Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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background, but de Graaf urged him to be more confident in his work. By the time Van Leeuwenhoek died in 1723, he had written some 190 letters to the Royal Society, detailing his findings in a wide variety of fields, centered on his work in microscopy. He only wrote letters in his own colloquial Dutch; he never published a proper scientific paper in Latin. He strongly preferred to work alone, distrusting the sincerity of those who offered their assistance. The letters were translated into Latin or English by Henry Oldenburg, who had learned Dutch for this very purpose. He was also the first to use the word

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In Ford's opinion, Leeuwenhoek remained imperfectly understood, the popular view that his work was crude and undisciplined at odds with the evidence of conscientious and painstaking observation. He constructed rational and repeatable experimental procedures and was willing to oppose received opinion, such as

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of microscopic single-celled organisms dated 9 October 1676. Previously, the existence of single-celled organisms was entirely unknown. Thus, even with his established reputation with the Royal Society as a reliable observer, his observations of microscopic life were initially met with some skepticism.

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found that Van Leeuwenhoek's original specimens had survived in the collections of the Royal Society of London. They were found to be of high quality, and all were well preserved. Ford carried out observations with a range of single-lens microscopes, adding to our knowledge of Van Leeuwenhoek's work.

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Leeuwenhoek diligently began to search for his animalcules. He found them everywhere: in rotten water, in ditches, on his own teeth. "Although I am now fifty years old," he wrote to the Royal Society, "my teeth are well preserved, because I am in the habit of rubbing them with salt every morning." He

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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek made more than 500 optical lenses. He also created at least 25 single-lens microscopes, of differing types, of which only nine have survived. These microscopes were made of silver or copper frames, holding hand-made lenses. Those that have survived are capable of magnification

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In July 1654, Van Leeuwenhoek married Barbara de Mey in Delft, with whom he fathered one surviving daughter, Maria (four other children died in infancy). He would live and study for the rest of his life at Hypolytusbuurt in a house he bought in 1655. He opened a draper's shop, selling linen, yarn and

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By the end of his life, Van Leeuwenhoek had written approximately 560 letters to the Royal Society and other scientific institutions concerning his observations and discoveries. Even during the last weeks of his life, Van Leeuwenhoek continued to send letters full of observations to London. The last

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to translate the Dutch words that Leeuwenhoek used to describe microorganisms. Despite the initial success of Van Leeuwenhoek's relationship with the Royal Society, soon relations became severely strained. His credibility was questioned when he sent the Royal Society a copy of his first observations

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study of a high-magnification Leeuwenhoek microscope captured images of the short glass stem characteristic of this lens creation method. For lower magnifications he also made ground lenses. To help keep his methods confidential he apparently intentionally encouraged others to think grinding was his

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The single-lens microscopes of Van Leeuwenhoek were relatively small devices, the largest being about 5 cm long. They are used by placing the lens very close in front of the eye. The other side of the microscope had a pin, where the sample was attached in order to stay close to the lens. There

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Een geneeskundig verhaal van de algemeene loop-ziekte, die te Kampen en in de om-geleegene streeken heeft gewoed in 't jaar 1736 neevens een werktuigkunstige, en natuurkundige beschryvinge van de oorzaak, uitwerking en genezinge waar in word aan-getoond, dat dezelve, waarschynlyk, door bloed-loose

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Indeed, in this publication "Geneeskundig Verhaal van de Algemeene Loop-ziekte..." the author uses the work of Leeuwenhoek in describing the disease, draws some (preliminary) conclusions about the cause of the disease, he warns "non-believers of Van Leeuwenhoek to use a magnifying glass" and gives

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Van Leeuwenhoek used samples and measurements to estimate numbers of microorganisms in units of water. He also made good use of the huge advantage provided by his method. He studied a broad range of microscopic phenomena, and shared the resulting observations freely with groups such as the British

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The "Lens on Leeuwenhoek" site, which is exhaustively researched and annotated, prints this letter in the original Dutch and in English translation, with the date 17 September 1683. Assuming that the date of 1676 is accurately reported from Pommerville (2014), that book seems more likely to be in

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While running his draper shop, Van Leeuwenhoek wanted to see the quality of the thread better than what was possible using the magnifying lenses of the time. He developed an interest in lensmaking, although few records exist of his early activity. By placing the middle of a small rod of soda lime

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Van Leeuwenhoek maintained throughout his life that there are aspects of microscope construction "which I only keep for myself", in particular his most critical secret of how he made the lenses. For many years no one was able to reconstruct Van Leeuwenhoek's design techniques, but, in 1957, C.L.

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wrote that he was "the first even to think of looking—certainly, the first with the power to see." His experiments were ingenious, and he was "a scientist of the highest calibre", attacked by people who envied him or "scorned his unschooled origins", not helped by his secrecy about his methods.

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Van Leeuwenhoek's work fully captured the attention of the Royal Society, and he began corresponding regularly with the society regarding his observations. At first he had been reluctant to publicize his findings, regarding himself as a businessman with little scientific, artistic, or writing

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Leeuwenhoek was one of the first to conduct experiments on himself. It was from his finger that blood was drawn for examination, and he placed pieces of his skin under a microscope, examining its structure in various parts of the body, and counting the number of vessels that permeate

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Eventually, in the face of Van Leeuwenhoek's insistence, the Royal Society arranged for Alexander Petrie, minister to the English Reformed Church in Delft; Benedict Haan, at that time Lutheran minister at Delft; and Henrik Cordes, then Lutheran minister at the Hague, accompanied by

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and four others, to determine whether it was in fact Van Leeuwenhoek's ability to observe and reason clearly, or perhaps, the Royal Society's theories of life that might require reform. Finally in 1677, Van Leeuwenhoek's observations were fully acknowledged by the Royal Society.

522:; at some time he combined it with another municipal job, being the official "wine-gauger" of Delft and in charge of the city wine imports and taxation. His wife had died in 1666, and in 1671, Van Leeuwenhoek remarried to Cornelia Swalmius with whom he had no children. 719:, an early microscope pioneer, bemoaned that the field had come to rest entirely on one man's shoulders. In 1673, his first letter was published in the journal of the Royal Society of London. He was visited over the years by many notable individuals who gazed at the 479:. His father, Philips Antonisz van Leeuwenhoek, was a basket maker who died when Antonie was only five years old. His mother, Margaretha (Bel van den Berch), came from a well-to-do brewer's family. She remarried Jacob Jansz Molijn, a painter and the family moved to 557:, but others argue that there appears to be little physical similarity. Because they were both relatively important men in a city with only 24,000 inhabitants, living both close to the main market, it is likely they knew each other. Van Leeuwenhoek acted as the 699:, a then-prominent physician. Van Leeuwenhoek was "taken aback" by the nomination, which he considered a high honour, although he did not attend the induction ceremony in London, nor did he ever attend a Royal Society meeting. He had his portrait painted by 459: 2468: 859:. Such work firmly established his place in history as one of the first and most important explorers of the microscopic world. Van Leeuwenhoek was one of the first people to observe cells, much like Robert Hooke. He also corresponded with 831:

up to 275 times. It is suspected that Van Leeuwenhoek possessed some microscopes that could magnify up to 500 times. Although he has been widely regarded as a dilettante or amateur, his scientific research was of remarkably high quality.

511:, a position which he would hold for almost 40 years. His duties included maintaining the premises, heating, cleaning, opening for meetings, performing duties for those assembled, and maintaining silence on all matters discussed there. 839:

Stong used thin glass thread fusing instead of polishing, and successfully created some working samples of a Van Leeuwenhoek design microscope. Such a method was also discovered independently by A. Mosolov and A. Belkin at the Russian

843:. In May 2021, researchers in the Netherlands published a non-destructive neutron tomography study of a Leeuwenhoek microscope. One image in particular shows a Stong/Mosolov-type spherical lens with a single short glass stem attached 607:

glass in a hot flame, one can pull the hot section apart to create two long whiskers of glass. Then, by reinserting the end of one whisker into the flame, a very small, high-quality glass lens is created. Significantly, a May 2021

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A work on a disease in the city of Kampen in 1736 caused by "little animals". These bloodless animals are most likely the little animals described in the work of Leeuwenhoek and they can be killed by treatment of

795:. To the disappointment of his guests, Van Leeuwenhoek refused to reveal the cutting-edge microscopes he relied on for his discoveries, instead showing visitors a collection of average-quality lenses. 1995:. This book contains excerpts of Van Leeuwenhoek's letters and focuses on his priority in several new branches of science, but makes several important references to his spiritual life and motivation. 620:

After developing his method for creating powerful lenses and applying them to the study of the microscopic world, Van Leeuwenhoek introduced his work to his friend, the prominent Dutch physician

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he often referred with reverence to the wonders God designed in making creatures great and small, and believed that his discoveries were merely further proof of the wonder of creation.

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Full text of "Antony van Leeuwenhoek and his "Little animals"; being some account of the father of protozoology and bacteriology and his multifarious discoveries in these disciplines;"

2899:"Wrote Letter L-194 of 1687-11-28 to members of the Royal Society about his discovery that cochineal was an insect and his experiments with cinchona bark | Lens on Leeuwenhoek" 349:", and one of the first microscopists and microbiologists. Van Leeuwenhoek is best known for his pioneering work in microscopy and for his contributions toward the establishment of 1382: 346: 2733:"Wrote Letter L-187 of 1687-05-09 to members of the Royal Society about the structure of 'stone' of the medlar and the coffee bean and acid in plants | Lens on Leeuwenhoek" 973:. He roasted the bean, cut it into slices and saw a spongy interior. The bean was pressed, and an oil appeared. He boiled the coffee with rain water twice and set it aside. 372:

in his youth and founded his own shop in 1654. He became well-recognized in municipal politics and developed an interest in lensmaking. In the 1670s, he started to explore

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Antony van Leeuwenhoek and His "Little Animals": being some account of the father of protozoology and bacteriology and his multifarious discoveries in these disciplines

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around 1640. Antonie had four older sisters: Margriet, Geertruyt, Neeltje, and Catharina. When he was around ten years old his step-father died. He was sent to live in

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The Land of Stevin and Huygens: A Sketch of Science and Technology in the Dutch Republic during the Golden Century (Studies in the History of Modern Science)

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were also three screws to move the pin and the sample along three axes: one axis to change the focus, and the two other axes to navigate through the sample.

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Marion Peters (2010) De wijze koopman, Het wereldwijde onderzoek van Nicolaes Witsen (1641–1717), burgemeester en VOC-bewindhebber van Amsterdam. p. 139

1389:(microbes), and relatively determine their size, using single-lensed microscopes of his own design. Leeuwenhoek is also considered to be the father of 642:

are similar, he determined that the moving objects observed under his microscope were little animals. He later recorded his observations in his diary.

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Robertson, Lesley; Backer, Jantien; Biemans, Claud; Doorn, Joop van; Krab, Klaas; Reijnders, Willem; Smit, Henk; Willemsen, Peter (2016).

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A 1677 letter from Van Leeuwenhoek to Oldenburg, with the latter's English translation behind. The full correspondence remains in the

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By the end of the seventeenth century, Van Leeuwenhoek had a virtual monopoly on microscopic study and discovery. His contemporary

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diertjes, beschreven in de werken van Anthony van Leeuwenhoek, het werd te weeg gebragt, en door kwik voor-naamentlyk, uit-geroeid

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Corliss, John O (1975). "Three Centuries of Protozoology: A Brief Tribute to its Founding Father, A. van Leeuwenhoek of Delft".

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Sixty-two years later, in 1745, a physician correctly attributed a diarrhea epidemic to Van Leeuwenhoek's "bloodless animals" (

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Giants of Delft: Johannes Vermeer and the Natural Philosophers: The Parallel Search for Knowledge during the Age of Discovery

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Life and work of Antoni van Leeuwenhoek of Delft in Holland; 1632–1723 (1980) Published by the Municipal Archives Delft, p. 9

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Using single-lensed microscopes of his own design and make, Van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe and to experiment with

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ribbon to seamstresses and tailors. His status in Delft grew throughout the years. In 1660 he received a lucrative job as

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few contained a precise description of his own illness. He suffered from a rare disease, an uncontrolled movement of the

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with his uncle, an attorney. At the age of 16 he became a bookkeeper's apprentice (casher) at a linen-draper's shop at

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and Jan Swammerdam saw these structures before Leeuwenhoek, but Leeuwenhoek was the first to recognize what they are:

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The Rise and Decline of Dutch Technological Leadership: Technology, Economy and Culture in the Netherlands, 1350–1800

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Frank N. Egerton (2006). "A History of the Ecological Sciences, Part 19: Leeuwenhoek's Microscopic Natural History".

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The Select Works of Antony van Leeuwenhoek, Containing His Microscopical Discoveries in Many of the Works of Nature

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because he was the first to undisputedly discover/observe, describe, study, conduct scientific experiments with

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He studied rainwater, the seeds of oranges, worms in sheep's liver, the eye of a whale, the blood of fishes,

3390: 2705:"Brief No. 76 [39]. 17 September 1683., Alle de brieven. Deel 4: 1683–1684, Anthoni van Leeuwenhoek" 7621: 7579: 7497: 6075: 4861: 4663: 4643: 2666: 1148: 441:. Although Van Leeuwenhoek did not write any books, he described his discoveries in chaotic letters to the 27: 7964: 7470: 5960: 4842: 4539: 4230: 4043: 3833: 3596: 3378: 3299: 2746: 2357:"From Dilettante to Diligent Experimenter: a Reappraisal of Leeuwenhoek as microscopist and investigator" 215: 63: 3342: 2577: 645: 401:. He was the first to relatively determine their size. Most of the "animalcules" are now referred to as 8236: 7994: 7883: 7709: 7681: 7071: 5589: 4638: 4509: 4200: 3799: 3267: 1510: 784: 736: 447: 6945: 3766: 851:

rather than Leeuwenhoek, which is ironic given Hooke's subsequent surprise at Leeuwenhoek's findings.

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The Egg and Sperm Race: The Seventeenth-Century Scientists Who Unlocked the Secrets of Sex and Growth

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in 1699, but there is no evidence that the nomination was accepted, nor that he was ever aware of it.

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On the circulation of the blood: Latin text of his 65th letter to the Royal Society, Sept. 7th, 1688

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that depicted his discovery of "little animals" or animalcules, now known as unicellular organisms.

8241: 8013: 7724: 6669: 5743: 5666: 5629: 5425: 4598: 4264: 3865: 2747:"The Royal Society read and discussed part of Letter L-187 about coffee | Lens on Leeuwenhoek" 1493: 1089: 989: 547: 1566:(6 March 2015). "The Unseen World: Reflections on Leeuwenhoek (1677) 'Concerning Little Animal'." 913:

In 1675, he was studying a variety of minerals, especially salts, and parts of plants and animals.

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Generation: The Seventeenth-Century Scientists Who Unraveled the Secrets of Sex, Life, and Growth

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Schulte EK (1991). "Standardization of biological dyes and stains: pitfalls and possibilities".

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On 24 October 2016, Google commemorated the 384th anniversary of Van Leeuwenhoek's birth with a

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On his importance in the history of microbiology and science in general, the British biochemist

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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was elected to the Royal Society in February 1680 on the nomination of

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Observationes microscopicae Antonii Lewenhoeck, circa particulas liquorum globosa et animalia

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Eye of the Beholder: Johannes Vermeer, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, and the Reinvention of Seeing

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alludes to rumors that Vermeer's mastery of light and perspective came from use of a

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The spelling of Van Leeuwenhoek's name is exceptionally varied. He was christened as

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in London published the groundbreaking work of an Italian lensmaker in their journal

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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek: International Journal of General and Molecular Microbiology

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Measuring the Invisible World: The Life and Works of Antoni van Leeuwenhoek F R S

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The Invisible World: Early Modern Philosophy and the Invention of the Microscope

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Van Leeuwenhoek was a contemporary of another famous Delft citizen, the painter

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produced by Van Leeuwenhoek. This is one of the examples of the controversial

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New Google Doodle Celebrates Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Inventor of Microbiology

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Van Leeuwenhoek's birth house at Oosteinde, before it was demolished in 1926.

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Van Leeuwenhoek was born near the Oostpoort. View of Delft from the east by

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The Fabric of Life: The Rise and Decline of Seventeenth-Century Microscopy

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A Brief History of Creation: Science and the Search for the Origin of Life

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View on Fish- and Meatmarket in Delft, opposite of Van Leeuwenhoek's house

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Van Leeuwenhoek lived at Oude Delft, near Warmoesbrug over Hippolytusbuurt

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Instructions on making a van Leeuwenhoek Microscope Replica by Alan Shinn

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The curious observer. Events of the first half of Van Leeuwenhoek's life

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to find out what causes irritation on the tongue. He used the effect of

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A Perfect Red: Empire, Espionage, and the Quest for the Color of Desire

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F. N. Egerton (1967). "Leeuwenhoek as a founder of animal demography".

1568:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

1497: 1456: 1317: 1312: 1292: 981: 748: 484: 177: 153: 36: 4853: 3221:

commentaries on the work of Anthonie van Leeuwenhoek and his findings.

2301:"Visited by Tsar Peter the Great of Russia | Lens on Leeuwenhoek" 2188:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

1187:. In 2004, a public poll in the Netherlands to determine the greatest 7959: 7776: 7356: 7275: 7270: 7116: 6989: 6979: 6843: 6825: 6800: 6730: 6582: 6562: 6548: 6527: 6455: 6335: 6238: 6217: 6163: 6055: 6034: 5901: 5732: 5690: 5602: 5496: 5210: 5195: 5180: 5130: 5105: 4789: 4736: 4731: 4706: 3915: 3588: 2179: 1563: 1172: 1046: 899: 876: 767:(in 1685) visited. In October 1697, Van Leeuwenhoek visited the Tsar 569: 438: 1992: 1030: 8069: 7631: 7626: 7564: 7534: 7396: 7351: 7310: 7288: 7228: 7009: 7004: 6916: 6881: 6810: 6795: 6785: 6664: 6587: 6538: 6502: 6469: 6383: 6295: 6192: 6147: 6027: 6007: 5410: 5387: 5300: 5225: 5155: 5085: 5080: 4905: 4784: 4342: 4154: 1184: 1073: 639: 595: 558: 3857: 2848: 1857:. Lens on Leeuwenhoek (1 September 2009). Retrieved 20 April 2013. 7699: 7559: 7529: 7482: 7233: 6926: 6445: 6399: 6038: 5991: 5840: 5804: 5440: 5315: 5045: 4915: 3428:

Images seen through a van Leeuwenhoek microscope by Brian J. Ford

2868:. Strangescience.net (22 November 2012). Retrieved 20 April 2013. 1143: 1133: 1021: 1016:

Van Leeuwenhoek has been recognized as the first person to use a

1000: 948: 917: 907: 903: 525: 519: 504: 480: 430: 380: 40: 1696: 1195:") named Van Leeuwenhoek the 4th-greatest Dutchman of all time. 7544: 7181: 6848: 6706: 6409: 6285: 6017: 5886: 5641: 4980: 3707: 369: 3264:

The Microscope in the Dutch Republic: The Shaping of Discovery

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University of California, Berkeley article on van Leeuwenhoek

1987:, Abelard-Schuman (London and New York, 1959), QH 31 L55 S3, 1235:(an aerobic bacterial genus), and the scientific publication 1183:

in Amsterdam, named after Van Leeuwenhoek, is specialized in

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The Quest for the Invisible: Microscopy in the Enlightenment

988:

and in 1687 member of the board of the Delft chamber of the

7386: 1933:"The religious affiliation of Biologist A. van Leeuwenhoek" 1755: 1061: 1008: 265: 243: 237: 3229:

The Cleere Observer: A biography of Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

2152:"Wrote Letter 18 of 1676-10-09 (AB 26) to Henry Oldenburg" 289: 3495:

Van Leeuwenhoek's microscopic discovery of microbial life

3490:

Van Leeuwenhoek's microscopic experiments and discoveries

2234:. London and New York: Abelard-Schuman, 1959. n.p. Print. 1509:

He was also nominated as a "corresponding member" of the

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Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRF)

2632:"Wrote Letter 39 of 1683-09-17 (AB 76) to Francis Aston" 2539:

10.1890/0012-9623(2006)87[47:AHOTES]2.0.CO;2

2281: 2279: 1454:

for 'small animals' (translated into English as

1029:

In 1702 he requested a book on Peruvian silver mines in

475:, on 24 October 1632. On 4 November, he was baptized as 3387:(site on Leeuwenhoek's life and observations; archived) 1020:

to color specimens observed under the microscope using

3007: 2230:

Schierbeek, A.: "The Disbelief of the Royal Society".

969:

In 1687, Van Leeuwenhoek reported his research on the

3499: 2412:. Lensonleeuwenhoek.net. Retrieved 15 September 2013. 2276: 2010:"Neutron tomography of Van Leeuwenhoek's microscopes" 301: 292: 280: 254: 240: 231: 3810:

Photo-activated localization microscopy (PALM/STORM)

3310:] (in Dutch). Haarlem: Van der Vinne. p. 97 1168:, and he changed his mind in the light of evidence. 268: 262: 248: 234: 2458: 1674:

Pioneers in Microbiology: The Human Side of Science

1381:Van Leeuwenhoek is universally acknowledged as the 1269:

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek is buried in the Oude Kerk.

615: 286: 274: 259: 225: 3419:Retrospective paper on the Leeuwenhoek research by 2350: 2348: 674:Observationes microscopicae Antonii Levvenhoeck... 6609: 4561: 3148:. Bristol and London: Biopress and Farrand Press. 2822:"Specimen preparation | Lens on Leeuwenhoek" 561:of Vermeer's will when the painter died in 1675. 409:in pond water. He was also the first to document 8163: 2524: 1500:used optical aids to produce their masterpieces. 329:; 24 October 1632 – 26 August 1723) was a Dutch 3489: 3248:Antoni van Leeuwenhoek: Master of the Minuscule 3157:Single Lens: The Story of the Simple Microscope 2920: 2345: 1759:Antoni van Leeuwenhoek: Master of the Minuscule 1430:. Until 1683 he consistently used the spelling 818:Delft, straatzicht Oosteinde vanaf de Oostpoort 634:, de Graaf wrote to the editor of the journal, 631:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 445:, which published many of his letters in their 3500:Van Leeuwenhoek's letters to the Royal Society 3379:The Correspondence of Anthonie van Leeuwenhoek 3164:The Revealing Lens: Mankind and the Microscope 2246:. Recall.archive.org. Retrieved 20 April 2013. 2174: 2172: 2087:. Acta Eruditorum. Leipzig. 1682. p. 321. 1281:Het Gouden Hoofd (Hippolytusbuurt 1–3, Delft). 495:. Van Leeuwenhoek left there after six years. 7498: 7162: 6570: 5968: 5368: 4869: 4795:History of the creation-evolution controversy 4547: 3873: 3713:Interference reflection microscopy (IRM/RICM) 3604: 3455: 3343:"I Leeuwenhoek: First of the Microbe Hunters" 2849:Antoni van Leeuwenhoek; Samuel Hoole (1800). 2771: 2589: 2587: 2527:Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 2481: 2463:[Secret of Antony van Leeuwenhoek?]. 2354: 2313: 2072:. In: Mikrokosmos. Volume 88, 1999, S. 43–48. 1922:. Vrij Nederland (Dutch magazine), pp. 62–67. 2613:"1674: Perhaps will to many seem incredible" 2467:(in Russian). 09–1980: 80–82. Archived from 1935:. Adherents.com. 8 July 2005. Archived from 1527:website focused entirely on Van Leeuwenhoek. 1338:Science and technology in the Dutch Republic 1115:A replica of a microscope by Van Leeuwenhoek 4411:Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom 3469: 3246:Robertson, Lesley; Backer, Jantien et al.: 3159:. (London: William Heinemann, 1985, 182 pp) 2660: 2572: 2570: 2169: 2008:Cocquyt, Tiemen; Zhou, Zhou (14 May 2021). 2007: 1461: 1253:Memorial of Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in the 437:, and among the first to see blood flow in 396: 390: 384: 7505: 7491: 7169: 7155: 5975: 5961: 5382: 5375: 5361: 4876: 4862: 4554: 4540: 3880: 3866: 3611: 3597: 3462: 3448: 2777: 2584: 1045:, Van Leeuwenhoek was interested in dried 612:primary or only lens construction method. 339:Golden Age of Dutch science and technology 71: 8128:Physical factors affecting microbial life 8118:Microbially induced sedimentary structure 6477: 5342:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry 4825:Relationship between religion and science 3410:Works by or about Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 3206:. University of Amsterdam. Archived from 2836:"Illumination | Lens on Leeuwenhoek" 2207: 2045: 2035: 1697:Scott Chimileski, Roberto Kolter (2017). 1120: 962:In 1684 he published his research on the 345:man in science, he is commonly known as " 7176: 4062:Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes 3683:Differential interference contrast (DIC) 3337: 2567: 2461:"Секрет Антони ван Левенгука (N 122468)" 2314:Mesler, Bill; Cleaves, H. James (2015). 1959:"The Religion of Antony van Leeuwenhoek" 1920:Vermeer, Van Leeuwenhoek en De Astronoom 1132: 1124: 976:Leeuwenhoek corresponded regularly with 870: 821: 813: 802: 667: 644: 594:A microscopic section of a one-year-old 589: 524: 458: 454: 8217:Dutch Calvinist and Reformed Christians 7904:International Census of Marine Microbes 7879:Hydrothermal vent microbial communities 4883: 3261: 3173:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, 3166:. (London: George Harrap, 1973, 208 pp) 1781: 1779: 1676:. (World Scientific Publishing, 2017, 1628: 1328:Microscopic discovery of microorganisms 602:) wood, drawing made by Van Leeuwenhoek 586:Microscopic discovery of microorganisms 8164: 3678:Quantitative phase-contrast microscopy 3618: 3274: 3184: 3121: 3103:. (London: Simon & Schuster, 2006) 3010:(in Dutch). Retrieved 25 October 2016. 1586: 1229:(a genus in the family Stylidiaceae), 7486: 7150: 5956: 5356: 5337:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 4857: 4535: 3861: 3592: 3443: 3326:. (Princeton University Press, 1997, 3226: 2719:"Eyerstok | Lens on Leeuwenhoek" 2003: 2001: 1692: 1690: 1426:of his given name is the Dutch tense 383:, which he originally referred to as 316: 7925:Microbiomes of the built environment 7453: 5937: 3840: 3805:Stimulated emission depletion (STED) 3143: 2629: 2377: 2178: 2149: 1877:"'The Golden Head' – Antoni's house" 1785: 1776: 1732:"Antony van Leeuwenhoek Biography |" 1481:A Short History of Nearly Everything 579: 467:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was born in 7465: 4289:The Naturalist on the River Amazons 3887: 2642:from the original on 20 August 2016 2459:A. Mosolov & A. Belkin (1980). 2070:Das Utrechter Leeuwenhoek-Mikroskop 1918:Van Berkel, K. (24 February 1996). 1523:error than the intensely detailed, 1024:. He used this technique only once. 841:Novosibirsk State Medical Institute 318:[ˈɑntoːnivɑnˈleːu.ə(n)ˌɦuk] 13: 8247:Dutch scientific instrument makers 8113:Lines on the Antiquity of Microbes 7512: 4702:Central dogma of molecular biology 2881:. New York: Harper Collins Press. 1998: 1687: 1672:Chung, King-thom; Liu, Jong-kang: 1643:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1975.tb00934.x 1159:In 1981, the British microscopist 735:, becoming in 1682 manager of the 710: 14: 8258: 8187:17th-century Dutch businesspeople 3777:Lightsheet microscopy (LSFM/SPIM) 3545:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (journal) 3525:Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Ziekenhuis 3362: 3021:"Fortuyn voted greatest Dutchman" 2484:Journal of the History of Biology 1358:Timeline of microscope technology 1088:Van Leeuwenhoek's microscopes by 491:in Amsterdam, which was owned by 8146: 8145: 7940:Microbial symbiosis and immunity 7578: 7464: 7452: 7441: 7440: 5936: 5927: 5926: 4838: 4837: 4479: 3839: 3828: 3827: 3726: 3573: 3572: 3508: 2921:van Leeuwenhoek, Antoni (1962). 2410:How he made his tiny microscopes 1496:, which claims that some of the 1418:(corresponding with the English 1274: 1262: 1246: 1108: 1096: 1081: 616:Recognition by the Royal Society 564:Van Leeuwenhoek's religion was " 221: 201: 16:Dutch microbiologist (1632–1723) 8212:Burials at the Oude Kerk, Delft 5625:Bacterial cellular morphologies 4521:List of natural history dealers 4189:The Natural History of Selborne 3401:Works by Antoni van Leeuwenhoek 3062: 3047: 3035: 3013: 3001: 2979: 2967: 2955: 2943: 2914: 2905: 2891: 2877:Greenfield, Amy Butler (2005). 2871: 2859: 2842: 2828: 2814: 2762: 2753: 2739: 2725: 2711: 2697: 2683: 2654: 2623: 2605: 2545: 2518: 2475: 2452: 2426: 2415: 2402: 2371: 2336: 2307: 2293: 2267: 2258: 2249: 2237: 2224: 2143: 2134: 2125: 2100: 2091: 2075: 2062: 1977: 1951: 1925: 1912: 1903: 1894: 1869: 1860: 1848: 1839: 1830: 1805: 1749: 1530: 1516: 1503: 1472: 1445: 1181:Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital 703:with the certificate signed by 212:Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek 8197:17th-century Dutch naturalists 6722:Membranous/thalloid/foliaceous 4727:One gene–one enzyme hypothesis 4423:Adaptive Coloration in Animals 3782:Lattice light-sheet microscopy 3693:Second harmonic imaging (SHIM) 2691:"Микробы. Антони ван Левенгук" 1724: 1666: 1657: 1622: 1580: 1557: 1404: 1375: 940:from the human mouth), in 1683 866: 514:In 1669 he was appointed as a 368:, Van Leeuwenhoek worked as a 1: 8207:18th-century Dutch biologists 8202:17th-century Dutch biologists 8024:Synthetic microbial consortia 7889:Microbial oxidation of sulfur 7789:Host microbe interactions in 6692:Tetrasporal/capsal/palmelloid 3485:Van Leeuwenhoek's microscopes 3054:Leeuwenhoek Medal and Lecture 2667:Jones & Bartlett Learning 2661:Pommerville, Jeffrey (2014). 2232:Measuring the Invisible World 1551: 798: 8227:Fellows of the Royal Society 8192:17th-century Dutch inventors 7622:Microbial population biology 3044:. Retrieved 24 October 2016. 2663:Fundamentals of microbiology 2436:. Funsci.com. Archived from 1703:. Harvard University Press. 1103:Leeuwenhoek Boerhaave museum 1049:, trying to find out if the 672:Illustration of critique of 28:Leeuwenhoek (disambiguation) 7: 4179:Bernard Germain de Lacépède 3294:. (Springer, 1981, 208 pp) 3137:Harcourt, Brace and Company 2855:. G. Sidney. pp. 213–. 2434:"A glass-sphere microscope" 1631:The Journal of Protozoology 1286: 771:on his boat, moored in the 10: 8263: 7884:Marine microbial symbiosis 7710:Kill the Winner hypothesis 7682:Bacteria collective motion 5868:Bacteria (classifications) 5590:Primary nutritional groups 4201:A History of British Birds 3391:Vermeer connection website 3284:W. W. Norton & Company 3268:Cambridge University Press 3262:Ruestow, Edward G (1996). 3227:Payne, Alma Smith (1970). 3079: 2553:"Robert Hooke (1635–1703)" 2320:W. W. Norton & Company 1511:French Academy of Sciences 1469:for 'tiny animal') 785:Richard Bradley (botanist) 737:Hortus Botanicus Amsterdam 583: 448:Philosophical Transactions 347:the Father of Microbiology 34: 18: 8141: 8078: 8032: 7920:Microbes in human culture 7912: 7836: 7800: 7690: 7640: 7587: 7576: 7520: 7436: 7428:List of mycology journals 7405: 7374: 7334: 7254: 7247: 7201: 7188: 7031: 6965: 6890: 6867: 6834: 6767: 6641: 6634: 6600: 6561: 6536: 6510: 6501: 6468: 6433: 6397: 6366: 6343: 6334: 6304: 6283: 6265: 6256: 6226: 6200: 6191: 6161: 6135: 6100: 6091: 6084: 5998: 5922: 5853: 5833: 5785: 5674: 5665: 5617: 5510: 5448: 5434: 5394: 5324: 4891: 4833: 4755: 4687: 4574: 4516:Natural History Societies 4488: 4477: 4393: 4384:The Royal Natural History 4236:Ornithological Dictionary 4223: 4145:Johan Christian Fabricius 4071: 3977: 3904: 3895: 3823: 3790: 3735: 3724: 3648: 3626: 3568: 3517: 3506: 3477: 3297: 3243:. (Ashgate, 2009, 332 pp) 3200:"Antonie van Leeuwenhoek" 3197: 3191:Bucknell University Press 3089:. (US: Bloomsbury, 2006) 2974:Spektrum der Wissenschaft 2421: 1700:Life at the Edge of Sight 1608:10.1017/s0031182000014797 1541: 1537: 1149:van Leeuwenhoek's disease 1068:, the skin of elephants, 707:on the table beside him. 200: 195: 191: 170: 163: 127: 111: 86: 70: 58: 8014:Human Microbiome Project 7725:Microbial biodegradation 6013:Mastigophora/Flagellates 5744:Bacterial outer membrane 4362:The Naturalist's Library 4265:On the Origin of Species 3059:accessed 24 October 2020 2927:Brill Hes & De Graaf 2108:"Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek" 1813:"Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek" 1570:. 2015 Apr; 370 (1666): 1368: 910:classification), in 1674 875:Antoni van Leeuwenhoek. 411:microscopic observations 8172:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 8065:Microbiological culture 8060:Microbial DNA barcoding 7869:Antarctic microorganism 7617:Microbial phylogenetics 7051:Baas-Becking hypothesis 4496:Natural history museums 4098:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 3743:Fluorescence microscopy 3703:Structured illumination 3658:Bright-field microscopy 3471:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 3185:Huerta, Robert (2003). 3144:Ford, Brian J. (1991). 2952:vol 5(3), December 1992 2866:Rocky Road: Leeuwenhoek 2759:9 May 1687, Missive 54. 1308:History of microbiology 1193:De Grootste Nederlander 936:Bacteria, (e.g., large 723:. One of the first was 407:multicellular organisms 405:, although he observed 309:-vən-hook, -⁠huuk 60:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 22:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 8050:Impedance microbiology 7791:Caenorhabditis elegans 7607:Microbial intelligence 7597:Microbial biogeography 7046:Microbial biogeography 5739:Gram-negative bacteria 5718:Gram-positive bacteria 4951:Biological engineering 4747:Spontaneous generation 4697:Germ theory of disease 4674:Zoology (through 1859) 4348:William Jackson Hooker 4296:Alexander von Humboldt 4213:Philosophie zoologique 3996:Pinax theatri botanici 3815:Near-field (NSOM/SNOM) 3753:Multiphoton microscopy 3146:The Leeuwenhoek Legacy 3135: ed.). New York: 3008:Antoni van Leeuwenhoek 2355:Brian J. Ford (1992). 2200:10.1098/rstb.2014.0344 2037:10.1126/sciadv.abf2402 1961:. 2006. Archived from 1576:10.1098/rstb.2014.0344 1462: 1383:father of microbiology 1166:spontaneous generation 1138: 1130: 1121:Legacy and recognition 929:The banded pattern of 880: 827: 819: 811: 727:. Around 1675, it was 683: 654: 603: 538: 464: 397: 391: 385: 26:. For other uses, see 8222:Dutch microbiologists 8096:Microbial dark matter 8040:Dark-field microscopy 7844:Marine microorganisms 7720:Microbial cooperation 7418:List of fungal orders 6066:Fungus-like organisms 5594:Substrate preference 5036:Developmental biology 5011:Computational biology 4991:Cellular microbiology 4768:Philosophy of biology 4434:The Study of Instinct 4373:Kunstformen der Natur 4277:The Malay Archipelago 4272:Alfred Russel Wallace 4208:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck 3668:Dark-field microscopy 3369:Leeuwenhoek's letters 3198:Moll, Warnar (2003). 2665:. Burlington, Mass.: 2471:on 23 September 2008. 2408:Lens on Leeuwenhoek: 2287:"Lens on Leeuwenhoek" 1414:, but always went by 1387:microscopic organisms 1343:Scientific Revolution 1241:are named after him. 1146:, which now is named 1136: 1128: 874: 825: 817: 806: 757:William III of Orange 671: 648: 593: 528: 462: 455:Early life and career 403:unicellular organisms 376:with his microscope. 355:scientific discipline 122:Delft, Dutch Republic 7715:Microbial consortium 7612:Microbial metabolism 7413:Glossary of mycology 6781:Simple cell membrane 6717:Pseudoparenchymatous 6705:Filamentous/trichal/ 6689:Colonial flagellated 6622:Collar of microvilli 5575:Microbial metabolism 5256:Reproductive biology 5141:Mathematical biology 5066:Evolutionary biology 5016:Conservation biology 4800:Human Genome Project 4712:Great chain of being 4679:Zoology (since 1859) 4614:Evolutionary thought 4584:Agricultural science 4353:Joseph Dalton Hooker 4306:The Birds of America 3736:Fluorescence methods 3530:Leeuwenhoek (crater) 3298:Valk, Evert (1745). 2976:pp. 68–71, June 1998 2112:www.encyclopedia.com 1817:www.encyclopedia.com 1663:Dobell, pp. 300–305. 1525:scholarly researched 1494:Hockney–Falco thesis 879:by J. Verkolje, 1686 7818:Seagrass microbiome 7423:List of mycologists 6995:Contractile vacuole 6946:Meiosis in protists 6927:Mitosis in protists 6905:Multinucleate cells 6127:Flagellar apparatus 6076:Ambiregnal protists 6018:Sarcodina/Amoeboids 5825:Non-motile bacteria 5421:Pathogenic bacteria 5041:Ecological genetics 4885:Branches of biology 4805:Humboldtian science 4742:Sequence hypothesis 4649:Molecular evolution 4401:Martinus Beijerinck 3944:De Natura Animalium 3767:Image deconvolution 3748:Confocal microscopy 3688:Dispersion staining 3663:Köhler illumination 3535:Leeuwenhoek Lecture 3385:Lens on Leeuwenhoek 3322:Wilson, Catherine: 3239:Ratcliff, Marc J.: 3210:on 18 February 2004 2636:Lens on Leeuwenhoek 2630:Anderson, Douglas. 2617:Lens on Leeuwenhoek 2599:Lens on Leeuwenhoek 2555:. Ucmp.berkeley.edu 2384:Lens on Leeuwenhoek 2378:Anderson, Douglas. 2156:Lens on Leeuwenhoek 2150:Anderson, Douglas. 2028:2021SciA....7.2402C 1792:Lens on Leeuwenhoek 1786:Anderson, Douglas. 1432:Antonj Leeuwenhoeck 1397:(recently known as 1211:Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1043:Nicolaas Hartsoeker 920:of the cell in 1676 861:Antonio Magliabechi 753:James II of England 705:James II of England 134:First acknowledged 8055:Microbial cytology 8019:Protein production 7854:Marine prokaryotes 7740:Microbial food web 7670:Protist locomotion 7648:Bacterial motility 7602:Microbial genetics 7195:Outline of lichens 6826:Periplast/pellicle 6549:Periplast/pellicle 6489:Cruciform division 5754:Lipopolysaccharide 5332:History of biology 5266:Structural biology 5251:Relational biology 5076:Generative biology 5071:Freshwater biology 4815:Natural philosophy 4763:History of science 4563:History of biology 4506:Parson-naturalists 4338:Philip Henry Gosse 4301:John James Audubon 4284:Henry Walter Bates 4172:Histoire Naturelle 4160:Historia Plantarum 4048:Avium Praecipuarum 4032:Historia animalium 3933:Historia Plantarum 3921:History of Animals 3639:Optical microscopy 3620:Optical microscopy 3169:Fournier, Marian: 3133:Dover Publications 3023:. 16 November 2004 2964:vol 43(2) pp 47–57 2792:10.1007/BF00266958 2595:"Levende Dierkens" 2496:10.1007/BF00149773 2380:"Tiny Microscopes" 2342:Dobell, pp. 54–61. 2273:Dobell, pp. 52–53. 2264:Dobell, pp. 46–50. 2255:Dobell, pp. 53–54. 2194:(1666): 20140344. 2140:Dobell, pp. 43–44. 2131:Dobell, pp. 41–42. 2097:Dobell, pp. 37–41. 1909:Dobell, pp. 27–31. 1900:Dobell, pp. 33–37. 1845:Dobell, pp. 23–24. 1836:Dobell, pp. 19–21. 1215:Leeuwenhoek crater 1139: 1131: 1018:histological stain 999:sent him a map of 881: 828: 820: 812: 761:Mary II of England 741:Christiaan Huygens 684: 655: 653:Library in London. 609:neutron tomography 604: 539: 465: 8237:People from Delft 8159: 8158: 7930:Food microbiology 7823:Soil microbiology 7762:Microbial synergy 7730:Microbial ecology 7480: 7479: 7370: 7369: 7266:teleomorph/sexual 7144: 7143: 7041:Microbial ecology 7027: 7026: 7023: 7022: 7000:Eyespot apparatus 6630: 6629: 6612:Choanoflagellates 6596: 6595: 6557: 6556: 6497: 6496: 6464: 6463: 6330: 6329: 6252: 6251: 6187: 6186: 5950: 5949: 5849: 5848: 5795:Bacterial capsule 5761:Periplasmic space 5728:Lipoteichoic acid 5613: 5612: 5585:Microbial ecology 5580:Nitrogen fixation 5350: 5349: 5271:Synthetic biology 5151:Molecular biology 5006:Cognitive biology 4851: 4850: 4717:Hierarchy of life 4664:Plant systematics 4644:Molecular biology 4529: 4528: 4475: 4474: 4093:Marcello Malpighi 3987:Ulisse Aldrovandi 3967:De Materia Medica 3855: 3854: 3800:Diffraction limit 3586: 3585: 3540:Leeuwenhoek Medal 3405:Project Gutenberg 3290:Struik, Dirk J.: 3204:Onderzoeksportal 2676:978-1-4496-8861-5 2329:978-0-393-24854-8 1769:978-90-04-30430-7 1333:Microscopic scale 1207:Leeuwenhoek Medal 986:States of Holland 978:Anthonie Heinsius 943:It seems he used 890:Marcello Malpighi 689:Sir Robert Gordon 580:Microscopic study 209: 208: 165:Scientific career 8254: 8149: 8148: 7950:Human microbiome 7874:Coral microbiome 7808:Plant microbiome 7582: 7507: 7500: 7493: 7484: 7483: 7468: 7467: 7456: 7455: 7444: 7443: 7301:anamorph/asexual 7252: 7251: 7191:Outline of fungi 7171: 7164: 7157: 7148: 7147: 7015:Mastigont system 6968: 6893: 6870: 6859:Gliding motility 6837: 6774: 6719:/plektenchymatic 6675:Amoeboflagellate 6648: 6639: 6638: 6615: 6607: 6606: 6576: 6568: 6567: 6542: 6516: 6508: 6507: 6482: 6475: 6474: 6439: 6403: 6372: 6346: 6341: 6340: 6310: 6289: 6268: 6263: 6262: 6232: 6206: 6198: 6197: 6167: 6141: 6105: 6098: 6097: 6089: 6088: 5977: 5970: 5963: 5954: 5953: 5940: 5939: 5930: 5929: 5878:Former groupings 5672: 5671: 5523:Human microbiome 5446: 5445: 5377: 5370: 5363: 5354: 5353: 4996:Chemical biology 4878: 4871: 4864: 4855: 4854: 4841: 4840: 4820:Natural theology 4556: 4549: 4542: 4533: 4532: 4483: 4456:The Dancing Bees 4380:Richard Lydekker 4328:Jean-Henri Fabre 4313:William Buckland 4118:Regnier de Graaf 4012:Andrea Cesalpino 3902: 3901: 3882: 3875: 3868: 3859: 3858: 3843: 3842: 3831: 3830: 3793:limit techniques 3730: 3651:contrast methods 3649:Illumination and 3613: 3606: 3599: 3590: 3589: 3576: 3575: 3560:Leeuwenhoekiella 3512: 3464: 3457: 3450: 3441: 3440: 3414:Internet Archive 3358: 3356: 3354: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3287: 3276:Snyder, Laura J. 3271: 3250:. (Brill, 2016, 3236: 3223: 3217: 3215: 3194: 3189:. Pennsylvania: 3162:Ford, Brian J.: 3149: 3140: 3123:Dobell, Clifford 3110:. (Brill, 2008, 3074: 3073: 3066: 3060: 3057:royalsociety.org 3051: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2989:. Brianjford.com 2983: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2918: 2912: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2895: 2889: 2875: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2775: 2769: 2766: 2760: 2757: 2751: 2750: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2729: 2723: 2722: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2591: 2582: 2581: 2574: 2565: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2549: 2543: 2542: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2456: 2450: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2430: 2424: 2419: 2413: 2406: 2400: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2386:. Archived from 2375: 2369: 2368: 2352: 2343: 2340: 2334: 2333: 2311: 2305: 2304: 2297: 2291: 2290: 2283: 2274: 2271: 2265: 2262: 2256: 2253: 2247: 2241: 2235: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2211: 2182:(6 March 2015). 2176: 2167: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2147: 2141: 2138: 2132: 2129: 2123: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2104: 2098: 2095: 2089: 2088: 2079: 2073: 2066: 2060: 2059: 2049: 2039: 2022:(20): eabf2402. 2015:Science Advances 2005: 1996: 1981: 1975: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1955: 1949: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1929: 1923: 1916: 1910: 1907: 1901: 1898: 1892: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1873: 1867: 1864: 1858: 1852: 1846: 1843: 1837: 1834: 1828: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1809: 1803: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1783: 1774: 1773: 1753: 1747: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1736:Biography Online 1728: 1722: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1694: 1685: 1670: 1664: 1661: 1655: 1654: 1626: 1620: 1619: 1588:Dobell, Clifford 1584: 1578: 1561: 1545: 1534: 1528: 1520: 1514: 1507: 1501: 1476: 1470: 1465: 1449: 1443: 1408: 1402: 1379: 1363:Johannes Vermeer 1303:Dutch Golden Age 1298:Regnier de Graaf 1278: 1266: 1250: 1232:Leeuwenhoekiella 1112: 1100: 1085: 809:Johannes Vermeer 789:Herman Boerhaave 787:; and, in 1716, 729:Johan Huydecoper 622:Reinier de Graaf 543:Johannes Vermeer 536:Johannes Vermeer 518:by the court of 493:William Davidson 400: 394: 388: 328: 327: 326: 320: 315: 308: 304: 299: 298: 295: 294: 291: 288: 283: 282: 279: 276: 273: 270: 267: 264: 261: 257: 256: 253: 250: 246: 245: 242: 239: 236: 233: 230: 227: 218: 205: 118: 96: 94: 75: 56: 55: 8262: 8261: 8257: 8256: 8255: 8253: 8252: 8251: 8242:Protistologists 8162: 8161: 8160: 8155: 8137: 8074: 8028: 7908: 7859:Marine protists 7832: 7813:Root microbiome 7796: 7705:Biological pump 7686: 7636: 7583: 7574: 7516: 7511: 7481: 7476: 7432: 7401: 7382:Dimorphic fungi 7375:Growth patterns 7366: 7330: 7243: 7224:Medicinal fungi 7197: 7184: 7175: 7145: 7140: 7033: 7019: 6966: 6961: 6891: 6886: 6868: 6863: 6835: 6830: 6771: 6768: 6763: 6645: 6642: 6626: 6610: 6592: 6571: 6553: 6537: 6532: 6511: 6493: 6478: 6460: 6434: 6429: 6398: 6393: 6369:Dinoflagellates 6367: 6362: 6344: 6326: 6305: 6300: 6284: 6279: 6266: 6248: 6227: 6222: 6201: 6183: 6162: 6157: 6136: 6131: 6101: 6080: 6001:classifications 6000: 5994: 5981: 5951: 5946: 5918: 5873:Bacterial phyla 5857: 5845: 5829: 5787: 5781: 5772:Arabinogalactan 5677: 5661: 5609: 5506: 5450: 5438: 5430: 5416:Lysogenic cycle 5397: 5390: 5381: 5351: 5346: 5320: 5281:Systems biology 5246:Quantum biology 4887: 4882: 4852: 4847: 4829: 4810:Natural history 4751: 4689: 4683: 4639:Model organisms 4576: 4570: 4560: 4530: 4525: 4484: 4471: 4452:Karl von Frisch 4389: 4358:William Jardine 4248:Le Règne Animal 4219: 4167:Comte de Buffon 4128:Systema Naturae 4067: 4039:Frederik Ruysch 4017:Valerius Cordus 4007:Hieronymus Bock 3973: 3955:Natural History 3950:Pliny the Elder 3907: 3897: 3891: 3889:Natural history 3886: 3856: 3851: 3819: 3792: 3791:Sub-diffraction 3786: 3731: 3722: 3650: 3644: 3622: 3617: 3587: 3582: 3564: 3513: 3504: 3473: 3468: 3365: 3352: 3350: 3347:Microbe Hunters 3313: 3311: 3213: 3211: 3106:Davids, Karel: 3099:Cobb, Matthew: 3085:Cobb, Matthew: 3082: 3077: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3052: 3048: 3040: 3036: 3026: 3024: 3019: 3018: 3014: 3006: 3002: 2992: 2990: 2985: 2984: 2980: 2972: 2968: 2960: 2956: 2950:Biology History 2948: 2944: 2937: 2919: 2915: 2910: 2906: 2897: 2896: 2892: 2876: 2872: 2864: 2860: 2847: 2843: 2834: 2833: 2829: 2820: 2819: 2815: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2754: 2745: 2744: 2740: 2731: 2730: 2726: 2717: 2716: 2712: 2703: 2702: 2698: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2677: 2659: 2655: 2645: 2643: 2628: 2624: 2611: 2610: 2606: 2593: 2592: 2585: 2576: 2575: 2568: 2558: 2556: 2551: 2550: 2546: 2523: 2519: 2480: 2476: 2457: 2453: 2443: 2441: 2440:on 11 June 2010 2432: 2431: 2427: 2420: 2416: 2407: 2403: 2393: 2391: 2376: 2372: 2361:Biology History 2353: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2330: 2312: 2308: 2299: 2298: 2294: 2285: 2284: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2250: 2242: 2238: 2229: 2225: 2177: 2170: 2160: 2158: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2126: 2116: 2114: 2106: 2105: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2081: 2080: 2076: 2067: 2063: 2006: 1999: 1983:A. Schierbeek, 1982: 1978: 1968: 1966: 1957: 1956: 1952: 1942: 1940: 1931: 1930: 1926: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1895: 1885: 1883: 1875: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1861: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1831: 1821: 1819: 1811: 1810: 1806: 1796: 1794: 1784: 1777: 1770: 1754: 1750: 1740: 1738: 1730: 1729: 1725: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1695: 1688: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1658: 1627: 1623: 1585: 1581: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1548: 1535: 1531: 1521: 1517: 1508: 1504: 1477: 1473: 1450: 1446: 1440:Van Leeuwenhoek 1409: 1405: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1289: 1282: 1279: 1270: 1267: 1258: 1251: 1123: 1116: 1113: 1104: 1101: 1092: 1086: 1007:found near the 997:Nicolaas Witsen 931:muscular fibers 894:red blood cells 869: 801: 793:Frederik Ruysch 769:Peter the Great 765:Thomas Molyneux 751:(1678, 1685), 713: 711:Scientific fame 679:Acta Eruditorum 636:Henry Oldenburg 618: 588: 582: 457: 427:red blood cells 322: 321: 313: 306: 302: 285: 258: 247: 224: 220: 214: 187: 159: 123: 120: 116: 107: 98: 97:24 October 1632 92: 90: 82: 66: 61: 52: 45:Van Leeuwenhoek 31: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8260: 8250: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8157: 8156: 8154: 8153: 8142: 8139: 8138: 8136: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8109: 8108: 8098: 8093: 8091:Deep biosphere 8088: 8086:Bioremediation 8082: 8080: 8076: 8075: 8073: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8045:DNA sequencing 8042: 8036: 8034: 8030: 8029: 8027: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8010: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7998: 7997: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7916: 7914: 7910: 7909: 7907: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7849:Marine viruses 7846: 7840: 7838: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7804: 7802: 7798: 7797: 7795: 7794: 7786: 7784:Quorum sensing 7781: 7780: 7779: 7774: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7753: 7752: 7747: 7745:microbial loop 7737: 7735:Microbial cyst 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7696: 7694: 7688: 7687: 7685: 7684: 7679: 7678: 7677: 7667: 7666: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7653:run-and-tumble 7644: 7642: 7638: 7637: 7635: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7593: 7591: 7585: 7584: 7577: 7575: 7573: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7526: 7524: 7518: 7517: 7514:Microorganisms 7510: 7509: 7502: 7495: 7487: 7478: 7477: 7475: 7474: 7462: 7450: 7437: 7434: 7433: 7431: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7409: 7407: 7403: 7402: 7400: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7378: 7376: 7372: 7371: 7368: 7367: 7365: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7338: 7336: 7332: 7331: 7329: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7296: 7295: 7282: 7273: 7261: 7259: 7249: 7245: 7244: 7242: 7241: 7239:Mycotoxicology 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7205: 7203: 7199: 7198: 7189: 7186: 7185: 7174: 7173: 7166: 7159: 7151: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7127: 7126: 7125: 7124: 7119: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7089: 7088: 7087: 7076: 7075: 7074: 7069: 7055: 7054: 7053: 7048: 7037: 7035: 7029: 7028: 7025: 7024: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6971: 6969: 6963: 6962: 6960: 6959: 6958: 6957: 6954: 6951: 6943: 6942: 6941: 6938: 6935: 6932: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6913: 6912: 6902: 6896: 6894: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6884: 6879: 6873: 6871: 6865: 6864: 6862: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6840: 6838: 6832: 6831: 6829: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6777: 6775: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6761: 6748: 6747: 6746: 6745: 6744: 6743:Siphonocladous 6741: 6733: 6726:Multinucleated 6723: 6720: 6714: 6712:Parenchymatous 6709: 6703: 6702: 6701: 6696: 6693: 6690: 6679: 6678: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6651: 6649: 6636: 6632: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6624: 6618: 6616: 6604: 6598: 6597: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6590: 6585: 6579: 6577: 6565: 6559: 6558: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6551: 6545: 6543: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6530: 6525: 6519: 6517: 6513:Kinetoplastids 6505: 6499: 6498: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6491: 6485: 6483: 6472: 6466: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6442: 6440: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6406: 6404: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6375: 6373: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6360: 6355: 6349: 6347: 6338: 6332: 6331: 6328: 6327: 6325: 6324: 6319: 6313: 6311: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6298: 6292: 6290: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6277: 6271: 6269: 6260: 6254: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6246: 6241: 6235: 6233: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6220: 6215: 6209: 6207: 6195: 6189: 6188: 6185: 6184: 6182: 6181: 6179:Phycobilisomes 6176: 6174:Pit connection 6170: 6168: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6155: 6153:Phycobilisomes 6150: 6144: 6142: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6108: 6106: 6103:Chloroplastida 6095: 6093:Archaeplastida 6086: 6082: 6081: 6079: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6047: 6046: 6041: 6032: 6031: 6030: 6025: 6015: 6004: 6002: 5996: 5995: 5980: 5979: 5972: 5965: 5957: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5944: 5934: 5923: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5916: 5915: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5889: 5884: 5875: 5870: 5864: 5862: 5851: 5850: 5847: 5846: 5844: 5843: 5837: 5835: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5791: 5789: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5779: 5774: 5763: 5758: 5757: 5756: 5751: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5714: 5713: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5688: 5682: 5680: 5669: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5638: 5637: 5632: 5630:cell structure 5621: 5619: 5615: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5607: 5606: 5605: 5603:Saccharophilic 5600: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5571: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5520: 5514: 5512: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5492:Microaerophile 5489: 5488: 5487: 5482: 5472: 5471: 5470: 5465: 5454: 5452: 5443: 5432: 5431: 5429: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5402: 5400: 5392: 5391: 5380: 5379: 5372: 5365: 5357: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5328: 5326: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5136:Marine biology 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4946:Bioinformatics 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4892: 4889: 4888: 4881: 4880: 4873: 4866: 4858: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4845: 4834: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4776: 4775: 4765: 4759: 4757: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4693: 4691: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4580: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4559: 4558: 4551: 4544: 4536: 4527: 4526: 4524: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4503: 4492: 4490: 4486: 4485: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4469: 4462:Ronald Lockley 4459: 4449: 4437: 4430:Niko Tinbergen 4427: 4415: 4403: 4397: 4395: 4391: 4390: 4388: 4387: 4377: 4365: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4298: 4293: 4281: 4269: 4260:Charles Darwin 4257: 4252: 4243:Georges Cuvier 4240: 4231:George Montagu 4227: 4225: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4217: 4205: 4193: 4181: 4176: 4164: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4120: 4115: 4113:Jan Swammerdam 4110: 4105: 4103:William Derham 4100: 4095: 4090: 4077: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4065: 4055: 4044:William Turner 4041: 4036: 4027:Conrad Gessner 4024: 4022:Leonhart Fuchs 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3992:Gaspard Bauhin 3989: 3983: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3971: 3959: 3947: 3937: 3925: 3912: 3910: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3885: 3884: 3877: 3870: 3862: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3849: 3837: 3824: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3796: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3785: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3750: 3745: 3739: 3737: 3733: 3732: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3698:4Pi microscope 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3673:Phase contrast 3670: 3665: 3660: 3654: 3652: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3642: 3635: 3627: 3624: 3623: 3616: 3615: 3608: 3601: 3593: 3584: 3583: 3581: 3580: 3569: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3550:Leeuwenhoeckia 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3514: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3481: 3479: 3478:General topics 3475: 3474: 3467: 3466: 3459: 3452: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3416: 3407: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3364: 3363:External links 3361: 3360: 3359: 3339:de Kruif, Paul 3335: 3332:978-0691017099 3320: 3295: 3288: 3272: 3259: 3256:978-9004304284 3244: 3237: 3224: 3195: 3182: 3179:978-0801851384 3167: 3160: 3153:Ford, Brian J. 3150: 3141: 3119: 3116:978-9004168657 3104: 3097: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3075: 3061: 3046: 3034: 3012: 3000: 2978: 2966: 2962:The Microscope 2954: 2942: 2935: 2929:. p. 28. 2913: 2904: 2890: 2870: 2858: 2841: 2827: 2813: 2780:Histochemistry 2770: 2761: 2752: 2738: 2724: 2710: 2696: 2682: 2675: 2653: 2622: 2604: 2583: 2566: 2544: 2517: 2474: 2451: 2425: 2414: 2401: 2370: 2344: 2335: 2328: 2322:. p. 45. 2306: 2292: 2275: 2266: 2257: 2248: 2236: 2223: 2168: 2142: 2133: 2124: 2099: 2090: 2074: 2061: 1997: 1976: 1950: 1939:on 7 July 2010 1924: 1911: 1902: 1893: 1868: 1866:Huerta, p. 31. 1859: 1847: 1838: 1829: 1804: 1775: 1768: 1748: 1723: 1709: 1686: 1682:978-9813202948 1665: 1656: 1621: 1602:(3): 308–319. 1579: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1546: 1529: 1515: 1502: 1490:camera obscura 1484:(p. 236) 1471: 1444: 1403: 1373: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1353:Jan Swammerdam 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1283: 1280: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1261: 1259: 1252: 1245: 1220:Leeuwenhoeckia 1137:Vleeshal Delft 1122: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1114: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1095: 1093: 1087: 1080: 1057:or an insect. 1035: 1034: 1026: 1025: 1013: 1012: 993: 974: 967: 960: 952: 941: 934: 927: 921: 914: 911: 897: 886: 868: 865: 800: 797: 725:Jan Swammerdam 721:tiny creatures 712: 709: 697:William Croone 617: 614: 581: 578: 574:Jan Swammerdam 566:Dutch Reformed 554:The Geographer 548:The Astronomer 531:The Geographer 473:Dutch Republic 456: 453: 374:microbial life 366:Dutch Republic 331:microbiologist 207: 206: 198: 197: 193: 192: 189: 188: 186: 185: 180: 174: 172: 168: 167: 161: 160: 158: 157: 150:microorganisms 143: 140:microbiologist 131: 129: 128:Known for 125: 124: 121: 119:(aged 90) 115:26 August 1723 113: 109: 108: 105:Dutch Republic 99: 88: 84: 83: 76: 68: 67: 62: 59: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8259: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8232:Microscopists 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8169: 8167: 8152: 8144: 8143: 8140: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8107: 8104: 8103: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8083: 8081: 8077: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8037: 8035: 8031: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7996: 7993: 7992: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7952: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7935:Microbial oil 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7917: 7915: 7913:Human related 7911: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7899:Picoeukaryote 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7841: 7839: 7835: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7805: 7803: 7799: 7793: 7792: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7769: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7757:Microbial mat 7755: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7742: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7697: 7695: 7693: 7689: 7683: 7680: 7676: 7673: 7672: 7671: 7668: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7650: 7649: 7646: 7645: 7643: 7639: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7594: 7592: 7590: 7586: 7581: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7550:Nanobacterium 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7540:Cyanobacteria 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7527: 7525: 7523: 7519: 7515: 7508: 7503: 7501: 7496: 7494: 7489: 7488: 7485: 7473: 7472: 7463: 7461: 7460: 7451: 7449: 7448: 7439: 7438: 7435: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7410: 7408: 7404: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7379: 7377: 7373: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7339: 7337: 7333: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7316:Chlamydospore 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7298: 7297: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7263: 7262: 7260: 7258: 7255:Reproduction/ 7253: 7250: 7246: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7209:Ethnomycology 7207: 7206: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7172: 7167: 7165: 7160: 7158: 7153: 7152: 7149: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7114: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7094: 7093: 7090: 7086: 7083: 7082: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7072:Fertilization 7070: 7068: 7065: 7064: 7063: 7059: 7056: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7043: 7042: 7039: 7038: 7036: 7030: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6964: 6955: 6952: 6949: 6948: 6947: 6944: 6940:Pleuromitosis 6939: 6936: 6933: 6930: 6929: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6911: 6908: 6907: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6889: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6877:Hydrogenosome 6875: 6874: 6872: 6866: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6841: 6839: 6833: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6766: 6759: 6755: 6752: 6751:Multicellular 6749: 6742: 6739: 6738: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6728: 6727: 6724: 6721: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6697: 6694: 6691: 6688: 6687: 6686: 6683: 6680: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6640: 6637: 6633: 6623: 6620: 6619: 6617: 6613: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6599: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6574: 6573:Dictyostelids 6569: 6566: 6564: 6560: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6540: 6535: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6514: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6500: 6490: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6467: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6443: 6441: 6437: 6436:Apicomplexans 6432: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6407: 6405: 6401: 6396: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6376: 6374: 6370: 6365: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6350: 6348: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6333: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6308: 6303: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6287: 6282: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6258:Stramenopiles 6255: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6230: 6225: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6204: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6190: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6165: 6160: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6139: 6134: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6090: 6087: 6083: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6036: 6033: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6020: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6009: 6006: 6005: 6003: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5978: 5973: 5971: 5966: 5964: 5959: 5958: 5955: 5943: 5935: 5933: 5925: 5924: 5921: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5882:Schizomycetes 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5856: 5852: 5842: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5832: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5784: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5746: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5723:Teichoic acid 5721: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5696: 5695:Peptidoglycan 5692: 5689: 5687: 5686:Cell membrane 5684: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5664: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5616: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5553: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5509: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5476: 5473: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5460: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5437: 5433: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5378: 5373: 5371: 5366: 5364: 5359: 5358: 5355: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5323: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5216:Phylogenetics 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5111:Human biology 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 5001:Chronobiology 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4976:Biotechnology 4974: 4972: 4971:Biostatistics 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4893: 4890: 4886: 4879: 4874: 4872: 4867: 4865: 4860: 4859: 4856: 4844: 4836: 4835: 4832: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4774: 4771: 4770: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4754: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4599:Biotechnology 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4573: 4568: 4564: 4557: 4552: 4550: 4545: 4543: 4538: 4537: 4534: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4511: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4487: 4482: 4467: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4446: 4445:On Aggression 4441: 4440:Konrad Lorenz 4438: 4435: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4412: 4407: 4406:Abbott Thayer 4404: 4402: 4399: 4398: 4396: 4392: 4385: 4381: 4378: 4375: 4374: 4369: 4368:Ernst Haeckel 4366: 4363: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4333:Louis Agassiz 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4318:Charles Lyell 4316: 4314: 4311: 4308: 4307: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4291: 4290: 4285: 4282: 4279: 4278: 4273: 4270: 4267: 4266: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4255:William Smith 4253: 4250: 4249: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4237: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4222: 4215: 4214: 4209: 4206: 4203: 4202: 4197: 4196:Thomas Bewick 4194: 4191: 4190: 4185: 4184:Gilbert White 4182: 4180: 4177: 4174: 4173: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4161: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4135:Georg Steller 4133: 4130: 4129: 4124: 4123:Carl Linnaeus 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4082: 4079: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4073:Enlightenment 4070: 4063: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4034: 4033: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4002:Otto Brunfels 4000: 3997: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3969: 3968: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3956: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3934: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3922: 3917: 3914: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3903: 3900: 3894: 3890: 3883: 3878: 3876: 3871: 3869: 3864: 3863: 3860: 3848: 3847: 3838: 3836: 3835: 3826: 3825: 3822: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3734: 3729: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3636: 3634: 3633: 3629: 3628: 3625: 3621: 3614: 3609: 3607: 3602: 3600: 3595: 3594: 3591: 3579: 3571: 3570: 3567: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3522: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3465: 3460: 3458: 3453: 3451: 3446: 3445: 3442: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3422:Brian J. Ford 3420: 3417: 3415: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3373:Royal Society 3370: 3367: 3366: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3309: 3304: 3303: 3296: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3225: 3222: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3165: 3161: 3158: 3154: 3151: 3147: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3129: 3124: 3120: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3102: 3098: 3096: 3095:9781596910362 3092: 3088: 3084: 3083: 3071: 3065: 3058: 3055: 3050: 3043: 3038: 3022: 3016: 3009: 3004: 2988: 2982: 2975: 2970: 2963: 2958: 2951: 2946: 2938: 2936:9789060040980 2932: 2928: 2924: 2917: 2908: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2887:0-06-052276-3 2884: 2880: 2874: 2867: 2862: 2854: 2853: 2845: 2837: 2831: 2823: 2817: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2786:(4): 319–28. 2785: 2781: 2774: 2765: 2756: 2748: 2742: 2734: 2728: 2720: 2714: 2706: 2700: 2692: 2686: 2678: 2672: 2669:. p. 6. 2668: 2664: 2657: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2626: 2618: 2614: 2608: 2600: 2596: 2590: 2588: 2579: 2573: 2571: 2554: 2548: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2521: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2478: 2470: 2466: 2465:Nauka i Zhizn 2462: 2455: 2439: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2418: 2411: 2405: 2390:on 2 May 2015 2389: 2385: 2381: 2374: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2351: 2349: 2339: 2331: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2310: 2302: 2296: 2288: 2282: 2280: 2270: 2261: 2252: 2245: 2240: 2233: 2227: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2175: 2173: 2157: 2153: 2146: 2137: 2128: 2113: 2109: 2103: 2094: 2086: 2085: 2078: 2071: 2068:Klaus Meyer: 2065: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2016: 2011: 2004: 2002: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1980: 1965:on 4 May 2006 1964: 1960: 1954: 1938: 1934: 1928: 1921: 1915: 1906: 1897: 1882: 1878: 1872: 1863: 1856: 1851: 1842: 1833: 1818: 1814: 1808: 1793: 1789: 1788:"Animalcules" 1782: 1780: 1771: 1765: 1761: 1760: 1752: 1737: 1733: 1727: 1712: 1710:9780674975910 1706: 1702: 1701: 1693: 1691: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1669: 1660: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1625: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1583: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1543: 1539: 1533: 1526: 1519: 1512: 1506: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1482: 1475: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1422:). The final 1421: 1417: 1413: 1407: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1378: 1374: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1348:Nicolas Steno 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1277: 1272: 1265: 1260: 1256: 1249: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1240: 1239: 1234: 1233: 1228: 1227: 1222: 1221: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1174: 1169: 1167: 1162: 1161:Brian J. Ford 1157: 1155: 1151: 1150: 1145: 1135: 1127: 1111: 1106: 1099: 1094: 1091: 1084: 1079: 1078: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1066:coccinellidae 1063: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1032: 1028: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 972: 968: 965: 961: 958: 953: 950: 946: 942: 939: 935: 932: 928: 925: 922: 919: 915: 912: 909: 905: 901: 898: 895: 891: 887: 883: 882: 878: 873: 864: 862: 858: 857:Royal Society 852: 850: 846: 842: 836: 832: 824: 816: 810: 805: 796: 794: 790: 786: 782: 781:Govert Bidloo 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 708: 706: 702: 698: 693: 690: 681: 680: 676:published in 675: 670: 666: 663: 662: 652: 651:Royal Society 647: 643: 641: 637: 633: 632: 627: 626:Royal Society 623: 613: 610: 601: 597: 592: 587: 577: 575: 571: 567: 562: 560: 556: 555: 550: 549: 544: 537: 533: 532: 527: 523: 521: 517: 516:land surveyor 512: 510: 509:the city hall 506: 502: 496: 494: 490: 489:Warmoesstraat 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 461: 452: 450: 449: 444: 443:Royal Society 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 415:muscle fibers 412: 408: 404: 399: 393: 387: 382: 377: 375: 371: 367: 363: 358: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 325: 319: 311: 310: 305:-tə-nee vahn 297: 217: 213: 204: 199: 194: 190: 184: 181: 179: 176: 175: 173: 169: 166: 162: 155: 151: 148:discovery of 147: 144: 141: 137: 133: 132: 130: 126: 114: 110: 106: 102: 89: 85: 80: 74: 69: 65: 57: 54: 50: 46: 42: 38: 33: 29: 25: 23: 8101:Microswimmer 7995:in pregnancy 7945:Nylon-eating 7828:Spermosphere 7790: 7589:Microbiology 7469: 7457: 7445: 7299: 7285:Basidiospore 7264: 7219:Marine fungi 7178:Microbiology 7092:Heterotrophy 7062:Reproduction 6937:Orthomitosis 6922:Heterokaryon 6869:Mitochondria 6770:Cell surface 6646:organization 6602:Opisthokonta 6425:Micronucleus 6420:Macronucleus 6322:Pneumatocyst 6138:Glaucophytes 6122:Phragmoplast 6061:Thallophytes 5988:Protistology 5984:Microbiology 5912:Mendosicutes 5897:Gracilicutes 5877: 5777:Mycolic acid 5767:Mycobacteria 5765: 5737: 5716: 5652:Coccobacilli 5552:in pregnancy 5518:Extremophile 5502:Aerotolerant 5436:Biochemistry 5398:microbiology 5384:Microbiology 5261:Sociobiology 5241:Protistology 5206:Photobiology 5201:Pharmacology 5191:Parasitology 5186:Paleontology 5166:Neuroscience 5146:Microbiology 5056:Epidemiology 5026:Cytogenetics 4986:Cell biology 4966:Biosemiotics 4956:Biomechanics 4936:Biogeography 4931:Biochemistry 4926:Bacteriology 4921:Astrobiology 4654:Paleontology 4594:Biochemistry 4465: 4455: 4443: 4433: 4421: 4418:Hugh B. Cott 4409: 4394:20th century 4383: 4371: 4361: 4304: 4287: 4275: 4263: 4246: 4234: 4224:19th century 4211: 4199: 4187: 4170: 4158: 4150:James Hutton 4140:Joseph Banks 4126: 4097: 4086:Micrographia 4084: 4081:Robert Hooke 4061: 4051: 4047: 4030: 3995: 3965: 3953: 3943: 3931: 3928:Theophrastus 3919: 3844: 3832: 3761:Three-photon 3637: 3630: 3518:Recognitions 3470: 3351:. Retrieved 3346: 3323: 3312:. Retrieved 3306: 3300: 3291: 3282:. New York: 3279: 3266:. New York: 3263: 3247: 3240: 3228: 3219: 3212:. Retrieved 3208:the original 3203: 3186: 3170: 3163: 3156: 3145: 3127: 3107: 3100: 3086: 3064: 3056: 3049: 3037: 3025:. Retrieved 3015: 3003: 2991:. Retrieved 2981: 2973: 2969: 2961: 2957: 2949: 2945: 2922: 2916: 2907: 2893: 2878: 2873: 2861: 2851: 2844: 2830: 2816: 2783: 2779: 2773: 2764: 2755: 2741: 2727: 2713: 2699: 2685: 2662: 2656: 2646:26 September 2644:. Retrieved 2635: 2625: 2616: 2607: 2598: 2557:. 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Retrieved 1699: 1673: 1668: 1659: 1634: 1630: 1624: 1599: 1596:Parasitology 1595: 1582: 1567: 1559: 1532: 1518: 1505: 1479: 1474: 1455: 1447: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1399:protistology 1395:protozoology 1391:bacteriology 1377: 1323:Robert Hooke 1236: 1230: 1224: 1218: 1204: 1197: 1178: 1170: 1158: 1147: 1140: 1059: 1053:came from a 1039:Robert Boyle 1036: 980:, the Delft 957:paradontitis 938:Selenomonads 853: 849:Robert Hooke 837: 833: 829: 732: 720: 717:Robert Hooke 714: 701:Jan Verkolje 694: 685: 677: 673: 659: 656: 629: 619: 605: 599: 563: 552: 546: 540: 529: 513: 497: 476: 466: 446: 378: 359: 351:microbiology 341:. A largely 335:microscopist 211: 210: 183:Microbiology 164: 136:microscopist 117:(1723-08-26) 81:, after 1680 79:Jan Verkolje 77:Portrait by 53: 48: 44: 32: 21: 8182:1723 deaths 8177:1632 births 8133:Siderophore 7894:Phycosphere 7750:viral shunt 7471:WikiProject 7326:Pycniospore 7214:Lichenology 7122:Necrotrophy 7107:Saprotrophy 7097:Phagotrophy 7085:Phototrophy 7078:Nutrition: 7067:Life cycles 7058:Development 7032:Ecology and 6900:Nucleomorph 6854:Pseudopodia 6655:Unicellular 6539:Euglenoidea 6523:Kinetoplast 6307:Brown algae 6275:Mastigoneme 6213:Mastigoneme 6203:Cryptophyta 6113:green algae 6071:Slime molds 5800:Slime layer 5480:Facultative 5468:Facultative 5311:Xenobiology 5306:Virophysics 5276:Systematics 5231:Primatology 5176:Ornithology 5116:Ichthyology 5101:Herpetology 5096:Gerontology 5061:Epigenetics 5021:Cryobiology 4911:Agrostology 4901:Aerobiology 4896:Abiogenesis 4780:Ethnobotany 4669:RNA biology 4577:disciplines 4466:Shearwaters 4323:Mary Anning 4108:Hans Sloane 4058:John Gerard 4052:New Herball 3979:Renaissance 3962:Dioscorides 3898:naturalists 3555:Levenhookia 2490:(1): 1–22. 1886:14 February 1540:, cited by 1498:Old Masters 1486:Bill Bryson 1463:animalculum 1457:animalcules 1434:(ending in 1226:Levenhookia 1090:Henry Baker 1011:in Siberia. 971:coffee bean 945:horseradish 924:Spermatozoa 867:Discoveries 783:; in 1714, 661:animalcules 624:. When the 501:chamberlain 439:capillaries 435:gouty tophi 423:spermatozoa 343:self-taught 146:Microscopic 49:Leeuwenhoek 8166:Categories 8033:Techniques 7864:Microalgae 7772:microbiota 7767:Microbiome 7555:Prokaryote 7347:Haustorium 7306:Sporangium 7293:Teliospore 7136:Auxotrophy 7131:Mixotrophy 7112:Parasitism 7102:Osmotrophy 7080:Autotrophy 7034:physiology 6910:Plasmodium 6836:Locomotion 6772:structures 6736:Coenocytic 6480:Phytomyxea 6451:Apicoplast 6379:Dinokaryon 6358:Trichocyst 6229:Haptophyte 6117:Phycoplast 6085:Morphology 6056:Cryptogams 5907:Mollicutes 5902:Firmicutes 5892:Prokaryota 5810:Glycocalyx 5635:plasticity 5598:Lipophilic 5451:preference 5426:Resistance 5296:Toxicology 5291:Teratology 5236:Proteomics 5221:Physiology 5161:Neontology 5126:Lipidology 5121:Immunology 5091:Geobiology 5051:Embryology 5031:Dendrology 4961:Biophysics 4941:Biogeology 4722:Lamarckism 4629:Immunology 3896:Pioneering 3757:Two-photon 3632:Microscope 3436:(archived) 3375:(archived) 3353:14 October 3231:. London: 2180:Lane, Nick 1716:26 January 1637:(1): 3–7. 1564:Lane, Nick 1552:References 1318:Microscope 1313:Microscopy 1293:Animalcule 1156:in Delft. 982:pensionary 955:described 908:zoological 906:in modern 799:Techniques 749:John Locke 733:Goudestein 584:See also: 485:Benthuizen 360:Raised in 178:Microscopy 154:animalcule 142:in history 93:1632-10-24 37:Dutch name 8106:biohybrid 7960:dysbiosis 7777:holobiont 7675:amoeboids 7658:twitching 7362:Sporocarp 7357:Cell wall 7276:Ascospore 7271:Zygospore 7248:Structure 7117:Biotrophy 6990:Extrusome 6980:Cytostome 6844:Flagellum 6801:Cell wall 6760:/histonal 6740:Siphonous 6731:Syncytial 6699:Coenobial 6695:Sarcinoid 6644:Levels of 6583:Macrocyst 6563:Amoebozoa 6528:Glycosome 6456:Microneme 6336:Alveolata 6244:Haptonema 6239:Coccolith 6218:Periplast 6164:Red algae 6148:Cyanelles 6035:Infusoria 5860:evolution 5834:Composite 5733:Endospore 5691:Cell wall 5667:Structure 5558:Placental 5497:Nanaerobe 5475:Anaerobic 5406:Infection 5211:Phycology 5196:Pathology 5181:Osteology 5171:Nutrition 5131:Mammalogy 5106:Histology 4790:Dysgenics 4773:Teleology 4737:RNA world 4732:Protocell 4707:Darwinism 4688:Theories, 4659:Phycology 3916:Aristotle 3908:antiquity 3906:Classical 3233:Macmillan 3125:(1960) . 2422:Moll 2003 1881:Delft.com 1797:9 October 1762:. Brill. 1542:Moll 2003 1538:Valk 1745 1255:Oude Kerk 1173:Nick Lane 1154:Oude Kerk 1070:Celandine 1047:cochineal 933:, in 1682 926:, in 1677 900:Infusoria 877:Mezzotint 570:Calvinist 392:diertgens 196:Signature 24:(journal) 8151:Category 8070:Staining 8002:placenta 7632:Virology 7627:Mycology 7565:Protozoa 7535:Bacteria 7447:Category 7397:Mushroom 7352:Mycelium 7311:Conidium 7289:Basidium 7229:Mycology 7010:Axostyle 7005:Pyrenoid 6985:Fimbriae 6917:Dikaryon 6882:Mitosome 6811:Skeleton 6796:Frustule 6786:Mucilage 6758:tissular 6682:Colonial 6665:Amoeboid 6660:Monadoid 6588:Sorocarp 6503:Excavate 6470:Rhizaria 6400:Ciliates 6384:Dinocyst 6345:General: 6296:Frustule 6267:General: 6193:Hacrobia 6044:Sporozoa 6039:Ciliates 6028:Heliozoa 6008:Protozoa 5992:Protists 5932:Category 5855:Taxonomy 5788:envelope 5678:envelope 5568:Salivary 5485:Obligate 5463:Obligate 5411:Exotoxin 5388:Bacteria 5325:See also 5301:Virology 5286:Taxonomy 5226:Pomology 5156:Mycology 5086:Genomics 5081:Genetics 4906:Agronomy 4843:Category 4785:Eugenics 4690:concepts 4634:Medicine 4619:Genetics 4567:timeline 4343:Asa Gray 4155:John Ray 3834:Category 3578:Category 3341:(1926). 3278:(2015). 3027:26 March 2808:29628388 2640:Archived 2512:85227243 2218:25750239 2056:33990325 1993:59-13233 1969:23 April 1741:27 April 1616:84998029 1590:(1923). 1287:See also 1257:in Delft 1189:Dutchman 1185:oncology 1074:Cinchona 995:In 1696 904:protists 845:(Fig. 4) 777:Arsenaal 755:(1679), 747:(1676), 640:motility 600:Fraxinus 596:ash tree 559:executor 505:sheriffs 503:for the 431:crystals 419:bacteria 398:diertjes 386:dierkens 381:microbes 35:In this 7700:Biofilm 7692:Ecology 7663:gliding 7560:Protist 7530:Archaea 7459:Commons 7234:Mycosis 6953:Zygotic 6950:Gametic 6892:Nucleus 6670:Coccoid 6635:General 6446:Rhoptry 6353:Alveoli 6286:Diatoms 6023:Testate 5942:Commons 5841:Biofilm 5820:Fimbria 5805:S-layer 5786:Outside 5647:Bacilli 5563:Uterine 5548:Vaginal 5458:Aerobic 5441:ecology 5396:Medical 5316:Zoology 5046:Ecology 4916:Anatomy 4756:Related 4624:Geology 4609:Ecology 4589:Anatomy 4575:Fields, 3846:Commons 3412:at the 3381:in EMLO 3371:to the 3314:3 March 3308:mercury 3214:3 March 3080:Sources 2993:13 June 2800:1708749 2559:13 June 2504:4330484 2444:13 June 2394:3 March 2209:4360124 2161:3 March 2047:8121416 2024:Bibcode 1943:13 June 1822:29 July 1651:1090737 1460:, from 1144:midriff 1022:saffron 1001:Tartary 984:in the 949:vinegar 918:vacuole 775:or the 745:Leibniz 682:, 1682 572:. 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