is impossible to create someone for their own good; and that therefore, following Kant's recommendation, we should not create new people. Heiko Puls argues that Kant's considerations regarding parental duties and human procreation, in general, imply arguments for an ethically justified antinatalism. Kant, however, according to Puls, rejects this position in his 1252:

a hundred male chinook salmon survives into adulthood. Vinding is of the opinion that if human lives and the survival of human children looked like this, current human values would disallow procreation; however, this is not possible when it comes to animals, who are guided by instinct. He takes the view that even if one does not agree that procreation is always morally bad, one should recognize procreation in wildlife as morally bad and something that ought to be prevented (at least in theory, not necessarily in practice). He maintains that non-intervention cannot be defended if we reject

547:. He accepts that life may be – thanks to human's own merits and efforts – bearable and even very pleasant (though not for all, due to the phenomenon of moral impediment), but also considers it problematic to bring someone into existence so that they may attempt to make their life pleasant by struggling against the difficult and oppressive situation we place them in by procreating. It seems more reasonable, according to Cabrera, simply not to put them in that situation, since the results of their struggle are always uncertain. 725:

things do not compensate for the worst things such as, for example, the experiences of terrible pain, the agonies of the wounded, sick or dying. In his opinion, we also rarely know what to do to make people happy, but we know what to do so that people do not suffer: it is enough that they are not created. What is important for Akerma in ethics is the striving for the fewest suffering people (ultimately no one), not striving for the happiest people, which, according to him, takes place at the expense of immeasurable suffering.

529:, as well as values contained in human realizations of all kinds), which humans must keep constantly active. All positive values that appear within human life are reactive and palliative; they do not arise from the structure of life itself, but are introduced by the permanent and anxious struggle against the decaying life and its three kinds of friction, with such struggle however doomed to be defeated, at any moment, by any of the mentioned frictions or by the progressive decline of one's being. 435:

lives, the causation of suffering requires a justification. Man can no longer shed responsibility for the suffering that occurs by appealing to an imaginary entity that sets moral principles. For Akerma, antinatalism is a consequence of the collapse of theodicy endeavors and the failure of attempts to establish an anthropodicy. According to him, there is no metaphysics nor moral theory that can justify the production of new people, and therefore anthropodicy is indefensible as well as theodicy.

5183: 1204:), according to him in such cases we are clearly thinking about the unborn, and not simply of our own interests. In addition, Cabrera believes that under certain circumstances, it is legitimate and comprehensible to commit unethical actions, for example, abortion is legitimate and comprehensible when the mother's life is at risk or when pregnancy is the result of rape – in such situations is necessary to be sensitive without assuming a rigid principialism. 1192:

Some assumptions of this report regarding sentience of the fetus after the second trimester were criticized. In a similar way argues Karim Akerma. He distinguishes between organisms that do not have mental properties and living beings that have mental properties. According to his view, which he calls the mentalistic view, a living being begins to exist when an organism (or another entity) produces a simple form of consciousness for the first time.

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have the autonomy to decide, and we cannot decide for them. From the point of view of Cabrera's negative ethics, abortion is immoral for similar reasons as procreation. For Cabrera, the exception in which abortion is morally justified is cases of irreversible illness of the fetus (or some serious "social illnesses" like

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manipulating them and not harming them. Procreation for him is an obvious violation of MEA – someone is manipulated and placed in a harmful situation as a result of that action. In his view, values included in the MEA are widely accepted by affirmative ethics, they are even their basics, and if approached

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and being eaten alive. He cites research on what animal life looks like in the wild. One of eight male lion cubs survives into adulthood. Others die as a result of starvation, disease and often fall victims to the teeth and claws of other lions. Attaining adulthood is much rarer for fish. Only one in

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and David Benatar argue that presently, in a situation where a huge number of people live in poverty, we should cease procreation and divert these resources, that would have been used to raise our own children, to the poor. Patricia MacCormack points out that resignation from procreation and striving

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The being acquired by a human at birth is decreasing (or "decaying"), in the sense of a being that begins to end since its very emergence, following a single and irreversible direction of deterioration and decline, of which complete consummation can occur at any moment between some minutes and around

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Buddha states his propositions in the pedantic style of his age. He throws them into a form of sorites; but, as such, it is logically faulty and all he wishes to convey is this: Oblivious of the suffering to which life is subject, man begets children, and is thus the cause of old age and death. If

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Not to be born is, beyond all estimation, best; but when a man has seen the light of day, this is next best by far, that with utmost speed he should go back from where he came. For when he has seen youth go by, with its easy merry-making, what hard affliction is foreign to him, what suffering does he

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Christianity is a salvation but at the same time it is a stopping, it aims at stopping the whole continuation which leads to the permanence of this world. And that is why Christianity holds by celibacy. By this the Christian gives characteristic expression to his relationship to this world, which is

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The objection here is that we can clearly introspect that we feel something added to our experience, not that we merely no longer feel some pain, boredom, or desire. Such experiences include pleasant surprises, waking up in a good mood, savoring delicious meals, anticipating something good that will

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Robbert Zandbergen has argued that the definition of antinatalism is too narrow. As a consequence of this, people are unduly focused on human reproduction (and the limiting or stopping thereof), which should only ever be the terminus of antinatalism. The starting point, rather, is the grim diagnosis

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Comparison – for one’s self-assessments about the quality of their life, more important than how their life goes is how it goes in comparison with the lives of others. One of the effects of this is that negative aspects of life that affect everyone are not taken into account when assessing their own

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Anchoring: the creation and use of personal values to ensure attachment to reality, such as parents, home, the street, school, God, the church, the state, morality, fate, the law of life, the people, the future, accumulation of material goods or authority, etc. This can be characterized as creating

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Assuming that each couple has three children, an original pair's cumulative descendants over ten generations amount to 88,572 people. That constitutes a lot of pointless, avoidable suffering. To be sure, full responsibility for it all does not lie with the original couple because each new generation

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From the moment they come into being, humans are affected by three kinds of frictions: physical pain (in the form of illnesses, accidents, and natural catastrophes to which they are always exposed); discouragement (in the form of "lacking the will", or the "mood" or the "spirit", to continue to act,

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issue of total manipulation: one's very being is manufactured and used; in contrast to intra-worldly cases where someone is placed in a harmful situation. In the case of procreation, no chance of defense against that act is even available. According to Cabrera: manipulation in procreation is visible

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for their suffering. We yearn for justice and meaning in a world that lacks both. This ensures that the lives of conscious individuals are tragic. We have desires: spiritual needs that reality is unable to satisfy, and our species still exists only because we limit our awareness of what that reality

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But I am aware of some that murmur: What, say they, if all men should abstain from all sexual intercourse, whence will the human race exist? Would that all would this, only in "charity out of a pure heart, and good conscience, and faith unfeigned;" much more speedily would the City of God be filled,

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argues that, contra Benatar, antinatalism need not entail human extinction. For example, if people were to develop radical life-extension technologies that enable them to live as long as the human species itself could survive, procreation could cease entirely without the global population dwindling

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Julio Cabrera believes that the moral problem of abortion is totally different from the problem of abstention of procreation because in the case of abortion, there is no longer a non-being, but an already existing being – the most helpless and defenseless of the parties involved, that someday might

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also showed that a fetus could not gain consciousness prior to week twenty-four of the pregnancy, and apparently never does at any point in utero, stating that "there appeared to be no clear benefit in considering the need for fetal analgesia prior to termination of pregnancy, even after 24 weeks".

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Sublimation: refocusing the tragic parts of life into something creative or valuable, usually through an aesthetic confrontation for the purpose of catharsis. This is typically seen as a focus on the imaginary, dramatic, heroic, lyric or comic aspects of life, to allow for an escape from their true

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as creator, it is also impossible to defend the idea of a good man as a creator. In parenthood, the human parent imitates the divine parent, in the sense that education could be understood as a form of pursuit of "salvation", the "right path" for a child. However, a human being could decide that it

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We cannot allow ourselves to spuriously rationalize away the suffering that takes place in nature, and to forget the victims of the horrors of nature merely because that reality does not fit into our convenient moral theories, theories that ultimately just serve to make us feel consistent and good

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According to this argument, humans are a deeply flawed and destructive species that is responsible for the suffering and deaths of billions of other humans and non-human animals. If that level of destruction were caused by another species we would rapidly recommend that new members of that species

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He maintains that our concept of evil comes from our experience of suffering: there is no evil without the possibility of experiencing suffering. Consequently, the smaller the population, the less evil is happening in the world. In his opinion, from an ethical point of view, this is what we should

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It is seen immediately that the act "do not produce the child" dominates the act "produce the child" because it has equally good consequences as the other act in one case and better consequences in the other. So it is to be preferred to the other act as long as we cannot exclude with certainty the

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Karim Akerma, due to the moral problem of man as creator, introduces anthropodicy, a twin concept for theodicy. He is of the opinion that the less faith in the Almighty Creator–God there is, the more urgent the question of anthropodicy becomes. Akerma thinks that for those who want to lead ethical

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is also an illusion, since if it were genuine, it would bring about the end of the world. Furthermore, she notices that for Schopenhauer, the non-existence of the world is preferable to its existence. However, this is not an absolute statement (that is, it says that the world is the worst), but a

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in the first 88 years of the twentieth century 170 million (and possibly as many as 360 million) people were shot, beaten, tortured, knifed, burned, starved, frozen, crushed, or worked to death; buried alive, drowned, hanged, bombed, or killed in any other of the myriad ways governments

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Regarding procreation, the argument follows that coming into existence generates both good and bad experiences, pain and pleasure, whereas not coming into existence entails neither pain nor pleasure. The absence of pain is good, the absence of pleasure is not bad. Therefore, the ethical choice is

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Gerald Harrison and Julia Tanner argue that when we want to significantly affect someone by our action and it is not possible to get their consent, then the default should be to not take such action. The exception is, according to them, actions by which we want to prevent greater harm of a person

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According to ancient Buddhism, all births are births into the world of suffering; hence, coming into existence must be evaluated negatively. If we focus on this aspect, we can say that ancient Buddhism is antinatalist. However, we can also interpret ancient Buddhism as saying that being born into

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The response to these objections from counterexamples can run as follows. Usually, we do not focus enough on our present state to notice all disturbances (discontentment). It's likely we could notice some disturbances had we paid enough attention — even in situations where we think we experience

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A claim pessimists often make is that pleasures are negative in nature — they are mere satisfactions of desires or removals of pains. Some object to this by providing intuitive counterexamples, where we are engaged in something pleasurable which seems to be adding some genuine pleasure above the

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emphasizes that his argumentation applies to all sentient beings and mentions that humans play a role in deciding how many animals there will be: humans breed other species of animals and are able to sterilize other species of animals. He says it would be better if all species of sentient beings

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The above psychological phenomena are unsurprising from an evolutionary perspective. They militate against suicide and in favour of reproduction. If our lives are quite as bad as I shall still suggest they are, and if people were prone to see this true quality of their lives for what it is, they

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For Cabrera, the worst thing in human life and by extension in procreation is what he calls "moral impediment": the structural impossibility of acting in the world without harming or manipulating someone at some given moment. This impediment does not occur because of an intrinsic "evil" of human

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has become over-evolved in humans, thereby making us incapable of functioning normally like other animals: cognition gives us more than we can carry. Our frailness and insignificance in the cosmos are visible to us. We want to live, and yet because of how we have evolved, we are the only species

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In the medieval Tantric traditions of India and Tibet documented by David Gray and Janet Gyatso, insertive but non-ejaculative sex is theorized as a fast path to liberating realizations, one deemed superior to celibacy for qualified practitioners (Gray 2007; Gyatso 1998). These developments also

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Karim Akerma argues that utilitarianism requires the least metaphysical assumptions and is, therefore, the most convincing ethical theory. He believes that negative utilitarianism is the right one because the good things in life do not compensate for the bad things; first and foremost, the best

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There are various reasons why antinatalists believe reproduction is problematic. The most common arguments for antinatalism include that life entails inevitable suffering, death is inevitable, and that humans are born without their consent—no one chooses whether or not they come into existence.

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warns that no one should be lured by the argument that procreation is a mechanism that creates children and states that those who refrain from procreation by preserving their virginity "bring about a cancellation of death by preventing it from advancing further because of them, and, by setting

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Isolation: an arbitrary dismissal from the consciousness of an individual and the consciousness of others about all negative thoughts and feelings associated with the unpleasant facts of human existence. In daily life, this manifests as a tacit agreement to remain silent on certain subjects –

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Asheel Singh emphasizes that one does not have to think that coming into existence is always an overall harm in order to recognize antinatalism as a correct view. In his opinion, it is enough to think that there is no moral right to inflict serious, preventable harms upon others without their

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Water is a traditional representation of the Tao, as it flows without shape. Ice represents the arrest of the natural flow of the Tao in rigid human consciousness. Taoist sages return to the flow like ice melting to water. But it would have been better if human consciousness never appeared.

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defines antinatalism as "the thought that all human beings or all sentient beings should not be born." In scholarly and literary writings, various ethical arguments have been put forth in defense of antinatalism, probably the most prominent of which is the asymmetry argument, put forward by

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Cabrera calls the set of these characteristics A–C the "terminality of being". He is of the opinion that a huge number of humans around the world cannot withstand this steep struggle against the terminal structure of their being, which leads to destructive consequences for them and others:

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Cabrera believes that in ethics, including affirmative ethics, there is one overarching concept which he calls the "Minimal Ethical Articulation", "MEA" (previously translated into English as "Fundamental Ethical Articulation" and "FEA"): the consideration of other people's interests, not

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Because my arguments apply not only to humans but also to other sentient animals, my arguments are also zoophilic (in the non-sexual sense of that term). Bringing a sentient life into existence is a harm to the being whose life it is. My arguments suggest that it is wrong to inflict this

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to serious forms of depression), and finally, exposure to the aggressions of other humans (from gossip and slander to various forms of discrimination, persecution, and injustice); aggressions that we too can inflict on others (who are also submitted, like us, to the three kinds of

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actually entails. Human existence amounts to a tangled network of defense mechanisms, which can be observed both individually and socially, in our everyday behavior patterns. According to Zapffe, humanity should cease this self-deception, and the natural consequence would be

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Jason Marsh finds no good arguments for what he calls "evil asymmetry"; that the amount and kinds of suffering provide strong arguments that our world is not an act of creation made by a good God, but the same suffering does not affect the morality of the act of procreation.

132:. Robbert Zandbergen makes a distinction between so-called reactionary (or activist) antinatalism and its more philosophical, originary counterpart. While the former seeks to limit human reproduction locally and/or temporarily, the latter seeks to end it conclusively. 1328:

that life emerges as the result of some cosmic mistake. In order to rectify this situation, humans are tasked with undoing the unnecessary pressures exerted by their existence. One avenue of this rectification is the limiting or concluding of human reproduction.

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According to David Benatar, one comes into existence in the morally relevant sense when consciousness arises, when a fetus becomes sentient, and up until that time an abortion is moral, whereas continued pregnancy would be immoral. Benatar refers to

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whose members are conscious that they are destined to die. We are able to analyze the past and the future, both our situation and that of others, as well as to imagine the suffering of billions of people (as well as of other living beings) and feel

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Imagine that I am enjoying the state of being hydrated, full and warm. Then somebody offers me a small chocolate bon-bon, and I greatly enjoy the delicious taste of the dark chocolate. Why am I not experiencing more pleasure now than I was before

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Some antinatalists view the breeding of animals as morally bad, and some view sterilization as morally good in their case. Karim Akerma defines antinatalism, that includes animals, as universal antinatalism and he assumes such a position himself:

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Cabrera believes that the situation in which one is placed through procreation, human life, is structurally negative in that its constitutive features are inherently adverse. The most prominent of them are, according to Cabrera, the following:

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faces the choice of whether to continue that line of descendants. Nevertheless, they bear some responsibility for the generations that ensue. If one does not desist from having children, one can hardly expect one's descendants to do so.

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Brian Tomasik challenges the effectiveness of human antinatalism in reducing suffering by pointing out that humans appropriate the habitats of wild animals thereby sparing wild animals from being born into lives containing suffering.

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The idea of bringing someone into the world fills me with horror. I would curse myself if I were a father. A son of mine! Oh no, no, no! May my entire flesh perish and may I transmit to no one the aggravations and the disgrace of

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By sterilising animals, we can free them from being slaves to their instincts and from bringing more and more captive animals into the cycle of being born, contracting parasites, ageing, falling ill and dying; eating and being

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there were 1.6 million conflict-related deaths in the sixteenth century, 6.1 million in the seventeenth century, 7 million in the eighteenth, 19.4 million in the nineteenth, and 109.7 million in the

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demographic – there is a demographic dimension of suffering in connection with which the number of victims of various types of problems (e.g. hunger, disease, violence) increases or decreases depending on the size of the

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And I thought the dead, who have already died, more fortunate than the living, who are still alive; but better than both is the one who has not yet been, and has not seen the evil deeds that are done under the sun.

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According to Zapffe, depressive disorders are often "messages from a deeper, more immediate sense of life, bitter fruits of a geniality of thought". Some studies seem to confirm this: it is said about the phenomenon of

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thinkers that the harm we do to them is immoral. They consider the human species the most destructive on the planet, arguing that without new humans, there will be no harm caused to other sentient beings by new humans.

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If children were brought into the world by an act of pure reason alone, would the human race continue to exist? Would not a man rather have so much sympathy with the coming generation as to spare it the burden of

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David Benatar, citing numerous studies, lists three phenomena described by psychologists, which, according to him, are responsible for making personal self-assessments about the quality of one’s life unreliable:

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815,000 people are thought to have committed suicide in 2000; in 2016, the International Association for Suicide Prevention estimated that someone commits suicide every 40 seconds, more than 800,000 people per

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is the best alternative for the planet and its nonhuman inhabitants to flourish. According to the group Stop Having Kids: "The end of humans is the end of the human world, not the end of the world at large."

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Criticism of antinatalism comes from those that see positive value in bringing humans into existence. David Wasserman has criticized David Benatar's asymmetry argument and the consent argument. Psychologist

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genuine pleasure. Thus, it's at least plausible that these seemingly positive states have various imperfections, and we are not, in fact, undisturbed; and, therefore, we are below the hedonic neutral state.

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for moral reasons, and postulate that such views should complement each other as having a common denominator: not causing harm to other sentient beings. This attitude was already present in Manichaeism and

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support the idea that the sex problematic in ancient, classical, and medieval Buddhism had at least as much to do with female fertility and the production of children as with the dangers of errant desire.

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has argued that "all the research on human well-being shows almost everyone across cultures is well above neutral on happiness. Benatar is just empirically wrong that life is dominated by suffering."

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possibility that the child will be more or less unhappy; and we never can. So we have, instead of (3), the far-reaching consequence: (3') In any case, it is morally preferable not to produce a child.

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one of stopping. And that is why the New Testament too continually uses such words concerning the Christian as indicate this putting a stop to things: for example, to be salt, to be sacrificed, etc.

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exists to block the path of procreation; it is "a salvation but at the same time it is a stopping" that "aims at stopping the whole continuation which leads to the permanence of this world."

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are abused and slaughtered each year by our species for the production of animal products, for experimentation and after the experiments (when they are no longer needed), as a result of the

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According to Benatar, by creating a child, we are responsible not only for this child's suffering, but we may also be co-responsible for the suffering of further offspring of this child.

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this human world is affirmed because there is a possibility of reaching nirvana here. Therefore, if we pay attention to this aspect, we cannot instantaneously say that it is antinatalist.

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to always be a serious harm. Their views are not necessarily limited only to humans but may encompass all sentient creatures, arguing that coming into existence is a serious harm for

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argues that David Benatar's essential premise that pleasure is the only true inherent good and pain the only inherent evil is a flawed argument and refutable within the philosophy of

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Antinatalist sentiments have existed for thousands of years. Some of the earliest surviving formulations of the idea that it would be better not to have been born can be found in

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personal – no one can predict the fate of their child, but it is known that they are exposed to numerous dangers in the form of terrible suffering and death, usually traumatic,

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not know? Envy, factions, strife, battles, and murders. Last of all falls to his lot old age, blamed, weak, unsociable, friendless, wherein dwells every misery among miseries

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Similar arguments to that of Vinding are made by Ludwig Raal, who is in favor of a more practical approach. He argues for introducing non-violent population control through

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In general – if it can be foreseen neither that the child will be unhappy nor that it will bring disutility upon others – there is no duty to have or not to have a child.

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is better not to suffer at all than to suffer and be offered the later possibility of salvation from suffering. In Cabrera's opinion, evil is associated not with the

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a defensive structure, "a fixation of points within, or construction of walls around, the liquid fray of consciousness", and defending the structure against threats.

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Additionally, although some people may turn out to be happy, this is not guaranteed, so to procreate is to gamble with another person's suffering. There is also an

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he would only realize what suffering he would add to by his act, he would desist from the procreation of children; and so stop the operation of old age and death.

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especially around children, to prevent instilling in them a fear of the world and what awaits them in life, before they will be able to learn other mechanisms.

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Ormrod, James S (June 2011). "'Making room for the tigers and the polar bears': Biography, phantasy and ideology in the Voluntary Human Extinction Movement".

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Kutás, Michal; Svoboda, Filip; Giraud, Théophile De; Poledníková, Markéta; Akerma, Karim; Koumar, Jan; Cabrera, Julio; Lochmanová, Kateřina, eds. (2020).

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arguments, which are based on a concern for the humans who will be brought into existence, Benatar also posits that another path to antinatalism is the

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believed that man enters this world by means of a crime, that their existence is a crime, and procreation is the fall which is the culmination of human

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a person cannot escape the imposed condition without very high cost (suicide is often a physically, emotionally, and morally excruciating option);

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believe that sex is the root of all sin. Thus although not strictly antinatalist, they see procreation is a sign of the fallen state of humanity.

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Peter Wessel Zapffe identifies four repressive mechanisms humans use, consciously or not, to restrict their consciousness of life and the world:

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might be much more inclined to kill themselves, or at least not to produce more such lives. Pessimism, then, tends not to be naturally selected.

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Rieder, Travis N. (August 2015). "Procreation, Adoption and the Contours of Obligation: Procreation, Adoption and the Contours of Obligation".

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also says that his argumentation for not bringing others into existence is applicable to all sentient beings, including conscious machines.

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in their natural environment are generally very bad. He draws attention to phenomena such as dying before adulthood, starvation, disease,

5100: 5013: 1313:, which regards pleasure and pain as merely indifferents, and that moral virtues and vices should be the only guide of human action. 3611: 3278:"Circumcision Rates in the United States: Rising or Falling? What Effect Might the New Affirmative Pediatric Policy Statement Have?" 5045: 4736: 4626: 2677: 2302:

Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: First Series, Volume III St. Augustine: On the Holy Trinity, Doctrinal Treatises, Moral Treatises

597:

Shiffrin lists four factors that in her opinion make the justification for having hypothetical consent to procreation a problem:

1920: 1072:

already existing children. De Giraud emphasizes that, across the world, there are millions of existing children who need care.

4166: 5460: 5212: 4570: 4556: 4529: 4509: 4009: 3371: 3164: 3139: 3104: 3079: 2635: 2502: 2208: 2108: 2036: 1661: 1565: 1540: 513:

To defend themselves against (a) and (b), human beings are equipped with mechanisms of creation of positive values (ethical,

1905: 741:

strive for: to narrow the space in which evil – which is suffering – takes place and which space is widened by procreation.

427:, but with the suffering and dying of those that are alive. So, on the contrary, evil is only and obviously associated with 5353: 4703: 1197: 1090:

Some antinatalists believe that most people do not evaluate reality accurately, which affects the desire to have children.

30: 4034: 2581: 1105:

Distraction: shifting focus to new impressions to flee from circumstances and ideas humans consider harmful or unpleasant.

5105: 4602: 3645: 3237: 1143:

well-being. Humans are also more likely to compare themselves with those who are worse off than those who are better off.

1040: 313:

believed that procreation sentences the soul to imprisonment in evil matter. They saw procreation as an instrument of an

659:

There is no moral obligation to produce a child even if we could be sure that it will be very happy throughout its life.

5516: 5175: 4584: 4489: 4216: 4019: 3582: 2566: 2442: 2343:

A man is born in sin, he enters this world by means of a crime, his existence is a crime – and procreation is the fall.

1851: 1513: 753: 2469: 1273:. This would sustain the ecosystem and human population, and allow people to perform helpful interventions in nature. 4997: 4422: 4233: 648: 4638: 3182:"Dimensión demográfica del sufrimiento: reflexiones éticas sobre antinatalismo en el contexto del futuro sostenible" 63:. Antinatalists thus argue that humans should abstain from having children. Some antinatalists consider coming into 5587: 5236: 5205: 4751: 3698: 2013:

In addition to the above two negations, there was a third type — 'reincarnation negation' — found in ancient India.

1345:'s system on a variety of points. According to Schopenhauer, an individual person is itself a manifestation of the 79:

asymmetry between good and bad things in life, such that coming into existence is always a harm, which is known as

2730:

Shiffrin, Seana Valentine (June 1999). "Wrongful Life, Procreative Responsibility, and the Significance of Harm".

5541: 5401: 5146: 5080: 4314:"Can anti-natalists oppose human extinction? The harm-benefit asymmetry, person-uploading, and human enhancement" 3646:

Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Greguš, Jan (21 June 2023).

3316: 784: 80: 610:

the hypothetical consent procedure is not based on the values of the person who will bear the imposed condition.

5582: 5095: 4287: 4100:

Lebensende und Lebensbeginn: Philosophische Implikationen und mentalistische Begründung des Hirn-Todeskriterium

1302: 21: 5375: 3951:

Feltham, Colin (2 April 2016). "Depressive realism: what it is and why it matters to Humanistic Psychology".

1077:

for human extinction can make it possible to care for humans and other animals: those who are already here.

3741:

Rulli, Tina (June 2016). "The Ethics of Procreation and Adoption: The Ethics of Procreation and Adoption".

3157:

De la felicidad y los hijos: La evolución del pensamiento ético y la dimensión demográfica de los problemas

1446: 1346: 375: 4440:"A Thousand Pleasures Are Not Worth a Single Pain: The Compensation Argument for Schopenhauer's Pessimism" 3256: 479:

proposes a concept of "negative ethics" in opposition to "affirmative" ethics, meaning ethics that affirm

371: 298:. In order to conquer death, people should desist from procreation: "not produce fresh fodder for death". 5421: 5294: 5120: 5110: 5023: 4929: 4544: 4111: 3495:

An NBC interview with Les U. Knight, founder of the Voluntary Human Extinction Movement, 5 December 2005.

792:

argues that there is a crucial asymmetry between the good and the bad things, such as pleasure and pain:

476: 411: 314: 4398: 3803:

Benatar, David (April 2020). "Famine, Affluence, and Procreation: Peter Singer and Anti-Natalism Lite".

2937: 1118:, and both Colin Feltham and John Pollard write about antinatalism as one of its possible consequences. 4992: 3181: 346:

themselves up as a kind of boundary stone between life and death, they keep death from going forward".

4115:

Manifest zum antinatalismus. Zur Ethik des Antinatalismus. Für Nachkommenlosigkeit bei Mensch und Tier

1425: 4902: 4726: 4534: 4499: 4313: 3008:

Vetter, Hermann (January 1969). "IV. The production of children as a problem of utilitarian ethics".

1651: 1415: 1048: 979:

are attentive to the harm caused to other sentient beings by humans. They would say that billions of

930: 3884: 2625: 2411: 1963:

Langenberg, Amy Paris (2018). Cozort, Daniel; Shields, James Mark (eds.). "Buddhism and Sexuality".

1768: 4907: 4696: 1160: 623: 183: 36: 4577:

What Is Antinatalism? And Other Essays: Philosophy of Life in Contemporary Society, Second Edition

3363: 2494: 5531: 5228: 4849: 1430: 1405: 1285: 1226:

became extinct. In particular, he is explicit in judging the breeding of animals as morally bad:

987: 937: 662:

There is a moral obligation not to produce a child if it can be foreseen that it will be unhappy.

638: 4668:

Interview with David Benatar for Cape Talk on Radio 702, about "Better Never to Have Been", 2009

2814:

Harrison, Gerald (January 2012). "Antinatalism, Asymmetry, and an Ethic of Prima Facie Duties".

5018: 4976: 4971: 4854: 4731: 4122: 1813:"The Speciesism of Leaving Nature Alone, and the Theoretical Case for "Wildlife Anti-Natalism"" 1180: 766: 4609:"Anti-natalism" section in "Parenthood and Procreation" on Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4126:

Antinatalist Manifesto. On the Ethics of Antinatalism Challenging Human and Animal Procreation

3476: 3461: 2759: 1133:) – Humans have a positively distorted picture of their lives in the past, present and future. 1047:, Stop Having Kids, and Patricia MacCormack argue that human activity is the primary cause of 321:

that imprisons the divine element in the matter and thus causes the divine element to suffer.

112: 5572: 5551: 5526: 5409: 5085: 4949: 4788: 4519: 4439: 3679: 3574: 3351: 2918: 2026: 1727:

Chomański, Bartłomiej 'Bartek' (2021). "Anti-natalism and the Creation of Artificial Minds".

1468: 1435: 1236: 898:

approximately 56.5 million people died in 2001, that is more than 107 people per minute,

5452: 5387: 5269: 1972: 1934: 1769:"Wailing from the Heights of Velleity: A strong case for antinatalism in these trying times" 5115: 5070: 5038: 5033: 4959: 4934: 4890: 3554:

Finding Hope in the End: An Ecocritical Analysis of The Voluntary Human Extinction Movement

1044: 846:

Benatar cites statistics showing where the creation of people leads. It is estimated that:

627: 4608: 1011:. The Cathars interpreted the commandment "thou shalt not kill" as relating also to other 347: 8: 5284: 5274: 5254: 5186: 4964: 4795: 4746: 4689: 3566: 1342: 1270: 1184: 1130: 976: 641:

argues that minimizing suffering has greater moral importance than maximizing happiness.

447: 179: 25: 1838: 1366: 279:, believed that the visible world is an evil creation of a crude, cruel, jealous, angry 5577: 5511: 5244: 5090: 5028: 4816: 4805: 4783: 4778: 4767: 4549:

Discomfort and Moral Impediment: The Human Situation, Radical Bioethics and Procreation

4459: 4374: 4081: 3876: 3820: 3785: 3533: 3220: 3052: 2987: 2895: 2831: 2796: 2747: 2712: 2627:

Discomfort and Moral Impediment: The Human Situation, Radical Bioethics and Procreation

2592:

A critique of affirmative morality (A reflection on death, birth and the value of life)

2522: 1947: 1788: 1744: 1706: 1115: 886: 728:

Miguel Steiner believes that antinatalism is justified by two converging perspectives:

330: 149: 4261:"Is it morally wrong to have children? A Stoic response to the anti-natalism argument" 1685:"Artificial Suffering: An Argument for a Global Moratorium on Synthetic Phenomenology" 1320: 5361: 5065: 4939: 4832: 4741: 4580: 4566: 4552: 4525: 4505: 4485: 4463: 4418: 4378: 4333: 4212: 4073: 4015: 3880: 3824: 3667: 3578: 3537: 3367: 3299: 3224: 3160: 3135: 3100: 3075: 2899: 2835: 2800: 2755: 2716: 2641: 2631: 2562: 2498: 2438: 2204: 2104: 2079:

The Gnostic Religion: The Message of the Alien God and the Beginnings of Christianity

2032: 1887: 1847: 1792: 1748: 1710: 1657: 1561: 1536: 1509: 1440: 1306: 871:

between 541 and 1912, it is estimated that over 102 million people succumbed to

762: 758: 276: 216: 5264: 4085: 3789: 3241:

The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas by Ursula K. Le Guin: An Analogy for Antinatalism

2751: 2006:"What Is Antinatalism? And Other Essays: Philosophy of Life in Contemporary Society" 1338: 630:, according to which nonconsensual actions should not be taken toward other people. 604:

if the action is taken, the harms suffered by the created person can be very severe;

240:

antinatalism is also raised by Amy Paris Langenberg, she writes among other things:

93: 5393: 5249: 5141: 5136: 4922: 4917: 4800: 4756: 4650: 4451: 4364: 4353:"Worse Than the Best Possible Pessimism? Olga Plümacher's Critique of Schopenhauer" 4325: 4148: 4063: 3987: 3960: 3868: 3812: 3777: 3750: 3723: 3659: 3525: 3359: 3289: 3212: 3125: 3044: 3017: 2979: 2915:

Assessing Anti-Natalism: A Philosophical Examination of the Morality of Procreation

2885: 2854: 2827: 2823: 2786: 2739: 2704: 2490: 2412:"A Sonogram of the Dark Side of the Dao: The Possibility of Antinatalism in Daoism" 2194: 2001: 1968: 1834: 1780: 1736: 1696: 1680: 1596: 1281: 1257: 1052: 929:

more than 100 million currently living women and girls have been subjected to

872: 851: 465: 342: 254: 162: 120: 4369: 4352: 4329: 3991: 3964: 3872: 3216: 2435:

The Huainanzi. A guide to the theory and practice of government in early Han China

1840:

What Is Antinatalism? And Other Essays: Philosophy of Life in Contemporary Society

1784: 1558:

History of Antinatalism: How Philosophy Has Challenged the Question of Procreation

5536: 5444: 5151: 4912: 4238: 3294: 3277: 2922: 2587: 2382: 2328: 1530: 990:

or other environmental damage and for sadistic pleasure. They tend to agree with

540: 224: 3122:Ética, sufrimiento y procreación. Posibilidad de una ética naturalista del deber 3048: 2983: 2660: 2125:

The Body and Society: Men, Women, and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity

1260:

stating that what is happening in nature is what should be happening in nature.

1139:– Humans adapt to negative situations and adjust their expectations accordingly. 5259: 5156: 4643: 4005: 3816: 2166:, Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2009, pp. 15 (introduction), 67, 283–295 and 311. 2005: 1453: 1156: 1073: 644: 591: 141: 4672: 4667: 3781: 3491: 3021: 2791: 2774: 2743: 2708: 2645: 2555:

Jeg velger sannheten: En dialog mellom Peter Wessel Zapffe og Herman Tønnessen

1701: 1684: 1356:

comparative statement (that is, it says that it's worse than something else).

1288:

as this could significantly increase the amount of suffering in the universe.

5566: 5299: 5279: 4895: 4844: 4514: 4494: 4337: 3978:

Pollard, John (2 April 2016). "Depressive Realism: an existential response".

3615:

Stop having kids? What is antinatalism and how does it relate to the climate?

3556:, The International Environmental Communication Association, Vancouver, 2019. 2559:

I choose the truth: A dialog between Peter Wessel Zapffe and Herman Tønnessen

2433:

Major, John S.; Queen, Sarah A.; Meyer, Andrew Seth; Roth, Harold D. (2010).

1891: 1647: 1289: 1222: 1126: 991: 954: 789: 572: 568: 455: 129: 4144:

Better Never to Have Been in the Wild: A Case for Weak Wildlife Antinatalism

4068: 4051: 3908:"'End procreation to save Earth', says ARU author in 'The Ahuman Manifesto'" 892:

malignant neoplasms take more than a further 7 million lives each year,

5370:

The Tragical as World Law and Humour as Aesthetic Shape of the Metaphysical

5330: 4631: 4077: 3671: 3303: 2890: 2873: 2199: 1458: 958: 865: 652: 526: 522: 362: 355: 250: 125: 56: 28:

is notable for expressing antinatalist sentiments in his works, such as in

5197: 4152: 3493: 1359: 1284:, Sander Beckers, and Bartłomiej Chomański argue against trying to create 257:

argues that ancient Buddhism was both antinatalist and anti-antinatalist:

5546: 5521: 5325: 5289: 4827: 3845:, London, New York, Oxford, New Delhi, Sydney: Bloomsbury Academic, 2020. 3663: 3441:, London, New York, Oxford, New Delhi, Sydney: Bloomsbury Academic, 2020. 2858: 2286:

New Religions: Emerging Faiths and Religious Cultures in the Modern World

1410: 1244: 1136: 1028: 999: 923: 902: 901:

before the twentieth century over 133 million people were killed in

879: 580: 398:

Ice is better once it melts; how much better if it had never been frozen.

302: 272: 4597: 4431: 4392: 4390: 4388: 3529: 3200: 5320: 4712: 4455: 4142: 3754: 3727: 3056: 2991: 2193:. Institute of Slavic Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences. p. 30. 1740: 1600: 1400: 1253: 1240: 1065: 858: 544: 460: 291: 52: 4675:

Birth as a bioethical problem: first steps towards a radical bioethics

4616:— A collection of papers & books making arguments for antinatalism 4344: 3391:'We Are Creatures That Should Not Exist': The Theory of Anti-Natalism" 3276:

Morris, Brian J.; Bailis, Stefan A.; Wiswell, Thomas E. (1 May 2014).

3130: 1051:, and therefore refraining from procreation and allowing for eventual 418:

and argues that just as it is impossible to defend the idea of a good

4882: 4385: 4038:

Fetal Awareness – Review of Research and Recommendations for Practice

2695:

Puls, Heiko (March 2016). "Kant's Justification of Parental Duties".

2466:

A Ética e Suas Negações, Não nascer, suicídio e pequenos assassinatos

2358:, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2010, p. 76. 1395: 1248: 1008: 770:, and Irina Uriupina writes about it in the context of antinatalism. 576: 552: 518: 514: 220: 145: 68: 64: 60: 3480:

This Extreme Sect of Vegans Thinks Your Baby Will Destroy the Planet

2387:. The Fontana library: theology and philosophy. Fontana. p. 114 2333:. The Fontana library: theology and philosophy. Fontana. p. 113 4954: 4877: 4838: 4654: 4537:(2016). "Germline Modification and the Burden of Human Existence." 2485:

Marsh, Jason (2015). "Procreative Ethics and the Problem of Evil".

2317:, Washington: The Catholic University of America Press, 2010, p. 48 1473: 1420: 1310: 1172: 1069: 980: 975:

David Benatar, Gunter Bleibohm, Gerald Harrison, Julia Tanner, and

487: 415: 306: 280: 237: 99: 76: 3768:

Rachels, Stuart (June 2014). "The Immorality of Having Children".

3597: 2678:"Theodicy shading off into Anthropodicy in Milton, Twain and Kant" 2229:

The Cathars: Dualist Heretics in Languedoc in the High Middle Ages

1171:

Antinatalism can lead to a particular position on the morality of

1159:

draws attention to the similarity between Zapffe's philosophy and

909:

have inflicted death on unarmed, helpless citizens and foreigners,

895:

approximately 3.5 million people die every year in accidents,

622:

Chip Smith and Max Freiheit argue that procreation is contrary to

2138:

Gnostica, Judaica, Catholica: Collected Essays of Gilles Quispel

1463: 1012: 983: 536: 451: 424: 324: 310: 2607:

Because I Love You, You Will Not Be Born!: Nascituri te salutant

5468:

Anti-Natalism: Rejectionist Philosophy from Buddhism to Benatar

4859: 4563:

Anti-Natalism: Rejectionist Philosophy from Buddhism to Benatar

4192:

Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics

3702:

L'art de guillotiner les procréateurs: Manifeste anti-nataliste

3356:

Permissible Progeny?: The Morality of Procreation and Parenting

1532:

Anti-Natalism: Rejectionist Philosophy from Buddhism to Benatar

1265:

about ourselves in the face of an incomprehensibly bad reality.

1201: 1003: 850:

more than fifteen million people are thought to have died from

666:

However, he disagrees with the conclusion that Narveson draws:

480: 388: 351: 284: 212: 117:

L'art de guillotiner les procréateurs: Manifeste anti-nataliste

5461:

The Conspiracy Against the Human Race: A Contrivance of Horror

4011:

The Conspiracy against the Human Race: A Contrivance of Horror

3571:

The Ahuman Manifesto: Activism for the End of the Anthropocene

3439:

The Ahuman Manifesto: Activism for the End of the Anthropocene

3035:

Vetter, Hermann (1971). "Utilitarianism and New Generations".

1080: 936:

over 80% of newborn American boys have also been subjected to

715:

Based on this, he concludes that we should not create people:

676:

Instead, he presents the following decision-theoretic matrix:

4681: 4651:

Anti-natalists: The people who want you to stop having babies

4056:

Archives of Disease in Childhood – Fetal and Neonatal Edition

1555: 1059: 1024: 1016: 428: 318: 295: 4613: 2970:

Narveson, Jan (1967). "Utilitarianism and New Generations".

2179:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 114, 130. 2151:

Stromateis, Books 1–3 (The Fathers of the Church, volume 85)

1653:

Better Never to Have Been: The Harm of Coming into Existence

1601:"What Is Antinatalism?: Definition, History, and Categories" 864:

an estimated 840 million people suffer from hunger and

4052:"Fetal awareness and fetal pain: the Emperor's new clothes" 3260:

Is universal harmony worth the tears of one tortured child?

2942:

Hoover Hog – Recreational Thoughtcrime for Restive Shut-ins

2028:

Inventing the Individual: The Origins of Western Liberalism

1020: 571:

and Karim Akerma all argue that procreation is contrary to

4627:

I wish I'd never been born: the rise of the anti-natalists

4406: 3072:

Soll eine Menschheit sein?: Eine fundamentalethische Frage

3506:

The official Voluntary Human Extinction Movement website.

2274:, Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1983, p. 198. 1935:"The Essays of Arthur Schopenhauer: Studies in Pessimism" 1585:. Kraków: Towarzystwo Naukowe im. Stanisława Andreskiego. 1333: 916: 419: 4147:(Master of Philosophy thesis). Stellenbosch University. 3631:

Riel, Trine (2021). "Antinatalism: A World Withous Us".

3097:

Verebben der Menschheit?: Neganthropie und Anthropodizee

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Porque te amo não nascerás! : Nascituri te salutant

2101:

Verebben der Menschheit?: Neganthropie und Anthropodizee

1867:

Riel, Trine (2021). "Antinatalism: A World Without Us".

778: 3180:

Steiner, Miguel; Vives-Rego, José (30 September 2013).

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Against the claim that pleasures are only ever negative

827: 5474:

Weltschmerz: Pessimism in German Philosophy, 1860–1900

5076:

International Conference on Population and Development

2630:. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 2315:

Ascetical Works (The Fathers of the Church, volume 58)

1276: 1064:

Herman Vetter, Théophile de Giraud, Travis N. Rieder,

601:

great harm is not at stake if the action is not taken;

414:

considers the issue of being a creator in relation to

152:, written shortly before Sophocles's death in 406 BC: 4188:

Philosophy and theory of artificial intelligence 2017

2938:"The Antinatalist Logic of Libertarian Nonaggression" 1953:, Whitefish: Kessinger Publishing, 2005, pp. 286–288. 5486:

Dark Matters: Pessimism and the Problem of Suffering

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Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Consciousness

1351:. But if that is the case, then the negation of the 4036:Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 3504: 3358:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 34–64. 3343: 3275: 2849:Harrison, Gerald K.; Tanner, Julia (2016). "None". 2561:] (in Norwegian). Oslo: Universitets forlaget. 2432: 2191:

Bogomilism. The Afterlife of the 'Bulgarian Heresy'

2127:, New York: Columbia University Press, 1988, p. 96. 2063:. Labyrinth Press. pp. 72, 83, 96 and 139–140. 1207: 387:Robbert Zandbergen compares modern antinatalism to 5480:Depressive Realism: Interdisciplinary perspectives 4288:"Strategic Considerations for Moral Antinatalists" 3939:Depressive Realism: Interdisciplinary perspectives 3318:International Association for Suicide Prevention, 2659:Cabrera, Julio; Di Santis, Thiago Lenharo (2009). 2475:, 2017 (English translation of the first chapter). 2464:, São Paulo: Edicões Mandacaru, 1989. J. Cabrera, 885:nearly 11 million people die every year from 555:, they should lead to the refusal of procreation. 4184:AAAI: An Argument Against Artificial Intelligence 3607: 3605: 3179: 3120:Schafschetzy Steiner, Miguel (22 December 2000). 1189:Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists 751:Bruno Contestabile and Sam Woolfe cite the story 5564: 3201:"The Denial of the World from an Impartial View" 2658: 2468:, Rio De Janeiro: Rocco, 2011 (second edition). 2380: 2326: 1762: 1760: 1758: 919:-related injuries led to 310,000 deaths in 2000, 4209:Debating Procreation: Is It Wrong to Reproduce? 3408:Fluch der Geburt – Thesen einer Überlebensethik 3337:Debating Procreation: Is It Wrong To Reproduce? 2552: 2374: 2320: 2240: 2238: 2177:The Bogomils: A Study in Balkan Neo-Manichaeism 1722: 1720: 1675: 1673: 857:approximately 20,000 people die every day from 3602: 3354:. In S. Hannan; S. Brennan; R. Vernon (eds.). 3330: 3328: 2848: 2772: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2456: 2454: 2226: 2188: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1583:Antynatalizm. O niemoralności płodzenia dzieci 841: 266: 5213: 4697: 4357:British Journal for the History of Philosophy 4202: 4200: 3352:"The Misanthropic Argument for Anti-natalism" 3349: 2356:Feminist Interpretations of Søren Kierkegaard 2222: 2220: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 1990:. London: Penguin Books. p. 175 and 338. 1755: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1574: 1369:. This objection can be presented like this: 1137:Adaptation (or accommodation, or habituation) 4541:, 25(1), 6–18. doi:10.1017/s0963180115000237 4522:: A Candid Guide to Life's Biggest Questions 4136: 4134: 3998: 3905: 3899: 3684:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3433: 3431: 3429: 3400: 3198: 3003: 3001: 2516: 2514: 2284:Gallagher, E.V.; Willsky-Ciollo, L. (2021). 2235: 2072: 2070: 1886:. Państwowe Wydawn. Nauk. pp. 420–421. 1881: 1827: 1717: 1670: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1256:and that we should reject the unjustifiable 773: 406: 5227: 5101:United Nations world population conferences 4412: 3325: 3245:Sam Woolfe – Freelance Writer & Blogger 2652: 2612: 2451: 2261:, Westminster: Mothers' Union, 1962, p. 73. 2153:, Washington: CUA Press, 2010, pp. 263–271. 2140:, Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2008, p. 228. 2103:. Freiburg im Breisgau: Verlag Karl Alber. 2058: 1799: 1589: 1081:Antinatalism and other philosophical topics 970: 744: 586: 249:Buddhism was understood as antinatalist by 5220: 5206: 5014:Population and housing censuses by country 4704: 4690: 4197: 4167:Benevolent Artificial Anti-Natalism (BAAN) 3854: 3565: 3159:. Proteus Libros y Servicios Editoriales. 2669: 2409: 2217: 2085: 1962: 1766: 1615: 1580: 1060:Adoption, helping humans and other animals 633: 111:) was used probably for the first time by 4368: 4131: 4067: 3704:, Nancy: Le Mort-Qui-Trompe, 2006, p. 51. 3426: 3364:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199378111.003.0002 3293: 3129: 3088: 2998: 2889: 2790: 2594:, Brasília: Julio Cabrera Editions, 2014. 2511: 2495:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199378111.003.0003 2259:The Faith and Practice of Heretical Sects 2198: 2156: 2067: 2024: 1726: 1700: 1679: 1522: 1486: 167:The Letters of Gustave Flaubert 1830–1857 4737:Estimates of historical world population 4539:Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 4396: 3454:Ist der Vegetarismus ein Antinatalismus? 2969: 2954: 2871: 2813: 2773:Harrison, Gerald; Tanner, Julia (2011). 2729: 2076: 2031:. Harvard University Press. p. 75. 1549: 1449: – 2005 novel by Michel Houellebecq 1235:Magnus Vinding argues that the lives of 20: 4437: 4350: 4285: 4004: 3977: 3950: 3843:The Bloomsbury Handbook of Posthumanism 3802: 3767: 3334: 3154: 2623: 2288:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 571. 2000: 1985: 1833: 1810: 1646: 1595: 1034: 5565: 4400:Undisturbedness as the Hedonic Ceiling 4311: 3713: 3599:The official Stop Having Kids website. 3515: 3410:, Landau-Godramstein: Gegensich, 2011. 3199:Contestabile, Bruno (2 January 2016). 3094: 3069: 3034: 3007: 2874:"Antinatalism and Moral Particularism" 2675: 2520: 2371:, London: A&C Black, 2011, p. 121. 2098: 1965:The Oxford Handbook of Buddhist Ethics 1528: 1503: 1334:Plümacher's criticisms of Schopenhauer 1019:. It was recommended not to eat their 442: 5201: 4685: 4231: 4206: 4049: 3928:, Charleston: Nine-Banded Book, 2015. 3855:MacCormack, Patricia (2 April 2020). 3740: 3518:Psychoanalysis, Culture & Society 2935: 2912: 2553:Zapffe, P. W.; Tønnessen, H. (1983). 2484: 2381:Kierkegaard, S.; Smith, R.G. (1968). 2327:Kierkegaard, S.; Smith, R.G. (1968). 1973:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198746140.013.22 1921:"From the letters of Gustave Flauber" 824:weighed in favor of non-procreation. 779:Asymmetry between good and bad things 562: 5445:Pessimism: A History and a Criticism 5355:The World as Will and Representation 5170: 4140: 3857:"Embracing Death, Opening the World" 3630: 3339:. New York: Oxford University Press. 3124:(Thesis). Universitat de Barcelona. 2872:Harrison, Gerald (22 January 2019). 2694: 2061:Marcion: The Gospel of the Alien God 1918: 1866: 828:Suffering experienced by descendants 31:The World as Will and Representation 5106:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement 4677:at the University of Brasília, 2018 4603:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4502:: The Harm of Coming into Existence 4318:South African Journal of Philosophy 3941:, London-New York: Routledge, 2016. 2957:A Libertarian Case for Antinatalism 2816:South African Journal of Philosophy 2384:The Last Years: Journals, 1853–1855 2330:The Last Years: Journals, 1853-1855 1773:South African Journal of Philosophy 1656:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1277:Creation of artificial intelligence 1041:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement 922:about 40 million children are 687:Child will be more or less unhappy 13: 5517:History of philosophical pessimism 4473: 2605:J. Cabrera, T. Lenharo di Santis, 2426: 2248:, Toulouse: Editions Privât, 1976. 754:The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas 486:Cabrera regards procreation as an 471: 338:and the end of the world hastened. 14: 5599: 5453:The Philosophy of Disenchantement 5428:Works by philosophical pessimists 4998:Population and Development Review 4591: 4565:. First Edition Design Publisher 3805:Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 3770:Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 3465:Is Vegetarianism an Antinatalism? 3320:World Suicide Prevention Day 2016 2304:, New York: Cosimo, 2007, p. 404. 2231:. London and New York: Routledge. 1379:likely happen to us, and others. 817:4. Absence of pleasure (Not bad) 361:Segments in the Biblical book of 5182: 5181: 5169: 5046:Population concern organizations 4752:Projections of population growth 4551:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing 4305: 4286:Tomasik, Brian (24 March 2016). 4279: 4253: 4225: 4176: 4159: 4105: 4092: 4043: 4028: 3971: 3944: 3931: 3918: 3906:Mike Scialom (5 February 2020). 2189:Szwat-Gyłybowa, Grażyna (2017). 1882:Tatarkiewicz, Władysław (1979). 1208:Procreation of non-human animals 1185:the pain perception of the fetus 684:Child will be more or less happy 468:by abstaining from procreation. 5418:Discomfort and Moral Impediment 5147:Human impact on the environment 5081:Population Action International 4014:. New York: Hippocampus Press. 3848: 3831: 3796: 3761: 3734: 3707: 3692: 3639: 3624: 3591: 3559: 3544: 3509: 3498: 3485: 3470: 3444: 3419:Gerald Harrison, Julia Tanner, 3413: 3380: 3310: 3269: 3250: 3231: 3192: 3173: 3148: 3113: 3063: 3028: 2963: 2948: 2929: 2906: 2865: 2842: 2807: 2766: 2723: 2688: 2676:Akerma, Karim (20 March 2010). 2597: 2575: 2546: 2533: 2478: 2403: 2361: 2348: 2307: 2292: 2277: 2264: 2251: 2182: 2169: 2143: 2130: 2117: 2052: 1994: 1979: 1956: 1941: 1927: 1912: 1898: 1875: 1860: 961:argument. Benatar states that: 5096:United Nations Population Fund 4711: 4444:European Journal of Philosophy 2828:10.1080/02580136.2012.10751770 2272:The Shaker Spiritual Narrative 966:not be brought into existence. 948: 882:killed 50 million people, 814:2. Presence of pleasure (Good) 450:viewed humans as a biological 395: 365:express antinatalist thought: 201: 1: 5377:Philosophy of the Unconscious 4370:10.1080/09608788.2021.1881441 4351:Janaway, Christopher (2021). 4330:10.1080/02580136.2020.1730051 4232:Leary, Declan (29 May 2019). 3992:10.1080/03060497.2016.1202401 3965:10.1080/03060497.2016.1191831 3926:Keeping ourselves in the dark 3873:10.1080/08164649.2020.1791689 3716:Journal of Applied Philosophy 3217:10.1080/14639947.2015.1104003 2775:"Better Not to Have Children" 2521:Zapffe, Peter Wessel (2004). 1785:10.1080/02580136.2021.1949559 1729:Journal of Applied Philosophy 1480: 1183:brain studies and studies on 706:No duty fulfilled or violated 695:No duty fulfilled or violated 294:observed that birth leads to 5542:Benatar's asymmetry argument 5384:The Philosophy of Redemption 4312:Torres, Phil (2 July 2020). 4292:Essays on Reducing Suffering 4050:Platt, M. W. (1 July 2011). 3295:10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.01.001 2936:Smith, Chip (20 June 2007). 2410:Zandbergen, Robbert (2022). 1846:. Tokyo Philosophy Project. 1767:Zandbergen, Robbert (2021). 1581:Starzyński, Mikołaj (2020). 1535:. First Edition Design Pub. 1447:The Possibility of an Island 1295: 998:Some antinatalists are also 801:Scenario B (X never exists) 785:Benatar's asymmetry argument 376:New Revised Standard Version 196: 86: 81:Benatar's asymmetry argument 7: 5121:World Population Foundation 5111:World Population Conference 5024:World population milestones 4673:Julio Cabrera's conference 4639:The Case for Not Being Born 4579:. Tokyo Philosophy Project 4211:. Oxford University Press. 4040:, London: RCOG Press, 2010. 3861:Australian Feminist Studies 3386:D. Benatar (15 July 2015), 3188:(in Spanish) (13): 171–187. 1560:. Independently Published. 1386: 1166: 842:Consequences of procreation 267:Christianity and Gnosticism 206: 97:(in opposition to the term 10: 5604: 4993:Population and Environment 4575:Morioka, Masahiro (2024). 4524:. Oxford University Press 4504:. Oxford University Press 3817:10.1007/s10677-020-10073-4 2851:The Philosophers' Magazine 2473:Project of Negative Ethics 2164:Manichaeism and Its Legacy 1605:The Review of Life Studies 1085: 809:3. Absence of pain (Good) 782: 135: 5499: 5436: 5346: 5339: 5308: 5235: 5165: 5129: 5054: 5006: 4985: 4903:Human population planning 4868: 4814: 4765: 4727:Demographics of the world 4719: 4500:Better Never to Have Been 4207:David, Wasserman (2015). 3782:10.1007/s10677-013-9458-8 3577:. pp. 143–144, 166. 3049:10.1093/mind/LXXX.318.301 3022:10.1080/00201746908601575 2984:10.1093/mind/LXXVI.301.62 2792:10.1017/S1477175610000436 2744:10.1017/S1352325299052015 2709:10.1017/S1369415415000308 2543:, Oslo: Pax Forlag, 1996. 2462:Projeto de Ética Negativa 2369:Starting with Kierkegaard 1702:10.1142/S270507852150003X 1416:Human population planning 1127:Tendency towards optimism 1049:environmental degradation 806:1. Presence of pain (Bad) 774:David Benatar's arguments 407:Theodicy and anthropodicy 382: 5403:A Short History of Decay 4908:Compulsory sterilization 4482:Antinatalism: A Handbook 4397:Knutsson, Simon (2022), 3423:, op. cit., pp. 113–121. 3155:Steiner, Miguel (2012). 2246:La religion des cathares 2059:von Harnack, A. (1990). 1811:Vinding, Magnus (2016). 1506:Antinatalism: A Handbook 1161:terror management theory 971:Harm to nonhuman animals 854:in the last 1,000 years, 746:Walking away from Omelas 703:Do not produce the child 624:non-aggression principle 587:Impossibility of consent 275:, led by the theologian 184:Parerga and Paralipomena 37:Parerga and Paralipomena 5588:Philosophical pessimism 5532:Philosophical pessimism 5229:Philosophical pessimism 4850:Malthusian growth model 4438:Simmons, Byron (2021). 4234:"Against Anti-natalism" 4069:10.1136/adc.2010.195966 3335:Benatar, David (2015). 3282:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2624:Cabrera, Julio (2019). 2227:Malcolm Barber (2000). 2149:Clement of Alexandria, 2081:. Boston: Beacon Press. 1504:Akerma, Karim (2021) . 1431:Philosophical pessimism 1406:Voluntary childlessness 1286:artificial intelligence 988:destruction of habitats 669: 639:Negative utilitarianism 634:Negative utilitarianism 628:right-wing libertarians 4977:Zero population growth 4972:Sustainable population 4896:Malthusian catastrophe 4855:Overshoot (population) 4732:Demographic transition 4480:Akerma, Karim (2021). 4186:, w: V. Müller (ed.), 4128:(English translation). 3467:(English translation). 3350:David Benatar (2015). 3095:Akerma, Karim (2000). 3070:Akerma, Karim (1995). 2955:Freiheit, Max (2021). 2913:Singh, Asheel (2013). 2891:10.7710/1526-0569.1629 2609:, Brasília: LGE, 2009. 2416:Comparative Philosophy 2099:Akerma, Karim (2000). 2025:Siedentop, L. (2014). 1986:Kerouac, Jack (1999). 1951:The Spirit of Buddhism 1376: 1267: 1237:wild animals suffering 1233: 1220: 1154: 968: 839: 767:The Brothers Karamazov 722: 400: 380: 340: 264: 247: 234: 194: 176: 159: 144:. One example is from 41: 5583:Philosophy of biology 5552:Wild animal suffering 5527:Pessimism controversy 5476:(Frederick C. Beiser) 5411:The Human Predicament 5397:(Peter Wessel Zapffe) 5379:(Eduard von Hartmann) 5357:(Arthur Schopenhauer) 5086:Population Connection 4950:Mere addition paradox 4789:Physiological density 4520:The Human Predicament 4413:O'Keefe, Tim (2010). 4141:Raal, Ludwig (2022). 3912:Cambridge Independent 3205:Contemporary Buddhism 2917:(Thesis). p. 5. 1469:Wild animal suffering 1436:Philosophy of suicide 1371: 1262: 1228: 1215: 1149: 963: 834: 798:Scenario A (X exists) 783:Further information: 717: 393: 367: 335: 259: 242: 229: 219:and the beginning of 189: 171: 154: 24: 5116:World Population Day 5071:Church of Euthanasia 4960:Non-identity problem 4935:Political demography 4891:Human overpopulation 4561:Coates, Ken (2014). 4102:, Lit: Hamburg 2006. 3664:10.48095/cccg2023190 3567:MacCormack, Patricia 2878:Essays in Philosophy 2859:10.5840/tpm201675133 2586:7 April 2023 at the 2487:Permissible Progeny? 1906:"Oedipus at Colonus" 1529:Coates, Ken (2014). 1045:Church of Euthanasia 1035:Environmental impact 763:Fyodor Dostoyevsky's 454:. According to him, 354:. According to him, 223:, is interpreted by 211:The teaching of the 5488:(Mara van der Lugt) 5285:Peter Wessel Zapffe 5275:Eduard von Hartmann 5255:Arthur Schopenhauer 4965:Reproductive rights 4796:Population dynamics 4747:Population momentum 4647:, November 27, 2017 3575:Bloomsbury Academic 3530:10.1057/pcs.2009.30 2682:Tabula Rasa Magazin 2354:C. Léon, S. Walsh, 2313:Gregory of Nysssa, 1919:Flaubert, Gustave. 1426:Nonidentity problem 1271:immunocontraception 1147:Benatar concludes: 1131:Pollyanna principle 977:Patricia MacCormack 953:In addition to the 887:infectious diseases 545:aggressive behavior 448:Peter Wessel Zapffe 443:Peter Wessel Zapffe 113:Théophile de Giraud 71:beings in general. 26:Arthur Schopenhauer 5512:Depressive realism 5388:Philipp Mainländer 5365:(Giacomo Leopardi) 5270:Philipp Mainländer 5245:Hegesias of Cyrene 5091:Population Matters 4806:Population pyramid 4784:Population density 4779:Population decline 4635:, 14 November 2019 4456:10.1111/ejop.12561 3980:Self & Society 3953:Self & Society 3755:10.1111/phc3.12330 3743:Philosophy Compass 3728:10.1111/japp.12099 3633:The Travel Almanac 3621:, 27 January 2022. 3482:, 29 January 2018. 2523:"The Last Messiah" 2489:. pp. 65–86. 1988:Some of the Dharma 1869:The Travel Almanac 1741:10.1111/japp.12535 1116:depressive realism 1039:Volunteers of the 938:genital mutilation 931:genital mutilation 880:influenza epidemic 563:Kantian imperative 501:one hundred years. 372:Ecclesiastes 4:2–3 331:Augustine of Hippo 317:, demiurge, or of 150:Oedipus at Colonus 42: 16:Philosophical view 5560: 5559: 5495: 5494: 5363:Small Moral Works 5195: 5194: 5066:7 Billion Actions 4940:Population ethics 4833:Carrying capacity 4742:Population growth 4614:Antinatalism.info 4571:978-1-62287-570-2 4557:978-1-5275-1803-2 4530:978-0-19-063381-3 4510:978-0-19-929642-2 4267:. 22 January 2022 4194:, 2018, issue 44. 4119:Pro iure animalis 3652:Česká gynekologie 3460:, 24 March 2014. 3458:Pro iure animalis 3406:Gunter Bleibohm, 3373:978-0-19-937812-8 3166:978-84-15047-77-3 3141:978-84-688-6325-2 3106:978-3-495-47912-4 3081:978-3-926848-36-9 2637:978-1-5275-1803-2 2504:978-0-19-937811-1 2300:P. Schaff (ed.), 2210:978-83-64031-67-0 2110:978-3-495-47912-4 2077:H. Jonas (1958). 2038:978-0-674-74473-8 2002:Morioka, Masahiro 1835:Morioka, Masahiro 1681:Metzinger, Thomas 1663:978-0-19-929642-2 1597:Morioka, Masahiro 1567:979-8-6456-2425-5 1542:978-1-62287-570-2 1508:. Neopubli GmbH. 1441:Population ethics 1365:neutral state of 1307:Massimo Pigliucci 1198:American conquest 852:natural disasters 821: 820: 759:Ursula K. Le Guin 713: 712: 692:Produce the child 539:, major or minor 348:Søren Kierkegaard 277:Marcion of Sinope 217:Four Noble Truths 5595: 5500:Related articles 5464:(Thomas Ligotti) 5395:The Last Messiah 5372:(Julius Bahnsen) 5344: 5343: 5250:Giacomo Leopardi 5222: 5215: 5208: 5199: 5198: 5185: 5184: 5173: 5172: 5142:Green Revolution 4923:Two-child policy 4918:One-child policy 4841: 4801:Population model 4757:World population 4706: 4699: 4692: 4683: 4682: 4657:, 13 August 2019 4484:. 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Singh Gour, 1946: 1942: 1933: 1932: 1928: 1917: 1913: 1904: 1903: 1899: 1880: 1876: 1865: 1861: 1854: 1843: 1832: 1828: 1809: 1800: 1765: 1756: 1725: 1718: 1678: 1671: 1664: 1645: 1616: 1594: 1590: 1579: 1575: 1568: 1554: 1550: 1543: 1527: 1523: 1516: 1502: 1487: 1483: 1478: 1389: 1384: 1383: 1362: 1336: 1321:Émile P. Torres 1303:Geoffrey Miller 1298: 1279: 1210: 1169: 1088: 1083: 1062: 1037: 973: 951: 844: 830: 787: 781: 776: 749: 709:Duty fulfilled 674: 636: 589: 567:Julio Cabrera, 565: 532: 474: 472:Negative ethics 445: 409: 385: 269: 225:Hari Singh Gour 209: 204: 199: 138: 89: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5601: 5591: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5503: 5501: 5497: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5489: 5483: 5477: 5471: 5470:, (Ken Coates) 5465: 5457: 5456:(Edgar Saltus) 5449: 5440: 5438: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5430: 5425: 5415: 5407: 5399: 5391: 5381: 5373: 5367: 5359: 5350: 5348: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5312: 5310: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5265:Olga Plümacher 5262: 5260:Julius Bahnsen 5257: 5252: 5247: 5241: 5239: 5233: 5232: 5225: 5224: 5217: 5210: 5202: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5189: 5179: 5166: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5159: 5157:Sustainability 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5133: 5131: 5130:Related topics 5127: 5126: 5124: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5062: 5060: 5055: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5048: 5043: 5042: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5021: 5019:Largest cities 5016: 5010: 5008: 5004: 5003: 5001: 5000: 4995: 4989: 4987: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4968: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4926: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4900: 4899: 4898: 4888: 4880: 4874: 4872: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4839:I = P × A × T 4835: 4830: 4824: 4822: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4792: 4791: 4781: 4775: 4773: 4766: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4716: 4709: 4708: 4701: 4694: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4670: 4659: 4658: 4648: 4644:The New Yorker 4636: 4618: 4617: 4611: 4606: 4593: 4592:External links 4590: 4588: 4587: 4585:979-8884068155 4573: 4559: 4545:Cabrera, Julio 4542: 4532: 4515:Benatar, David 4512: 4495:Benatar, David 4492: 4490:978-3754923658 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4469: 4450:(1): 120–136. 4430: 4423: 4405: 4384: 4363:(2): 211–230. 4343: 4324:(3): 229–245. 4304: 4278: 4252: 4224: 4218:978-0199333554 4217: 4196: 4175: 4173:, 8 July 2017. 4158: 4153:10019.1/124595 4130: 4124:Karim Akerma, 4113:Karim Akerma, 4104: 4098:Karim Akerma, 4091: 4042: 4027: 4021:978-0982429693 4020: 3997: 3986:(2): 134–141. 3970: 3943: 3930: 3917: 3898: 3847: 3830: 3811:(2): 415–431. 3795: 3776:(3): 567–582. 3760: 3749:(6): 305–315. 3733: 3722:(3): 293–309. 3706: 3700:T. de Giraud, 3691: 3658:(3): 190–199. 3638: 3635:(19): 144–147. 3623: 3601: 3590: 3584:978-1350081093 3583: 3558: 3543: 3524:(2): 142–161. 3508: 3497: 3484: 3469: 3463:Karim Akerma, 3452:Karim Akerma, 3443: 3425: 3412: 3399: 3379: 3372: 3342: 3324: 3309: 3288:(5): 677–686. 3268: 3249: 3230: 3191: 3172: 3165: 3147: 3140: 3112: 3105: 3087: 3080: 3062: 3027: 2997: 2978:(301): 62–72. 2962: 2947: 2928: 2905: 2864: 2841: 2806: 2765: 2738:(2): 117–148. 2722: 2697:Kantian Review 2687: 2668: 2665:. LGE Editora. 2651: 2636: 2611: 2596: 2574: 2568:978-8200067399 2567: 2545: 2539:P. W. Zapffe, 2532: 2527:Philosophy Now 2510: 2503: 2477: 2450: 2444:978-0231142045 2443: 2425: 2402: 2373: 2360: 2347: 2319: 2306: 2291: 2276: 2263: 2250: 2234: 2216: 2209: 2181: 2175:D. Obolensky, 2168: 2155: 2142: 2129: 2116: 2109: 2084: 2066: 2051: 2037: 2017: 2011:. p. 10. 1993: 1978: 1955: 1940: 1926: 1911: 1897: 1874: 1871:(19): 144–147. 1859: 1853:979-8754050419 1852: 1826: 1798: 1779:(3): 265–278. 1754: 1735:(5): 870–885. 1716: 1683:(March 2021). 1669: 1662: 1648:Benatar, David 1614: 1588: 1573: 1566: 1548: 1541: 1521: 1515:978-3754923658 1514: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1454:Priscillianism 1451: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1361: 1358: 1339:Olga Plümacher 1335: 1332: 1331: 1330: 1297: 1294: 1278: 1275: 1209: 1206: 1168: 1165: 1157:Thomas Ligotti 1145: 1144: 1140: 1134: 1111: 1110: 1106: 1103: 1099: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1074:Stuart Rachels 1061: 1058: 1036: 1033: 972: 969: 950: 947: 946: 945: 941: 934: 927: 920: 914: 910: 906: 899: 896: 893: 890: 883: 876: 869: 862: 855: 843: 840: 829: 826: 819: 818: 815: 811: 810: 807: 803: 802: 799: 780: 777: 775: 772: 748: 743: 738: 737: 733: 711: 710: 707: 704: 700: 699: 698:Duty violated 696: 693: 689: 688: 685: 682: 673: 672: 668: 664: 663: 660: 645:Hermann Vetter 635: 632: 612: 611: 608: 605: 602: 592:Seana Shiffrin 588: 585: 564: 561: 531: 530: 511: 502: 497: 473: 470: 466:its extinction 444: 441: 408: 405: 384: 381: 268: 265: 215:, among other 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 180:Schopenhauer's 142:ancient Greece 137: 134: 88: 85: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5600: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5498: 5487: 5484: 5481: 5478: 5475: 5472: 5469: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5458: 5455: 5454: 5450: 5448:(James Sully) 5447: 5446: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5435: 5429: 5426: 5423: 5422:Julio Cabrera 5419: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5408: 5406: 5405:(Emil Cioran) 5404: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5392: 5389: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5374: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5345: 5342: 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4393: 4391: 4389: 4380: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4347: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4308: 4293: 4289: 4282: 4266: 4262: 4256: 4241: 4240: 4235: 4228: 4220: 4214: 4210: 4203: 4201: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4179: 4172: 4168: 4162: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4145: 4137: 4135: 4127: 4123: 4121:, July 2014. 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4101: 4095: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4046: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4023: 4017: 4013: 4012: 4007: 4001: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3947: 3940: 3934: 3927: 3921: 3913: 3909: 3902: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3851: 3844: 3840: 3834: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3799: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3764: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3737: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3710: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3687: 3681: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3642: 3634: 3627: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3606: 3598: 3594: 3586: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3562: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 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Uriupina, 3257: 3253: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3195: 3187: 3183: 3176: 3168: 3162: 3158: 3151: 3143: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3116: 3108: 3102: 3098: 3091: 3083: 3077: 3073: 3066: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3031: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3004: 3002: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2966: 2958: 2951: 2943: 2939: 2932: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2909: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2868: 2860: 2856: 2853:(75): 72–77. 2852: 2845: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2822:(1): 94–103. 2821: 2817: 2810: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2769: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2726: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2691: 2683: 2679: 2672: 2664: 2663: 2655: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2633: 2629: 2628: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2582: 2578: 2570: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2549: 2542: 2536: 2528: 2524: 2517: 2515: 2506: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2481: 2474: 2470: 2467: 2463: 2457: 2455: 2446: 2440: 2436: 2429: 2422:(1): 119–138. 2421: 2417: 2413: 2406: 2399: 2386: 2385: 2377: 2370: 2364: 2357: 2351: 2344: 2332: 2331: 2323: 2316: 2310: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2287: 2280: 2273: 2267: 2260: 2257:L.V. Powles, 2254: 2247: 2244:J. Duvernoy, 2241: 2239: 2230: 2223: 2221: 2212: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2192: 2185: 2178: 2172: 2165: 2162:K. J. Coyle, 2159: 2152: 2146: 2139: 2133: 2126: 2120: 2112: 2106: 2102: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2080: 2073: 2071: 2062: 2055: 2040: 2034: 2030: 2029: 2021: 2014: 2007: 2003: 1997: 1989: 1982: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1959: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1936: 1930: 1922: 1915: 1907: 1901: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1878: 1870: 1863: 1855: 1849: 1842: 1841: 1836: 1830: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1723: 1721: 1712: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1676: 1674: 1665: 1659: 1655: 1654: 1649: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1592: 1584: 1577: 1569: 1563: 1559: 1552: 1544: 1538: 1534: 1533: 1525: 1517: 1511: 1507: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1490: 1485: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1391: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1368: 1367:undisturbness 1357: 1354: 1350: 1349: 1344: 1340: 1329: 1325: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1293: 1291: 1290:David Benatar 1287: 1283: 1274: 1272: 1266: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1232: 1227: 1224: 1223:David Benatar 1219: 1214: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1193: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1176: 1174: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1123: 1119: 1117: 1107: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1091: 1078: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1057: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1005: 1001: 996: 993: 992:animal rights 989: 985: 982: 978: 967: 962: 960: 956: 955:philanthropic 942: 939: 935: 932: 928: 925: 921: 918: 915: 911: 907: 904: 903:mass killings 900: 897: 894: 891: 888: 884: 881: 877: 874: 870: 867: 863: 860: 856: 853: 849: 848: 847: 838: 833: 825: 816: 813: 812: 808: 805: 804: 800: 797: 796: 793: 791: 790:David Benatar 786: 771: 769: 768: 764: 760: 756: 755: 747: 742: 734: 731: 730: 729: 726: 721: 716: 708: 705: 702: 701: 697: 694: 691: 690: 686: 683: 681: 680: 677: 670: 667: 661: 658: 657: 656: 654: 650: 646: 642: 640: 631: 629: 625: 620: 616: 609: 606: 603: 600: 599: 598: 595: 593: 584: 582: 578: 574: 573:Immanuel Kant 570: 569:David Benatar 560: 556: 554: 548: 546: 542: 538: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 507:taedium vitae 503: 499: 498: 496: 492: 489: 484: 482: 478: 477:Julio Cabrera 469: 467: 462: 457: 456:consciousness 453: 449: 440: 436: 432: 430: 426: 425:lack of being 421: 417: 413: 412:Julio Cabrera 404: 399: 392: 390: 379: 377: 373: 366: 364: 359: 357: 353: 349: 344: 339: 334: 332: 328: 326: 322: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 299: 297: 293: 288: 286: 282: 278: 274: 263: 258: 256: 252: 246: 241: 239: 236:The issue of 233: 228: 226: 222: 218: 214: 193: 188: 186: 185: 181: 175: 170: 168: 164: 158: 153: 151: 147: 143: 133: 131: 130:David Benatar 127: 126:South African 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 101: 96: 95: 84: 82: 78: 72: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 53:philosophical 50: 49:anti-natalism 46: 39: 38: 34:(vol. 2) and 33: 32: 27: 23: 19: 5573:Antinatalism 5507:Antinatalism 5506: 5485: 5479: 5473: 5467: 5459: 5451: 5443: 5417: 5410: 5402: 5394: 5383: 5376: 5369: 5362: 5354: 5331:Radical evil 5316:Antinatalism 5315: 5237:Philosophers 5174: 4986:Publications 4945:Antinatalism 4944: 4883: 4860:World3 model 4720:Major topics 4674: 4661: 4660: 4642: 4632:The Guardian 4630: 4620: 4619: 4601: 4576: 4562: 4548: 4538: 4535:Harris, John 4518: 4498: 4481: 4447: 4443: 4433: 4415:Epicureanism 4414: 4408: 4399: 4360: 4356: 4346: 4321: 4317: 4307: 4295:. 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