292:
57:
41:
49:
629:
813:
257:
1660:
33:
268:
248:. The walls of this palace are made of clay with a brick facade and its columns are made of stone. Its inner walls were covered with glazed brick reliefs and featured soldiers of the Eternal Guard, a winged lion, and a lotus flower. Important parts of the Apadana Palace caught fire during the reign of Artaxerxes I (461 BC) and were rebuilt during the reign of Artaxerxes II (359 BC).
307:
for nearby settlements. By the start of the 20th century, only 13 of these giant columns were still standing. The re-erecting of a complete, but fallen column in the 1970s, is now the 14th standing column of the
Apadana.
291:
2777:
299:
The
Apadana at Persepolis has a surface of 1000 square metres; its roof was supported by 72 columns, each 24 metres tall. The entire hall was destroyed in 331 BC by the army of
279:
and his assistant
Friedrich Krefter, and Erich Schmidt, between 1931 and 1939. Important material relevant to the excavations are today housed in the archives of the
1592:
232:. These halls predate those from Persia, and it has been proposed that Urartu could be the stylistic origin of the later Persian hypostyle audience halls.
2756:
102:. It belongs to the oldest building phase of the city of Persepolis, in the first half of the 6th century BC, as part of the original design by
131:, masc.) is used to designate a hypostyle hall, i.e., a palace or audience hall of stone construction with columns. The word is rendered in
778:
716:
244:
started construction during the reign of Darius after the overall plan was chosen in 515 BC but it was finished during the reign of
448:
Cool Root, Margaret (1985). "The
Parthenon Frieze and the Apadana Reliefs at Persepolis: Reassessing a Programmatic Relationship".
128:
1625:
56:
585:
534:
726:
402:"Umayyad Building Techniques And The Merging Of Roman-Byzantine And Partho-Sassanian Traditions: Continuity And Change"
421:
2782:
771:
401:
386:
275:
The
Apadana was the largest building on the Terrace at Persepolis and was excavated by the German archaeologist
2712:
110:. Modern scholarship "demonstrates the metaphorical nature of the Apadana reliefs as idealised social orders".
2787:
2722:
1499:
690:
209:
2698:
1618:
764:
1575:
695:
578:
40:
1014:
736:
27:
491:
1792:
1673:
1611:
1431:
1277:
1262:
826:
643:
515:
185:"palace", and outside Iran it still survives in several languages as loan-words (including the
2378:
925:
525:
360:
48:
2629:
324:
280:
71:
8:
2792:
2529:
1203:
1060:
1004:
935:
747:
613:
571:
300:
2650:
2624:
787:
473:
465:
413:
2655:
2598:
2139:
1912:
1897:
1257:
477:
417:
304:
205:
175:
140:
2688:
2590:
2442:
2424:
2266:
1973:
1720:
1668:
1471:
1318:
1193:
912:
902:
821:
659:
457:
409:
229:
86:
80:
2537:
2360:
2243:
2200:
2103:
1981:
1856:
1738:
1400:
1354:
1295:
1285:
1249:
1139:
1116:
991:
858:
685:
312:
197:
60:
486:
315:
was—like the city itself—largely abandoned, and pillaged for building material.
2707:
2680:
2645:
2570:
2460:
2065:
1774:
1336:
1098:
1075:
711:
276:
160:
174:), meaning "storehouse". The word survived into later periods in Iran, as the
2771:
2717:
2640:
2506:
2483:
2468:
2406:
2332:
2251:
2162:
2078:
2019:
1996:
1682:
1634:
1543:
1510:
1458:
1452:
1267:
1037:
976:
894:
835:
549:
536:
520:
119:
2740:
2735:
2693:
2557:
2519:
2368:
2213:
2180:
2121:
2088:
2047:
1953:
1833:
1823:
1810:
1756:
1728:
1695:
1556:
1372:
1211:
1185:
1088:
1065:
1027:
943:
876:
843:
756:
669:
2702:
2675:
2660:
2614:
2547:
2299:
1940:
1884:
1504:
1493:
1385:
1380:
1231:
1162:
963:
848:
628:
125:
2730:
2670:
2665:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2256:
2228:
2218:
2009:
1963:
1920:
1700:
1390:
1239:
1152:
948:
721:
594:
261:
95:
1603:
469:
20:
2473:
2450:
2274:
2208:
2190:
2152:
2147:
1479:
1326:
1221:
1216:
1022:
971:
920:
731:
500:
225:
163:
91:
812:
374:
Greece, from
Mycenae to the Parthenon (Taschen's World Architecture)
2606:
2565:
2542:
2350:
2289:
2279:
2185:
2111:
2037:
1958:
1869:
1864:
1800:
1746:
1408:
1362:
1303:
1147:
1124:
999:
866:
664:
461:
245:
147:
107:
103:
2619:
2345:
2284:
2073:
1986:
1902:
1561:
1466:
1344:
1308:
1106:
1083:
1055:
608:
327:. Early mosques built in Persia and Iraq imitate this structure.
256:
132:
387:"The Apadana | Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures"
32:
2514:
2496:
2432:
2414:
2396:
2340:
2322:
2233:
2170:
2093:
2083:
2027:
2004:
1925:
1782:
1710:
1705:
1690:
1659:
1649:
1175:
1129:
1045:
953:
267:
221:
186:
2491:
2391:
2223:
2129:
2055:
2032:
1930:
1874:
1846:
1841:
1818:
1764:
1517:
1050:
884:
802:
563:
169:
155:(आपादन) which means 'to arrive at', and also to the Sanskrit
216:
As a modern architectural and archaeological term, the word
2175:
1948:
1892:
1551:
1170:
981:
241:
99:
2386:
146:
is etymologically ambiguous. It has been compared to the
2778:
Buildings and structures completed in the 5th century BC
1593:
List of cities, towns and villages in
Khuzestan Province
159:(अपधा) which means "a hide-out or concealment", and the
150:
2757:
List of cities, towns and villages in Fars
Province
2769:
44:Reconstruction of the Apadana's roof by Chipiez
1619:
772:
579:
786:
717:2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire
224:hypostyle halls, such as those excavated at
190:
1626:
1612:
779:
765:
586:
572:
235:
516:Oriental Institute Photographic Archives
290:
266:
255:
55:
52:Reconstruction of the Apadana by Chipiez
47:
39:
31:
1633:
303:. Stones from the columns were used as
2770:
1607:
760:
567:
528:, a virtual reconstruction of Apadana
406:Technology in Transition A.D. 300-650
85:
79:
1544:Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System
399:
336:
295:Pillar of the Apadana Palace of Susa
106:. Its construction was completed by
191:
13:
727:Persepolis Administrative Archives
484:
414:10.1163/ej.9789004165496.i-573.168
355:
14:
2804:
509:
1658:
811:
627:
400:Arce, Ignacio (1 January 2008).
323:The apadana hall influenced the
1463:Dav o Dokhtar castle, Ramhormoz
450:American Journal of Archaeology
440:
286:
2713:Tomb of Ali ibn Hamzah, Shiraz
1490:Imamzadeh Sabz-e-ghaba, Dezful
593:
393:
379:
366:
348:
251:
63:, reconstruction drawing, 1903
1:
2723:Tomb of Seyed Alaeddin Husayn
447:
342:
330:
260:Apadana Palace (East Side),
164:
120:
113:
7:
2699:Colossal Statue of Shapur I
1445:Asak ancient city, Hendijan
151:
36:Ruins of the Apadana Palace
10:
2809:
2689:Sarvestan Sassanian palace
1487:Imamzadeh Roudband, Dezful
1448:Chagadom tappe fire temple
521:The Achaemenians continued
271:Apadana Palace, Persepolis
170:
75:
25:
18:
2749:
2583:
2556:
2528:
2505:
2482:
2459:
2441:
2423:
2405:
2377:
2359:
2331:
2298:
2265:
2242:
2199:
2161:
2138:
2120:
2102:
2064:
2046:
2018:
1995:
1972:
1939:
1911:
1883:
1855:
1832:
1809:
1791:
1773:
1755:
1737:
1719:
1681:
1667:
1656:
1642:
1585:
1421:
1399:
1371:
1353:
1335:
1317:
1294:
1276:
1248:
1230:
1202:
1184:
1161:
1138:
1115:
1097:
1074:
1036:
1013:
990:
962:
934:
911:
893:
875:
857:
834:
820:
809:
795:
745:
704:
678:
652:
636:
625:
601:
485:Schmitt, R; Stronach, D.
318:
220:is also used to refer to
1531:Salasel castle, Shushtar
696:Alireza Shapour Shahbazi
19:For the Pali texts, see
16:Hall in Persepolis, Iran
2783:Achaemenid architecture
1537:Shevi waterfall, Dezful
1476:Gargar bridge, Shushtar
1015:Dasht-e Azadegan County
737:Achaemenid architecture
204:) for "palace" and the
28:Achaemenid architecture
1793:Chenar Shahijan County
1566:Tobiron valley, Dezful
1500:Battle of Khorramshahr
1442:Arjan castle, Behbahan
1278:Masjed Soleyman County
1263:Bandar-e Emam Khomeyni
644:Tomb of Artaxerxes III
296:
272:
264:
240:The Apadana Palace in
236:Apadana Palace in Susa
64:
53:
45:
37:
2379:Qir and Karzin County
1569:Tomb of Daniel, Shush
1498:Khorramshahr mosque,
361:Encyclopaedia Iranica
294:
270:
259:
59:
51:
43:
35:
26:Further information:
2788:Architecture in Iran
492:Encyclopædia Iranica
325:Umayyad architecture
281:Freer Gallery of Art
2634:Kazerun fire temple
2530:Zarrin Dasht County
1572:White bridge, Ahvaz
1548:Shushtar Watermills
1484:Hoor-al-azim lagoon
1204:Khorramshahr County
936:Bagh-e Malek County
748:Category:Persepolis
614:Gate of All Nations
546: /
301:Alexander the Great
283:in Washington, DC.
2651:Palace of Ardashir
788:Khuzestan Province
297:
273:
265:
87:[äpəˈdänə]
81:[apəˈdänə]
65:
54:
46:
38:
2765:
2764:
2685:Saadi's mausoleum
2656:Sangtarashan cave
2630:Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
2599:Arg of Karim Khan
2579:
2578:
2140:Khorrambid County
1913:Farashband County
1601:
1600:
1528:Rangooni's mosque
1525:Meyangaran lagoon
1436:Acropole of Shush
1417:
1416:
1258:Bandar-e Mahshahr
754:
753:
550:29.935°N 52.890°E
305:building material
2800:
2750:Populated places
2603:Barmdelak lagoon
2591:Afif-Abad Garden
2443:Sarvestan County
2425:Sarchehan County
2267:Marvdasht County
1974:Firuzabad County
1721:Bakhtegan County
1679:
1678:
1662:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1605:
1604:
1586:Populated places
1472:Eshkaft-e Salman
1319:Ramhormoz County
913:Andimeshk County
903:Qaleh-ye Khvajeh
832:
831:
815:
781:
774:
767:
758:
757:
660:Darius the Great
631:
588:
581:
574:
565:
564:
561:
560:
558:
557:
556:
551:
547:
544:
543:
542:
539:
504:
481:
435:
434:
432:
430:
397:
391:
390:
383:
377:
372:Henri Stierlin,
370:
364:
352:
346:
340:
194:
193:
173:
172:
167:
154:
123:
104:Darius the Great
89:
83:
77:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2745:
2625:Ghal'eh Dokhtar
2611:Delgosha Garden
2575:
2552:
2524:
2501:
2478:
2455:
2437:
2419:
2401:
2373:
2361:Pasargad County
2355:
2327:
2294:
2261:
2244:Mamasani County
2238:
2201:Larestan County
2195:
2157:
2134:
2116:
2104:Kharameh County
2098:
2060:
2042:
2014:
1991:
1968:
1935:
1907:
1879:
1857:Estahban County
1851:
1828:
1805:
1787:
1769:
1751:
1739:Arsanjan County
1733:
1715:
1671:
1663:
1654:
1638:
1632:
1602:
1597:
1581:
1578:'s tomb, Dezful
1534:Shadegan lagoon
1439:Apadana in Susa
1428:Abadan's museum
1413:
1401:Shushtar County
1395:
1367:
1355:Shadegan County
1349:
1331:
1313:
1296:Omidiyeh County
1290:
1286:Masjed Soleyman
1272:
1250:Mahshahr County
1244:
1226:
1198:
1180:
1157:
1140:Hoveyzeh County
1134:
1117:Hendijan County
1111:
1093:
1070:
1032:
1009:
992:Behbahan County
986:
958:
930:
907:
889:
871:
859:Aghajari County
853:
824:
816:
807:
791:
785:
755:
750:
741:
700:
686:Heidemarie Koch
674:
648:
632:
623:
597:
592:
554:
552:
548:
545:
540:
537:
535:
533:
532:
512:
507:
443:
438:
428:
426:
424:
398:
394:
385:
384:
380:
376:, 1997. p. 116.
371:
367:
353:
349:
341:
337:
333:
321:
313:Apadana in Susa
289:
254:
238:
213:for "palace".)
198:transliteration
195:
116:
61:Apadana of Susa
30:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2806:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2708:Tangeh Bolaghi
2705:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2646:Naqsh-e Rustam
2643:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2609:
2604:
2601:
2596:
2593:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2562:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2534:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2488:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2461:Sepidan County
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2447:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2429:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2411:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2383:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2365:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2271:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2248:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2205:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2167:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2126:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2108:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2066:Kazerun County
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1889:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1838:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1815:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1797:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1779:
1777:
1775:Bavanat County
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1761:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1743:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1725:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1685:
1676:
1665:
1664:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1631:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1608:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1576:Ya'qub-i Laith
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1546:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1514:
1507:
1502:
1496:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1477:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1461:
1456:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1405:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1377:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1359:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1341:
1339:
1337:Ramshir County
1333:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1323:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1282:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1254:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1208:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1190:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1167:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1144:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1103:
1101:
1099:Haftkel County
1095:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1080:
1078:
1076:Gotvand County
1072:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
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90:) is a large
88:
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62:
58:
50:
42:
34:
29:
22:
2741:Vakil Mosque
2736:Vakil Bazaar
2694:Shah Cheragh
2558:Khafr County
2369:Saadat Shahr
2181:Alamarvdasht
2122:Khonj County
2089:Konartakhteh
2048:Kavar County
1954:Now Bandegan
1834:Eqlid County
1824:Jannat Shahr
1811:Darab County
1757:Beyza County
1729:Abadeh Tashk
1557:Shush Castle
1540:Shush-Daniel
1451:Chogha Mish
1373:Shush County
1212:Khorramshahr
1186:Karun County
1089:Jannat Makan
944:Bagh-e Malek
877:Ahvaz County
670:Artaxerxes I
618:
531:
526:Persepolis3D
496:
490:
453:
449:
441:Bibliography
427:. Retrieved
405:
395:
381:
373:
368:
359:
358:i. Term, in
354:R. Schmitt,
350:
338:
322:
310:
298:
287:Measurements
274:
239:
217:
215:
208:
201:
182:
178:
156:
143:
136:
117:
67:
66:
2703:Shapur cave
2681:Qur'an Gate
2676:Qavam House
2661:Pars Museum
2615:Eram Garden
2548:Shahr-e Pir
2300:Mohr County
1941:Fasa County
1885:Evaz County
1522:Lali bridge
1505:Kul-e Farah
1494:Karkheh Dam
1432:Gundishapur
1232:Lali County
1163:Izeh County
964:Bavi County
849:Arvandkenar
679:Researchers
553: /
408:: 491–537.
252:Description
144:ap-pa-da-an
137:ha-ha-da-na
126:Old Persian
118:As a word,
72:Old Persian
2793:Persepolis
2772:Categories
2731:Vakil Bath
2671:Persepolis
2666:Pasargadae
2595:Amir's dam
2318:Galleh Dar
2257:Khumeh Zar
2219:Banaruiyeh
1964:Zahedshahr
1921:Farashband
1701:Izadkhvast
949:Qaleh Tall
926:Hoseyniyeh
722:Sivand Dam
595:Persepolis
541:52°53′24″E
538:29°56′06″N
331:References
262:Persepolis
141:Babylonian
129:𐎠𐎱𐎭𐎠𐎴
96:Persepolis
76:𐎠𐎱𐎭𐎠𐎴
2584:Landmarks
2538:Hajjiabad
2474:Hamashahr
2451:Sarvestan
2275:Marvdasht
2191:Chah Varz
2153:Qaderabad
2148:Safashahr
1982:Firuzabad
1480:Haft Tepe
1327:Ramhormoz
1222:Moqavemat
1217:Minushahr
1023:Susangerd
972:Mollasani
921:Andimeshk
732:Waterskin
501:Routledge
487:"Apadana"
478:192986359
226:Altintepe
210:aparan-kʿ
165:apo-thēkē
114:Etymology
92:hypostyle
2727:Tounbbot
2718:Hāfezieh
2607:Bishapur
2571:Khavaran
2566:Bab Anar
2543:Dowbaran
2351:Qatruyeh
2290:Seyyedan
2280:Kamfiruz
2186:Eshkanan
2112:Kharameh
2038:Qotbabad
1959:Sheshdeh
1898:Bidshahr
1865:Estahban
1801:Qaemiyeh
1747:Arsanjan
1669:Counties
1516:Lake of
1509:lake of
1409:Shushtar
1363:Shadegan
1304:Omidiyeh
1148:Hoveyzeh
1125:Hendijan
1061:Safiabad
1005:Sardasht
1000:Behbahan
867:Aghajari
822:Counties
665:Xerxes I
653:Builders
246:Xerxes I
222:Urartian
206:Armenian
183:'pdnk(y)
176:Parthian
148:Sanskrit
108:Xerxes I
94:hall in
2620:Istakhr
2469:Ardakan
2346:Meshkan
2285:Ramjerd
2252:Nurabad
2079:Baladeh
2074:Kazerun
1987:Meymand
1903:Fishvar
1643:Capital
1562:Taryana
1511:Karkheh
1467:Dez Dam
1345:Ramshir
1309:Jayezan
1268:Chamran
1107:Haftkel
1084:Gotvand
1056:Mianrud
977:Sheyban
796:Capital
705:Related
619:Apadana
609:Tachara
429:4 April
356:Apadana
230:Erebuni
218:apadana
179:'pdn(y)
171:αποθήκη
157:apa-dhā
152:āpādana
139:and in
133:Elamite
121:apadāna
68:Apadana
21:Apadāna
2520:Darian
2515:Shiraz
2497:Zarqan
2433:Korehi
2415:Masiri
2397:Karzin
2341:Neyriz
2323:Varavi
2234:Latifi
2214:Beyram
2171:Lamerd
2094:Nowdan
2084:Khesht
2028:Jahrom
2005:Gerash
1926:Dehram
1783:Surian
1711:Surmaq
1706:Soghad
1696:Bahman
1691:Abadeh
1674:cities
1650:Shiraz
1637:, Iran
1422:Sights
1176:Dehdez
1130:Zohreh
1066:Saland
1046:Dezful
1028:Bostan
954:Seydun
844:Abadan
827:cities
790:, Iran
602:Palace
476:
470:504773
468:
420:
319:Legacy
187:Arabic
2492:Lapui
2392:Efzar
2224:Juyom
2130:Khonj
2056:Kavar
2033:Duzeh
1931:Nujin
1875:Runiz
1847:Sedeh
1842:Eqlid
1819:Darab
1765:Beyza
1518:Karun
1386:Alvan
1381:Shush
1194:Karun
1051:Dezab
885:Ahvaz
803:Ahvaz
474:S2CID
466:JSTOR
345:p. 1.
202:fadan
192:فَدَن
161:Greek
2313:Asir
2308:Mohr
2229:Khur
2176:Ahel
2010:Arad
1949:Fasa
1893:Evaz
1672:and
1552:Susa
1455:site
1391:Horr
1240:Lali
1171:Izeh
1153:Rafi
982:Veys
825:and
431:2019
418:ISBN
311:The
242:Susa
228:and
100:Iran
2701:in
2387:Qir
2209:Lar
1513:dam
458:doi
410:doi
181:or
135:as
84:or
2774::
1870:Ij
499:.
495:.
489:.
472:.
464:.
454:89
452:.
416:.
404:.
200::
98:,
78:,
74::
1627:e
1620:t
1613:v
780:e
773:t
766:v
587:e
580:t
573:v
503:.
497:2
480:.
460::
433:.
412::
389:.
196:(
168:(
124:(
70:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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