726:
33:
1258:
2096:
1696:
9115:
387:
1910:
2057:, or people with disease, these results may not apply to the general population. This meta-analysis was later repeated and extended by the same authors, confirming the previous results. These two publications are consistent with some previous meta-analyses that also suggested that vitamin E supplementation increased mortality, and that antioxidant supplements increased the risk of
1354:
reaction from continuing. This reaction produces oxidised α-tocopheroxyl radicals that can be recycled back to the active reduced form through reduction by other antioxidants, such as ascorbate, retinol or ubiquinol. This is in line with findings showing that α-tocopherol, but not water-soluble antioxidants, efficiently protects glutathione peroxidase 4 (
1646:, which contains copper and zinc in its active sites. The mitochondrial isozyme seems to be the most biologically important of these three, since mice lacking this enzyme die soon after birth. In contrast, the mice lacking copper/zinc SOD (Sod1) are viable but have numerous pathologies and a reduced lifespan (see article on
1630:(SODs) are a class of closely related enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of the superoxide anion into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. SOD enzymes are present in almost all aerobic cells and in extracellular fluids. Superoxide dismutase enzymes contain metal ion cofactors that, depending on the isozyme, can be copper, zinc,
1601:
1829:
in animals. Glutathione peroxidase 1 is the most abundant and is a very efficient scavenger of hydrogen peroxide, while glutathione peroxidase 4 is most active with lipid hydroperoxides. Surprisingly, glutathione peroxidase 1 is dispensable, as mice lacking this enzyme have normal lifespans, but they
965:
and interdependent. The action of one antioxidant may therefore depend on the proper function of other members of the antioxidant system. The amount of protection provided by any one antioxidant will also depend on its concentration, its reactivity towards the particular reactive oxygen species being
1614:
is first converted to hydrogen peroxide and then further reduced to give water. This detoxification pathway is the result of multiple enzymes, with superoxide dismutases catalysing the first step and then catalases and various peroxidases removing hydrogen peroxide. As with antioxidant metabolites,
334:. Even less fatty foods such as fruits are sprayed with sulfurous antioxidants prior to air drying. Metals catalyse oxidation. Some fatty foods such as olive oil are partially protected from oxidation by their natural content of antioxidants. Fatty foods are sensitive to photooxidation, which forms
5855:
Brigelius-Flohé R, Davies KJ (July 2007). "Is vitamin E an antioxidant, a regulator of signal transduction and gene expression, or a 'junk' food? Comments on the two accompanying papers: "Molecular mechanism of alpha-tocopherol action" by A. Azzi and "Vitamin E, antioxidant and nothing more" by M.
1964:
bread. However, germination, soaking, or microbial fermentation are all household strategies that reduce the phytate and polyphenol content of unrefined cereal. Increases in Fe, Zn and Ca absorption have been reported in adults fed dephytinized cereals compared with cereals containing their native
2052:
including data from approximately 230,000 patients showed that β-carotene, vitamin A or vitamin E supplementation is associated with increased mortality, but saw no significant effect from vitamin C. No health risk was seen when all the randomized controlled studies were examined together, but an
1353:
It has been claimed that the α-tocopherol form is the most important lipid-soluble antioxidant, and that it protects membranes from oxidation by reacting with lipid radicals produced in the lipid peroxidation chain reaction. This removes the free radical intermediates and prevents the propagation
756:
that minimize this oxidative damage without interfering with the beneficial effect of oxygen. In general, antioxidant systems either prevent these reactive species from being formed, or remove them, thus minimizing their damage. Reactive oxygen species can have useful cellular functions, such as
855:). This unstable intermediate can lead to electron "leakage", when electrons jump directly to oxygen and form the superoxide anion, instead of moving through the normal series of well-controlled reactions of the electron transport chain. Peroxide is also produced from the oxidation of reduced
1391:
Antioxidants that are reducing agents can also act as pro-oxidants. For example, vitamin C has antioxidant activity when it reduces oxidizing substances such as hydrogen peroxide; however, it will also reduce metal ions such as iron and copper that generate free radicals through the
196:. Originally, the term antioxidant specifically referred to a chemical that prevented the consumption of oxygen. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, extensive study concentrated on the use of antioxidants in important industrial processes, such as the prevention of metal
673:
Synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) and aminic antioxidants have potential human and environmental health hazards. SPAs are common in indoor dust, small air particles, sediment, sewage, river water and wastewater. They are synthesized from phenolic compounds and include
6462:
Reaume AG, Elliott JL, Hoffman EK, Kowall NW, Ferrante RJ, Siwek DF, Wilcox HM, Flood DG, Beal MF, Brown RH, Scott RW, Snider WD (May 1996). "Motor neurons in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase-deficient mice develop normally but exhibit enhanced cell death after axonal injury".
1785:
form. In its active state, thioredoxin acts as an efficient reducing agent, scavenging reactive oxygen species and maintaining other proteins in their reduced state. After being oxidized, the active thioredoxin is regenerated by the action of thioredoxin reductase, using
1684:. Here, its cofactor is oxidised by one molecule of hydrogen peroxide and then regenerated by transferring the bound oxygen to a second molecule of substrate. Despite its apparent importance in hydrogen peroxide removal, humans with genetic deficiency of catalase — "
1299:, as well as reacting directly with oxidants. Due to its high concentration and its central role in maintaining the cell's redox state, glutathione is one of the most important cellular antioxidants. In some organisms glutathione is replaced by other thiols, such as by
2048:(CARET) study of lung cancer patients found that smokers given supplements containing beta-carotene and vitamin A had increased rates of lung cancer. Subsequent studies confirmed these adverse effects. These harmful effects may also be seen in non-smokers, as one
1730:. They are divided into three classes: typical 2-cysteine peroxiredoxins; atypical 2-cysteine peroxiredoxins; and 1-cysteine peroxiredoxins. These enzymes share the same basic catalytic mechanism, in which a redox-active cysteine (the peroxidatic cysteine) in the
1421:
The relative importance of the antioxidant and pro-oxidant activities of antioxidants is an area of current research, but vitamin C, which exerts its effects as a vitamin by oxidizing polypeptides, appears to have a mostly antioxidant action in the human body.
2103:
Antioxidant vitamins are found in vegetables, fruits, eggs, legumes and nuts. Vitamins A, C, and E can be destroyed by long-term storage or prolonged cooking. The effects of cooking and food processing are complex, as these processes can also increase the
1396:. While ascorbic acid is effective antioxidant, it can also oxidatively change the flavor and color of food. With the presence of transition metals, there are low concentrations of ascorbic acid that can act as a radical scavenger in the Fenton reaction.
5081:
Baillie JK, Bates MG, Thompson AA, Waring WS, Partridge RW, Schnopp MF, Simpson A, Gulliver-Sloan F, Maxwell SR, Webb DJ (May 2007). "Endogenous urate production augments plasma antioxidant capacity in healthy lowland subjects exposed to high altitude".
285:. Exposure to oxygen and sunlight are the two main factors in the oxidation of food, so food is preserved by keeping in the dark and sealing it in containers or even coating it in wax, as with cucumbers. However, as oxygen is also important for plant
298:
spoilage, oxidation reactions still occur relatively rapidly in frozen or refrigerated food. These preservatives include natural antioxidants such as ascorbic acid (AA, E300) and tocopherols (E306), as well as synthetic antioxidants such as
293:
conditions produces unpleasant flavors and unappealing colors. Consequently, packaging of fresh fruits and vegetables contains an ≈8% oxygen atmosphere. Antioxidants are an especially important class of preservatives as, unlike bacterial or
1185:
has the highest concentration of any blood antioxidant and provides over half of the total antioxidant capacity of human serum. Uric acid's antioxidant activities are also complex, given that it does not react with some oxidants, such as
2069:. Overall, the large number of clinical trials carried out on antioxidant supplements suggest that either these products have no effect on health, or that they cause a small increase in mortality in elderly or vulnerable populations.
1434:
4723:"Retinol, alpha-tocopherol, lutein/zeaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, alpha-carotene, trans-beta-carotene, and four retinyl esters in serum determined simultaneously by reversed-phase HPLC with multiwavelength detection"
4797:
Zita C, Overvad K, Mortensen SA, Sindberg CD, Moesgaard S, Hunter DA (2003). "Serum coenzyme Q10 concentrations in healthy men supplemented with 30 mg or 100 mg coenzyme Q10 for two months in a randomised controlled study".
706:
radicals. DBP is toxic to marine life if exposed long-term. Phenolic antioxidants have low biodegradability, but they do not have severe toxicity toward aquatic organisms at low concentrations. Another type of antioxidant,
2206:
Measurement of polyphenol and carotenoid content in food is not a straightforward process, as antioxidants collectively are a diverse group of compounds with different reactivities to various reactive oxygen species. In
2831:
Del Carlo M, Sacchetti G, Di Mattia C, Compagnone D, Mastrocola D, Liberatore L, Cichelli A (June 2004). "Contribution of the phenolic fraction to the antioxidant activity and oxidative stability of olive oil".
8183:
Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, Simonetti RG, Gluud C (February 2007). "Mortality in randomized trials of antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention: systematic review and meta-analysis".
8768:
Flagg EW, Coates RJ, Eley JW, Jones DP, Gunter EW, Byers TE, Block GS, Greenberg RS (1994). "Dietary glutathione intake in humans and the relationship between intake and plasma total glutathione level".
6276:
Zelko IN, Mariani TJ, Folz RJ (August 2002). "Superoxide dismutase multigene family: a comparison of the CuZn-SOD (SOD1), Mn-SOD (SOD2), and EC-SOD (SOD3) gene structures, evolution, and expression".
6920:
Claiborne A, Yeh JI, Mallett TC, Luba J, Crane EJ, Charrier V, Parsonage D (November 1999). "Protein-sulfenic acids: diverse roles for an unlikely player in enzyme catalysis and redox regulation".
6419:
Melov S, Schneider JA, Day BJ, Hinerfeld D, Coskun P, Mirra SS, Crapo JD, Wallace DC (February 1998). "A novel neurological phenotype in mice lacking mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase".
4152:
Kupper FC, Carpenter LJ, McFiggans GB, Palmer CJ, Waite TJ, Boneberg E-M, Woitsch S, Weiller M, Abela R, Grolimund D, Potin P, Butler A, Luther GW, Kroneck PMH, Meyer-Klaucke W, Feiters MC (2008).
8558:
Maiani G, Castón MJ, Catasta G, Toti E, Cambrodón IG, Bysted A, Granado-Lorencio F, Olmedilla-Alonso B, Knuthsen P, Valoti M, Böhm V, Mayer-Miebach E, Behsnilian D, Schlemmer U (September 2009).
7478:
Sharma R, Yang Y, Sharma A, Awasthi S, Awasthi YC (April 2004). "Antioxidant role of glutathione S-transferases: protection against oxidant toxicity and regulation of stress-mediated apoptosis".
1210:(535+ μmol/L). Many of these aforementioned studies determined UA's antioxidant actions within normal physiological levels, and some found antioxidant activity at levels as high as 285 μmol/L.
1233:
found in both animals and plants, can reduce, and thereby neutralize, reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide. In addition to its direct antioxidant effects, ascorbic acid is also a
7429:"Mice with a homozygous null mutation for the most abundant glutathione peroxidase, Gpx1, show increased susceptibility to the oxidative stress-inducing agents paraquat and hydrogen peroxide"
2108:
of antioxidants, such as some carotenoids in vegetables. Processed food contains fewer antioxidant vitamins than fresh and uncooked foods, as preparation exposes food to heat and oxygen.
227:. Antioxidant activity could be measured simply by placing the fat in a closed container with oxygen and measuring the rate of oxygen consumption. However, it was the identification of
7728:
2077:
A 2017 review showed that taking antioxidant dietary supplements before or after exercise is unlikely to produce a noticeable reduction in muscle soreness after a person exercises.
1610:
As with the chemical antioxidants, cells are protected against oxidative stress by an interacting network of antioxidant enzymes. Here, the superoxide released by processes such as
4501:
Evelson P, Travacio M, Repetto M, Escobar J, Llesuy S, Lissi EA (April 2001). "Evaluation of total reactive antioxidant potential (TRAP) of tissue homogenates and their cytosols".
8927:
Ou B, Hampsch-Woodill M, Prior RL (October 2001). "Development and validation of an improved oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay using fluorescein as the fluorescent probe".
1365:, with this molecule having no significant role in antioxidant metabolism. The functions of the other forms of vitamin E are even less well understood, although γ-tocopherol is a
1361:
However, the roles and importance of the various forms of vitamin E are presently unclear, and it has even been suggested that the most important function of α-tocopherol is as a
8095:
Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, Balmes J, Cullen MR, Glass A, Keogh JP, Meyskens FL, Valanis B, Williams JH, Barnhart S, Cherniack MG, Brodkin CA, Hammar S (November 1996).
2194:
before being absorbed, even large oral intake has little effect on the concentration of glutathione in the body. Although large amounts of sulfur-containing amino acids such as
622:: Act by decomposing peroxides into non-radical products, thus preventing further generation of free radicals, and contributing to the overall oxidate stability of the polymer.
863:. However, although these enzymes can produce oxidants, the relative importance of the electron transfer chain to other processes that generate peroxide is unclear. In plants,
796:). The hydroxyl radical is particularly unstable and will react rapidly and non-specifically with most biological molecules. This species is produced from hydrogen peroxide in
243:
of antioxidants were first explored when it was recognized that a substance with anti-oxidative activity is likely to be one that is itself readily oxidized. Research into how
2939:
Propyl
Gallate is a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) antioxidant to protect fats, oils, and fat-containing food from rancidity that results from the formation of peroxides.
1206:
must be considered one of many risk factors. By itself, UA-related risk of gout at high levels (415–530 μmol/L) is only 0.5% per year with an increase to 4.5% per year at UA
5962:
2053:
increase in mortality was detected when only high-quality and low-bias risk trials were examined separately. As the majority of these low-bias trials dealt with either
322:. Oxidized lipids are often discolored and can impart unpleasant tastes and flavors. Thus, these foods are rarely preserved by drying; instead, they are preserved by
2223:
were withdrawn in 2012 as biologically irrelevant to human health, referring to an absence of physiological evidence for polyphenols having antioxidant properties
1596:{\displaystyle {\ce {{\underset {Oxygen}{O2}}->{\underset {Superoxide}{*O2^{-}}}->{\underset {Hydrogen \atop peroxide}{H2O2}}->{\underset {Water}{H2O}}}}}
6850:
Rhee SG, Chae HZ, Kim K (June 2005). "Peroxiredoxins: a historical overview and speculative preview of novel mechanisms and emerging concepts in cell signaling".
3127:
Xu, Jing; Hao, Yanfen; Yang, Zhiruo; Li, Wenjuan; Xie, Wenjing; Huang, Yani; Wang, Deliang; He, Yuqing; Liang, Yong; Matsiko, Julius; Wang, Pu (7 November 2022).
835:
The use of oxygen as part of the process for generating metabolic energy produces reactive oxygen species. In this process, the superoxide anion is produced as a
1241:, a function that is used in stress resistance in plants. Ascorbic acid is present at high levels in all parts of plants and can reach concentrations of 20
5814:
Seiler A, Schneider M, Förster H, Roth S, Wirth EK, Culmsee C, Plesnila N, Kremmer E, Rådmark O, Wurst W, Bornkamm GW, Schweizer U, Conrad M (September 2008).
3674:
Nakabeppu Y, Sakumi K, Sakamoto K, Tsuchimoto D, Tsuzuki T, Nakatsu Y (April 2006). "Mutagenesis and carcinogenesis caused by the oxidation of nucleic acids".
2994:
Boozer CE, Hammond GS, Hamilton CE, Sen JN (1955). "Air
Oxidation of Hydrocarbons.1II. The Stoichiometry and Fate of Inhibitors in Benzene and Chlorobenzene".
3076:
Liu, Runzeng; Mabury, Scott A. (6 October 2020). "Synthetic
Phenolic Antioxidants: A Review of Environmental Occurrence, Fate, Human Exposure, and Toxicity".
2951:
Débora, Jackeline; Cleide, Viviane; Luciana, Oliveira; Rosemeire, Aparecida (7 August 2019). "Polyphenols as natural antioxidants in cosmetics applications".
362:
to prevent rancidity. Antioxidants in cosmetic products prevent oxidation of active ingredients and lipid content. For example, phenolic antioxidants such as
9217:
7427:
de Haan JB, Bladier C, Griffiths P, Kelner M, O'Shea RD, Cheung NS, Bronson RT, Silvestro MJ, Wild S, Zheng SS, Beart PM, Hertzog PJ, Kola I (August 1998).
1672:
are enzymes that catalyse the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen, using either an iron or manganese cofactor. This protein is localized to
597:: Act by scavenging free radicals formed during the thermal oxidation process, thus preventing chain reactions that lead to polymer degradation. Examples:
4972:
Enomoto A, Endou H (September 2005). "Roles of organic anion transporters (OATs) and a urate transporter (URAT1) in the pathophysiology of human disease".
3584:
Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MT, Mazur M, Telser J (2007). "Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease".
711:, is commonly used in the production of commercial, industrial lubricants and rubber products and it also acts as a supplement for automotive engine oils.
1738:
by the peroxide substrate. Over-oxidation of this cysteine residue in peroxiredoxins inactivates these enzymes, but this can be reversed by the action of
934:. These compounds may be synthesized in the body or obtained from the diet. The different antioxidants are present at a wide range of concentrations in
1895:
induce oxidative stress that damages essential components of cancer cells, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids that comprise cell membranes.
66:. Autoxidation leads to degradation of organic compounds, including living matter. Antioxidants are frequently added to industrial products, such as
7967:
Mosha TC, Gaga HE, Pace RD, Laswai HS, Mtebe K (June 1995). "Effect of blanching on the content of antinutritional factors in selected vegetables".
7074:
Lee TH, Kim SU, Yu SL, Kim SH, Park DS, Moon HB, Dho SH, Kwon KS, Kwon HJ, Han YH, Jeong S, Kang SW, Shin HS, Lee KK, Rhee SG, Yu DY (June 2003).
8662:
6644:
del Río LA, Sandalio LM, Palma JM, Bueno P, Corpas FJ (November 1992). "Metabolism of oxygen radicals in peroxisomes and cellular implications".
4158:
3050:
3024:
2215:(ORAC) was once an industry standard for estimating antioxidant strength of whole foods, juices and food additives, mainly from the presence of
8559:
6679:
Hiner AN, Raven EL, Thorneley RN, García-Cánovas F, Rodríguez-López JN (July 2002). "Mechanisms of compound I formation in heme peroxidases".
5117:
Nazarewicz RR, Ziolkowski W, Vaccaro PS, Ghafourifar P (December 2007). "Effect of short-term ketogenic diet on redox status of human blood".
1891:. Pharmaceuticals and supplements that have antioxidant properties suppress the formation of free radicals by inhibiting oxidation processes.
8804:
Dodd S, Dean O, Copolov DL, Malhi GS, Berk M (December 2008). "N-acetylcysteine for antioxidant therapy: pharmacology and clinical utility".
1358:)-deficient cells from cell death. GPx4 is the only known enzyme that efficiently reduces lipid-hydroperoxides within biological membranes.
6053:
Duarte TL, Lunec J (July 2005). "Review: When is an antioxidant not an antioxidant? A review of novel actions and reactions of vitamin C".
1742:. Peroxiredoxins seem to be important in antioxidant metabolism, as mice lacking peroxiredoxin 1 or 2 have shortened lifespans and develop
7737:"Potential interactions of prescription and over-the-counter medications having antioxidant capabilities with radiation and chemotherapy"
7316:
Creissen G, Broadbent P, Stevens R, Wellburn AR, Mullineaux P (May 1996). "Manipulation of glutathione metabolism in transgenic plants".
2198:
can increase glutathione, no evidence exists that eating high levels of these glutathione precursors is beneficial for healthy adults.
1825:
that catalyzes the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides. There are at least four different glutathione peroxidase
1283:
is a reducing agent and can be reversibly oxidized and reduced. In cells, glutathione is maintained in the reduced form by the enzyme
350:
molecules. These molecules undergo free radical chain reactions, but antioxidants inhibit them by preventing the oxidation processes.
4762:
Stahl W, Schwarz W, Sundquist AR, Sies H (April 1992). "cis-trans isomers of lycopene and beta-carotene in human serum and tissues".
591:
may be added to plastics to prevent this. An overview of some of the most applied antioxidants for polymer materials is shown below:
3346:
Zhang, Zi-Feng; Zhang, Xue; Sverko, Ed; Marvin, Christopher H.; Jobst, Karl J.; Smyth, Shirley Anne; Li, Yi-Fan (11 February 2020).
1834:-transferases show high activity with lipid peroxides. These enzymes are at particularly high levels in the liver and also serve in
184:
plants between 50 and 200 million years ago resulted in the development of many antioxidant pigments – particularly during the
7666:"Dietary (poly)phenolics in human health: structures, bioavailability, and evidence of protective effects against chronic diseases"
6101:"Ascorbate oxidation by iron, copper and reactive oxygen species: review, model development, and derivation of key rate constants"
5046:
Campion EW, Glynn RJ, DeLabry LO (March 1987). "Asymptomatic hyperuricemia. Risks and consequences in the
Normative Aging Study".
2692:
Zallen EM, Hitchcock MJ, Goertz GE (December 1975). "Chilled food systems. Effects of chilled holding on quality of beef loaves".
235:
as antioxidants that revolutionized the field and led to the realization of the importance of antioxidants in the biochemistry of
8849:"Adequate range for sulfur-containing amino acids and biomarkers for their excess: lessons from enteral and parenteral nutrition"
3717:
Valko M, Izakovic M, Mazur M, Rhodes CJ, Telser J (November 2004). "Role of oxygen radicals in DNA damage and cancer incidence".
2220:
645:: HALS act by scavenging free radicals generated during photo-oxidation, thus preventing the polymer material from UV radiation.
438:
5816:"Glutathione peroxidase 4 senses and translates oxidative stress into 12/15-lipoxygenase dependent- and AIF-mediated cell death"
9409:
9147:
4604:
Akiba S, Matsugo S, Packer L, Konishi T (May 1998). "Assay of protein-bound lipoic acid in tissues by a new enzymatic method".
2245:
627:
6314:
Bannister JV, Bannister WH, Rotilio G (1987). "Aspects of the structure, function, and applications of superoxide dismutase".
6099:
Shen, Jiaqi; Griffiths, Paul T.; Campbell, Steven J.; Utinger, Battist; Kalberer, Markus; Paulson, Suzanne E. (1 April 2021).
9096:
9077:
9058:
8531:
Rodriguez-Amaya DB (2003). "Food carotenoids: analysis, composition and alterations during storage and processing of foods".
7612:
6982:
5448:
Newton GL, Rawat M, La Clair JJ, Jothivasan VK, Budiarto T, Hamilton CJ, Claiborne A, Helmann JD, Fahey RC (September 2009).
2883:
2546:
2503:
4577:
Teichert J, Preiss R (November 1992). "HPLC-methods for determination of lipoic acid and its reduced form in human plasma".
2788:
Robards K, Kerr AF, Patsalides E (February 1988). "Rancidity and its
Measurement in Edible Oils and Snack Foods. A review".
2240:
Alternative in vitro measurements of antioxidant content in foods – also based on the presence of polyphenols – include the
8560:"Carotenoids: actual knowledge on food sources, intakes, stability and bioavailability and their protective role in humans"
7016:
Neumann CA, Krause DS, Carman CV, Das S, Dubey DP, Abraham JL, Bronson RT, Fujiwara Y, Orkin SH, Van Etten RA (July 2003).
1615:
the contributions of these enzymes to antioxidant defenses can be hard to separate from one another, but the generation of
7017:
9404:
6885:
Wood ZA, Schröder E, Robin Harris J, Poole LB (January 2003). "Structure, mechanism and regulation of peroxiredoxins".
2212:
761:. Thus, ideally, antioxidant systems do not remove oxidants entirely, but maintain them at some optimum concentration.
7595:
5990:
9414:
7156:
Nordberg J, Arnér ES (December 2001). "Reactive oxygen species, antioxidants, and the mammalian thioredoxin system".
2766:
950:
are more systemically distributed (see table below). Some antioxidants are only found in a few organisms, and can be
8989:"Standardized methods for the determination of antioxidant capacity and phenolics in foods and dietary supplements"
8988:
7388:"Mice deficient in cellular glutathione peroxidase develop normally and show no increased sensitivity to hyperoxia"
5177:
Padayatty SJ, Katz A, Wang Y, Eck P, Kwon O, Lee JH, Chen S, Corpe C, Dutta A, Dutta SK, Levine M (February 2003).
976:
and preventing them from catalyzing the production of free radicals in the cell. The ability to sequester iron for
665:: Blends of different types of antioxidants are commonly applied, as they can serve various and multiple purposes.
588:
477:
8097:"Risk factors for lung cancer and for intervention effects in CARET, the Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial"
5389:
Gaballa A, Newton GL, Antelmann H, Parsonage D, Upton H, Rawat M, Claiborne A, Fahey RC, Helmann JD (April 2010).
1817:. This system is found in animals, plants and microorganisms. Glutathione peroxidase is an enzyme containing four
9374:
4271:
699:
602:
491:
164:
As part of their adaptation from marine life, terrestrial plants began producing non-marine antioxidants such as
8224:"Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases"
6605:"Understanding the structure and function of catalases: clues from molecular evolution and in vitro mutagenesis"
5158:. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 1 July 2018
1883:
Common pharmaceuticals (and supplements) with antioxidant properties may interfere with the efficacy of certain
1004:
have no antioxidant action themselves, but rather are required for the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as
272:
9435:
2282:
896:
8096:
7191:
Vieira Dos Santos C, Rey P (July 2006). "Plant thioredoxins are key actors in the oxidative stress response".
2727:
Iverson F (June 1995). "Phenolic antioxidants: Health
Protection Branch studies on butylated hydroxyanisole".
9119:
5891:
Atkinson J, Epand RF, Epand RM (March 2008). "Tocopherols and tocotrienols in membranes: a critical review".
2352:. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health. 1 November 2013
1616:
17:
4369:
Chaudière J, Ferrari-Iliou R (1999). "Intracellular antioxidants: from chemical to biochemical mechanisms".
3293:"Analysis, occurrence, toxicity and environmental health risks of synthetic phenolic antioxidants: A review"
7713:
3238:"Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants: A Review of Environmental Occurrence, Fate, Human Exposure, and Toxicity"
2086:
1937:
1872:
1680:
cells. Catalase is an unusual enzyme since, although hydrogen peroxide is its only substrate, it follows a
3506:
Vertuani S, Angusti A, Manfredini S (2004). "The
Antioxidants and Pro-Antioxidants Network: an Overview".
219:
Early research on the role of antioxidants in biology focused on their use in preventing the oxidation of
9399:
6800:"Analysis of the link between enzymatic activity and oligomeric state in AhpC, a bacterial peroxiredoxin"
6546:
4223:"Light and oxygenic photosynthesis: energy dissipation as a protection mechanism against photo-oxidation"
3844:"The mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species: mechanisms and implications in human pathology"
2871:
1346:
vitamins with antioxidant properties. Of these, α-tocopherol has been most studied as it has the highest
1288:
825:
584:
323:
251:
led to the identification of antioxidants as reducing agents that prevent oxidative reactions, often by
9450:
9140:
8658:
7604:
3623:
610:
213:
7351:
Brigelius-Flohé R (November 1999). "Tissue-specific functions of individual glutathione peroxidases".
7018:"Essential role for the peroxiredoxin Prdx1 in erythrocyte antioxidant defence and tumour suppression"
3292:
3182:
3129:"Rubber Antioxidants and Their Transformation Products: Environmental Occurrence and Potential Impact"
3054:
3028:
1875:
which methylates free hydroxyl groups, and thereby prevents them from acting as antioxidants in vivo.
910:
antioxidants are classified into two broad divisions, depending on whether they are soluble in water (
8725:
Witschi A, Reddy S, Stofer B, Lauterburg BH (1992). "The systemic availability of oral glutathione".
3942:
Hirst J, King MS, Pryde KR (October 2008). "The production of reactive oxygen species by complex I".
1810:
1611:
5689:
4121:
3643:
3291:
Wang, Wanyi; Xiong, Ping; Zhang, He; Zhu, Qingqing; Liao, Chunyang; Jiang, Guibin (1 October 2021).
9355:
9350:
8595:
8343:"Meta-analysis: antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention of colorectal adenoma"
4679:"Individual carotenoid concentrations in adipose tissue and plasma as biomarkers of dietary intake"
1856:
1234:
840:
683:
675:
598:
312:
308:
286:
2301:
Helberg, Julian; Pratt, Derek A. (2021). "Autoxidation vs. Antioxidants – the fight for forever".
2174:
Other antioxidants are not obtained from the diet, but instead are made in the body. For example,
1654:). In plants, SOD isozymes are present in the cytosol and mitochondria, with an iron SOD found in
418:, to prevent oxidation and polymerization that leads to the formation of engine-fouling residues.
290:
9360:
8284:
8280:
6384:
Nozik-Grayck E, Suliman HB, Piantadosi CA (December 2005). "Extracellular superoxide dismutase".
5532:
Fairlamb AH, Cerami A (1992). "Metabolism and functions of trypanothione in the
Kinetoplastida".
5178:
4642:
Glantzounis GK, Tsimoyiannis EC, Kappas AM, Galaris DA (2005). "Uric acid and oxidative stress".
4154:"Iodide accumulation provides kelp with an inorganic antioxidant impacting atmospheric chemistry"
2241:
2186:, which is made from amino acids. As any glutathione in the gut is broken down to free cysteine,
1822:
749:
679:
614:
529:
255:
189:
7626:
4056:
Demmig-Adams B, Adams WW (December 2002). "Antioxidants in photosynthesis and human nutrition".
2657:
Kader AA, Zagory D, Kerbel EL (1989). "Modified atmosphere packaging of fruits and vegetables".
1960:
where less meat is eaten and there is high consumption of phytic acid from beans and unleavened
1773:
have a particularly great diversity of isoforms. The active site of thioredoxin consists of two
144:
has also been applied to numerous other dietary compounds that only have antioxidant properties
5684:
4116:
3891:
Finkel T, Holbrook NJ (November 2000). "Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of ageing".
3638:
2371:
Fang, Yun-Zhong; Yang, Sheng; Wu, Guoyao (2002). "Free radicals, antioxidants, and nutrition".
2090:
1806:
1312:
1292:
304:
8474:
Ranchordas, Mayur K.; Rogerson, David; Soltani, Hora; Costello, Joseph T. (14 December 2017).
7526:
7115:
Dietz KJ, Jacob S, Oelze ML, Laxa M, Tognetti V, de
Miranda SM, Baier M, Finkemeier I (2006).
3807:
Raha S, Robinson BH (October 2000). "Mitochondria, oxygen free radicals, disease and ageing".
2618:"The discovery of the antioxidant function of vitamin E: the contribution of Henry A. Mattill"
156:
marketed as antioxidants have not been shown to maintain health or prevent disease in humans.
9440:
9133:
6716:"Direct evidence for catalase as the predominant H2O2 -removing enzyme in human erythrocytes"
1802:
1763:
1284:
1005:
977:
252:
8315:
8298:
626:
are often used in combination with phenolic antioxidants for syngeristic effects. Example:
7075:
7032:
6112:
5402:
5391:"Biosynthesis and functions of bacillithiol, a major low-molecular-weight thiol in Bacilli"
4167:
4065:
4034:
3900:
3773:
3359:
3304:
3249:
3194:
3085:
2797:
1904:
1768:
1699:
1627:
1238:
1009:
371:
240:
201:
111:
8966:"Withdrawn: Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) of Selected Foods, Release 2 (2010)"
6507:
2570:
Knight JA (1998). "Free radicals: their history and current status in aging and disease".
1766:. Proteins related to thioredoxin are present in all sequenced organisms. Plants, such as
78:, to extend their usable lifetimes. Foods are also treated with antioxidants to forestall
8:
9445:
8965:
8297:
Miller ER, Pastor-Barriuso R, Dalal D, Riemersma RA, Appel LJ, Guallar E (January 2005).
6349:
Johnson F, Giulivi C (2005). "Superoxide dismutases and their impact upon human health".
5224:
Shigeoka S, Ishikawa T, Tamoi M, Miyagawa Y, Takeda T, Yabuta Y, Yoshimura K (May 2002).
4536:
Morrison JA, Jacobsen DW, Sprecher DL, Robinson K, Khoury P, Daniels SR (November 1999).
3730:
2349:
1774:
1746:, while plants use peroxiredoxins to remove hydrogen peroxide generated in chloroplasts.
1712:
1689:
1643:
1393:
1262:
1013:
555:, that causes a loss of strength and flexibility in these materials. Polymers containing
544:
331:
63:
7664:
Del Rio D, Rodriguez-Mateos A, Spencer JP, Tognolini M, Borges G, Crozier A (May 2013).
7036:
6863:
6116:
5939:
5904:
5869:
5747:
5545:
5406:
5367:
5309:
4447:"Interrelation of vitamin C, infection, haemostatic factors, and cardiovascular disease"
4171:
4069:
3904:
3777:
3363:
3308:
3253:
3237:
3198:
3089:
2801:
2464:
9369:
9170:
8829:
8750:
8508:
8475:
8416:
8391:
8372:
8299:"Meta-analysis: high-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality"
8258:
8223:
7992:
7818:
7786:"Targeting oxidative stress in disease: promise and limitations of antioxidant therapy"
7785:
7766:
7690:
7665:
7293:
7268:
7056:
6993:
6945:
6824:
6799:
6780:
6585:
6488:
6444:
6253:
6240:
6220:
6198:
6141:
6100:
6078:
6030:
6005:
5756:
5731:
5712:
5609:
5474:
5449:
5425:
5390:
5290:
5206:
4997:
4949:
4924:
4823:
4471:
4446:
4422:
4405:
4302:
4247:
4222:
4198:
4153:
4089:
3924:
3873:
3742:
3699:
3566:
3481:
3383:
3347:
3273:
3218:
3155:
3128:
3109:
2976:
2930:
2762:
2326:
2179:
1957:
1280:
931:
805:
456:
395:
248:
153:
8341:
Bjelakovic G, Nagorni A, Nikolova D, Simonetti RG, Bjelakovic M, Gluud C (July 2006).
7593:
Food, Nutrition, Physical
Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective
7364:
7169:
6898:
6838:
6692:
6621:
6604:
6523:
6289:
5792:
5326:
4382:
4346:
4321:
3820:
2705:
2419:
2384:
9264:
9092:
9073:
9054:
9011:
8968:. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. 16 May 2012
8944:
8909:
8905:
8870:
8821:
8786:
8742:
8707:
8640:
8587:
8540:
8513:
8495:
8456:
8421:
8364:
8359:
8342:
8320:
8263:
8201:
8162:
8121:
8077:
8033:
7984:
7946:
7905:
7864:
7843:"Influence of vegetable protein sources on trace element and mineral bioavailability"
7823:
7805:
7770:
7758:
7695:
7646:
7642:
7608:
7574:
7530:
7495:
7460:
7455:
7409:
7368:
7333:
7298:
7249:
7244:
7227:
7208:
7173:
7138:
7097:
7048:
6998:
6978:
6937:
6902:
6867:
6829:
6784:
6772:
6737:
6696:
6661:
6657:
6626:
6577:
6527:
6480:
6436:
6401:
6366:
6331:
6293:
6258:
6190:
6146:
6128:
6070:
6035:
5982:
5943:
5908:
5873:
5837:
5796:
5761:
5704:
5650:
5601:
5549:
5514:
5479:
5430:
5371:
5331:
5282:
5265:
Smirnoff N, Wheeler GL (2000). "Ascorbic acid in plants: biosynthesis and function".
5247:
5198:
5134:
5099:
5063:
5059:
5028:
4989:
4954:
4902:
4898:
4867:
4815:
4779:
4775:
4744:
4700:
4659:
4621:
4586:
4559:
4518:
4476:
4427:
4386:
4351:
4294:
4252:
4203:
4185:
4134:
4081:
4038:
4000:
3959:
3916:
3865:
3824:
3789:
3746:
3734:
3691:
3656:
3652:
3601:
3558:
3523:
3473:
3468:
3451:
3423:
3387:
3375:
3328:
3320:
3277:
3265:
3210:
3160:
3113:
3101:
2980:
2968:
2922:
2879:
2849:
2813:
2744:
2740:
2709:
2674:
2639:
2579:
2552:
2542:
2509:
2499:
2468:
2433:
2388:
2330:
2318:
2278:
2058:
1892:
1888:
1743:
1199:
777:
765:
702:. BHT-Q can cause DNA damage and mismatches through the cleavage process, generating
403:
59:
47:
8833:
8754:
8376:
6949:
6492:
6448:
6202:
6082:
5294:
5210:
5155:
4827:
4677:
El-Sohemy A, Baylin A, Kabagambe E, Ascherio A, Spiegelman D, Campos H (July 2002).
4306:
4093:
3877:
3703:
3570:
3485:
3222:
2934:
9003:
8936:
8901:
8860:
8813:
8778:
8734:
8697:
8630:
8579:
8571:
8503:
8491:
8487:
8448:
8411:
8407:
8403:
8354:
8310:
8253:
8243:
8239:
8235:
8193:
8152:
8111:
8067:
8023:
7996:
7976:
7936:
7895:
7854:
7813:
7797:
7748:
7685:
7677:
7638:
7564:
7522:
7487:
7450:
7440:
7399:
7386:
Ho YS, Magnenat JL, Bronson RT, Cao J, Gargano M, Sugawara M, Funk CD (June 1997).
7360:
7325:
7288:
7280:
7239:
7200:
7165:
7128:
7087:
7060:
7040:
6988:
6970:
6929:
6894:
6859:
6819:
6811:
6764:
6727:
6688:
6653:
6616:
6589:
6569:
6561:
6519:
6472:
6428:
6393:
6358:
6323:
6285:
6248:
6232:
6180:
6136:
6120:
6062:
6025:
6017:
5974:
5935:
5900:
5865:
5827:
5788:
5751:
5743:
5716:
5694:
5640:
5613:
5591:
5583:
5541:
5510:
5506:
5469:
5461:
5420:
5410:
5363:
5321:
5274:
5237:
5194:
5190:
5126:
5091:
5055:
5001:
4981:
4944:
4936:
4894:
4857:
4807:
4771:
4734:
4690:
4651:
4613:
4549:
4510:
4466:
4458:
4417:
4378:
4341:
4333:
4286:
4242:
4234:
4193:
4175:
4126:
4073:
4030:
3990:
3951:
3928:
3908:
3855:
3816:
3781:
3726:
3683:
3648:
3593:
3550:
3515:
3463:
3415:
3367:
3312:
3257:
3202:
3150:
3140:
3093:
3003:
2960:
2914:
2841:
2805:
2736:
2701:
2666:
2629:
2534:
2491:
2460:
2423:
2415:
2380:
2310:
2270:
1759:
1723:
1287:
and in turn reduces other metabolites and enzyme systems, such as ascorbate in the
1001:
973:
955:
785:
720:
695:
358:
Antioxidant stabilizers are also added to fat-based cosmetics such as lipstick and
122:
115:
7925:"Improving the bioavailability of nutrients in plant foods at the household level"
7204:
3541:
Rhee SG (June 2006). "Cell signaling. H2O2, a necessary evil for cell signaling".
3348:"Determination of Diphenylamine Antioxidants in Wastewater/Biosolids and Sediment"
9383:
9175:
8390:
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8281:
Study Citing Antioxidant Vitamin Risks Based On Flawed Methodology, Experts Argue
7599:
6964:
6397:
5242:
5225:
4862:
4845:
4107:
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3979:"Are respiratory enzymes the primary sources of intracellular hydrogen peroxide?"
3597:
3316:
3206:
3183:"Synthetic phenolic antioxidants and their major metabolites in human fingernail"
2528:
2105:
1925:
1681:
1347:
1207:
1017:
884:
801:
758:
448:
444:
319:
220:
83:
7284:
7076:"Peroxiredoxin II is essential for sustaining life span of erythrocytes in mice"
6974:
6221:"The nature of antioxidant defense mechanisms: a lesson from transgenic studies"
4739:
4722:
4538:"Serum glutathione in adolescent males predicts parental coronary heart disease"
3371:
2538:
2495:
2490:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 459. pp. 23–50.
483:
Turbine oils, transformer oils, hydraulic fluids, waxes, greases, and gasolines
9455:
9255:
9227:
8452:
7884:"Bioavailability of iron, zinc, and other trace minerals from vegetarian diets"
7801:
7627:"Structure-antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoids and phenolic acids"
7491:
7092:
6124:
5832:
5815:
5629:"Molecular aspects of alpha-tocotrienol antioxidant action and cell signalling"
5395:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4655:
4554:
4537:
2195:
1835:
1791:
1778:
1650:), while mice without the extracellular SOD have minimal defects (sensitive to
1362:
1320:
872:
804:. These oxidants can damage cells by starting chemical chain reactions such as
691:
560:
347:
327:
300:
205:
193:
95:
8817:
8782:
8702:
8685:
8157:
8140:
8116:
8072:
8055:
6732:
6715:
6565:
6362:
6327:
6066:
6021:
5699:
5672:
5278:
4985:
4940:
4462:
4290:
3860:
3843:
2918:
2670:
9429:
8865:
8848:
8499:
7900:
7883:
7859:
7842:
7809:
7445:
7428:
7404:
7387:
6185:
6168:
6132:
5978:
5016:
4238:
4189:
3519:
3379:
3324:
2274:
2191:
2139:
2062:
2049:
2039:
1868:
1830:
are hypersensitive to induced oxidative stress. In addition, the glutathione
1735:
1727:
1719:
1707:
1639:
1316:
1218:
1191:
1048:
927:
915:
868:
733:
708:
564:
535:
335:
278:
165:
87:
79:
8619:"Nutritional losses and gains during processing: future problems and issues"
5645:
5628:
5415:
4811:
4695:
4678:
4180:
4077:
3785:
3554:
3261:
3181:
Li, Chao; Cui, Xinyi; Chen, Yi; Liao, Chunyang; Ma, Lena Q (February 2019).
3145:
3097:
895:, which involves these antioxidants reacting with over-reduced forms of the
9328:
9015:
8948:
8874:
8825:
8711:
8644:
8591:
8575:
8544:
8517:
8460:
8425:
8368:
8324:
8267:
8222:
Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, Simonetti RG, Gluud C (14 March 2012).
8205:
8197:
8166:
8081:
8037:
7950:
7909:
7868:
7827:
7762:
7699:
7592:
7578:
7553:"A review of the epidemiological evidence for the 'antioxidant hypothesis'"
7534:
7499:
7372:
7302:
7253:
7212:
7177:
7142:
7101:
7052:
7002:
6941:
6906:
6871:
6833:
6700:
6630:
6581:
6405:
6370:
6297:
6194:
6150:
6074:
6039:
5986:
5947:
5912:
5877:
5841:
5800:
5765:
5708:
5654:
5605:
5571:
5518:
5483:
5434:
5286:
5251:
5202:
5179:"Vitamin C as an antioxidant: evaluation of its role in disease prevention"
5138:
5103:
5032:
4993:
4958:
4871:
4819:
4704:
4663:
4617:
4563:
4522:
4514:
4390:
4298:
4256:
4207:
4138:
4085:
4042:
4004:
3995:
3978:
3963:
3920:
3869:
3828:
3738:
3695:
3605:
3562:
3527:
3332:
3269:
3214:
3164:
3105:
2972:
2926:
2853:
2643:
2634:
2617:
2513:
2472:
2437:
2392:
2322:
2208:
2162:
1921:
1739:
1685:
1370:
1308:
1304:
1296:
935:
923:
856:
781:
725:
580:
411:
398:
are common antioxidants used to inhibit gum formation in gasoline (petrol).
363:
282:
107:
55:
8913:
8790:
8746:
8125:
8028:
8011:
7988:
7681:
7650:
7464:
7413:
7337:
6776:
6741:
6665:
6531:
6484:
6440:
6335:
6262:
5553:
5375:
5335:
5130:
5095:
5067:
4906:
4885:
Becker BF (June 1993). "Towards the physiological function of uric acid".
4783:
4748:
4625:
4590:
4480:
4431:
4355:
3793:
3660:
3477:
3427:
2817:
2748:
2713:
2678:
2583:
2556:
1781:, that can cycle between an active dithiol form (reduced) and an oxidized
918:). In general, water-soluble antioxidants react with oxidants in the cell
9313:
9288:
9273:
9222:
9185:
8476:"Antioxidants for preventing and reducing muscle soreness after exercise"
7133:
7116:
5779:
Wang X, Quinn PJ (July 1999). "Vitamin E and its function in membranes".
5465:
4130:
2809:
2183:
2143:
2066:
2012:
2003:
1996:
1961:
1949:
1941:
1914:
1798:
1755:
1731:
1655:
1386:
1366:
1343:
1339:
1269:
1246:
1085:
1069:
981:
939:
848:
576:
556:
375:
359:
343:
99:
37:
9019:
8248:
7044:
6573:
3687:
3007:
2878:, Oily Press Lipid Library Series, Woodhead Publishing, pp. 51–66,
2037:
High doses of some antioxidants may have harmful long-term effects. The
966:
considered, and the status of the antioxidants with which it interacts.
378:. They reduce oxidative stress from sun exposure by absorbing UV light.
9303:
9293:
9283:
9278:
9250:
9240:
9197:
8738:
8635:
8618:
8583:
7980:
7941:
7924:
7663:
7625:
Rice-Evans, Catherine A.; Miller, Nicholas J.; Paganga, George (1996).
7569:
7552:
7329:
6798:
Parsonage D, Youngblood D, Sarma G, Wood Z, Karplus P, Poole L (2005).
6768:
6432:
6244:
5587:
4579:
International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Therapy, and Toxicology
4337:
3955:
3419:
2964:
2428:
2314:
2216:
2154:
2099:
Fruits and vegetables are good sources of antioxidant vitamins C and E.
1979:
1884:
1860:
1673:
1659:
1647:
1335:
1242:
1187:
1159:
1142:
943:
911:
907:
880:
876:
844:
836:
829:
817:
789:
703:
636:
623:
572:
181:
177:
173:
32:
9007:
8940:
7753:
7736:
6933:
6815:
6476:
5926:
Azzi A (July 2007). "Molecular mechanism of alpha-tocopherol action".
5116:
2845:
2597:
Moureu C, Dufraisse C (1922). "Sur l'autoxydation: Les antioxygènes".
851:, since a highly reactive free radical is formed as an intermediate (Q
346:
radiation can cause direct photooxidation and decompose peroxides and
9334:
9317:
9307:
9245:
9232:
9212:
9201:
9191:
8056:"Overview of dietary flavonoids: nomenclature, occurrence and intake"
7513:
Hayes JD, Flanagan JU, Jowsey IR (2005). "Glutathione transferases".
6169:"Does vitamin C act as a pro-oxidant under physiological conditions?"
5596:
3912:
2830:
2178:(coenzyme Q) is poorly absorbed from the gut and is made through the
2175:
2158:
2133:
2122:
1782:
1703:
1677:
1651:
1631:
1622:
1350:, with the body preferentially absorbing and metabolising this form.
1331:
1300:
1257:
1222:
1182:
1101:
1052:
970:
947:
860:
797:
656:
652:
568:
518:
2,4-dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol
415:
367:
244:
232:
228:
224:
197:
169:
137:
133:
129:
103:
75:
8889:
7117:"The function of peroxiredoxins in plant organelle redox metabolism"
6963:
Jönsson TJ, Lowther WT (2007). "The peroxiredoxin repair proteins".
6236:
4641:
3761:
2527:
Jacob RA (1996). "Introduction: Three Eras of Vitamin C Discovery".
1605:
Enzymatic pathway for detoxification of reactive oxygen species
1553:
1494:
9298:
9207:
8389:
8296:
7716:. Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis. 2016
4721:
Sowell AL, Huff DL, Yeager PR, Caudill SP, Gunter EW (March 1994).
3406:
Davies KJ (1995). "Oxidative stress: the paradox of aerobic life".
2905:"Final report on the amended safety assessment of Propyl Gallate".
1864:
1818:
1669:
1277:
1230:
1195:
1125:
1117:
989:
985:
951:
892:
809:
552:
496:
236:
185:
145:
8340:
7228:"Physiological functions of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase"
2095:
1722:
are peroxidases that catalyze the reduction of hydrogen peroxide,
752:
that can damage living organisms. Organisms contain chemicals and
9323:
8473:
6678:
3673:
3133:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
2406:
Benzie IF (September 2003). "Evolution of dietary antioxidants".
2234:
2225:
2187:
2054:
2043:
2024:
1991:
1983:
1953:
1852:
1826:
1635:
1130:
962:
919:
821:
730:
548:
391:
318:
Unsaturated fats can be highly susceptible to oxidation, causing
209:
149:
126:
67:
8221:
8182:
7315:
5574:(March 2001). "Vitamin E: action, metabolism and perspectives".
4676:
4535:
2599:
Comptes Rendus des Séances et Mémoires de la Société de Biologie
2233:
experiments, is no longer considered relevant to human diets or
1695:
9125:
9114:
5388:
2029:
2007:
1987:
1945:
1374:
888:
813:
753:
745:
295:
6508:"The regulation and function of tobacco superoxide dismutases"
4151:
902:
386:
8439:
Shenkin A (February 2006). "The key role of micronutrients".
7426:
6884:
6383:
5447:
5223:
4500:
4016:
4014:
2870:
Frankel, Edwin N. (1 January 2012), Frankel, Edwin N. (ed.),
1787:
1663:
1273:
1226:
961:
The interactions between these different antioxidants may be
864:
339:
51:
8724:
8094:
6797:
6386:
The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology
6098:
5226:"Regulation and function of ascorbate peroxidase isoenzymes"
4796:
3586:
The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology
2950:
273:
E number § E300–E399 (antioxidants, acidity regulators)
8890:"Oxygen-radical absorbance capacity assay for antioxidants"
6969:. Subcellular Biochemistry. Vol. 44. pp. 115–41.
2147:
2020:
1933:
1929:
1355:
1203:
993:
808:, or by oxidizing DNA or proteins. Damage to DNA can cause
741:
639:
are also used as co-stabilisers with primary antioxidants.
407:
71:
8686:"Importance of functional foods in the Mediterranean diet"
7550:
6461:
6418:
5813:
5450:"Bacillithiol is an antioxidant thiol produced in Bacilli"
5080:
4011:
3583:
1909:
1634:
or iron. In humans, the copper/zinc SOD is present in the
1373:
mutagens, and tocotrienols may be important in protecting
635:: Act by decomposing peroxides into non-radical products.
402:
Antioxidants may be added to industrial products, such as
6643:
6313:
5310:"Glutathione-ascorbic acid antioxidant system in animals"
4761:
4603:
4220:
3505:
2533:. Subcellular Biochemistry. Vol. 25. pp. 1–16.
2486:
German JB (1999). "Food Processing and Lipid Oxidation".
1692:
to lack catalase completely, experience few ill effects.
1580:
1534:
1521:
1451:
452:
91:
9086:
8846:
6547:"Diversity of structures and properties among catalases"
3716:
2993:
1619:
lacking just one antioxidant enzyme can be informative.
8557:
7624:
7551:
Stanner SA, Hughes J, Kelly CN, Buttriss J (May 2004).
7477:
6919:
6505:
4720:
2201:
27:
Compound that inhibits the oxidation of other molecules
8926:
7015:
5267:
Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
4368:
3345:
1940:
and preventing them from being absorbed. Examples are
1749:
899:
to prevent the production of reactive oxygen species.
521:
Jet fuels and gasolines, including aviation gasolines
510:
Jet fuels and gasolines, including aviation gasolines
6713:
6219:
Ho YS, Magnenat JL, Gargano M, Cao J (October 1998).
5854:
5670:
2787:
2691:
2117:
Foods containing high levels of antioxidant vitamins
1437:
887:, and in algae and cyanobacteria, by large amount of
879:. This effect is partly offset by the involvement of
8803:
8767:
8392:"Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people"
7385:
7190:
6218:
5176:
4843:
4272:"Water-soluble carotenoid proteins of cyanobacteria"
3624:"Oxidative mechanisms in the toxicity of metal ions"
3236:
Liu, Runzeng; Mabury, Scott A. (11 September 2020).
969:
Some compounds contribute to antioxidant defense by
374:
strongly absorb UV radiation due to the presence of
9048:
8847:van de Poll MC, Dejong CH, Soeters PB (June 2006).
8336:
8334:
8217:
8215:
7966:
7784:Forman, Henry Jay; Zhang, Hongqiao (30 June 2021).
7512:
7114:
6544:
5045:
2229:. Consequently, the ORAC method, derived only from
1956:and iron deficiencies are not uncommon in diets in
871:, reactive oxygen species are also produced during
668:
8287:published on ScienceDaily. Retrieved 19 April 2007
6714:Mueller S, Riedel HD, Stremmel W (December 1997).
5890:
5626:
4850:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes
4221:Szabó I, Bergantino E, Giacometti GM (July 2005).
1623:Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxiredoxins
1595:
1334:is the collective name for a set of eight related
946:mostly present within cells, while others such as
764:Reactive oxygen species produced in cells include
148:, with little evidence for antioxidant properties
4055:
4021:Imlay JA (2003). "Pathways of oxidative damage".
3290:
2656:
714:
587:. Various specialised light stabilisers, such as
9427:
8887:
8659:"Antioxidants and Cancer Prevention: Fact Sheet"
8331:
8212:
7922:
6275:
5497:Fahey RC (2001). "Novel thiols of prokaryotes".
2872:"Chapter 3 - Photooxidation of unsaturated fats"
698:and may increase tumor development rates due to
8530:
7350:
6545:Chelikani P, Fita I, Loewen PC (January 2004).
5627:Packer L, Weber SU, Rimbach G (February 2001).
5353:
5264:
4844:Turunen M, Olsson J, Dallner G (January 2004).
4322:"Role of oxidants in microbial pathophysiology"
4159:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4106:
2596:
2072:
1040:
8986:
8178:
8176:
7266:
6962:
6348:
5729:
5531:
5354:Meister A, Anderson ME (1983). "Glutathione".
5110:
4637:
4635:
4576:
4319:
3941:
3890:
3352:Environmental Science & Technology Letters
2659:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
2267:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1777:cysteines, as part of a highly conserved CXXC
1202:. Concerns over elevated UA's contribution to
748:for its metabolism, but this same oxygen is a
547:are widely used to prevent the degradation of
9141:
8141:"Beta-carotene and lung cancer: a case study"
7225:
7155:
6602:
6094:
6092:
5569:
4922:
4918:
4916:
4444:
3617:
3615:
3452:"Oxidative stress: oxidants and antioxidants"
3180:
843:. Particularly important is the reduction of
534:Jet fuels and gasolines, widely approved for
9089:Antioxidants in Food: Practical Applications
9087:Pokorny J, Yanishlieva N, Gordon MH (2001).
8616:
7515:Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology
6609:Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology
6309:
6307:
6006:"Tocotrienols: Vitamin E beyond tocopherols"
6003:
5666:
5664:
5382:
5183:Journal of the American College of Nutrition
5008:
4971:
4929:Nucleosides, Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids
4925:"Uric acid: the oxidant-antioxidant paradox"
3806:
2694:Journal of the American Dietetic Association
2300:
678:, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-benzoquinone (BHT-Q),
499:and gasolines, including aviation gasolines
8888:Cao G, Alessio HM, Cutler RG (March 1993).
8480:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8396:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8228:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8173:
8049:
8047:
7783:
7546:
7544:
7073:
6849:
6214:
6212:
6052:
5349:
5347:
5345:
5074:
5039:
4965:
4632:
3976:
3621:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3126:
3019:
3017:
2265:Klemchuk, Peter P. (2000). "Antioxidants".
1642:. There also exists a third form of SOD in
926:, while lipid-soluble antioxidants protect
903:Examples of bioactive antioxidant compounds
188:period – as chemical defences against
9148:
9134:
8996:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
8929:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
8347:Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
8145:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
7888:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
6506:Van Camp W, Inzé D, Van Montagu M (1997).
6089:
5671:Brigelius-Flohé R, Traber MG (July 1999).
5565:
5563:
5150:
5148:
4913:
4839:
4837:
4683:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
4496:
4494:
4492:
4490:
3612:
2834:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
2370:
2219:. Earlier measurements and ratings by the
1920:Relatively strong reducing acids can have
1855:A, C, and E are essential and required in
1400:2 Fe + Ascorbate → 2 Fe + Dehydroascorbate
353:
9053:(5th ed.). Oxford University Press.
8960:
8958:
8864:
8727:European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
8701:
8634:
8507:
8415:
8358:
8314:
8257:
8247:
8156:
8115:
8071:
8027:
7962:
7960:
7940:
7899:
7858:
7817:
7752:
7689:
7568:
7527:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095857
7454:
7444:
7403:
7292:
7243:
7132:
7091:
6992:
6823:
6755:Ogata M (February 1991). "Acatalasemia".
6731:
6620:
6304:
6252:
6184:
6140:
6029:
5963:"Non-antioxidant activities of vitamin E"
5960:
5831:
5778:
5755:
5732:"Vitamin E, antioxidant and nothing more"
5698:
5688:
5661:
5644:
5595:
5473:
5424:
5414:
5325:
5241:
4948:
4861:
4738:
4716:
4714:
4694:
4553:
4470:
4421:
4345:
4246:
4197:
4179:
4120:
3994:
3859:
3642:
3467:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3235:
3154:
3144:
3075:
2633:
2572:Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science
2427:
2408:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A
1380:
338:by oxidizing unsaturated fatty acids and
9070:Oxygen: The Molecule That Made the World
8623:The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
8432:
8104:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
8044:
8012:"Bioavailability of minerals in legumes"
8009:
7929:The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
7923:Gibson RS, Perlas L, Hotz C (May 2006).
7541:
6209:
6166:
5342:
5301:
5014:
3759:
3492:
3014:
2996:Journal of the American Chemical Society
2264:
2094:
1908:
1694:
1638:, while manganese SOD is present in the
1256:
875:, particularly under conditions of high
724:
651:: Naturally occurring antioxidants like
385:
31:
8564:Molecular Nutrition & Food Research
8438:
8316:10.7326/0003-4819-142-1-200501040-00110
8138:
8053:
7840:
6162:
6160:
5560:
5307:
5145:
4846:"Metabolism and function of coenzyme Q"
4834:
4764:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
4503:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
4487:
4320:Miller RA, Britigan BE (January 1997).
4279:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
4269:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3053:. SpecialChem Adhesives. Archived from
2869:
2726:
2450:
2296:
2294:
2221:United States Department of Agriculture
1952:, which are high in plant-based diets.
643:Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers (HALS)
14:
9428:
8987:Prior RL, Wu X, Schaich K (May 2005).
8955:
8683:
7957:
7267:Mustacich D, Powis G (February 2000).
6004:Sen CK, Khanna S, Roy S (March 2006).
5576:Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry
5441:
4884:
4711:
4035:10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.090938
3577:
3405:
3394:
3078:Environmental Science & Technology
2569:
2485:
2405:
2246:Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity
2128:Fresh or frozen fruits and vegetables
1762:protein thioredoxin and its companion
676:2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT)
628:tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite
9129:
9051:Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine
8797:
8617:Henry CJ, Heppell N (February 2002).
7734:
7226:Arnér ES, Holmgren A (October 2000).
6754:
5496:
4020:
3977:Seaver LC, Imlay JA (November 2004).
3841:
3176:
3174:
2865:
2863:
2526:
2344:
2342:
2340:
1272:has antioxidant properties since the
466:N,N'-di-2-butyl-1,4-phenylenediamine
266:
261:
9067:
8806:Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy
7881:
7706:
6554:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
6316:CRC Critical Reviews in Biochemistry
6157:
5925:
5919:
5673:"Vitamin E: function and metabolism"
4974:Clinical and Experimental Nephrology
4403:
3800:
3622:Stohs SJ, Bagchi D (February 1995).
3540:
3449:
3434:
3027:. Innospec Chemicals. Archived from
2615:
2291:
2202:Measurement and invalidation of ORAC
1863:, which have antioxidant properties
659:are used for specific applications.
439:N,N'-di-2-butyl-1,4-phenylenediamine
9049:Halliwell B, Gutteridge JM (2015).
8894:Free Radical Biology & Medicine
7433:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
7392:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
7353:Free Radical Biology & Medicine
7158:Free Radical Biology & Medicine
6864:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.02.026
6852:Free Radical Biology & Medicine
6646:Free Radical Biology & Medicine
6512:Free Radical Biology & Medicine
6278:Free Radical Biology & Medicine
5940:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.03.013
5928:Free Radical Biology & Medicine
5905:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.11.010
5893:Free Radical Biology & Medicine
5870:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.05.016
5858:Free Radical Biology & Medicine
5748:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.03.024
5736:Free Radical Biology & Medicine
5730:Traber MG, Atkinson J (July 2007).
5546:10.1146/annurev.mi.46.100192.003403
5368:10.1146/annurev.bi.52.070183.003431
5314:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
4923:Sautin YY, Johnson RJ (June 2008).
4887:Free Radical Biology & Medicine
4406:"Strategies of antioxidant defense"
3983:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
3719:Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
3631:Free Radical Biology & Medicine
2907:International Journal of Toxicology
2488:Impact of Processing on Food Safety
2465:10.1146/annurev.bi.16.070147.001141
2451:Mattill HA (1947). "Antioxidants".
1846:
1750:Thioredoxin and glutathione systems
24:
9041:
7670:Antioxidants & Redox Signaling
7480:Antioxidants & Redox Signaling
4445:Khaw KT, Woodhouse P (June 1995).
4423:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18025.x
3731:10.1023/B:MCBI.0000049134.69131.89
3171:
2860:
2337:
2213:oxygen radical absorbance capacity
1898:
1841:
1555:
1538:
1496:
1033:
579:. Oxidation can be accelerated by
381:
25:
9467:
9107:
8665:from the original on 4 March 2007
7631:Free Radical Biology and Medicine
6681:Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry
6225:Environmental Health Perspectives
2769:from the original on 4 March 2007
2530:Three eras of vitamin C discovery
2080:
1871:, are extensively metabolized by
1425:
729:The structure of the antioxidant
9155:
9113:
8980:
8920:
8881:
8840:
8761:
8718:
8677:
8651:
8610:
8551:
8524:
8467:
8383:
8360:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02970.x
8290:
8274:
8132:
8088:
8016:The British Journal of Nutrition
8003:
7916:
7875:
7834:
7777:
7657:
7618:
7585:
7506:
7471:
7420:
7379:
7344:
7318:Biochemical Society Transactions
7309:
7260:
7245:10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01701.x
7232:European Journal of Biochemistry
7219:
7184:
7149:
7108:
7067:
7009:
6956:
6913:
6878:
6843:
6791:
6748:
6707:
6672:
6637:
6596:
6538:
6499:
6455:
6412:
5048:The American Journal of Medicine
4410:European Journal of Biochemistry
3944:Biochemical Society Transactions
3469:10.1113/expphysiol.1997.sp004024
2876:Lipid Oxidation (Second Edition)
1913:Structure of the metal chelator
669:Environmental and health hazards
595:(Hindered) Phenolic Antioxidants
567:, are especially susceptible to
551:, such as rubbers, plastics and
507:2,4-dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol
478:2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol
283:guard against food deterioration
7969:Plant Foods for Human Nutrition
7741:International Journal of Cancer
6377:
6342:
6269:
6046:
5997:
5954:
5884:
5848:
5807:
5772:
5723:
5620:
5525:
5490:
5258:
5217:
5170:
4878:
4790:
4755:
4670:
4597:
4570:
4529:
4438:
4397:
4362:
4313:
4263:
4214:
4145:
4100:
4049:
3970:
3935:
3884:
3835:
3753:
3710:
3667:
3534:
3339:
3284:
3229:
3120:
3069:
3043:
2987:
2953:Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology
2944:
2898:
2824:
2781:
2755:
2720:
2685:
2650:
2609:
2590:
1878:
1265:mechanism of lipid peroxidation
1039:Concentration in liver tissue (
938:and tissues, with some such as
897:photosynthetic reaction centres
492:2,4-dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol
8492:10.1002/14651858.CD009789.pub2
8408:10.1002/14651858.CD002141.pub3
8240:10.1002/14651858.CD007176.pub2
7121:Journal of Experimental Botany
6887:Trends in Biochemical Sciences
5511:10.1146/annurev.micro.55.1.333
5230:Journal of Experimental Botany
5195:10.1080/07315724.2003.10719272
5015:Eggebeen AT (September 2007).
4109:Journal of Experimental Botany
3809:Trends in Biochemical Sciences
2563:
2520:
2479:
2444:
2399:
2364:
2258:
1459:
1252:
1032:Concentration in human serum (
715:Oxidative challenge in biology
680:2,4-di-tert-butyl-phenol (DBP)
559:in their main chains, such as
258:before they can damage cells.
13:
1:
8661:. National Cancer Institute.
8010:Sandberg AS (December 2002).
7841:Hurrell RF (September 2003).
7790:Nature Reviews Drug Discovery
7365:10.1016/S0891-5849(99)00173-2
7205:10.1016/j.tplants.2006.05.005
7170:10.1016/S0891-5849(01)00724-9
6899:10.1016/S0968-0004(02)00003-8
6693:10.1016/S0162-0134(02)00390-2
6622:10.1016/S0079-6107(98)00058-3
6524:10.1016/S0891-5849(97)00112-3
6351:Molecular Aspects of Medicine
6290:10.1016/S0891-5849(02)00905-X
5961:Zingg JM, Azzi A (May 2004).
5793:10.1016/S0163-7827(99)00008-9
5534:Annual Review of Microbiology
5499:Annual Review of Microbiology
5356:Annual Review of Biochemistry
5327:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)36891-6
4644:Current Pharmaceutical Design
4383:10.1016/S0278-6915(99)00090-3
4326:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
4023:Annual Review of Microbiology
3821:10.1016/S0968-0004(00)01674-1
3762:"Protein oxidation and aging"
3508:Current Pharmaceutical Design
3408:Biochemical Society Symposium
2706:10.1016/S0002-8223(21)14836-9
2453:Annual Review of Biochemistry
2420:10.1016/S1095-6433(02)00368-9
2385:10.1016/s0899-9007(02)00916-4
2251:
1801:system includes glutathione,
1137:5 (human, total carotenoids)
740:The vast majority of complex
688:-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (BHA)
583:in natural sunlight to cause
289:, storing plant materials in
36:Structure of the antioxidant
8906:10.1016/0891-5849(93)90027-R
7643:10.1016/0891-5849(95)02227-9
6658:10.1016/0891-5849(92)90150-F
6603:Zámocký M, Koller F (1999).
6398:10.1016/j.biocel.2005.06.012
6167:Carr A, Frei B (June 1999).
5060:10.1016/0002-9343(87)90441-4
4899:10.1016/0891-5849(93)90143-I
4863:10.1016/j.bbamem.2003.11.012
4776:10.1016/0003-9861(92)90153-N
4371:Food and Chemical Toxicology
3653:10.1016/0891-5849(94)00159-H
3598:10.1016/j.biocel.2006.07.001
3317:10.1016/j.envres.2021.111531
3207:10.1016/j.envres.2018.11.020
2741:10.1016/0304-3835(95)03787-W
2136:(tocopherols, tocotrienols)
2087:List of antioxidants in food
2073:Exercise and muscle soreness
1873:catechol-O-methyltransferase
1326:
1213:
1177:
996:are commonly referred to as
820:mechanisms, while damage to
800:redox reactions such as the
7:
9072:. Oxford University Press.
8303:Annals of Internal Medicine
8054:Beecher GR (October 2003).
6975:10.1007/978-1-4020-6051-9_6
5967:Current Medicinal Chemistry
4270:Kerfeld CA (October 2004).
3760:Stadtman ER (August 1992).
3372:10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00796
2539:10.1007/978-1-4613-0325-1_1
2496:10.1007/978-1-4615-4853-9_3
2168:Fruit, vegetables and eggs
1289:glutathione-ascorbate cycle
575:. They can be protected by
214:internal combustion engines
10:
9472:
8684:Ortega R (December 2006).
8453:10.1016/j.clnu.2005.11.006
7882:Hunt JR (September 2003).
7802:10.1038/s41573-021-00233-1
7735:Lemmo W (September 2014).
7605:World Cancer Research Fund
7492:10.1089/152308604322899350
7093:10.1182/blood-2002-08-2548
6125:10.1038/s41598-021-86477-8
5833:10.1016/j.cmet.2008.07.005
5781:Progress in Lipid Research
5243:10.1093/jexbot/53.372.1305
4656:10.2174/138161205774913255
4555:10.1161/01.CIR.100.22.2244
2084:
1902:
1384:
1225:, an oxidation-reduction (
824:causes enzyme inhibition,
718:
611:para tertiary butyl phenol
305:tertiary butylhydroquinone
270:
159:
114:, can prevent damage from
110:, and enzyme systems like
9392:
9343:
9163:
8818:10.1517/14728220802517901
8783:10.1080/01635589409514302
8703:10.1017/S1368980007668530
7598:23 September 2015 at the
7285:10.1042/0264-6021:3460001
6733:10.1182/blood.V90.12.4973
6566:10.1007/s00018-003-3206-5
6363:10.1016/j.mam.2005.07.006
6328:10.3109/10409238709083738
6067:10.1080/10715760500104025
6022:10.1016/j.lfs.2005.12.001
5856:Traber and J. Atkinson".
5700:10.1096/fasebj.13.10.1145
5279:10.1080/10409230008984166
5021:American Family Physician
4986:10.1007/s10157-005-0368-5
4941:10.1080/15257770802138558
4740:10.1093/clinchem/40.3.411
4463:10.1136/bmj.310.6994.1559
4291:10.1016/j.abb.2004.03.018
3861:10.1080/15216540152845957
2919:10.1080/10915810701663176
2913:(3_suppl): 89–118. 2007.
2671:10.1080/10408398909527490
1612:oxidative phosphorylation
277:Antioxidants are used as
9356:Butylated hydroxytoluene
9351:Butylated hydroxyanisole
8859:(6 Suppl): 1694S–1700S.
8853:The Journal of Nutrition
8060:The Journal of Nutrition
7847:The Journal of Nutrition
7446:10.1074/jbc.273.35.22528
7405:10.1074/jbc.272.26.16644
6556:(Submitted manuscript).
6186:10.1096/fasebj.13.9.1007
5979:10.2174/0929867043365332
5633:The Journal of Nutrition
5308:Meister A (April 1994).
4281:(Submitted manuscript).
4239:10.1038/sj.embor.7400460
3633:(Submitted manuscript).
3520:10.2174/1381612043384655
2622:The Journal of Nutrition
2350:"Antioxidants: In Depth"
2303:Chemical Society Reviews
2275:10.1002/14356007.a03_091
1851:The dietary antioxidant
1758:system contains the 12-k
988:, is one such function.
841:electron transport chain
839:of several steps in the
599:butylated hydroxytoluene
313:butylated hydroxytoluene
309:butylated hydroxyanisole
247:prevents the process of
223:, which is the cause of
8690:Public Health Nutrition
8285:Oregon State University
8158:10.1093/ajcn/69.6.1345S
8139:Albanes D (June 1999).
8117:10.1093/jnci/88.21.1550
8073:10.1093/jn/133.10.3248S
7557:Public Health Nutrition
7273:The Biochemical Journal
7269:"Thioredoxin reductase"
7193:Trends in Plant Science
5454:Nature Chemical Biology
5416:10.1073/pnas.1000928107
4812:10.1002/biof.5520180221
4606:Analytical Biochemistry
4181:10.1073/pnas.0709959105
4078:10.1126/science.1078002
3786:10.1126/science.1355616
3555:10.1126/science.1130481
3456:Experimental Physiology
3262:10.1021/acs.est.0c05077
3146:10.3390/ijerph192114595
3098:10.1021/acs.est.0c05077
3051:"Why use Antioxidants?"
2242:Folin-Ciocalteu reagent
2211:analyses in vitro, the
1807:glutathione peroxidases
1293:glutathione peroxidases
1190:, but does act against
750:highly reactive element
615:2,6-di-tert-butylphenol
530:2,6-di-tert-butylphenol
354:Cosmetics preservatives
256:reactive oxygen species
192:that are byproducts of
190:reactive oxygen species
98:, antioxidants such as
8866:10.1093/jn/136.6.1694S
8576:10.1002/mnfr.200800053
8198:10.1001/jama.297.8.842
7901:10.1093/ajcn/78.3.633S
7894:(3 Suppl): 633S–639S.
7860:10.1093/jn/133.9.2973S
4618:10.1006/abio.1998.2615
4515:10.1006/abbi.2001.2292
3996:10.1074/jbc.M408754200
3297:Environmental Research
3187:Environmental Research
2100:
2091:Polyphenol antioxidant
1974:Reducing acid present
1938:gastrointestinal tract
1924:effects by binding to
1917:
1857:specific daily amounts
1724:organic hydroperoxides
1716:
1713:Salmonella typhimurium
1690:genetically engineered
1597:
1381:Pro-oxidant activities
1313:gram-positive bacteria
1266:
1208:supersaturation levels
737:
399:
54:(usually occurring as
40:
9436:Anti-aging substances
8570:(Suppl 2): S194–218.
7682:10.1089/ars.2012.4581
7456:10536/DRO/DU:30101410
6966:Peroxiredoxin Systems
6055:Free Radical Research
5646:10.1093/jn/131.2.369S
5131:10.1089/rej.2007.0540
5119:Rejuvenation Research
5096:10.1378/chest.06-2235
4696:10.1093/ajcn/76.1.172
3450:Sies H (March 1997).
3242:Environ. Sci. Technol
2616:Wolf G (March 2005).
2182:. Another example is
2114:Antioxidant vitamins
2098:
2085:Further information:
1912:
1859:to prevent diseases.
1803:glutathione reductase
1764:thioredoxin reductase
1702:structure of AhpC, a
1698:
1628:Superoxide dismutases
1598:
1385:Further information:
1285:glutathione reductase
1260:
1237:for the redox enzyme
1006:glutathione reductase
978:iron-binding proteins
816:, if not reversed by
728:
719:Further information:
700:1,1-dimethylhydrazine
469:Low-temperature oils
389:
35:
9122:at Wikimedia Commons
8771:Nutrition and Cancer
8598:on 27 September 2018
6231:(Suppl 5): 1219–28.
5466:10.1038/nchembio.189
4404:Sies H (July 1993).
3676:Biological Chemistry
2810:10.1039/an9881300213
2635:10.1093/jn/135.3.363
1958:developing countries
1905:Antioxidative stress
1769:Arabidopsis thaliana
1658:that is absent from
1644:extracellular fluids
1435:
1369:that may react with
1239:ascorbate peroxidase
1010:superoxide dismutase
998:antioxidant minerals
372:hydroxycinnamic acid
241:mechanisms of action
112:superoxide dismutase
82:, in particular the
9025:on 29 December 2016
8066:(10): 3248S–3254S.
8029:10.1079/BJN/2002718
8022:(Suppl 3): S281–5.
7045:10.1038/nature01819
7037:2003Natur.424..561N
6117:2021NatSR..11.7417S
5407:2010PNAS..107.6482G
4172:2008PNAS..105.6954K
4070:2002Sci...298.2149D
3905:2000Natur.408..239F
3778:1992Sci...257.1220S
3688:10.1515/BC.2006.050
3364:2020EnSTL...7..102Z
3309:2021ER....201k1531W
3254:2020EnST...5411706L
3248:(19): 11706–11719.
3199:2019ER....169..308L
3090:2020EnST...5411706L
3084:(19): 11706–11719.
3057:on 11 February 2007
3025:"Fuel antioxidants"
3008:10.1021/ja01617a026
2802:1988Ana...113..213R
1682:ping-pong mechanism
1582:
1564:
1536:
1523:
1505:
1482:
1453:
1014:selenium in biology
830:protein degradation
709:diphenylamine (DPA)
545:polymer stabilizers
394:and derivatives of
204:of rubber, and the
180:. The evolution of
154:Dietary supplements
9370:1,2-Diaminopropane
9171:6-Hydroxymelatonin
8739:10.1007/BF02284971
8636:10.1079/PNS2001142
8533:Forum of Nutrition
8441:Clinical Nutrition
8283:News release from
7981:10.1007/BF01088275
7942:10.1079/PNS2006489
7570:10.1079/PHN2003543
7330:10.1042/bst0240465
7134:10.1093/jxb/erj160
6769:10.1007/BF00201829
6433:10.1038/ng0298-159
6105:Scientific Reports
5993:on 6 October 2011.
5588:10.1007/BF03179812
4727:Clinical Chemistry
4338:10.1128/CMR.10.1.1
4131:10.1093/jxb/erh237
3956:10.1042/BST0360976
3420:10.1042/bss0610001
3031:on 15 October 2006
2965:10.1111/jocd.13093
2315:10.1039/D1CS00265A
2180:mevalonate pathway
2101:
2065:may also increase
1918:
1867:due to their free
1717:
1593:
1590:
1570:
1546:
1524:
1511:
1487:
1468:
1457:
1441:
1363:signaling molecule
1267:
932:lipid peroxidation
806:lipid peroxidation
738:
694:and damage to the
400:
267:Food preservatives
262:Uses in technology
249:lipid peroxidation
41:
9451:Process chemicals
9423:
9422:
9344:Fuel antioxidants
9235:
9186:Alpha-lipoic acid
9179:
9164:Food antioxidants
9118:Media related to
9098:978-0-8493-1222-9
9079:978-0-19-860783-0
9060:978-0-19-856869-8
9008:10.1021/jf0502698
8941:10.1021/jf010586o
7754:10.1002/ijc.29208
7676:(14): 1818–1892.
7613:978-0-9722522-2-5
6984:978-1-4020-6050-2
6934:10.1021/bi992025k
6816:10.1021/bi050448i
6477:10.1038/ng0596-43
5017:"Gout: an update"
4457:(6994): 1559–63.
4166:(19): 6954–6958.
4064:(5601): 2149–53.
2885:978-0-9531949-8-8
2846:10.1021/jf049806z
2765:. UK food guide.
2548:978-1-4613-7998-0
2505:978-0-306-46051-7
2309:(13): 7343–7358.
2172:
2171:
2035:
2034:
1893:Radiation therapy
1889:radiation therapy
1744:hemolytic anaemia
1734:is oxidized to a
1688:" — or mice
1589:
1585:
1573:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1527:
1514:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1486:
1471:
1463:
1456:
1444:
1440:
1200:hypochlorous acid
1175:
1174:
1133:(vitamin A): 1–3
1002:chemical elements
974:transition metals
956:virulence factors
778:hypochlorous acid
766:hydrogen peroxide
541:
540:
125:antioxidants are
62:that can produce
60:chemical reaction
16:(Redirected from
9463:
9268:-Acetylserotonin
9233:
9177:
9150:
9143:
9136:
9127:
9126:
9117:
9102:
9083:
9064:
9035:
9034:
9032:
9030:
9024:
9018:. Archived from
9002:(10): 4290–302.
8993:
8984:
8978:
8977:
8975:
8973:
8962:
8953:
8952:
8924:
8918:
8917:
8885:
8879:
8878:
8868:
8844:
8838:
8837:
8801:
8795:
8794:
8765:
8759:
8758:
8722:
8716:
8715:
8705:
8681:
8675:
8674:
8672:
8670:
8655:
8649:
8648:
8638:
8614:
8608:
8607:
8605:
8603:
8594:. Archived from
8555:
8549:
8548:
8528:
8522:
8521:
8511:
8486:(12): CD009789.
8471:
8465:
8464:
8436:
8430:
8429:
8419:
8387:
8381:
8380:
8362:
8338:
8329:
8328:
8318:
8294:
8288:
8278:
8272:
8271:
8261:
8251:
8219:
8210:
8209:
8180:
8171:
8170:
8160:
8151:(6): 1345S–50S.
8136:
8130:
8129:
8119:
8101:
8092:
8086:
8085:
8075:
8051:
8042:
8041:
8031:
8007:
8001:
8000:
7964:
7955:
7954:
7944:
7920:
7914:
7913:
7903:
7879:
7873:
7872:
7862:
7838:
7832:
7831:
7821:
7781:
7775:
7774:
7756:
7732:
7726:
7725:
7723:
7721:
7710:
7704:
7703:
7693:
7661:
7655:
7654:
7622:
7616:
7589:
7583:
7582:
7572:
7548:
7539:
7538:
7510:
7504:
7503:
7475:
7469:
7468:
7458:
7448:
7439:(35): 22528–36.
7424:
7418:
7417:
7407:
7398:(26): 16644–51.
7383:
7377:
7376:
7359:(9–10): 951–65.
7348:
7342:
7341:
7313:
7307:
7306:
7296:
7264:
7258:
7257:
7247:
7223:
7217:
7216:
7188:
7182:
7181:
7164:(11): 1287–312.
7153:
7147:
7146:
7136:
7112:
7106:
7105:
7095:
7071:
7065:
7064:
7022:
7013:
7007:
7006:
6996:
6960:
6954:
6953:
6928:(47): 15407–16.
6917:
6911:
6910:
6882:
6876:
6875:
6847:
6841:
6837:
6827:
6810:(31): 10583–92.
6795:
6789:
6788:
6752:
6746:
6745:
6735:
6711:
6705:
6704:
6676:
6670:
6669:
6641:
6635:
6634:
6624:
6600:
6594:
6593:
6551:
6542:
6536:
6535:
6503:
6497:
6496:
6459:
6453:
6452:
6416:
6410:
6409:
6381:
6375:
6374:
6346:
6340:
6339:
6311:
6302:
6301:
6273:
6267:
6266:
6256:
6216:
6207:
6206:
6188:
6164:
6155:
6154:
6144:
6096:
6087:
6086:
6050:
6044:
6043:
6033:
6001:
5995:
5994:
5989:. Archived from
5958:
5952:
5951:
5923:
5917:
5916:
5888:
5882:
5881:
5852:
5846:
5845:
5835:
5811:
5805:
5804:
5776:
5770:
5769:
5759:
5727:
5721:
5720:
5702:
5692:
5668:
5659:
5658:
5648:
5624:
5618:
5617:
5599:
5567:
5558:
5557:
5529:
5523:
5522:
5494:
5488:
5487:
5477:
5445:
5439:
5438:
5428:
5418:
5386:
5380:
5379:
5351:
5340:
5339:
5329:
5320:(13): 9397–400.
5305:
5299:
5298:
5262:
5256:
5255:
5245:
5236:(372): 1305–19.
5221:
5215:
5214:
5174:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5152:
5143:
5142:
5114:
5108:
5107:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5043:
5037:
5036:
5012:
5006:
5005:
4969:
4963:
4962:
4952:
4920:
4911:
4910:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4865:
4841:
4832:
4831:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4742:
4718:
4709:
4708:
4698:
4674:
4668:
4667:
4639:
4630:
4629:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4574:
4568:
4567:
4557:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4498:
4485:
4484:
4474:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4425:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4377:(9–10): 949–62.
4366:
4360:
4359:
4349:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4276:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4250:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4201:
4183:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4124:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4018:
4009:
4008:
3998:
3989:(47): 48742–50.
3974:
3968:
3967:
3950:(Pt 5): 976–80.
3939:
3933:
3932:
3913:10.1038/35041687
3899:(6809): 239–47.
3888:
3882:
3881:
3863:
3842:Lenaz G (2001).
3839:
3833:
3832:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3772:(5074): 1220–4.
3757:
3751:
3750:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3646:
3628:
3619:
3610:
3609:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3549:(5782): 1882–3.
3538:
3532:
3531:
3503:
3490:
3489:
3471:
3447:
3432:
3431:
3403:
3392:
3391:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3178:
3169:
3168:
3158:
3148:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3021:
3012:
3011:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2867:
2858:
2857:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2763:"E number index"
2759:
2753:
2752:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2637:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2431:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2346:
2335:
2334:
2298:
2289:
2288:
2262:
2125:(ascorbic acid)
2111:
2110:
1968:
1967:
1926:dietary minerals
1847:Relation to diet
1602:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1571:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1549:
1547:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1512:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1476:
1469:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1442:
1042:
1035:
1023:
1022:
914:) or in lipids (
790:superoxide anion
786:hydroxyl radical
721:Oxidative stress
696:endocrine system
690:. BHT can cause
449:hydraulic fluids
445:transformer oils
421:
420:
396:phenylenediamine
344:ultraviolet (UV)
311:(BHA, E320) and
237:living organisms
221:unsaturated fats
208:of fuels in the
116:oxidative stress
21:
9471:
9470:
9466:
9465:
9464:
9462:
9461:
9460:
9426:
9425:
9424:
9419:
9388:
9384:Ethylenediamine
9375:2,4-Dimethyl-6-
9339:
9259:-Acetylcysteine
9159:
9154:
9110:
9105:
9099:
9080:
9068:Lane N (2003).
9061:
9044:
9042:Further reading
9039:
9038:
9028:
9026:
9022:
8991:
8985:
8981:
8971:
8969:
8964:
8963:
8956:
8935:(10): 4619–26.
8925:
8921:
8886:
8882:
8845:
8841:
8812:(12): 1955–62.
8802:
8798:
8766:
8762:
8723:
8719:
8696:(8A): 1136–40.
8682:
8678:
8668:
8666:
8657:
8656:
8652:
8615:
8611:
8601:
8599:
8556:
8552:
8529:
8525:
8472:
8468:
8437:
8433:
8402:(3): CD002141.
8388:
8384:
8339:
8332:
8295:
8291:
8279:
8275:
8234:(3): CD007176.
8220:
8213:
8181:
8174:
8137:
8133:
8099:
8093:
8089:
8052:
8045:
8008:
8004:
7965:
7958:
7921:
7917:
7880:
7876:
7853:(9): 2973S–7S.
7839:
7835:
7782:
7778:
7747:(11): 2525–33.
7733:
7729:
7719:
7717:
7712:
7711:
7707:
7662:
7658:
7623:
7619:
7600:Wayback Machine
7590:
7586:
7549:
7542:
7511:
7507:
7476:
7472:
7425:
7421:
7384:
7380:
7349:
7345:
7314:
7310:
7265:
7261:
7224:
7220:
7189:
7185:
7154:
7150:
7127:(8): 1697–709.
7113:
7109:
7072:
7068:
7031:(6948): 561–5.
7020:
7014:
7010:
6985:
6961:
6957:
6918:
6914:
6883:
6879:
6858:(12): 1543–52.
6848:
6844:
6796:
6792:
6753:
6749:
6712:
6708:
6677:
6673:
6642:
6638:
6601:
6597:
6549:
6543:
6539:
6504:
6500:
6465:Nature Genetics
6460:
6456:
6421:Nature Genetics
6417:
6413:
6392:(12): 2466–71.
6382:
6378:
6357:(4–5): 340–52.
6347:
6343:
6312:
6305:
6274:
6270:
6237:10.2307/3433989
6217:
6210:
6165:
6158:
6097:
6090:
6051:
6047:
6016:(18): 2088–98.
6002:
5998:
5959:
5955:
5924:
5920:
5889:
5885:
5853:
5849:
5820:Cell Metabolism
5812:
5808:
5777:
5773:
5728:
5724:
5690:10.1.1.337.5276
5683:(10): 1145–55.
5669:
5662:
5639:(2): 369S–73S.
5625:
5621:
5568:
5561:
5530:
5526:
5495:
5491:
5446:
5442:
5387:
5383:
5352:
5343:
5306:
5302:
5263:
5259:
5222:
5218:
5175:
5171:
5161:
5159:
5154:
5153:
5146:
5115:
5111:
5079:
5075:
5044:
5040:
5013:
5009:
4970:
4966:
4921:
4914:
4883:
4879:
4856:(1–2): 171–99.
4842:
4835:
4806:(1–4): 185–93.
4795:
4791:
4760:
4756:
4719:
4712:
4675:
4671:
4650:(32): 4145–51.
4640:
4633:
4602:
4598:
4575:
4571:
4534:
4530:
4499:
4488:
4443:
4439:
4402:
4398:
4367:
4363:
4318:
4314:
4274:
4268:
4264:
4219:
4215:
4150:
4146:
4122:10.1.1.327.9651
4115:(411): 337–46.
4105:
4101:
4054:
4050:
4019:
4012:
3975:
3971:
3940:
3936:
3889:
3885:
3854:(3–5): 159–64.
3840:
3836:
3805:
3801:
3758:
3754:
3715:
3711:
3672:
3668:
3644:10.1.1.461.6417
3626:
3620:
3613:
3582:
3578:
3539:
3535:
3514:(14): 1677–94.
3504:
3493:
3448:
3435:
3404:
3395:
3344:
3340:
3289:
3285:
3234:
3230:
3179:
3172:
3125:
3121:
3074:
3070:
3060:
3058:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3034:
3032:
3023:
3022:
3015:
2992:
2988:
2949:
2945:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2868:
2861:
2829:
2825:
2786:
2782:
2772:
2770:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2725:
2721:
2690:
2686:
2655:
2651:
2614:
2610:
2595:
2591:
2568:
2564:
2549:
2525:
2521:
2506:
2484:
2480:
2449:
2445:
2404:
2400:
2379:(10): 872–879.
2369:
2365:
2355:
2353:
2348:
2347:
2338:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2204:
2106:bioavailability
2093:
2083:
2075:
1982:and chocolate,
1907:
1901:
1899:Adverse effects
1887:medication and
1881:
1849:
1844:
1842:Health research
1752:
1625:
1617:transgenic mice
1608:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1554:
1548:
1533:
1528:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1495:
1489:
1477:
1472:
1464:
1462:
1450:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1412:
1408:
1394:Fenton reaction
1389:
1383:
1348:bioavailability
1329:
1255:
1216:
1180:
1018:zinc in biology
905:
885:photoinhibition
877:light intensity
802:Fenton reaction
798:metal-catalyzed
795:
788:(·OH), and the
775:
771:
759:redox signaling
723:
717:
671:
603:2,4-dimethyl-6-
585:photo-oxidation
384:
382:Industrial uses
356:
320:rancidification
275:
269:
264:
239:. The possible
162:
140:, but the term
84:rancidification
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9469:
9459:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9443:
9438:
9421:
9420:
9418:
9417:
9412:
9407:
9402:
9396:
9394:
9390:
9389:
9387:
9386:
9381:
9372:
9367:
9358:
9353:
9347:
9345:
9341:
9340:
9338:
9337:
9332:
9326:
9321:
9311:
9301:
9296:
9291:
9286:
9281:
9276:
9271:
9262:
9253:
9248:
9243:
9238:
9230:
9228:Hydroxytyrosol
9225:
9220:
9215:
9210:
9205:
9195:
9189:
9183:
9173:
9167:
9165:
9161:
9160:
9153:
9152:
9145:
9138:
9130:
9124:
9123:
9109:
9108:External links
9106:
9104:
9103:
9097:
9084:
9078:
9065:
9059:
9045:
9043:
9040:
9037:
9036:
8979:
8954:
8919:
8880:
8839:
8796:
8760:
8717:
8676:
8650:
8609:
8550:
8523:
8466:
8431:
8382:
8330:
8289:
8273:
8211:
8172:
8131:
8110:(21): 1550–9.
8087:
8043:
8002:
7956:
7915:
7874:
7833:
7796:(9): 689–709.
7776:
7727:
7705:
7656:
7637:(7): 933–956.
7617:
7584:
7540:
7505:
7486:(2): 289–300.
7470:
7419:
7378:
7343:
7308:
7259:
7238:(20): 6102–9.
7218:
7183:
7148:
7107:
7086:(12): 5033–8.
7066:
7008:
6983:
6955:
6912:
6877:
6842:
6790:
6757:Human Genetics
6747:
6726:(12): 4973–8.
6706:
6671:
6636:
6595:
6560:(2): 192–208.
6537:
6498:
6454:
6411:
6376:
6341:
6303:
6268:
6208:
6179:(9): 1007–24.
6156:
6088:
6045:
5996:
5973:(9): 1113–33.
5953:
5918:
5883:
5847:
5806:
5771:
5722:
5660:
5619:
5559:
5524:
5489:
5460:(9): 625–627.
5440:
5401:(14): 6482–6.
5381:
5341:
5300:
5273:(4): 291–314.
5257:
5216:
5169:
5144:
5109:
5073:
5038:
5007:
4980:(3): 195–205.
4964:
4912:
4877:
4833:
4789:
4754:
4710:
4669:
4631:
4612:(2): 299–304.
4596:
4569:
4548:(22): 2244–7.
4528:
4486:
4437:
4396:
4361:
4312:
4262:
4213:
4144:
4099:
4048:
4010:
3969:
3934:
3883:
3834:
3799:
3752:
3725:(1–2): 37–56.
3709:
3666:
3611:
3576:
3533:
3491:
3433:
3393:
3358:(2): 102–110.
3338:
3283:
3228:
3170:
3119:
3068:
3042:
3013:
3002:(12): 3233–7.
2986:
2943:
2897:
2884:
2859:
2840:(13): 4072–9.
2823:
2780:
2754:
2729:Cancer Letters
2719:
2684:
2649:
2608:
2589:
2562:
2547:
2519:
2504:
2478:
2443:
2398:
2363:
2336:
2290:
2283:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2237:, as of 2010.
2203:
2200:
2196:acetylcysteine
2170:
2169:
2166:
2151:
2150:
2140:Vegetable oils
2137:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2082:
2081:Levels in food
2079:
2074:
2071:
2055:elderly people
2046:Efficacy Trial
2033:
2032:
2027:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1900:
1897:
1880:
1877:
1869:hydroxy groups
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1836:detoxification
1792:electron donor
1751:
1748:
1720:Peroxiredoxins
1624:
1621:
1604:
1577:
1552:
1531:
1518:
1493:
1480:
1475:
1467:
1461:
1448:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:Enzyme systems
1424:
1419:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1382:
1379:
1328:
1325:
1321:Kinetoplastids
1254:
1251:
1215:
1212:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1123:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1112:1,600 (human)
1110:
1107:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1080:6,400 (human)
1078:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1045:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1027:
928:cell membranes
904:
901:
873:photosynthesis
793:
773:
769:
716:
713:
692:hepatotoxicity
670:
667:
561:natural rubber
539:
538:
536:aviation fuels
532:
527:
523:
522:
519:
516:
512:
511:
508:
505:
501:
500:
494:
489:
485:
484:
481:
475:
471:
470:
467:
464:
460:
459:
443:Turbine oils,
441:
436:
432:
431:
428:
425:
424:Fuel additive
383:
380:
355:
352:
342:. Exposure to
336:hydroperoxides
301:propyl gallate
279:food additives
268:
265:
263:
260:
206:polymerization
194:photosynthesis
161:
158:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9468:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9434:
9433:
9431:
9416:
9413:
9411:
9408:
9406:
9403:
9401:
9398:
9397:
9395:
9391:
9385:
9382:
9380:
9378:
9373:
9371:
9368:
9366:
9364:
9359:
9357:
9354:
9352:
9349:
9348:
9346:
9342:
9336:
9333:
9330:
9327:
9325:
9322:
9319:
9315:
9312:
9309:
9305:
9302:
9300:
9297:
9295:
9292:
9290:
9287:
9285:
9282:
9280:
9277:
9275:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9263:
9260:
9258:
9254:
9252:
9249:
9247:
9244:
9242:
9239:
9237:
9231:
9229:
9226:
9224:
9221:
9219:
9216:
9214:
9211:
9209:
9206:
9203:
9199:
9196:
9193:
9192:Ascorbic acid
9190:
9187:
9184:
9181:
9174:
9172:
9169:
9168:
9166:
9162:
9158:
9151:
9146:
9144:
9139:
9137:
9132:
9131:
9128:
9121:
9116:
9112:
9111:
9100:
9094:
9091:. CRC Press.
9090:
9085:
9081:
9075:
9071:
9066:
9062:
9056:
9052:
9047:
9046:
9021:
9017:
9013:
9009:
9005:
9001:
8997:
8990:
8983:
8967:
8961:
8959:
8950:
8946:
8942:
8938:
8934:
8930:
8923:
8915:
8911:
8907:
8903:
8900:(3): 303–11.
8899:
8895:
8891:
8884:
8876:
8872:
8867:
8862:
8858:
8854:
8850:
8843:
8835:
8831:
8827:
8823:
8819:
8815:
8811:
8807:
8800:
8792:
8788:
8784:
8780:
8776:
8772:
8764:
8756:
8752:
8748:
8744:
8740:
8736:
8732:
8728:
8721:
8713:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8695:
8691:
8687:
8680:
8664:
8660:
8654:
8646:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8628:
8624:
8620:
8613:
8597:
8593:
8589:
8585:
8581:
8577:
8573:
8569:
8565:
8561:
8554:
8546:
8542:
8538:
8534:
8527:
8519:
8515:
8510:
8505:
8501:
8497:
8493:
8489:
8485:
8481:
8477:
8470:
8462:
8458:
8454:
8450:
8446:
8442:
8435:
8427:
8423:
8418:
8413:
8409:
8405:
8401:
8397:
8393:
8386:
8378:
8374:
8370:
8366:
8361:
8356:
8353:(2): 281–91.
8352:
8348:
8344:
8337:
8335:
8326:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8308:
8304:
8300:
8293:
8286:
8282:
8277:
8269:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8241:
8237:
8233:
8229:
8225:
8218:
8216:
8207:
8203:
8199:
8195:
8192:(8): 842–57.
8191:
8187:
8179:
8177:
8168:
8164:
8159:
8154:
8150:
8146:
8142:
8135:
8127:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8109:
8105:
8098:
8091:
8083:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8065:
8061:
8057:
8050:
8048:
8039:
8035:
8030:
8025:
8021:
8017:
8013:
8006:
7998:
7994:
7990:
7986:
7982:
7978:
7974:
7970:
7963:
7961:
7952:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7934:
7930:
7926:
7919:
7911:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7893:
7889:
7885:
7878:
7870:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7852:
7848:
7844:
7837:
7829:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7811:
7807:
7803:
7799:
7795:
7791:
7787:
7780:
7772:
7768:
7764:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7746:
7742:
7738:
7731:
7715:
7709:
7701:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7683:
7679:
7675:
7671:
7667:
7660:
7652:
7648:
7644:
7640:
7636:
7632:
7628:
7621:
7614:
7610:
7606:
7602:
7601:
7597:
7594:
7588:
7580:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7563:(3): 407–22.
7562:
7558:
7554:
7547:
7545:
7536:
7532:
7528:
7524:
7520:
7516:
7509:
7501:
7497:
7493:
7489:
7485:
7481:
7474:
7466:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7438:
7434:
7430:
7423:
7415:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7397:
7393:
7389:
7382:
7374:
7370:
7366:
7362:
7358:
7354:
7347:
7339:
7335:
7331:
7327:
7323:
7319:
7312:
7304:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7286:
7282:
7278:
7274:
7270:
7263:
7255:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7237:
7233:
7229:
7222:
7214:
7210:
7206:
7202:
7199:(7): 329–34.
7198:
7194:
7187:
7179:
7175:
7171:
7167:
7163:
7159:
7152:
7144:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7126:
7122:
7118:
7111:
7103:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7070:
7062:
7058:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7030:
7026:
7019:
7012:
7004:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6986:
6980:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6967:
6959:
6951:
6947:
6943:
6939:
6935:
6931:
6927:
6923:
6916:
6908:
6904:
6900:
6896:
6892:
6888:
6881:
6873:
6869:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6853:
6846:
6840:
6835:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6809:
6805:
6801:
6794:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6774:
6770:
6766:
6763:(4): 331–40.
6762:
6758:
6751:
6743:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6725:
6721:
6717:
6710:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6690:
6686:
6682:
6675:
6667:
6663:
6659:
6655:
6652:(5): 557–80.
6651:
6647:
6640:
6632:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6614:
6610:
6606:
6599:
6591:
6587:
6583:
6579:
6575:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6559:
6555:
6548:
6541:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6521:
6518:(3): 515–20.
6517:
6513:
6509:
6502:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6466:
6458:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6427:(2): 159–63.
6426:
6422:
6415:
6407:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6380:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6352:
6345:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6322:(2): 111–80.
6321:
6317:
6310:
6308:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6284:(3): 337–49.
6283:
6279:
6272:
6264:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6215:
6213:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6173:FASEB Journal
6170:
6163:
6161:
6152:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6095:
6093:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6061:(7): 671–86.
6060:
6056:
6049:
6041:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6010:Life Sciences
6007:
6000:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5957:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5922:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5899:(5): 739–64.
5898:
5894:
5887:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5851:
5843:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5826:(3): 237–48.
5825:
5821:
5817:
5810:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5787:(4): 309–36.
5786:
5782:
5775:
5767:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5726:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5677:FASEB Journal
5674:
5667:
5665:
5656:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5623:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5566:
5564:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5528:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5493:
5485:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5444:
5436:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5385:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5350:
5348:
5346:
5337:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5304:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5261:
5253:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5220:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5173:
5157:
5151:
5149:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5125:(4): 435–40.
5124:
5120:
5113:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5090:(5): 1473–8.
5089:
5085:
5077:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5042:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5011:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4968:
4960:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4935:(6): 608–19.
4934:
4930:
4926:
4919:
4917:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4893:(6): 615–31.
4892:
4888:
4881:
4873:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4840:
4838:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4793:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4758:
4750:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4717:
4715:
4706:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4673:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4638:
4636:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4600:
4592:
4588:
4585:(11): 511–2.
4584:
4580:
4573:
4565:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4532:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4497:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4482:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4441:
4433:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4400:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4365:
4357:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4316:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4273:
4266:
4258:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4233:(7): 629–34.
4232:
4228:
4224:
4217:
4209:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4148:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4103:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4052:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4017:
4015:
4006:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3973:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3938:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3887:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3838:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3815:(10): 502–8.
3814:
3810:
3803:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3756:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3713:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3670:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3637:(2): 321–36.
3636:
3632:
3625:
3618:
3616:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3580:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3537:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3342:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3287:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3232:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3177:
3175:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3139:(21): 14595.
3138:
3134:
3130:
3123:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3072:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2901:
2887:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2864:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2827:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2796:(2): 213–24.
2795:
2791:
2784:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2653:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2604:
2601:(in French).
2600:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2578:(6): 331–46.
2577:
2573:
2566:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2523:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2414:(1): 113–26.
2413:
2409:
2402:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2351:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2295:
2286:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2257:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2192:glutamic acid
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2078:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2063:Beta-carotene
2060:
2056:
2051:
2050:meta-analysis
2047:
2045:
2041:
2040:Beta-Carotene
2031:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1815:-transferases
1814:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1736:sulfenic acid
1733:
1729:
1728:peroxynitrite
1726:, as well as
1725:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1708:peroxiredoxin
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1640:mitochondrion
1637:
1633:
1629:
1620:
1618:
1613:
1575:
1550:
1529:
1516:
1491:
1478:
1473:
1465:
1446:
1423:
1416:
1413:→ 2 Fe + 2 OH
1404:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1388:
1378:
1377:from damage.
1376:
1372:
1371:electrophilic
1368:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1317:trypanothione
1314:
1310:
1306:
1305:Actinomycetes
1302:
1298:
1297:glutaredoxins
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1276:group in its
1275:
1271:
1264:
1259:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1219:Ascorbic acid
1211:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1192:peroxynitrite
1189:
1184:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1162:(coenzyme Q)
1161:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1049:Ascorbic acid
1047:
1046:
1038:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
972:
967:
964:
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
908:Physiological
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
869:cyanobacteria
866:
862:
858:
857:flavoproteins
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
812:and possibly
811:
807:
803:
799:
791:
787:
783:
782:free radicals
779:
767:
762:
760:
755:
751:
747:
743:
742:life on Earth
735:
734:ascorbic acid
732:
727:
722:
712:
710:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
687:
681:
677:
666:
664:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
644:
640:
638:
634:
630:
629:
625:
621:
617:
616:
612:
608:
606:
600:
596:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
565:polybutadiene
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
537:
533:
531:
528:
525:
524:
520:
517:
514:
513:
509:
506:
503:
502:
498:
495:
493:
490:
487:
486:
482:
479:
476:
473:
472:
468:
465:
462:
461:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
440:
437:
434:
433:
430:Applications
429:
426:
423:
422:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
397:
393:
388:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
316:
315:(BHT, E321).
314:
310:
306:
302:
297:
292:
288:
284:
280:
274:
259:
257:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
202:vulcanization
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
166:ascorbic acid
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
128:
124:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
64:free radicals
61:
57:
53:
50:that inhibit
49:
45:
39:
34:
30:
19:
18:Antioxidative
9441:Antioxidants
9400:Folin method
9393:Measurements
9379:-butylphenol
9376:
9365:-butylphenol
9362:
9331:(coenzyme Q)
9314:Tocotrienols
9265:
9256:
9157:Antioxidants
9156:
9120:Antioxidants
9088:
9069:
9050:
9027:. Retrieved
9020:the original
8999:
8995:
8982:
8970:. Retrieved
8932:
8928:
8922:
8897:
8893:
8883:
8856:
8852:
8842:
8809:
8805:
8799:
8777:(1): 33–46.
8774:
8770:
8763:
8733:(6): 667–9.
8730:
8726:
8720:
8693:
8689:
8679:
8667:. Retrieved
8653:
8629:(1): 145–8.
8626:
8622:
8612:
8600:. Retrieved
8596:the original
8567:
8563:
8553:
8536:
8532:
8526:
8483:
8479:
8469:
8444:
8440:
8434:
8399:
8395:
8385:
8350:
8346:
8309:(1): 37–46.
8306:
8302:
8292:
8276:
8249:10138/136201
8231:
8227:
8189:
8185:
8148:
8144:
8134:
8107:
8103:
8090:
8063:
8059:
8019:
8015:
8005:
7975:(4): 361–7.
7972:
7968:
7935:(2): 160–8.
7932:
7928:
7918:
7891:
7887:
7877:
7850:
7846:
7836:
7793:
7789:
7779:
7744:
7740:
7730:
7718:. Retrieved
7714:"Flavonoids"
7708:
7673:
7669:
7659:
7634:
7630:
7620:
7591:
7587:
7560:
7556:
7518:
7514:
7508:
7483:
7479:
7473:
7436:
7432:
7422:
7395:
7391:
7381:
7356:
7352:
7346:
7324:(2): 465–9.
7321:
7317:
7311:
7276:
7272:
7262:
7235:
7231:
7221:
7196:
7192:
7186:
7161:
7157:
7151:
7124:
7120:
7110:
7083:
7079:
7069:
7028:
7024:
7011:
6965:
6958:
6925:
6922:Biochemistry
6921:
6915:
6893:(1): 32–40.
6890:
6886:
6880:
6855:
6851:
6845:
6807:
6804:Biochemistry
6803:
6793:
6760:
6756:
6750:
6723:
6719:
6709:
6687:(1): 27–34.
6684:
6680:
6674:
6649:
6645:
6639:
6615:(1): 19–66.
6612:
6608:
6598:
6574:10261/111097
6557:
6553:
6540:
6515:
6511:
6501:
6468:
6464:
6457:
6424:
6420:
6414:
6389:
6385:
6379:
6354:
6350:
6344:
6319:
6315:
6281:
6277:
6271:
6228:
6224:
6176:
6172:
6108:
6104:
6058:
6054:
6048:
6013:
6009:
5999:
5991:the original
5970:
5966:
5956:
5934:(1): 16–21.
5931:
5927:
5921:
5896:
5892:
5886:
5861:
5857:
5850:
5823:
5819:
5809:
5784:
5780:
5774:
5739:
5735:
5725:
5680:
5676:
5636:
5632:
5622:
5582:(2): 43–56.
5579:
5575:
5537:
5533:
5527:
5502:
5498:
5492:
5457:
5453:
5443:
5398:
5394:
5384:
5359:
5355:
5317:
5313:
5303:
5270:
5266:
5260:
5233:
5229:
5219:
5189:(1): 18–35.
5186:
5182:
5172:
5160:. Retrieved
5122:
5118:
5112:
5087:
5083:
5076:
5054:(3): 421–6.
5051:
5047:
5041:
5027:(6): 801–8.
5024:
5020:
5010:
4977:
4973:
4967:
4932:
4928:
4890:
4886:
4880:
4853:
4849:
4803:
4799:
4792:
4770:(1): 173–7.
4767:
4763:
4757:
4733:(3): 411–6.
4730:
4726:
4689:(1): 172–9.
4686:
4682:
4672:
4647:
4643:
4609:
4605:
4599:
4582:
4578:
4572:
4545:
4541:
4531:
4509:(2): 261–6.
4506:
4502:
4454:
4450:
4440:
4416:(2): 213–9.
4413:
4409:
4399:
4374:
4370:
4364:
4329:
4325:
4315:
4282:
4278:
4265:
4230:
4227:EMBO Reports
4226:
4216:
4163:
4157:
4147:
4112:
4108:
4102:
4061:
4057:
4051:
4026:
4022:
3986:
3982:
3972:
3947:
3943:
3937:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3851:
3847:
3837:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3769:
3765:
3755:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3682:(4): 373–9.
3679:
3675:
3669:
3634:
3630:
3592:(1): 44–84.
3589:
3585:
3579:
3546:
3542:
3536:
3511:
3507:
3462:(2): 291–5.
3459:
3455:
3411:
3407:
3355:
3351:
3341:
3300:
3296:
3286:
3245:
3241:
3231:
3190:
3186:
3136:
3132:
3122:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3059:. Retrieved
3055:the original
3045:
3033:. Retrieved
3029:the original
2999:
2995:
2989:
2959:(1): 33–37.
2956:
2952:
2946:
2938:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2889:, retrieved
2875:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2771:. Retrieved
2757:
2735:(1): 49–54.
2732:
2728:
2722:
2700:(6): 552–7.
2697:
2693:
2687:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2628:(3): 363–6.
2625:
2621:
2611:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2529:
2522:
2487:
2481:
2456:
2452:
2446:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2354:. Retrieved
2306:
2302:
2266:
2260:
2239:
2230:
2224:
2209:food science
2205:
2173:
2163:provitamin A
2102:
2076:
2059:colon cancer
2038:
2036:
2004:Whole grains
1922:antinutrient
1919:
1882:
1879:Interactions
1850:
1838:metabolism.
1831:
1812:
1811:glutathione
1796:
1767:
1753:
1740:sulfiredoxin
1718:
1711:
1686:acatalasemia
1668:
1656:chloroplasts
1626:
1609:
1420:
1414:
1390:
1360:
1352:
1342:, which are
1340:tocotrienols
1330:
1309:bacillithiol
1268:
1263:free radical
1247:chloroplasts
1217:
1181:
1171:200 (human)
1145:(vitamin E)
1143:α-Tocopherol
1129:
1064:260 (human)
1026:Antioxidant
1012:. (See also
1000:, but these
997:
968:
960:
924:blood plasma
906:
852:
834:
826:denaturation
784:such as the
780:(HClO), and
763:
739:
685:
672:
662:
661:
648:
647:
642:
641:
632:
631:
619:
618:
607:-butylphenol
604:
594:
593:
581:UV radiation
577:antiozonants
557:double bonds
543:Antioxidant
542:
401:
390:Substituted
376:chromophores
360:moisturizers
357:
317:
303:(PG, E310),
276:
218:
163:
141:
120:
108:bacillithiol
56:autoxidation
44:Antioxidants
43:
42:
29:
9304:Tocopherols
9289:Resveratrol
9274:Oleocanthal
9223:Glutathione
9218:Polyphenols
9198:Carotenoids
9194:(vitamin C)
8669:27 February
8584:10261/77697
8447:(1): 1–13.
6471:(1): 43–7.
6111:(1): 7417.
5742:(1): 4–15.
5570:Herrera E,
5540:: 695–729.
5156:"Vitamin C"
4542:Circulation
4332:(1): 1–18.
4029:: 395–418.
3193:: 308–314.
3061:27 February
3035:27 February
2790:The Analyst
2665:(1): 1–30.
2429:10397/34754
2217:polyphenols
2184:glutathione
2155:Carotenoids
2067:lung cancer
2013:Phytic acid
1997:Oxalic acid
1962:whole grain
1950:phytic acid
1942:oxalic acid
1915:phytic acid
1861:Polyphenols
1799:glutathione
1775:neighboring
1756:thioredoxin
1732:active site
1706:2-cysteine
1674:peroxisomes
1660:vertebrates
1557:Peroxidases
1387:Pro-oxidant
1367:nucleophile
1344:fat-soluble
1336:tocopherols
1270:Glutathione
1253:Glutathione
1154:50 (human)
1086:Lipoic acid
1070:Glutathione
1029:Solubility
982:transferrin
963:synergistic
940:glutathione
936:body fluids
912:hydrophilic
881:carotenoids
849:complex III
736:(vitamin C)
427:Components
404:stabilizers
287:respiration
178:tocopherols
174:polyphenols
142:antioxidant
100:glutathione
38:glutathione
9446:Physiology
9430:Categories
9329:Ubiquinone
9294:Selegiline
9284:Rasagiline
9279:Oleuropein
9251:Mofegiline
9241:Ladostigil
9236:-carnitine
9180:-carnitine
9029:24 October
7279:(1): 1–8.
5864:(1): 2–3.
5505:: 333–56.
5362:: 711–60.
4800:BioFactors
4285:(1): 2–9.
3848:IUBMB Life
3303:: 111531.
2605:: 321–322.
2459:: 177–92.
2284:3527306730
2252:References
2244:, and the
1980:Cocoa bean
1903:See also:
1885:anticancer
1678:eukaryotic
1648:superoxide
1498:Superoxide
1485:Superoxide
1405:2 Fe + 2 H
1243:millimolar
1188:superoxide
1126:β-carotene
1096:4–5 (rat)
980:, such as
944:ubiquinone
916:lipophilic
859:, such as
845:coenzyme Q
837:by-product
818:DNA repair
704:superoxide
637:Thioesters
633:Thioesters
624:Phosphites
620:Phosphites
573:ozonolysis
416:lubricants
368:flavonoids
332:fermenting
271:See also:
253:scavenging
229:vitamins C
182:angiosperm
76:lubricants
9335:Uric acid
9318:vitamin E
9308:vitamin E
9246:Melatonin
9213:Edaravone
9202:vitamin A
8500:1469-493X
7810:1474-1784
7771:205951215
7521:: 51–88.
6785:264033871
6133:2045-2322
5685:CiteSeerX
5597:10637/720
4190:0027-8424
4117:CiteSeerX
3747:207547763
3639:CiteSeerX
3388:213719260
3380:2328-8930
3325:0013-9351
3278:221637214
3114:221637214
2981:201156301
2373:Nutrition
2331:235200305
2176:ubiquinol
2159:carotenes
2134:Vitamin E
2123:Vitamin C
2006:, maize,
1965:phytate.
1823:cofactors
1783:disulfide
1704:bacterial
1700:Decameric
1670:Catalases
1652:hyperoxia
1632:manganese
1501:dismutase
1479:−
1466:⋅
1460:⟶
1332:Vitamin E
1327:Vitamin E
1301:mycothiol
1235:substrate
1223:vitamin C
1214:Vitamin C
1196:peroxides
1183:Uric acid
1178:Uric acid
1160:Ubiquinol
1118:Carotenes
1102:Uric acid
1053:vitamin C
971:chelating
952:pathogens
948:uric acid
861:complex I
810:mutations
744:requires
657:Vitamin E
653:Vitamin C
569:oxidation
553:adhesives
497:Jet fuels
412:additives
364:stilbenes
291:anaerobic
245:vitamin E
225:rancidity
198:corrosion
170:vitamin C
104:mycothiol
52:oxidation
48:compounds
9299:Selenium
9208:Curcumin
9016:15884874
8949:11599998
8875:16702341
8834:74736842
8826:18990082
8755:27606314
8712:17378953
8663:Archived
8645:12002789
8602:18 April
8592:19035552
8545:15806788
8539:: 35–7.
8518:29238948
8461:16376462
8426:32130738
8377:20452618
8369:16842454
8325:15537682
8268:22419320
8206:17327526
8167:10359235
8082:14519822
8038:12498628
7951:16672077
7910:12936958
7869:12949395
7828:34194012
7763:25220632
7700:22794138
7607:(2007).
7596:Archived
7579:15153272
7535:15822171
7500:15025930
7373:10569628
7303:10657232
7254:11012661
7213:16782394
7178:11728801
7143:16606633
7102:12586629
7053:12891360
7003:18084892
6950:29055779
6942:10569923
6907:12517450
6872:15917183
6839:PDB 1YEX
6834:16060667
6701:12121759
6631:10446501
6582:14745498
6493:13070253
6449:20843002
6406:16087389
6371:16099495
6298:12126755
6203:15426564
6195:10336883
6151:33795736
6083:39962659
6075:16036346
6040:16458936
5987:15134510
5948:17561089
5913:18160049
5878:17561087
5842:18762024
5801:10793887
5766:17561088
5709:10385606
5655:11160563
5606:11579997
5572:Barbas C
5519:11544359
5484:19578333
5435:20308541
5295:85060539
5287:11005203
5252:11997377
5211:21196776
5203:12569111
5139:17663642
5104:17494796
5033:17910294
4994:16189627
4959:18600514
4872:14757233
4828:19895215
4820:14695934
4705:12081831
4664:16375736
4564:10577998
4523:11368163
4391:10541450
4307:25306222
4299:15325905
4257:15995679
4208:18458346
4139:15310815
4094:27486669
4086:12481128
4043:14527285
4005:15361522
3964:18793173
3921:11089981
3878:45366190
3870:11798028
3829:11050436
3739:15646026
3704:20217256
3696:16606334
3606:16978905
3571:83598498
3563:16809515
3528:15134565
3486:20240552
3414:: 1–31.
3333:34146526
3270:32915564
3223:56486425
3215:30500685
3165:36361475
3106:32915564
2973:31389656
2935:39562131
2927:18080874
2891:15 April
2854:15212450
2767:Archived
2644:15735064
2514:10335367
2473:20259061
2438:14527634
2393:12361782
2356:17 March
2323:34037013
2231:in vitro
1928:such as
1865:in vitro
1853:vitamins
1827:isozymes
1819:selenium
1676:in most
1560:catalase
1551:→
1543:peroxide
1540:Hydrogen
1492:→
1315:, or by
1311:in some
1278:cysteine
1231:catalyst
1128:: 0.5–1
1109:200–400
1093:0.1–0.7
990:Selenium
986:ferritin
922:and the
893:selenium
822:proteins
649:Vitamins
549:polymers
348:carbonyl
307:(TBHQ),
281:to help
186:Jurassic
146:in vitro
127:vitamins
80:spoilage
68:polymers
9361:2,6-Di-
9324:Tyrosol
9182:(ALCAR)
9176:Acetyl-
8972:13 June
8914:8458588
8791:8183721
8747:1362956
8509:6486214
8417:7059884
8259:8407395
8126:8901853
7997:1118651
7989:8577655
7819:8243062
7720:24 July
7691:3619154
7651:8743980
7465:9712879
7414:9195979
7338:8736785
7294:1220815
7061:3570549
7033:Bibcode
6994:2391273
6825:3832347
6777:1999334
6742:9389716
6666:1334030
6590:4411482
6532:9214590
6485:8673102
6441:9462746
6336:3315461
6263:9788901
6254:1533365
6245:3433989
6142:8016884
6113:Bibcode
6031:1790869
5757:2040110
5717:7031925
5614:7272312
5554:1444271
5475:3510479
5426:2851989
5403:Bibcode
5376:6137189
5336:8144521
5162:19 June
5068:3826098
5002:6145651
4950:2895915
4907:8325534
4784:1550343
4749:8131277
4626:9570844
4591:1490813
4481:7787643
4472:2549940
4432:7688300
4356:8993856
4248:1369118
4199:2383960
4168:Bibcode
4066:Bibcode
4058:Science
3929:2502238
3901:Bibcode
3794:1355616
3774:Bibcode
3766:Science
3661:7744317
3543:Science
3478:9129943
3428:8660387
3360:Bibcode
3305:Bibcode
3250:Bibcode
3195:Bibcode
3156:9657274
3086:Bibcode
2818:3288002
2798:Bibcode
2773:5 March
2749:7600543
2714:1184900
2679:2647417
2584:9846200
2557:8821966
2248:assay.
2235:biology
2226:in vivo
2188:glycine
2044:Retinol
2030:Tannins
2025:cabbage
2008:legumes
1992:rhubarb
1984:spinach
1954:Calcium
1946:tannins
1936:in the
1636:cytosol
1375:neurons
1319:in the
1303:in the
1131:retinol
1041:μmol/kg
920:cytosol
754:enzymes
731:vitamin
457:greases
392:phenols
328:salting
324:smoking
210:fouling
160:History
150:in vivo
123:dietary
9095:
9076:
9057:
9014:
8947:
8912:
8873:
8832:
8824:
8789:
8753:
8745:
8710:
8643:
8590:
8543:
8516:
8506:
8498:
8459:
8424:
8414:
8375:
8367:
8323:
8266:
8256:
8204:
8165:
8124:
8080:
8036:
7995:
7987:
7949:
7908:
7867:
7826:
7816:
7808:
7769:
7761:
7698:
7688:
7649:
7611:
7577:
7533:
7498:
7463:
7412:
7371:
7336:
7301:
7291:
7252:
7211:
7176:
7141:
7100:
7059:
7051:
7025:Nature
7001:
6991:
6981:
6948:
6940:
6905:
6870:
6832:
6822:
6783:
6775:
6740:
6699:
6664:
6629:
6588:
6580:
6530:
6491:
6483:
6447:
6439:
6404:
6369:
6334:
6296:
6261:
6251:
6243:
6201:
6193:
6149:
6139:
6131:
6081:
6073:
6038:
6028:
5985:
5946:
5911:
5876:
5840:
5799:
5764:
5754:
5715:
5707:
5687:
5653:
5612:
5604:
5552:
5517:
5482:
5472:
5433:
5423:
5374:
5334:
5293:
5285:
5250:
5209:
5201:
5137:
5102:
5066:
5031:
5000:
4992:
4957:
4947:
4905:
4870:
4826:
4818:
4782:
4747:
4703:
4662:
4624:
4589:
4562:
4521:
4479:
4469:
4430:
4389:
4354:
4347:172912
4344:
4305:
4297:
4255:
4245:
4206:
4196:
4188:
4137:
4119:
4092:
4084:
4041:
4003:
3962:
3927:
3919:
3893:Nature
3876:
3868:
3827:
3792:
3745:
3737:
3702:
3694:
3659:
3641:
3604:
3569:
3561:
3526:
3484:
3476:
3426:
3386:
3378:
3331:
3323:
3276:
3268:
3221:
3213:
3163:
3153:
3112:
3104:
2979:
2971:
2933:
2925:
2882:
2852:
2816:
2747:
2712:
2677:
2642:
2582:
2555:
2545:
2512:
2502:
2471:
2436:
2391:
2329:
2321:
2281:
2146:, and
1988:turnip
1971:Foods
1809:, and
1790:as an
1455:Oxygen
1417:+ 2 OH
1281:moiety
1198:, and
1165:Lipid
1151:10–40
1148:Lipid
1122:Lipid
1106:Water
1090:Water
1074:Water
1061:50–60
1058:Water
889:iodide
867:, and
828:, and
814:cancer
746:oxygen
663:Blends
526:AO-37
515:AO-32
504:AO-31
488:AO-30
480:(BHT)
474:AO-29
463:AO-24
455:, and
435:AO-22
370:, and
296:fungal
200:, the
176:, and
136:, and
121:Known
74:, and
9456:Redox
9270:(NAS)
9261:(NAC)
9188:(ALA)
9023:(PDF)
8992:(PDF)
8830:S2CID
8751:S2CID
8373:S2CID
8100:(PDF)
7993:S2CID
7767:S2CID
7080:Blood
7057:S2CID
7021:(PDF)
6946:S2CID
6781:S2CID
6720:Blood
6586:S2CID
6550:(PDF)
6489:S2CID
6445:S2CID
6241:JSTOR
6199:S2CID
6079:S2CID
5713:S2CID
5610:S2CID
5291:S2CID
5207:S2CID
5084:Chest
4998:S2CID
4824:S2CID
4303:S2CID
4275:(PDF)
4090:S2CID
3925:S2CID
3874:S2CID
3743:S2CID
3700:S2CID
3627:(PDF)
3567:S2CID
3482:S2CID
3384:S2CID
3274:S2CID
3219:S2CID
3110:S2CID
2977:S2CID
2931:S2CID
2327:S2CID
2148:seeds
2021:beans
2019:Tea,
1788:NADPH
1779:motif
1710:from
1664:yeast
1588:Water
1274:thiol
1227:redox
930:from
865:algae
453:waxes
408:fuels
340:ester
330:, or
106:, or
96:cells
94:. In
72:fuels
58:), a
9415:FRAP
9410:TEAC
9405:ORAC
9377:tert
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