29:
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Although
Antipater saved Malichus' life a second time from a different ruler, Malichus continued to despise Antipater and seek his murder. Josephus presents two opposing reasons, one which would help secure Hyrcanus against the rising threat of Herod, and the other being his desire to quickly dispose
303:
sent the captives in
Babylon back to Judea, it is likely that some chose to settle elsewhere. A legitimate dispersion such as this would shroud the fact that Herod's ancestry is undocumented in the meticulous records of returned Jewish families. Claiming a heritage among the Jews from as early as the
539:
of Judea. This amity allowed the Jews a special degree of protection and freedom to govern themselves and enjoy Rome's good will. Josephus notes that with his newfound rights and honors, Antipater immediately began to rebuild the wall of
Jerusalem that Pompey had destroyed when subduing Aristobulus.
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Antipater was known as a seditious and trouble-making man, and he exploited the weak-willed
Hyrcanus for the sake of his ambition. After Hyrcanus stepped down, Antipater persuaded him to contend against his brother for his rightful position, and even convinced the unsuspecting and reluctant Hyrcanus
495:
Hyrcanus proved ineffective as either an administrator, or more importantly, as tax collector. Antipater was able to insinuate himself into a position of influence, and soon exercised the authority that ostensibly belonged to
Hyrcanus as high priest. Antipater recognized Rome's growing dominance in
587:
to collect troops, he began to demand harsh tributes, so much so that some entire cities and city curators were sold into slavery. Cassius demanded seven hundred talents out of Judea, so
Antipater split the cost between his two sons. One aristocrat tasked with collecting tribute was Malichus, who
335:
and enter into the traditions of the Jews. Josephus acknowledges Herod as being "by birth a Jew" and
Antipater as being "of the same people" with the Jews. Nevertheless, this influential family came to be resented by many Jews for their Edomite ancestry, a fact used by the Hasmoneans and their
483:
Although Pompey and his lieutenant
Scaurus initially ruled in Aristobulus’ favor when the brothers brought their case forward, on the third intervention Pompey ordered the brothers to wait. Aristobulus impatiently provoked a political offense that brought Pompey to appoint Hyrcanus the
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succeeded his widowed mother as ruler and took the office of the high priest, he was immediately attacked by his brother and surrendered. Hyrcanus agreed to retire from public life. Antipater, who seems to have succeeded his father as governor of Idumæa, had reason to fear that King
535:, who returned from Roman bondage to contest for power, Antipater made a great scene of his scars from fighting for Caesar's life in Egypt. He defended himself with a history of unfailing loyalty to the Romans. This appeal persuaded Caesar who then appointed Antipater the first
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where his father served as priest. To explain
Antipater's Idumaean character, Africanus claims Antipater was kidnapped by the Idumeans, and following his father's failure to pay ransom, he was taken down to Idumaea proper where he was raised in the teachings of Judaism.
416:, the parents of the feuding heirs. Josephus writes that he was a man of great authority among the Idumeans, both wealthy and born into a dignified family. Indeed, it is clear in the various forms of assistance that Antipater provides to both
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the region and exploited it to his advantage. Due to his loyalty to Rome and reliability as a statesman, he was placed in charge of Judea, with responsibilities and privileges that included mediating civil disturbance and tax collecting.
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Antipater's work as power-broker between the
Hasmoneans, the Arabians, and the Romans inaugurated dramatic dynamics and steep changes in the history of the Jewish nation. The diplomacy and artful politics of Antipater produced the
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He established order by tempering civil disturbances in Judea and threatening to become a "severe master instead of a gentle governor" should the people grow seditious and unruly. Matters in Judea were finally calm for a time.
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in the second century BCE, different stories circulated in the wake of his sons coming to power. They demonstrate the tensions that existed between the Jewish people and the powerful Edomites who appear at this time.
559:. Herod quickly set about ridding Galilee of what his court historian calls "robbers," although they may also have been people resisting Roman rule. His activities eventually resulted in complaints raised with the
588:
disdained Antipater and enraged Cassius by not collecting with haste. However, Antipater saved Malichus from death by expending one hundred talents of his own and placating Cassius’ anger.
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of Hyrcanus and take power himself. He devised multiple assassination attempts which Antipater evaded, but successfully bribed one of Hyrcanus’ cup-bearers to poison and kill Antipater.
343:
Early Church Fathers often portrayed Herod polemically, and as such, their accounts of his familial origin reflected poetic license in place of historical accuracy. According to
504:
With Hyrcanus established, Antipater thrived and laid the foundation for his family's success by navigating conflicts of loyalty and power-shifting within the Roman elite. When
444:, who were the hereditary leaders of the Jews, and partly by currying favor with the Romans, who were growing more involved and dominant over the region at this time.
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furthered this claim by writing Antipas was the name of this Herod's father. Neither of these genealogies are accepted by scholars. Per Africanus, Antipater was a
394:
381:", to whom Cypros was related. The two men had such a relationship that Antipater entrusted his children to his friend when he went to war with the Hasmonean
405:, one of several Salomes among the Herodians. Antipater also had a brother named Phalion, who was killed in battle against Aristobulus at Papyron.
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supporters against them. As such, in a polemic against Herod to discredit him in the eyes of the Romans as unfit to become king of the Jews,
543:
At this time came the defining point in Antipater's legacy, whereby he made his sons, Phasael, governor of Jerusalem, and Herod governor of
2089:
Hayes, John H., and Sara R. Mandell (1998). "The Jewish People in Classical Antiquity." Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press.
618:
There are three princes by the name Phasael in the Herodian dynasty, all three mentioned by Josephus in "War" (BJ) and "Antiquities" (AJ):
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The diplomacy and artful politics of Antipater, as well as his insinuation into the Hasmonean court, paved the way for the rise of his son
243:, as Judah became known to the Romans, with the right to collect taxes. Eventually Caesar made Antipater's sons Phasaelus and Herod the
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291:, the court historian for Herod, wrote that Herod's ancestors were among the historical elite in Jerusalem who had been taken by King
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rescued him with 13,000 men and the aid of numerous nearby friends. For his "demonstrations of valor" Caesar elevated Antipater to
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2100:
Richardson, Peter (1996). "Herod: king of the Jews and friend of the Romans." Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press.
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noblewoman, which helped endear the Nabateans to him. Their marriage helped bring about a close friendship between him and King
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explains this rendering by critiquing its author: Nicolaus wrote to please Herod and would do so at the cost of truthfulness.
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Kokkinos, Nikos. The Herodian Dynasty: Origins, Role In Society and Eclipse. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1998, p.109
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that his younger brother intended to kill him. He arranged for Hyrcanus to come under the protection of the Arabian King
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Julius Caesar: The Life and Times of the People's Dictator By Luciano Canfora chapter 24 "Caesar Saved by the Jews".
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is quoted by Josephus as referring to Herod as "no more than a private man, and an Idumean, i.e. a half Jew".
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Gissin, Mikhail (2014). "The Dusk of Judea and the Dawn of a New Dynasty." Harpswell, ME: Brunswick Press.
331:(r. 134–104 BCE). Hyrcanus threatened that any Idumaean who wished to maintain their land would need to be
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settled during the classical period, Antipater became a powerful official under the later
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1993:"A woman's Hismaic inscription from the Wādī Ramm desert: AMJ 2/J.14202 (Amman Museum)"
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Phasael III, son of Herod the Great (BJ 1.181; AJ 14.121) and father of
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in the sixth century BCE. This account serves two purposes; when the Persian
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Phasael I, son of Antipater and Cypros (BJ 1.181; AJ 14.121)
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Herod as a King over the Jews, for they were highly contemptuous of him.
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by Caesar, Antipater shifted his allegiance to Caesar. While Caesar was
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in 49/48 BCE, Antipater at first sided with Pompey, when the latter was
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The Works of Josephus: Complete and Unabridged, Updated Edition
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Babylonian captivity provides credibility for a pro-Roman and
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Antipater served as a governor of Idumea under King
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347:, Antipater's father was named Herod, not Antipas,
1787:Schiffman, Lawrence H., "Judea Under Roman Rule",
2066:The Antiquities of the Jews.The Wars of the Jews.
2032:The Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible
161:(113 or 114 BCE – 43 BCE) was the founder of the
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1546:Herod: King of the Jews and Friend of the Romans
480:assigned to the eastern Mediterranean province.
2060:, Flavius. William Whistom, translator. (2003)
1564:. University of California Press. p. 17.
192:kings and subsequently became a client of the
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219:, Antipater sided with Caesar during the
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1803:The Jewish People in Classical Antiquity
1772:The Jewish People in Classical Antiquity
1759:The Jewish People in Classical Antiquity
531:Later when accused by Aristobulus’ son,
468:. Together they attacked Aristobulus in
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2068:Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers.
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1997:Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy
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377:, called by Josephus "Aretas the
2115:. Political background of Judea.
2035:. 26 April 2017. pp. 90–109
1991:Norris, Jérôme (26 April 2017).
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583:. When Cassius came to
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61:43 BCE (aged 69–70)
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317:forced conversions
223:. During Caesar's
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1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1188:
1186:
1179:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1114:
1112:
1105:
1103:
1095:
1093:
1086:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
993:
985:
983:
975:
973:
965:
963:
954:
952:
948:Aristobulus IV
944:
942:
934:
932:
931:heir of Judaea
923:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
859:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
797:
796:
794:
791:
790:
783:
781:
769:
767:
759:
757:
739:
737:
735:
733:
730:
729:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
713:
710:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
675:
673:
671:
669:
666:
664:
663:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
644:
642:
637:
636:
626:
623:
612:Main article:
609:
606:
568:
565:
553:Sea of Galilee
501:
498:
429:
426:
383:Aristobulus II
293:Nebuchadnezzar
279:
276:
202:Roman Republic
165:and father of
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
140:
136:
135:
130:
124:
123:
120:
114:
113:
110:
104:
103:
101:
100:
95:
90:
85:
79:
77:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
49:113 or 114 BCE
47:
43:
42:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2178:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2095:0-664-25727-5
2092:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2075:
2074:1-56563-167-6
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2034:
2033:
2029:"Phasaelus".
2025:
2010:
2006:
2003:(1): 90–109.
2002:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1973:
1967:
1960:
1954:
1947:
1941:
1934:
1928:
1921:
1915:
1908:
1902:
1895:
1889:
1882:
1876:
1869:
1863:
1856:
1850:
1843:
1837:
1830:
1824:
1817:
1811:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1790:
1783:
1781:
1773:
1767:
1760:
1754:
1747:
1741:
1734:
1728:
1721:
1715:
1708:
1702:
1695:
1689:
1682:
1676:
1669:
1663:
1656:
1650:
1643:
1637:
1630:
1624:
1617:
1611:
1609:
1601:
1595:
1593:
1586:
1581:
1573:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1554:
1547:
1541:
1532:
1524:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1504:
1500:
1486:
1481:
1475:
1466:
1465:Ancient Greek
1460:
1454:
1444:
1439:
1433:
1424:
1423:Ancient Greek
1418:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1343:
1338:
1326:
1324:
1306:
1304:
1299:
1290:
1278:
1275:
1267:
1266:
1259:
1251:
1238:
1236:
1231:
1219:
1217:
1199:
1197:
1192:
1185:king of Judea
1183:
1176:
1164:
1162:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1109:
1102:king of Judea
1099:
1098:Herod Agrippa
1090:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1068:
1066:
1058:
1056:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1022:
1010:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
990:
980:
979:Herod Antipas
970:
959:
949:
939:
929:
924:
921:
913:
911:
903:
901:
893:
891:
883:
881:
873:
871:
863:
861:
860:
853:
821:
819:
803:
801:
798:
792:
787:
774:
766:king of Judea
763:
756:
751:
746:
731:
728:
712:
711:
704:
688:
667:
665:
660:
640:
635:
631:
630:Cypros/Kypros
627:
624:
621:
620:
619:
615:
605:
603:
599:
593:
589:
586:
582:
578:
574:
573:Julius Caesar
564:
562:
558:
557:Mediterranean
554:
550:
546:
541:
538:
534:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
506:Julius Caesar
497:
493:
491:
487:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
457:
455:
450:
445:
443:
439:
435:
425:
423:
420:, brother of
419:
415:
411:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
363:
360:
356:
355:
350:
346:
341:
339:
334:
330:
329:John Hyrcanus
326:
322:
318:
313:
311:
307:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
275:
273:
269:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
233:rescue Caesar
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
209:Julius Caesar
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
184:in which the
183:
179:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
152:
149:
145:
141:
137:
134:
131:
129:
125:
121:
119:
115:
111:
109:
108:Ancient Greek
105:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
80:
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
53:
48:
44:
39:
35:
30:
25:
20:
2166:43 BC deaths
2112:
2065:
2061:
2037:. Retrieved
2031:
2024:
2012:. Retrieved
2000:
1996:
1971:
1966:
1958:
1953:
1945:
1940:
1932:
1927:
1919:
1914:
1906:
1901:
1893:
1888:
1880:
1875:
1867:
1862:
1854:
1849:
1841:
1836:
1828:
1823:
1815:
1810:
1802:
1797:
1788:
1771:
1766:
1758:
1753:
1745:
1740:
1732:
1727:
1719:
1714:
1706:
1701:
1693:
1688:
1680:
1675:
1667:
1662:
1654:
1649:
1641:
1636:
1628:
1623:
1615:
1599:
1580:
1560:
1553:
1545:
1540:
1531:
1503:
1459:
1452:
1379:
1089:Alexander II
658:
617:
594:
590:
570:
551:between the
542:
530:
503:
494:
482:
458:
446:
431:
407:
366:
364:
352:
342:
323:-influenced
314:
281:
265:
255:against the
206:
176:A native of
175:
158:
157:
33:
2161:110s births
1974:, 14.15.14.
1972:Antiquities
1935:, 1.11.2-4.
1894:Antiquities
1881:Antiquities
1868:Antiquities
1842:Antiquities
1829:Antiquities
1746:Antiquities
1733:Antiquities
1720:Antiquities
1668:Antiquities
1642:Antiquities
1629:Antiquities
1616:Antiquities
1600:Antiquities
1523:"Antipater"
1453:‘Ānṭīpāṭrūs
1340:gymnasiarch
1191:Aristobulus
938:Alexander I
750:Mariamne II
581:Mark Antony
454:Aristobulus
447:Soon after
422:Aristobulus
418:Hyrcanus II
333:circumcised
22:Antipater I
2135:Categories
2106:1570031363
2052:References
1970:Josephus,
1961:, 1.9.2-4.
1957:Josephus,
1944:Josephus,
1931:Josephus,
1918:Josephus,
1892:Josephus,
1879:Josephus,
1866:Josephus,
1853:Josephus,
1840:Josephus,
1827:Josephus,
1818:, 1.9.3-5.
1814:Josephus,
1744:Josephus,
1731:Josephus,
1718:Josephus,
1705:Josephus,
1692:Josephus,
1679:Josephus,
1666:Josephus,
1653:Josephus,
1640:Josephus,
1627:Josephus,
1614:Josephus,
1602:, 14.15.2.
1598:Josephus,
1544:Peterson,
1438:Antípatros
1427:Αντίπατρος
745:Mariamne I
632:, wife of
462:Aretas III
438:Hasmoneans
412:and Queen
306:Hellenized
301:King Cyrus
278:Background
261:Hellenised
257:Caesarians
253:Liberators
237:Alexandria
112:Αντίπατρος
38:Jan Luyken
1948:, 1.11.7.
1922:, 1.11.2.
1896:, 11.1-2.
1883:, 14.9.1.
1870:, 14.4.4.
1857:, 1.10.3.
1844:, 14.8.5.
1831:, 14.8.4.
1748:, 14.1.4.
1735:, 14.1.3.
1722:, 14.1.2.
1670:, 14.7.3.
1644:, 14.8.1.
1631:, 13.9.1.
1618:, 16.7.1.
1548:, p.52-53
1495:Citations
1487:: אנטיפס)
1474:romanized
1432:romanized
928:Antipater
778:7.Phaidra
764:the Great
634:Agrippa I
561:Sanhedrin
533:Antigonus
470:Jerusalem
442:Maccabees
371:Nabataean
354:hierodule
325:Hasmonean
245:governors
211:defeated
190:Hasmonean
2058:Josephus
2039:24 April
2014:24 April
1709:, 1.8.7.
1696:, 1.6.2.
1683:, 1.6.3.
1657:, 1.8.9.
1349:See also
958:Herod II
776:6.Pallas
755:Malthace
602:Mariamne
579:against
514:defeated
486:ethnarch
449:Hyrcanus
399:Pheroras
359:Ashkelon
321:Sadducee
310:Josephus
272:Mariamne
196:general
186:Edomites
171:Josephus
147:Religion
98:Salome I
93:Pheroras
1909:, p.122
1805:, p.117
1774:, p.107
1761:, p.101
1480:Antípas
1476::
1469:Αντίπας
1450:
1434::
1108:Herod V
786:Phasael
780:8.Elpis
762:Herod I
741:1.Doris
577:Cassius
549:Samaria
545:Galilee
387:Phasael
379:Arabian
327:leader
319:by the
284:Judaism
249:Galilee
215:at the
178:Idumaea
151:Judaism
142:Antipas
88:Phasael
2104:
2093:
2082:
2072:
1585:Ezra 2
1568:
1485:Hebrew
1443:Hebrew
960:Philip
478:Pompey
403:Salome
397:, and
395:Joseph
375:Aretas
367:Cypros
213:Pompey
207:After
139:Father
118:Hebrew
69:Cypros
66:Spouse
40:(1704)
1371:Notes
585:Syria
490:Judea
466:Petra
434:Herod
391:Herod
295:into
241:Judea
194:Roman
182:Judah
128:House
75:Issue
36:, by
2102:ISBN
2091:ISBN
2080:ISBN
2070:ISBN
2041:2024
2016:2024
1959:Wars
1946:Wars
1933:Wars
1920:Wars
1855:Wars
1816:Wars
1707:Wars
1694:Wars
1681:Wars
1655:Wars
1566:ISBN
987:(5)
977:(4)
967:(4)
956:(3)
946:(2)
936:(2)
926:(1)
555:and
369:, a
58:Died
52:Edom
46:Born
2005:doi
510:war
488:of
464:in
235:in
2137::
2001:28
1999:.
1995:.
1979:^
1779:^
1607:^
1591:^
1512:^
1483:;
1471:,
1467::
1445::
1441:,
1429:,
1425::
1421:;
1414:ər
771:5.
753:4.
748:3.
743:2.
563:.
492:.
393:,
389:,
204:.
2108:.
2097:.
2086:.
2018:.
2007::
1574:.
1463:(
1417:/
1411:t
1408:ə
1405:p
1402:ɪ
1399:t
1396:ˈ
1393:n
1390:æ
1387:/
1383:(
1100:I
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