Apartheid - Knowledge

6099:, the South African Indian Football Association (SAIFA), the South African African Football Association (SAAFA) and its rival the South African Bantu Football Association, and the South African Coloured Football Association (SACFA). Lack of funds to provide proper equipment would be noticeable in regards to black amateur football matches; this revealed the unequal lives black South Africans were subject to, in contrast to Whites, who were much better off financially. Apartheid's social engineering made it more difficult to compete across racial lines. Thus, in an effort to centralise finances, the federations merged in 1951, creating the South African Soccer Federation (SASF), which brought Black, Indian, and Coloured national associations into one body that opposed apartheid. This was generally opposed more and more by the growing apartheid government, and – with urban segregation being reinforced with ongoing racist policies – it was harder to play football along these racial lines. In 1956, the Pretoria regime – the administrative capital of South Africa – passed the first apartheid sports policy; by doing so, it emphasised the White-led government's opposition to inter-racialism. 8533:, killing 45. Witnesses said that the men had arrived in police vehicles, supporting claims that elements within the police and army contributed to the ongoing violence. Subsequent judicial inquiries found the evidence of the witnesses to be unreliable or discredited, and that there was no evidence of National Party or police involvement in the massacre. When de Klerk visited the scene of the incident he was initially warmly welcomed, but he was suddenly confronted by a crowd of protesters brandishing stones and placards. The motorcade sped from the scene as police tried to hold back the crowd. Shots were fired by the police, and the PAC stated that three of its supporters had been gunned down. Nonetheless, the Boipatong massacre offered the ANC a pretext to engage in brinkmanship. Mandela argued that de Klerk, as head of state, was responsible for bringing an end to the bloodshed. He also accused the South African police of inciting the ANC-IFP violence. This formed the basis for ANC's withdrawal from the negotiations, and the CODESA forum broke down completely at this stage. 6237:

doctor said that it was considered the norm for Non-White and White doctors to mingle while working at the hospital but when there was any down time or breaks, they were to go back to their segregated quarters. Not only was there severe segregation for doctors, non-white, more specifically Indians, were paid three to four times less than their white counterparts. Many described being treated as a "third class citizen" due to the humiliation of the standard of treatment for non-white employees across many professions. Many Indians described a sense of justified superiority from whites due to the apartheid laws that, in the minds of White South Africans, legitimised those feelings. Another finding of this study was the psychological damage done to Indians living in South Africa during apartheid. One of the biggest long-term effects on Indians was the distrust of white South Africans. There was a strong degree of alienation that left a strong psychological feeling of inferiority.

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Coloureds and the House of Delegates (45 members) for Indians. Each House handled laws pertaining to its racial group's "own affairs", including health, education and other community issues. All laws relating to "general affairs" (matters such as defence, industry, taxation and Black affairs) were handled by a Cabinet made up of representatives from all three houses. However, the White chamber had a large majority on this Cabinet, ensuring that effective control of the country remained in the hands of the White minority. Blacks, although making up the majority of the population, were excluded from representation; they remained nominal citizens of their homelands. The first Tricameral elections were largely boycotted by Coloured and Indian voters, amid widespread rioting.

8416:. Despite his initial reputation as a conservative, de Klerk moved decisively towards negotiations to end the political stalemate in the country. Prior to his term in office, F. W. de Klerk had already experienced political success as a result of the power base he had built in the Transvaal. During this time, F. W. de Klerk served as chairman to the provincial National Party, which was in favour of the Apartheid regime. The transition of de Klerk's ideology regarding apartheid is seen clearly in his opening address to parliament on 2 February 1990. F. W. de Klerk announced that he would repeal discriminatory laws and lift the 30-year ban on leading anti-apartheid groups such as the African National Congress, the Pan Africanist Congress, the 8019:

particular communities. The focus of much of this resistance was against the local authorities and their leaders, who were seen to be supporting the government. By 1985, it had become the ANC's aim to make Black townships "ungovernable" (a term later replaced by "people's power") by means of rent boycotts and other militant action. Numerous township councils were overthrown or collapsed, to be replaced by unofficial popular organisations, often led by militant youth. People's courts were set up, and residents accused of being government agents were dealt extreme and occasionally lethal punishments. Black town councillors and policemen, and sometimes their families, were attacked with petrol bombs, beaten, and murdered by

3752: 3815:. They were able to buy only state-produced poor quality beer (although this law was relaxed later). Public beaches, swimming pools, some pedestrian bridges, drive-in cinema parking spaces, graveyards, parks, and public toilets were segregated. Cinemas and theatres in white areas were not allowed to admit blacks. There were practically no cinemas in black areas. Most restaurants and hotels in white areas were not allowed to admit blacks except as staff. Blacks were prohibited from attending white churches under the Churches Native Laws Amendment Act of 1957, but this was never rigidly enforced, and churches were one of the few places races could mix without the interference of the law. Blacks earning 360 2578:. It called for a systematic effort to organise the relations, rights, and privileges of the races as officially defined through a series of parliamentary acts and administrative decrees. Segregation had thus far been pursued only in major matters, such as separate schools, and local society rather than law had been depended upon to enforce most separation; it should now be extended to everything. The commission's goal was to completely remove blacks from areas designated for whites, including cities, with the exception of temporary migrant labour. Blacks would then be encouraged to create their own political units in land reserved for them. The party gave this policy a name – 7765:

lasted nine months at minimum, and they could be called up for reserve duty into their late-middle age if necessary. The length of national service was gradually extended to 12 months in 1972 and 24 months in 1978. At state schools, white male students were organised into paramilitary formations and drilled as cadets or as participants in a civil defence or "Youth Preparedness" curriculum. Compulsory military education and in some cases, paramilitary training was introduced for all older white male students at state schools in three South African provinces. These programmes presided over the construction of bomb shelters at schools and drills aimed at simulating mock insurgent raids.

2637:" (white domination or supremacist) faction, which was the dominant faction in the NP, and state institutions, favoured systematic segregation, but also favoured the participation of black Africans in the economy with black labour controlled to advance the economic gains of Afrikaners. A second faction were the "purists", who believed in "vertical segregation", in which blacks and whites would be entirely separated, with blacks living in native reserves, with separate political and economic structures, which, they believed, would entail severe short-term pain, but would also lead to independence of white South Africa from black labour in the long term. A third faction, which included 8360:" announcements of substantial reforms, although on both occasions he backed away from substantial changes. Ironically, these reforms served only to trigger intensified political violence through the remainder of the 1980s as more communities and political groups across the country joined the resistance movement. Botha's government stopped short of substantial reforms, such as lifting the ban on the ANC, PAC and SACP and other liberation organisations, releasing political prisoners, or repealing the foundation laws of grand apartheid. The government's stance was that they would not contemplate negotiating until those organisations "renounced violence". 3442: 6663: 6599:. Basing its platform on abolishing apartheid and creating a nonracial democratic South Africa, the UDF provided a legal way for domestic human rights groups and individuals of all races to organise demonstrations and campaign against apartheid inside the country. Churches and church groups also emerged as pivotal points of resistance. Church leaders were not immune to prosecution, and certain faith-based organisations were banned, but the clergy generally had more freedom to criticise the government than militant groups did. The UDF, coupled with the protection of the church, accordingly permitted a major role for Archbishop 3462:"(the) government's policy is, therefore, not a policy of discrimination on the grounds of race or colour, but a policy of differentiation on the ground of nationhood, of different nations, granting to each self-determination within the borders of their homelands – hence this policy of separate development". Under the homelands system, blacks would no longer be citizens of South Africa, becoming citizens of the independent homelands who worked in South Africa as foreign migrant labourers on temporary work permits. In 1958 the Promotion of Black Self-Government Act was passed, and border industries and the 3791:. The most likely origin of this name is from the Afrikaans "verdomde pas" (meaning accursed pass). Only black people with "Section 10" rights (those who had migrated to the cities before World War II) were excluded from this provision. A pass was issued only to a black person with approved work. Spouses and children had to be left behind in black homelands. A pass was issued for one magisterial district (usually one town) confining the holder to that area only. Being without a valid pass made a person subject to arrest and trial for being an illegal migrant. This was often followed by deportation to the person's 8193: 1994: 7498: 7112:. In addition to isolating South Africa militarily, the United Nations General Assembly, encouraged the boycotting of oil sales to South Africa. Other actions taken by the United Nations General Assembly include the request for all nations and organisations, "to suspend cultural, educational, sporting and other exchanges with the racist regime and with organisations or institutions in South Africa which practise apartheid". Illustrating that over a long period of time, the United Nations was working towards isolating the state of South Africa, by putting pressure on the Apartheid regime. 7953: 3596:

pool for black children in Johannesburg. As one of the oldest black settlements in Johannesburg, it held an almost symbolic importance for the 50,000 black people it contained. Despite a vigorous ANC protest campaign and worldwide publicity, the removal of Sophiatown began on 9 February 1955 under the Western Areas Removal Scheme. In the early hours, heavily armed police forced residents out of their homes and loaded their belongings onto government trucks. The residents were taken to a large tract of land 19 kilometres (12 mi) from the city centre, known as

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Trains, hospitals and ambulances were segregated. Because of the smaller numbers of white patients and the fact that white doctors preferred to work in white hospitals, conditions in white hospitals were much better than those in often overcrowded and understaffed, significantly underfunded black hospitals. Residential areas were segregated and blacks were allowed to live in white areas only if employed as a servant and even then only in servants' quarters. Black people were excluded from working in white areas, unless they had a pass, nicknamed the

5918:, in which a pencil was shoved into the subjects' curly hair and the subjects made to shake their head. If the pencil stuck they were deemed to be Black; if dislodged they were pronounced Coloured. Other tests involved examining the shapes of jaw lines and buttocks and pinching people to see what language they would say "Ouch" in. As a result of these tests, different members of the same family found themselves in different race groups. Further tests determined membership of the various sub-racial groups of the Coloureds. 8372:. Whispers of South Africa one day having a Black President sent more hardline whites into supporting right-wing political parties. Mandela was moved to a four-bedroom house of his own, with a swimming pool and shaded by fir trees, on a prison farm just outside of Cape Town. He had an unpublicised meeting with Botha. Botha impressed Mandela by walking forward, extending his hand and pouring Mandela's tea. The two had a friendly discussion, with Mandela comparing the African National Congress' rebellion with that of the 7239:. In 1967, he offered technological and financial aid to any African state prepared to receive it, asserting that no political strings were attached, aware that many African states needed financial aid despite their opposition to South Africa's racial policies. Many were also tied to South Africa economically because of their migrant labour population working down the South African mines. Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland remained outspoken critics of apartheid, but were dependent on South African economic assistance. 741: 7882:, infrastructure, equipment, and manpower of the insurgents. However, their secondary objective was to dissuade neighbouring states from offering sanctuary to MK, PLAN, APLA, and similar organisations. This was accomplished by deterring the supportive foreign population from cooperating with infiltration and thus undermining the insurgents' external sanctuary areas. It would also send a clear message to the host government that collaborating with insurgent forces involved potentially high costs. 3536:

the Swiss-South African Association encouraged the Swiss government to recognise the new state. In 1976, leading up to a United States House of Representatives resolution urging the President to not recognise Transkei, the South African government intensely lobbied lawmakers to oppose the bill. Each TBVC state extended recognition to the other independent Bantustans while South Africa showed its commitment to the notion of TBVC sovereignty by building embassies in the TBVC capitals.

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insurgent attacks. Between 1978 and 1979 the SADF directed artillery fire against locations in Angola and Zambia from which insurgent rockets were suspected to have been launched. This precipitated several artillery duels with the Zambian Army. Special forces raids were launched to harass PLAN and MK by liquidating prominent members of those movements, destroying their offices and safehouses, and seizing valuable records stored at these sites. One example was the

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Zinzi – his first words distributed publicly since his sentence to prison 21 years earlier. Mandela described violence as the responsibility of the apartheid regime and said that with democracy there would be no need for violence. The crowd listening to the reading of his speech erupted in cheers and chants. This response helped to further elevate Mandela's status in the eyes of those, both internationally and domestically, who opposed apartheid.

8952: 3545: 19478: 18920: 18131: 678: 22006: 22030: 7382:, a Coloured South African-born cricketer, to join the English cricket team on its tour to South Africa. Vorster said that the side had been chosen only to prove a point, and not on merit. D'Oliveira was eventually included in the team as the first substitute, but the tour was cancelled. Protests against certain tours brought about the cancellation of a number of other visits, including that of an England rugby team touring South Africa in 1969–70. 6459: 22018: 18940: 7823: 6356: 3655: 3196:. The act defined Communism and its aims so sweepingly that anyone who opposed government policy risked being labelled as a Communist. Since the law specifically stated that Communism aimed to disrupt racial harmony, it was frequently used to gag opposition to apartheid. Disorderly gatherings were banned, as were certain organisations that were deemed threatening to the government. It also empowered the Ministry of Justice to impose 3860: 21994: 7389: – flew to South Africa to meet Vorster. Vorster had expected Bradman to allow the tour of the Australian cricket team to go ahead, but things became heated after Bradman asked why Black sportsmen were not allowed to play cricket. Vorster stated that Blacks were intellectually inferior and had no finesse for the game. Bradman, thinking this ignorant and repugnant, asked Vorster if he had heard of a man named 8748:: "I apologise in my capacity as leader of the NP to the millions who suffered wrenching disruption of forced removals; who suffered the shame of being arrested for pass law offences; who over the decades suffered the indignities and humiliation of racial discrimination." In a video released after his death in 2021, he apologised one last time for apartheid, both on a personal level and in his capacity as former president. 8924: 1307: 96: 2493: 6112:

slowly collapsing the ANC and National Party started negotiations on the end of apartheid, football associations also discussed the formation of a single, non-racial controlling body. This unity process accelerated in the late 1980s and led to the creation, in December 1991, of an incorporated South African Football Association. On 3 July 1992, FIFA finally welcomed South Africa back into international football.

22042: 21942: 19507: 18930: 7657: 7920:, carried out in 1985, during which a South African special forces team crossed the border into Botswana and demolished four suspected MK safe houses, severely damaging another four. Other types of special forces operations included the sabotage of economic infrastructure. The SADF sabotaged infrastructure being used for the insurgents' war effort; for example, port facilities in southern Angola's 2413:(1913) prevented Black people, except those in the Cape, from buying land outside "reserves"; the Natives in Urban Areas Bill (1918) was designed to force Black people into "locations"; the Urban Areas Act (1923) introduced residential segregation and provided cheap labour for industry led by white people; the Colour Bar Act (1926) prevented black mine workers from practising skilled trades; the 7337: 3532:

were not yet sovereign nations. Independent Bantustans (Transkei, Bophutatswana, Venda and Ciskei; also known as the TBVC states) were intended to be fully sovereign. In reality, they had no significant economic infrastructure and with few exceptions encompassed swaths of disconnected territory. This meant all the Bantustans were little more than puppet states controlled by South Africa.

7329:. The changes were initiated, and in January 1963, the South African Non-Racial Olympic Committee (SANROC) was set up. The Anti-Apartheid Movement persisted in its campaign for South Africa's exclusion, and the IOC acceded in barring the country from the 1964 Olympic Games. South Africa selected a multi-racial team for the next Olympic Games, and the IOC opted for incorporation in the 6551: 3483: 8837:. Within the pre-1967 Israeli borders, Palestinian rights advocates have raised concern over discriminatory housing planning against Palestinian citizens of Israel, likening it to racial segregation. Others argue that the Israeli treatment of Palestinians does not fit the definition of apartheid as it is motivated by security considerations and has nothing to do with race. 2109:

classification. Between 1960 and 1983, 3.5 million black Africans were removed from their homes and forced into segregated neighbourhoods as a result of apartheid legislation, in some of the largest mass evictions in modern history. Most of these targeted removals were intended to restrict the black population to ten designated "tribal homelands", also known as

7162:(OAU) was created in 1963. Its primary objectives were to eradicate colonialism and improve social, political and economic situations in Africa. It censured apartheid and demanded sanctions against South Africa. African states agreed to aid the liberation movements in their fight against apartheid. In 1969, fourteen nations from Central and East Africa gathered in 2282:, which decreed that if a Khoikhoi were to move they would need a pass from their master or a local official. Ordinance No. 49 of 1828 decreed that prospective black immigrants were to be granted passes for the sole purpose of seeking work. These passes were to be issued for Coloureds and Khoikhoi but not for other Africans, who were still forced to carry passes. 7908:

with openly deploying large numbers of South African troops into another country. Furthermore, military involvement on that scale had the potential to evolve into wider conflict situations, in which South Africa became entangled. For example, South Africa's activities in Angola, initially limited to containing PLAN, later escalated to direct involvement in the

5966:, which crafted a separate system of education for black South African students and was designed to prepare black people for lives as a labouring class. In 1959 separate universities were created for black, Coloured and Indian people. Existing universities were not permitted to enroll new black students. The Afrikaans Medium Decree of 1974 required the use of 5910:

individual into one of the three categories. A white person was described by the act as one whose parents were both white and possessed the "habits, speech, education, deportment and demeanour" of a white person. Blacks were defined by the act as belonging to an African race or tribe. Lastly, Coloureds were those who could not be classified as black or white.

8278:, became prime minister. His white minority regime worried about Soviet aid to revolutionaries in South Africa at the same time that South African economic growth had slowed. The South African Government noted that it was spending too much money to maintain segregated homelands created for Blacks, and the homelands were proving to be uneconomical. 3427:. They were displeased by having to choose between British and South African nationalities. Although Verwoerd tried to bond these different blocs, the subsequent voting illustrated only a minor swell of support, indicating that a great many English speakers remained apathetic and that Verwoerd had not succeeded in uniting the white population. 6520:) carried out their threats. The government countered swiftly by giving police the authority to arrest people for up to twelve days and detaining many strike leaders amid numerous cases of police brutality. Defeated, the protesters called off their strike. The ANC then chose to launch an armed struggle through a newly formed military wing, 8615:, leader of the Bophuthatswana homeland, declared that it would not take part in the elections. It had been decided that, once the temporary constitution had come into effect, the homelands would be incorporated into South Africa, but Mangope did not want this to happen. There were strong protests against his decision, leading to a 7080:

aftermath of the Defiance Campaign, and the UN set up a task team to keep watch on the progress of apartheid and the racial state of affairs in South Africa. Although South Africa's racial policies were a cause for concern, most countries in the UN concurred that this was a domestic affair, which fell outside the UN's jurisdiction.

8521:(IFP) and the ANC and the eruption of some traditional tribal and local rivalries between the Zulu and Xhosa historical tribal affinities, especially in the Southern Natal provinces. Although Mandela and Buthelezi met to settle their differences, they could not stem the violence. One of the worst cases of ANC-IFP violence was the 8286:

of BP's assets in Nigeria including their stake in SPDC, although it appears the real reasons were economic nationalism and domestic politics ahead of the Nigerian elections. Many South Africans attended schools in Nigeria, and Nelson Mandela acknowledged the role of Nigeria in the struggle against apartheid on several occasions.

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in the counting process. In particular, it expressed disquiet that "no international observers had been allowed to be present at the crucial stage of the count when party representatives negotiated over disputed ballots." This meant that both the electorate and the world were "simply left to guess at

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In 1983, a new constitution was passed implementing what was called the Tricameral Parliament, giving Coloureds and Indians voting rights and parliamentary representation in separate houses – the House of Assembly (178 members) for Whites, the House of Representatives (85 members) for

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In July 1979, the Nigerian Government alleged that the Shell-BP Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited (SPDC) was selling Nigerian oil to South Africa, though there was little evidence or commercial logic for such sales. The alleged sanctions-breaking was used to justify the seizure of some

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to eliminate its military and political opponents, arguing that neighbouring states, including their civilian populations, which hosted, tolerated on their soil, or otherwise sheltered anti-apartheid insurgent groups could not evade responsibility for provoking retaliatory strikes. While it did focus

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As a result of "Total Strategy", South African society became increasingly militarised. Many domestic civil organisations were modelled upon military structures, and military virtues such as discipline, patriotism and loyalty were highly regarded. In 1968, national service for White South African men

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In South Africa, Vorster vented his anger publicly against Bradman, while the African National Congress rejoiced. This was the first time a predominantly White nation had taken the side of multiracial sport, producing an unsettling resonance that more "White" boycotts were coming. Almost twenty years

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took office shortly after, and announced that South Africa would no longer dictate to the international community what their teams should look like. Although this reopened the gate for international sporting meets, it did not signal the end of South Africa's racist sporting policies. In 1968, Vorster

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summarised the political situations of self-governing African countries, condemning racism and inequity, and calling for Black majority rule in all African nations. It did not rebuff South Africa entirely, though, adopting an appeasing manner towards the apartheid government, and even recognizing its

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attention, in order to advocate for the Indians residing in South Africa. On 22 June 1946, the Indian government requested that the discriminatory treatment of Indians living in South Africa be included on the agenda of the first General Assembly session. In 1952, apartheid was again discussed in the

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were therefore high. The controlled movement of black and Coloured workers within the country caused by the Natives Urban Areas Act of 1923 and restrictive 'pass laws' separated family members from one another. This occurred because the apartheid system perceived that men could prove their employment

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By 1948, before formal Apartheid, 10 universities existed in South Africa: four were Afrikaans, four for English, one for Blacks and a Correspondence University open to all ethnic groups. By 1981, under apartheid government, 11 new universities were built: seven for Blacks, one for Coloureds, one for

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under apartheid were racially segregated, with 54 unions being white only, 38 for Indian and Coloured and 19 for black people. The Industrial Conciliation Act (1956) legislated against the creation of multi-racial trade unions and attempted to split existing multi-racial unions into separate branches

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Throughout the existence of the independent Bantustans, South Africa remained the only country to recognise their independence. Nevertheless, internal organisations of many countries, as well as the South African government, lobbied for their recognition. For example, upon the foundation of Transkei,

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South Africa had allowed social custom and law to govern the consideration of multiracial affairs and of the allocation, in racial terms, of access to economic, social, and political status. Most white South Africans, regardless of their own differences, accepted the prevailing pattern. Nevertheless,

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The various South African colonies passed legislation throughout the rest of the 19th century to limit the freedom of unskilled workers, to increase the restrictions on indentured workers and to regulate the relations between the races. The discoveries of diamonds and gold in South Africa also raised

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Weymouth Genova covers the possibility of Nigerian oil going to South Africa in detail from page 113. Heavily laden tankers have to respect the ocean currents which means they travel clockwise around Africa; oil for South Africa would likely come from the Middle East rather than West Africa. Nigeria

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carried out by the SDF on 10 March that deposed Mangope. AWB militants attempted to intervene in hopes of maintaining Mangope in power. Fighting alongside black paramilitaries loyal to Mangope they were unsuccessful, with 3 AWB militants being killed during this intervention, and harrowing images of

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and the UDF-ANC faction. It was later proven that the government manipulated the situation by supporting one side or the other whenever it suited them. Government agents assassinated opponents within South Africa and abroad; they undertook cross-border army and air-force attacks on suspected ANC and

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In the 1960s, the Anti-Apartheid Movements began to campaign for cultural boycotts of apartheid South Africa. Artists were requested not to present or let their works be hosted in South Africa. In 1963, 45 British writers put their signatures to an affirmation approving of the boycott, and, in 1964,

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In 1971, Vorster altered his policies even further by distinguishing multiracial from multinational sport. Multiracial sport, between teams with players of different races, remained outlawed; multinational sport, however, was now acceptable: international sides would not be subject to South Africa's

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programme. The new young leaders proposed that white authority could only be overthrown through mass campaigns. In 1950 that philosophy saw the launch of the Programme of Action, a series of strikes, boycotts and civil disobedience actions that led to occasional violent clashes with the authorities.

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during apartheid were classified many ranges of categories from "Asian" to "black" to "Coloured" and even the mono-ethnic category of "Indian", but never as white, having been considered "nonwhite" throughout South Africa's history. The group faced severe discrimination during the apartheid regime

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and other major sporting events, South Africa would be in the spotlight internationally. In a 1977 survey, white South Africans ranked the lack of international sport as one of the three most damaging consequences of apartheid. By the mid-1950s, Black South Africans would also use media to challenge

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The apartheid bureaucracy devised complex (and often arbitrary) criteria at the time that the Population Registration Act was implemented to determine who was Coloured. Minor officials would administer tests to determine if someone should be categorised either Coloured or White, or if another person

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programmes, labour tenants on white-owned farms, the inhabitants of the so-called "black spots" (black-owned land surrounded by white farms), the families of workers living in townships close to the homelands, and "surplus people" from urban areas, including thousands of people from the Western Cape

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The National Party's election platform stressed that apartheid would preserve a market for white employment in which non-whites could not compete. On the issues of black urbanisation, the regulation of non-white labour, influx control, social security, farm tariffs and non-white taxation, the United

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that individuals, groups and communities can be deprived of meaningful and purposeful activity through segregation due to social, political, economic factors and for social status reasons, such as race, disability, age, gender, sexuality, religious preference, political preference, or creed, or due

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Sport has long been an important part of life in South Africa, and the boycotting of games by international teams had a profound effect on the white population, perhaps more so than the trade embargoes did. After the re-acceptance of South Africa's sports teams by the international community, sport

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were moved under the Group Areas Act. Some 40,000 whites were also forced to move when land was transferred from "white South Africa" into the black homelands. In South-West Africa, the apartheid plan that instituted Bantustans was as a result of the so-called Odendaal Plan, a set of proposals from

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called for improved relations and greater accord between people of British descent and the Afrikaners. He claimed that the only difference was between those in favour of apartheid and those against it. The ethnic division would no longer be between Afrikaans and English speakers, but between blacks

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The election was held on 27 April 1994 and went off peacefully throughout the country as 20 million South Africans cast their votes. There was some difficulty in organising the voting in rural areas, but people waited patiently for many hours to vote amidst a palpable feeling of goodwill. An extra

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would have to contend with the firepower of the host government's forces. Intensive conventional warfare of this nature carried the risk of severe casualties among white soldiers, which had to be kept to a minimum for political reasons. There were also high economic and diplomatic costs associated

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on the African continent, as well as Soviet aid for militant anti-apartheid movements, was considered one of the primary external threats to the apartheid system. South African officials frequently accused domestic opposition groups of being communist proxies. For its part, the Soviet Union viewed

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magazine were the first to give the issue public exposure, with an intrepid special issue in 1955 that asked, "Why shouldn't our blacks be allowed in the SA team?" As time progressed, international standing with South Africa would continue to be strained. In the 1980s, as the oppressive system was

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on 18 June 1951; however, four voters, G Harris, W D Franklin, W D Collins and Edgar Deane, challenged its validity in court with support from the United Party. The Cape Supreme Court upheld the act, but reversed by the Appeal Court, finding the act invalid because a two-thirds majority in a joint

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The state passed laws that paved the way for "grand apartheid", which was centred on separating races on a large scale, by compelling people to live in separate places defined by race. This strategy was in part adopted from "left-over" British rule that separated different racial groups after they

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On 12 June 1986, four days before the tenth anniversary of the Soweto uprising, the state of emergency was extended to cover the whole country. The government amended the Public Security Act, including the right to declare "unrest" areas, allowing extraordinary measures to crush protests in these

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Soviet support for militant anti-apartheid movements worked in the government's favour, as its claim to be reacting in opposition to aggressive communist expansion gained greater plausibility, and helped it justify its own domestic militarisation methods, known as "Total Strategy". Total Strategy

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tour – the government spent $ 8,000,000 protecting games using the army and police force. A planned All Black tour to South Africa in 1985 remobilised the New Zealand protesters and it was cancelled. A "rebel tour" – not government sanctioned – went

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to protest against the imposition of Afrikaans as the only language of instruction. On 16 June, police opened fire on students protesting peacefully. According to official reports 23 people were killed, but the number of people who died is usually given as 176, with estimates of up to 700. In the

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In the wake of Sharpeville, the government declared a state of emergency. More than 18,000 people were arrested, including leaders of the ANC and PAC, and both organisations were banned. The resistance went underground, with some leaders in exile abroad and others engaged in campaigns of domestic

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The colonialist ideology established under apartheid had a major effect on Black and Coloured women, with them suffering due to both racial and gender discrimination while being politically pushed to the margins. Scholar Judith Nolde has argued that, in general, the discriminatory system set up a

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Blacks could not acquire land in white areas. In the homelands, much of the land belonged to a "tribe", where the local chieftain would decide how the land had to be used. This resulted in whites owning almost all the industrial and agricultural lands and much of the prized residential land. Most

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had been one of the few urban areas where black people were allowed to own land, and was slowly developing into a multiracial slum. As industry in Johannesburg grew, Sophiatown became the home of a rapidly expanding black workforce, as it was convenient and close to town. It had the only swimming

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Bantustans within the borders of South Africa and South West Africa were classified by degree of nominal self-rule: 6 were "non-self-governing", 10 were "self-governing", and 4 were "independent". In theory, self-governing Bantustans had control over many aspects of their internal functioning but

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attracted black migrant workers in large numbers to chief industrial centres, where they compensated for the wartime shortage of white labour. However, this escalated rate of black urbanisation went unrecognised by the South African government, which failed to accommodate the influx with parallel

8513:

When negotiations resumed in May 1992, under the tag of CODESA II, stronger demands were made. The ANC and the government could not reach a compromise on how power should be shared during the transition to democracy. The NP wanted to retain a strong position in a transitional government, and the

8179:

The contradictions in the traditionally capitalist economy of the apartheid state led to considerable debate about racial policy, and division and conflicts in the central state. To a large extent, the political ideology of apartheid had emerged from the colonisation of Africa by European powers

8063:

without referring to the constitution or to parliament. It became a criminal offence to threaten someone verbally or possess documents that the government perceived to be threatening, to advise anyone to stay away from work or to oppose the government, and to disclose the name of anyone arrested

6563:

wrote that basic supply and demand led to violations of Apartheid "on a massive scale" throughout the nation, simply because there were not enough white South African business owners to meet the demand for various goods and services. Large portions of the garment industry and construction of new

6236:

In 2005, a retrospect study was done by Josephine C. Naidoo and Devi Moodley Rajab, where they interviewed a series of Indian South Africans about their experience living through apartheid; their study highlighted education, the workplace, and general day to day living. One participant who was a

3778:

Black people were not allowed to run businesses or professional practices in areas designated as "white South Africa" unless they had a permit – such being granted only exceptionally. Without a permit, they were required to move to the black "homelands" and set up businesses and practices there.

3453:

Territorial separation was hardly a new institution. There were, for example, the "reserves" created under the British government in the nineteenth century. Under apartheid, 13 percent of the land was reserved for black homelands, a small amount relative to its total population, and generally in

3345:

In 1955 the Strijdom government increased the number of judges in the Appeal Court from five to 11, and appointed pro-Nationalist judges to fill the new places. In the same year they introduced the Senate Act, which increased the Senate from 49 seats to 89. Adjustments were made such that the NP

8170:

highlights the "contradictory economic effects" as the economy did not have a manufacturing sector, therefore promoting short term profitability but limiting labour productivity and the size of local markets. This also led to its collapse as "Clarkes emphasises the economy could not provide and

7935:

Also noteworthy were South African transnational espionage efforts, which included covert assassinations, kidnappings, and attempts to disrupt the overseas influence of anti-apartheid organisations. South African military intelligence agents were known to have abducted and killed anti-apartheid

7139:

condemning apartheid, proclaiming that "no system of apartheid or separate development will ever be acceptable as a model for the relations between peoples or races." In September 1988, he made a pilgrimage to countries bordering South Africa, while demonstratively avoiding South Africa itself.

6469:

Apartheid sparked significant internal resistance. The government responded to a series of popular uprisings and protests with police brutality, which in turn increased local support for the armed resistance struggle. Internal resistance to the apartheid system in South Africa came from several

5936:

Voting rights were denied to Coloureds in the same way that they were denied to Blacks from 1950 to 1983. However, in 1977 the NP caucus approved proposals to bring Coloureds and Indians into central government. In 1982, final constitutional proposals produced a referendum among Whites, and the

3461:

When Verwoerd became prime minister in 1958, the policy of "separate development" came into being, with the homeland structure as one of its cornerstones. Verwoerd came to believe in the granting of independence to these homelands. The government justified its plans on the ostensible basis that

3180:

of 1953, municipal grounds could be reserved for a particular race, creating, among other things, separate beaches, buses, hospitals, schools and universities. Signboards such as "whites only" applied to public areas, even including park benches. Black South Africans were provided with services

2597:

First to desert the United Party were Afrikaner farmers, who wished to see a change in influx control due to problems with squatters, as well as higher prices for their maize and other produce in the face of the mineowners' demand for cheap food policies. Always identified with the affluent and

8475:

In 1990, negotiations were earnestly begun, with two meetings between the government and the ANC. The purpose of the negotiations was to pave the way for talks towards a peaceful transition towards majority rule. These meetings were successful in laying down the preconditions for negotiations,

8344:

there. Interest was expressed in rescinding the law against interracial marriage and also rescinding the law against sexual relations between different races, which was under ridicule abroad. The spending for Black schools increased, to one-seventh of what was spent per white child, up from on

8281:

Nor was maintaining Blacks as third-class citizens working well. Black labour remained vital to the economy, and illegal Black labour unions were flourishing. Many Blacks remained too poor to contribute significantly to the economy through their purchasing power – although they

7902:

reprisal operation. The insurgent bases were usually situated near military installations of the host government, so that SADF retaliatory strikes hit those facilities as well and attracted international attention and condemnation of what was perceived as aggression against the armed forces of

7482:

cassettes which labelled exporting such cassettes to South Africa as "an infringement of copyright". Sporting and cultural boycotts did not have the same effect as economic sanctions, but they did much to lift consciousness amongst normal South Africans of the global condemnation of apartheid.

7453:

called for a proscription on the sending of films to South Africa. Over sixty American artists signed a statement against apartheid and against professional links with the state. The presentation of some South African plays in the United Kingdom and the United States was also vetoed. After the

7245:

was the first non-neighbouring country to accept South African aid. In 1967, the two states set out their political and economic relations. In 1969, Malawi was the only country at the assembly which did not sign the Lusaka Manifesto condemning South Africa's apartheid policy. In 1970, Malawian

3518:

in 1981 (known as the TBVC states). Once a homeland was granted its nominal independence, its designated citizens had their South African citizenship revoked and replaced with citizenship in their homeland. These people were then issued passports instead of passbooks. Citizens of the nominally

8018:

Serious political violence was a prominent feature from 1985 to 1989, as Black townships became the focus of the struggle between anti-apartheid organisations and the Botha government. Throughout the 1980s, township people resisted apartheid by acting against the local issues that faced their

7915:

As it became clearer that full-scale conventional operations could not effectively fulfil the requirements of a regional counter-insurgency effort, South Africa turned to a number of alternative methods. Retributive artillery bombardments were the least sophisticated means of reprisal against

7099:

on 7 August 1963, which called upon all states to cease the sale and shipment of all ammunition and military vehicles to South Africa. This clause was finally declared mandatory on 4 November 1977, depriving South Africa of military aid. From 1964 onwards, the US and the UK discontinued their

6508:

In May 1961, before the declaration of South Africa as a Republic, an assembly representing the banned ANC called for negotiations between the members of the different ethnic groupings, threatening demonstrations and strikes during the inauguration of the Republic if their calls were ignored.

2108:

classified all South Africans into one of four racial groups based on appearance, known ancestry, socioeconomic status, and cultural lifestyle: "Black", "White", "Coloured", and "Indian", the last two of which included several sub-classifications. Places of residence were determined by racial

8300:

In the early-1980s, Botha's National Party government started to recognise the inevitability of the need to reform the apartheid system. Early reforms were driven by a combination of internal violence, international condemnation, changes within the National Party's constituency, and changing

7568:

evaded international sanctions and provided diplomatic support in international forums for the South African government. The United States also increased trade with the Apartheid regime, while describing the ANC as "a terrorist organisation." Like the Reagan administration, the government of

6558:

In parallel with student protests, labour unions started protest action in 1973 and 1974. After 1976 unions and workers are considered to have played an important role in the struggle against apartheid, filling the gap left by the banning of political parties. In 1979 black trade unions were

3827:. Eligibility requirements for a passport had been difficult for blacks to meet, the government contending that a passport was a privilege, not a right, and the government did not grant many passports to blacks. Apartheid pervaded culture as well as the law, and was entrenched by most of the 3350:

in 1956, which transferred Coloured voters from the common voters' roll in the Cape to a new Coloured voters' roll. Immediately after the vote, the Senate was restored to its original size. The Senate Act was contested in the Supreme Court, but the recently enlarged Appeal Court, packed with

5909:

The Population Registration Act, (Act 30 of 1950), defined South Africans as belonging to one of three races: White, Black or Coloured. People of Indian ancestry were considered Coloured under this act. Appearance, social acceptance and descent were used to determine the qualification of an

3129:

of 1950, which formalised racial classification and introduced an identity card for all persons over the age of 18, specifying their racial group. Official teams or boards were established to come to a conclusion on those people whose race was unclear. This caused difficulty, especially for

7885:

The scale and intensity of foreign operations varied, and ranged from small special forces units carrying out raids on locations across the border which served as bases for insurgent infiltration to major conventional offensives involving armour, artillery, and aircraft. Actions such as

7749:

released South African government documents that revealed an Israeli offer to sell the apartheid regime nuclear weapons. Israel denied these allegations and claimed that the documents were minutes from a meeting which did not indicate any concrete offer for a sale of nuclear weapons.

8363:

By 1987, South Africa's economy was growing at one of the lowest rates in the world, and the ban on South African participation in international sporting events was frustrating many whites in South Africa. Examples of African states with Black leaders and White minorities existed in

14549:

had been taking over other oil marketing companies to reduce price differentials across the country; they needed to fill a budget shortfall due to low oil prices and had a history of disputes with BP and the UK Government, so BP assets were seized when Shell's stake in SPDC was not.

8204:

External Western influence, arising from European experiences in colonisation, may be seen as a factor which greatly influenced political attitudes and ideology. Late twentieth-century South Africa was cited as an "unreconstructed example of western civilisation twisted by racism".

7119:

movement in many countries was similarly widespread, with individual cities and provinces around the world implementing various laws and local regulations forbidding registered corporations under their jurisdiction from doing business with South African firms, factories, or banks.

5941:

was approved. The Constitution was reformed the following year to allow the Coloured and Indian minorities participation in separate Houses in a Tricameral Parliament, and Botha became the first Executive State President. The idea was that the Coloured minority could be granted

8348:

In January 1985, Botha addressed the government's House of Assembly and stated that the government was willing to release Mandela on condition that Mandela pledge opposition to acts of violence to further political objectives. Mandela's reply was read in public by his daughter

3272:

of 1970 marked a new phase in the Bantustan strategy. It changed the status of blacks to citizens of one of the ten autonomous territories. The aim was to ensure a demographic majority of white people within South Africa by having all ten Bantustans achieve full independence.

3141:

of 1950. Until then, most settlements had people of different races living side by side. This Act put an end to diverse areas and determined where one lived according to race. Each race was allotted its own area, which was used in later years as a basis of forced removal. The

7302:

severed its ties with the all-White South African Table Tennis Union, preferring the non-racial South African Table Tennis Board. The apartheid government responded by confiscating the passports of the Board's players so that they were unable to attend international games.

6337:

until 1976 because the government viewed English programming as a threat to the Afrikaans language. Television was run on apartheid lines – TV1 broadcast in Afrikaans and English (geared to a White audience), TV2 in Zulu and Xhosa, TV3 in Sotho, Tswana and

5950:

as a vehicle to try to prevent the co-option of Coloureds and Indians into an alliance with Whites. The battles between the UDF and the NP government from 1983 to 1989 were to become the most intense period of struggle between left-wing and right-wing South Africans.

3799:

This legally enforced segregation was reinforced through deliberate town planning measures, such as introducing natural, industrial and infrastructural buffer zones. The legacy of this town planning element still hinders economic integration of urban economies today.

7874:

strategy, which fulfilled a preventive and deterrent purpose. The reprisals which occurred beyond South Africa's borders involved not only hostile states, but neutral and sympathetic governments as well, often forcing them to react against their will and interests.

6535:(BCM) was created by tertiary students influenced by the Black Power movement in the US. BCM endorsed black pride and African customs and did much to alter the feelings of inadequacy instilled among black people by the apartheid system. The leader of the movement, 2147:

found that there were 21,000 deaths from political violence, with 7,000 deaths between 1948 and 1989, and 14,000 deaths and 22,000 injuries in the transition period between 1990 and 1994. Some reforms of the apartheid system were undertaken, including allowing for

7633:

with the South African government, with both the UK and the US applying pressure and pushing for negotiations. However, neither the UK nor the US was willing to apply economic pressure upon their multinational interests in South Africa, such as the mining company

3775:, prohibiting marriage between whites and people of other races. The Immorality Amendment Act 21 of 1950 (as amended in 1957 by Act 23) forbade "unlawful racial intercourse" and "any immoral or indecent act" between a white and a black, Indian or Coloured person. 8693:

The ANC won 62.65% of the vote, less than the 66.7 percent that would have allowed it to rewrite the constitution. 252 of the 400 seats went to members of the African National Congress. The NP captured most of the White and Coloured votes and became the official

7043:

in 1950, but it became clear that African and South and Southeast Asian member states would oppose South Africa due to its apartheid policies. As a result, South Africa withdrew from the Commonwealth on 31 May 1961, the day that the Republic came into existence.

15380: 7316:

In 1959, the non-racial South African Sports Association (SASA) was formed to secure the rights of all players on the global field. After meeting with no success in its endeavours to attain credit by collaborating with White establishments, SASA approached the

7297:

South Africa's isolation in sport began in the mid-1950s and increased throughout the 1960s. Apartheid forbade multiracial sport, which meant that overseas teams, by virtue of them having players of different races, could not play in South Africa. In 1956, the

7207:

became prime minister. He was not prepared to dismantle apartheid, but he did try to redress South Africa's isolation and to revitalise the country's global reputation, even those with Black majority rule in Africa. This he called his "Outward-Looking" policy.

7047:

During the 1980s, the Commonwealth advocated for economic sanctions to accelerate the dismantling of apartheid, and in 1986 during a mini-summit which involved seven different countries, including the United Kingdom, a tough programme of sanctions was agreed.

3279:

The government tightened pass laws compelling blacks to carry identity documents, to prevent the immigration of blacks from other countries. To reside in a city, blacks had to be in employment there. Until 1956 women were for the most part excluded from these

3474:

appealed to the reform-minded Afrikaner intelligentsia, and it provided a more coherent philosophical and moral framework for the National Party's policies, while also providing a veneer of intellectual respectability to the controversial policy of so-called

7061:

We stand here today to salute the United Nations Organisation and its Member States, both singly and collectively, for joining forces with the masses of our people in a common struggle that has brought about our emancipation and pushed back the frontiers of

6285:

were somewhat of an anomaly during the apartheid era. Lebanese immigration to South Africa was chiefly Christian, and the group was originally classified as non-white; however, a court case in 1913 ruled that because Lebanese and Syrians originated from the

14461: 6128:

Activities in the sport of professional boxing were also affected, as there were 44 recorded professional boxing fights for national titles as deemed "for Whites only" between 1955 and 1979, and 397 fights as deemed "for non-Whites" between 1901 and 1978.

3354:

The 1956 law allowed Coloureds to elect four people to Parliament, but a 1969 law abolished those seats and stripped Coloureds of their right to vote. Since Indians had never been allowed to vote, this resulted in whites being the sole enfranchised group.

3096:

NP leaders argued that South Africa did not comprise a single nation, but was made up of four distinct racial groups: white, black, Coloured and Indian. Such groups were split into 13 nations or racial federations. White people encompassed the English and

6053:"triple yoke of oppression: gender, race, and class" such that South African women became "deprive" of their fundamental "human rights as individuals." Jobs were often hard to find. Many Black and Coloured women worked as agricultural employees and/or as 7932:. Successful sabotage actions of high-profile economic targets undermined a country's ability to negotiate from a position of strength, and made it likelier to accede to South African demands rather than risk the expense of further destruction and war. 3325:, Malan's successor as prime minister, moved to strip voting rights from black and Coloured residents of the Cape Province. The previous government had introduced the Separate Representation of Voters Bill into Parliament in 1951, turning it to be an 2641:, sympathised with the purists, but allowed for the use of black labour, while implementing the purist goal of vertical separation. Verwoerd would refer to this policy as a policy of "good neighbourliness" as a means of justifying such segregation. 1995: 2468:

to investigate the effects of the United Party's policies. The commission concluded that integration would bring about a "loss of personality" for all racial groups. The HNP incorporated the commission's findings into its campaign platform for the

8054:

was included. An increasing number of organisations were banned or listed (restricted in some way); many individuals had restrictions such as house arrest imposed on them. During this state of emergency, about 2,436 people were detained under the

3562:

During the 1960s, 1970s and early 1980s, the government implemented a policy of "resettlement", to force people to move to their designated "group areas". Millions of people were forced to relocate. These removals included people relocated due to

8450:, and in the face of military stalemate in Southern Angola, and an escalation in the size and cost of the combat with the Cubans, the Angolans, and SWAPO forces and the growing cost of the border war, South Africa negotiated a change of control; 2313:

abolished slavery throughout the British Empire and overrode the Cape Articles of Capitulation. To comply with the act, the South African legislation was expanded to include Ordinance 1 in 1835, which effectively changed the status of slaves to

2305:

and a high degree of legislative autonomy. The governors and assemblies that governed the legal process in the various colonies of South Africa were launched on a different and independent legislative path from the rest of the British Empire.

6926: 7995:

as a form of punishment. The vast majority had committed political offences and were lashed ten times for their crime. If convicted of treason, a person could be hanged, and the government executed numerous political offenders in this way.

3466:

were established to promote economic development and the provision of employment in or near the homelands. Many black South Africans who had never resided in their identified homeland were forcibly removed from the cities to the homelands.

7274:. Although these states condemned apartheid (more than ever after South Africa's denunciation of the Lusaka Manifesto), South Africa's economic and military dominance meant that they remained dependent on South Africa to varying degrees. 3267:

of 1959 set up a mechanism to transfer capital to the homelands to create employment there. Legislation of 1967 allowed the government to stop industrial development in "white" cities and redirect such development to the "homelands". The

4839: 5925:, as defined in the Group Areas Act (1950), in some cases leaving homes their families had occupied for generations, and received an inferior education, though better than that provided to Africans. They played an important role in the 7051:

It took thirty-three years for South Africa to rejoin the Commonwealth. As per the new president's wishes, on 1 June 1994, four years after the end of apartheid, the country once again became part of the so-called "Family of Nations".

8777:: "I am now more convinced than ever that apartheid was a terrible mistake that blighted our land. South Africans did not listen to the laughing and the crying of each other. I am sorry that I had been so hard of hearing for so long". 3121:

from 1950, Hendrik Verwoerd had a significant role in crafting such laws, which led to him being regarded as the 'Architect of Apartheid'. In addition, "petty apartheid" laws were passed. The principal apartheid laws were as follows.

7987:

in Namibia. Within South Africa, meanwhile, vigorous police action and strict enforcement of security legislation resulted in hundreds of arrests and bans, and an effective end to the African National Congress' sabotage campaign.

6170:; Mange-Dlamini was the culminating fight of a boxing program that included several other "non White" championship contests. Mange won the vacant non-White Super Bantamweight title by outpointing Dlamini over twelve rounds at the 3449:

Under the homeland system, the government attempted to divide South Africa and South West Africa into a number of separate states, each of which was supposed to develop into a separate nation-state for a different ethnic group.

7783:

that led to $ 200 million in arms deals. In 1988, Israeli arm sales to South Africa totalled over $ 1.4 billion. Covert operations focused on espionage and domestic counter-subversion became common, the number of

6247:

around Johannesburg in the late 19th century – were initially either classified as "Coloured" or "Other Asian" and were subject to numerous forms of discrimination and restriction. It was not until 1984 that

3423:" speech left the British faction feeling that the United Kingdom had abandoned them. The more conservative English speakers supported Verwoerd; others were troubled by the severing of ties with the UK and remained loyal to 7253:

Associations with Mozambique followed suit and were sustained after that country won its sovereignty in 1975. Angola was also granted South African loans. Other countries which formed relationships with South Africa were

15359: 11560: 8911:

nations. The last two examples use the term "apartheid" less literally since they are centred on relations between countries, not on disparate treatment of social populations within a country or political jurisdiction.

8807: 2625:

in favour of rural constituencies and the Transvaal in particular, the 1948 election catapulted the Herenigde Nasionale Party from a small minority party to a commanding position with an eight-vote parliamentary lead.

2586:

Party's policy remained contradictory and confused. Its traditional bases of support not only took mutually exclusive positions, but found themselves increasingly at odds with each other. Smuts' reluctance to consider

7642:

in May 2008 upheld an appeal court ruling allowing another lawsuit that seeks damages of more than US$ 400 billion from major international companies which are accused of aiding South Africa's apartheid system.

8578:(AWB). Hani enjoyed widespread support beyond his constituency in the SACP and ANC and had been recognised as a potential successor to Mandela; his death brought forth protests throughout the country and across the 5946:, but the Black majority were to become citizens of independent homelands. These separate arrangements continued until the abolition of apartheid. The Tricameral reforms led to the formation of the (anti-apartheid) 8509:

in March 1992 to decide whether negotiations should continue. 68% voted in favour, and the victory instilled in de Klerk and the government a lot more confidence, giving the NP a stronger position in negotiations.

3342:. The government then introduced the High Court of Parliament Bill (1952), which gave Parliament the power to overrule decisions of the court. The Cape Supreme Court and the Appeal Court declared this invalid too. 7975:

that the reforms were expected to trigger. The 1980s became a period of considerable political unrest, with the government becoming increasingly dominated by Botha's circle of generals and police chiefs (known as

14445: 12160: 3258:

of 1959 entrenched the NP policy of nominally independent "homelands" for blacks. So-called "self–governing Bantu units" were proposed, which would have devolved administrative powers, with the promise later of

3608:(Triumph) was built in its place. This pattern of forced removal and destruction was to repeat itself over the next few years, and was not limited to black South Africans alone. Forced removals from areas like 8379:

A number of clandestine meetings were held between the ANC-in-exile and various sectors of the internal struggle, such as women and educationalists. More overtly, a group of White intellectuals met the ANC in

14615: 9252: 6256:, to be treated as whites in terms of the Group Areas Act, although they still faced discrimination and did not receive all the benefits/rights of their newly obtained honorary white status such as voting. 2118:

Apartheid sparked significant international and domestic opposition, resulting in some of the most influential global social movements of the 20th century. It was the target of frequent condemnation in the

12964: 8258:

and equality for all. Its purpose was to provide a blueprint for South Africa by consent and racial peace in a multi-racial society, stressing opportunity for all, consultation, the federal concept, and a

3795:

and prosecution of the employer for employing an illegal migrant. Police vans patrolled white areas to round up blacks without passes. Black people were not allowed to employ whites in white South Africa.

2365:

brought in two pass laws requiring Africans to carry a badge. Only those employed by a master were permitted to remain on the Rand, and those entering a "labour district" needed a special pass. During the

6547:

following years several student organisations were formed to protest against apartheid, and these organisations were central to urban school boycotts in 1980 and 1983 and rural boycotts in 1985 and 1986.

5977:(the education system in black schools within white South Africa). Higher education was provided in separate universities and colleges after 1959. Eight black universities were created in the homelands. 7321:(IOC) in 1962, calling for South Africa's expulsion from the Olympic Games. The IOC sent South Africa a caution to the effect that, if there were no changes, they would be barred from competing at the 3819:

a year or more had to pay taxes while the white threshold was more than twice as high, at 750 rand a year. On the other hand, the taxation rate for whites was considerably higher than that for blacks.

14725: 8468:

Apartheid was dismantled in a series of negotiations from 1990 to 1991, culminating in a transitional period which resulted in the country's 1994 general election, the first in South Africa held with

3411:

Most Afrikaners supported the notion of unanimity of white people to ensure their safety. White voters of British descent were divided. Many had opposed a republic, leading to a majority "no" vote in

3227:

of film, literature, and the media under the Customs and Excise Act 1955 and the Official Secrets Act 1956. The same year, the Native Administration Act 1956 allowed the government to banish blacks.

7195:

stated that South Africa's rebuffing of negotiations meant that its Black people could only be freed through military means, and that no African state should converse with the apartheid government.

2509:

expansion in housing or social services. Overcrowding, increasing crime rates, and disillusionment resulted; urban blacks came to support a new generation of leaders influenced by the principles of

8329:; where prison life was more comfortable for him. The government allowed Mandela more visitors, including visits and interviews by foreigners, to let the world know that he was being treated well. 1048: 8847:

refers to the various aspects of economic inequality in Brazil. Social apartheid may fall into various categories. Economic and social discrimination because of gender is sometimes referred to as

2504:

by 1948 it remained apparent that there were gaps in the social structure, whether legislated or otherwise, concerning the rights and opportunities of nonwhites. The rapid economic development of

8483:, the President's official residence. They released the Groote Schuur Minute, which said that before negotiations commenced political prisoners would be freed and all exiles allowed to return. 7405:

the previous year and commented about apartheid that "South Africans have this thing better organised than any other country, particularly America" and that she would "go back there any time."

7928:, were common targets. Sabotage was also used as a pressure tactic when South Africa was negotiating with a host government to cease providing sanctuary to insurgent forces, as in the case of 7436:

ambivalent attitude towards sporting links with South Africa, significantly affecting the quality and profitability of the Games and thus thrusting apartheid into the international spotlight.

8110:

Much of the violence in the late-1980s and early-1990s was directed at the government, but a substantial amount was between the residents themselves. Many died in violence between members of

15462: 7626:

of 1986), the release of Nelson Mandela and a negotiated settlement involving the ANC. Thatcher too began to take a similar line, but insisted on the suspension of the ANC's armed struggle.

7095:

called upon the nation of South Africa to abandon its policies implementing racial discrimination. The newly founded United Nations Special Committee Against Apartheid, scripted and passed

3118: 2548:

resented what they perceived as disempowerment by an underpaid black workforce and the superior economic power and prosperity of white English speakers. Smuts, as a strong advocate of the

6821: 4800: 2115:, four of which became nominally independent states. The government announced that relocated persons would lose their South African citizenship as they were absorbed into the bantustans. 12209: 15291: 7660:

Apartheid-era propaganda leaflet issued to South African military personnel in the 1980s. The pamphlet decries "Russian colonialism and oppression" in English, Afrikaans and Portuguese.

7397:, Bradman released a short statement: "We will not play them until they choose a team on a non-racist basis." Bradman's views were in stark contrast to those of Australian tennis great 6298:), they could not be discriminated against by race laws which targeted non-believers, and thus, were classified as white. The Lebanese community maintained their white status after the 11062: 7577:" with the apartheid government, vetoing the imposition of UN economic sanctions. U.S. government justification for supporting the Apartheid regime were publicly given as a belief in " 3415:. Later, some of them recognised the perceived need for white unity, convinced by the growing trend of decolonisation elsewhere in Africa, which concerned them. British Prime Minister 6564:

homes, for example, were effectively owned and operated by blacks, who either worked surreptitiously or who circumvented the law with a white person as a nominal, figurehead manager.

7983:

Botha's years in power were marked also by numerous military interventions in the states bordering South Africa, as well as an extensive military and political campaign to eliminate

7858:

to foreign infrastructure and civilian populations; and periodic complaints brought before the international community about South African violations of its neighbours' sovereignty.

7727:

involved building up a formidable conventional military and counter-intelligence capability. It was formulated on counter-revolutionary tactics as espoused by noted French tactician

6207:

Defining its Asian population, a minority that did not appear to belong to any of the initial three designated non-white groups, was a constant dilemma for the apartheid government.

8786:

The South African experience has given rise to the term "apartheid" being used in a number of contexts other than the South African system of racial segregation. For example: The "

12123: 10409: 3803:

Although trade unions for black and Coloured workers had existed since the early 20th century, it was not until the 1980s reforms that a mass black trade union movement developed.

12986: 11969: 9176: 8582:, but ultimately proved a turning point, after which the main parties pushed for a settlement with increased determination. On 25 June 1993, the AWB used an armoured vehicle to 6970: 6136:

and Tiny Corbett at the City Hall in Johannesburg; it was won by Jooste by a twelve rounds points decision. The last one was between national "White" Light-Heavyweight champion

3066: 2544:

that the impotence of the United Party in curtailing the evolving position of nonwhites indicated that the organisation had fallen under the influence of Western liberals. Many

14228: 12932: 12502: 11548: 3494:

In total, 20 homelands were allocated to ethnic groups, ten in South Africa proper and ten in South West Africa. Of these 20 homelands, 19 were classified as black, while one,

17940: 6916: 6073:; consequently, they risked being deported to rural areas. Even in rural areas, there were legal hurdles for women to own land, and jobs outside cities were even more scarce. 2382: 7834:(APLA) guerrilla raids into South Africa or against South African targets in South West Africa; frequent South African reprisal attacks on these movements' external bases in 11002: 8754:: "The National Party brought development to a section of South Africa, but also brought suffering through a system grounded on injustice", in a statement shortly after the 8486:

There were fears that the change of power would be violent. To avoid this, it was essential that a peaceful resolution between all parties be reached. In December 1991, the

8317:

committed to violent revolution, but to appease Black opinion and nurture Mandela as a benevolent leader of Blacks, the government transferred him from the maximum security

7593:

in support of right-wing insurgents fighting to topple the government. The U.K. government also declared the ANC a terrorist organisation, and in 1987 Thatcher's spokesman,

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which institutionalised racial discrimination and exercised a paternal philosophy of "civilising inferior natives." Some scholars have argued that this can be reflected in

12279:

Apartheid mythology and symbolism. desegregated and re-invented in the service of nation building in the new South Africa: the covenant and the battle of Blood/Ncome River

8555:

on 10 April 1993 threatened to plunge the country into chaos. Hani, the popular General Secretary of the South African Communist Party (SACP), was assassinated in 1993 in

7409:

later, on his release from prison, Nelson Mandela asked a visiting Australian statesman if Donald Bradman, his childhood hero, was still alive (Bradman lived until 2001).

13214: 10857: 10008: 3150:

slums and forced white employers to pay for the construction of housing for those black workers who were permitted to reside in cities otherwise reserved for whites. The

16088: 12152: 8548:

homeland into South Africa. In the aftermath, Mandela and de Klerk agreed to meet to find ways to end the spiralling violence. This led to a resumption of negotiations.

7361:

ahead in 1986, but after that sporting ties were cut, and New Zealand made a decision not to convey an authorised rugby team to South Africa until the end of apartheid.

3523:

attempted to draw an equivalence between their view of black citizens of the homelands and the problems which other countries faced through entry of illegal immigrants.

3263:

and self-government. It also abolished the seats of white representatives of black South Africans and removed from the rolls the few blacks still qualified to vote. The

2409:(1910) enfranchised white people, giving them complete political control over all other racial groups while removing the right of Black people to sit in parliament; the 12184: 8107:

commenced the longest strike (three weeks) in South African history. The year 1988 saw the banning of the activities of the UDF and other anti-apartheid organisations.

6155:

The first "non Whites" South African national championship bout on record apparently (the date appears as "uncertain" on the records) took place on 1 May 1901, between

11940: 10992:

Amisi, Baruti, and Simphiwe Nojiyeza. Access to Decent Sanitation in South Africa: The Challenges of Eradicating the Bucket System Baruti Amisi n. pag. Feb. 2008. Web.

8184:, with its parallel traditions of racialism; for example, as early as 1933; the executive council of the Broederbond formulated a recommendation for mass segregation. 6107:

the "racialisation" of sports in South Africa; anti-apartheid forces had begun to pinpoint sport as the "weakness" of white national morale. Black journalists for the

3313: 15508: 14362:

Philip Boner, Peter, Delius, Deborah, Posel, "The Shaping of Apartheid, contradiction, continuity and popular struggle", The Worlds Knowledge, (1993) pp. 1–47 (p. 7.)

14353:

Philip Boner, Peter, Delius, Deborah, Posel, "The Shaping of Apartheid, contradiction, continuity and popular struggle", The Worlds Knowledge, (1993) pp. 1–47 (p. 6.)

16718: 16057: 14933: 13130: 7115:

After much debate, by the late-1980s, the United States, the United Kingdom, and 23 other nations had passed laws placing various trade sanctions on South Africa. A

6682: 12065: 10028: 9614: 9403:

Walton, F. Carl; Udayakumar, S.P.; Muck, William; McIlwain, Charlton; Kramer, Eric; Jensen, Robert; Ibrahim, Vivian; Caliendo, Stephen Maynard; Asher, Nhia (2011).

3458:

of 1954 justified apartheid and the homeland system, but stated that additional land ought to be given to the homelands, a recommendation that was not carried out.

3234:

created separate government structures for blacks and whites and was the first piece of legislation to support the government's plan of separate development in the

14599: 9260: 5308: 1016: 14645: 12954: 12680: 10262: 10078: 3092:, minister of native affairs (1950–1958) and prime minister (1958–1966), earned the nickname 'Architect of Apartheid' from his large role in creating legislation. 13190: 10645:"Extracts from paper prepared by the Secretariat for the World Conference of the United Nations Decade for Women, Copenhagen, July 1980 (The anti-pass campaign)" 2743: 2449: 2397:

began implementing a more openly segregationist policy towards nonwhites. The latter was repealed by the British government but re-enacted in 1908. In 1910, the

11117: 13614: 13042: 7191:

South Africa's negative response to the Lusaka Manifesto and rejection of a change to its policies brought about another OAU announcement in October 1971. The

6524:(MK), which would perform acts of sabotage on tactical state structures. Its first sabotage plans were carried out on 16 December 1961, the anniversary of the 6171: 4332: 2211:

Racial discrimination and inequality against black people in South Africa dates to the beginning of large-scale European colonisation of South Africa with the

7344:

Foreign complaints about South Africa's bigoted sports brought more isolation. Racially selected New Zealand sports teams toured South Africa, until the 1970

17507: 15746: 14715: 13691: 13583: 8494:

and a new constitution extending political rights to all groups. CODESA adopted a Declaration of Intent and committed itself to an "undivided South Africa".

3363: 2942: 15562: 14121: 9645: 21198: 19660: 18711: 11171: 9066: 8875: 2633:

When the National Party came to power in 1948, there were factional differences in the party about the implementation of systemic racial segregation. The "

1531: 11791: 9100:, the basis for most apartheid legislation, was formally abolished in 1991, although the country's first non-racial government was not established until 6963: 6603:, who served both as a prominent domestic voice and international spokesperson denouncing apartheid and urging the creation of a shared nonracial state. 6167: 6137: 4548: 3557: 3059: 1526: 12631: 9144: 8059:. This act gave police and the military sweeping powers. The government could implement curfews controlling the movement of people. The president could 6116:

played a major unifying role between the country's diverse ethnic groups. Mandela's open support of the predominantly white rugby fraternity during the

2570:

proclaimed that they offered the voters a new policy to ensure continued white domination. This policy was initially expounded from a theory drafted by

20097: 16965: 16669: 8855:. Communities in northern Ireland for example, are often housed based on religion in a situation which has been described as "self-imposed apartheid". 8340:

were abolished. Black labour unions were legitimised, the government recognised the right of Blacks to live in urban areas permanently and gave Blacks

8120: 6984: 6803: 6649: 6141: 3018: 2144: 8851:. Separation of people according to their religion, whether pursuant to official laws or pursuant to social expectations, is sometimes referred to as 6702: 1424: 1043: 18863: 18110: 18044: 15773: 15265: 13752: 7353: 5719: 5080: 1722: 15415: 12437: 11525: 8627:

exploded in Johannesburg, killing nine people. The day before the elections, another one went off, injuring 13. At midnight on 26–27 April 1994 the

6159:

and Johnny Arendse for the vacant Lightweight belt, Jephtha winning by knockout in round nineteen of a twenty rounds-scheduled match, in Cape Town.

2163:(ANC), the leading anti-apartheid political movement, for ending segregation and introducing majority rule. In 1990, prominent ANC figures, such as 19082: 18117: 15452: 15342: 8795: 6156: 5851: 4499: 2830: 1639: 206: 14835: 9291: 8685:'s lack of preparedness for the polls, the shortages of voting materials at many voting stations, and the absence of effective safeguards against 7188:

autonomy. Although African leaders supported the emancipation of Black South Africans, they preferred this to be attained through peaceful means.

3339: 163: 22087: 20441: 19890: 17612: 16885: 16676: 16081: 8682: 6731: 2947: 2425:

the supreme head over all African affairs; the Native Land and Trust Act (1936) complemented the 1913 Native Land Act and, in the same year, the

16383: 15691: 10762: 9988: 8282:

composed more than 70% of the population. Botha's regime feared that an antidote was needed to prevent the Blacks being attracted to communism.

8127:

was responsible for 4,500 deaths, South African security forces were responsible for 2,700 deaths and the ANC was responsible for 1,300 deaths.

6630:. Women were also notable in their involvement in trade union organisations and banned political parties. The public intellectuals too, such as 22132: 21156:

refers to countries, regions and territories in which the majority ethnic group is generally considered to be people of white European descent.

19092: 17926: 17905: 17766: 16683: 15288: 14982: 12300: 12201: 7109: 7105: 7096: 7092: 6956: 6895: 6887: 6879: 6871: 6863: 6855: 6847: 6133: 6044: 4412: 3519:

autonomous homelands also had their South African citizenship circumscribed, meaning they were no longer legally considered South African. The

3052: 13645: 11070: 9696: 7924:, where Soviet arms were frequently offloaded for PLAN, as well as the railway line which facilitated their transport to PLAN headquarters in 6470:

sectors of society and saw the creation of organisations dedicated variously to peaceful protests, passive resistance and armed insurrection.

6226: – countries with which South Africa maintained diplomatic and economic relations – and to their descendants. 2378:

demanded "the just predominance of the white race" in South Africa as a precondition for the Boer republics unifying with the British Empire.

21820: 20419: 19545: 19019: 18976: 17528: 16878: 14856: 14344:

Nigel, Worden, The making of modern South Africa: Conquest, Segregation and Apartheid, 3rd ed. (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2000) p. 3.

13552: 12416: 11648: 11197: 10508: 10458: 10236: 8487: 8463: 8166:". Cheap labour was the basis of the economy and this was taken from what the state classed as peasant groups and the migrants. Furthermore, 8143: 6163: 3823:

blacks were stripped of their South African citizenship when the "homelands" became "independent", and they were no longer able to apply for

3007: 2865: 2156: 884: 173: 11780:"South African women under apartheid: Employment rights with particular focus on domestic service and forms of resistance to promote change" 8010:, the UDF called for the government to abandon its reforms and instead abolish the apartheid system and eliminate the homelands completely. 7024:

on whether the country should become a republic. Verwoerd lowered the voting age for Whites to eighteen years of age and included Whites in

2049:'boss-ship' or 'boss-hood'), which ensured that South Africa was dominated politically, socially, and economically by the nation's minority 22162: 22062: 20230: 19321: 19196: 18663: 17444: 17360: 16815: 16794: 12372: 9443: 8593:

In addition to the continuing "black-on-black" violence, there were a number of attacks on white civilians by the PAC's military wing, the

8271:

in 1977. The Declaration was the first of several such joint agreements by acknowledged Black and White political leaders in South Africa.

8104: 7736: 5085: 3255: 2900: 2885: 1860: 1150: 158: 14310: 22127: 21946: 20006: 18646: 17898: 16764: 16725: 15522:

Sekulow, Jay A.; Ash, Robert W. (January 2023). "Why Allegations that Israel Is An 'Apartheid' State Are False under International Law".

12882: 10405: 8608:"for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa". 8583: 8396: 8096:(SABC), provided propaganda in support of the government. Media opposition to the system increased, supported by the growth of a pro-ANC 8068:

became a common feature of the government's reaction to growing civil unrest and by 1988, 30,000 people had been detained. The media was

6330:, homosexuality and sex education were also restricted; abortion was legal only in cases of rape or if the mother's life was threatened. 6278:

descent were classified as "black" due to historical outlook on Filipinos by White South Africans, and many of them lived in Bantustans.

5055: 4641: 4157: 3326: 2880: 2840: 2795: 14576: 14535: 12990: 12801: 11965: 11238: 10301: 7028:

on the roll. The referendum on 5 October that year asked Whites; "Are you in favour of a Republic for the Union?", and 52% voted "Yes".

19675: 18135: 17577: 16933: 16554: 16074: 16006: 13064: 11593: 11040: 10005: 9172: 6102:

While football was plagued by racism, it also played a role in protesting apartheid and its policies. With the international bans from

5870:

The population was classified into four groups: African, White, Indian, and Coloured (capitalised to denote their legal definitions in

4317: 1654: 1589: 12929: 925: 19880: 19087: 18833: 17961: 17822: 17745: 17035: 15788:

Lapchick, Richard and Urdang, Stephanie. Oppression and Resistance. The Struggle of Women in Southern Africa. Westport, Connecticut:

15314: 14224: 13164: 12916: 12499: 10545: 10434: 3387:

suggests that disenfranchisement in South Africa had a significant negative effect on basic service delivery to the disenfranchised.

3143: 2800: 2630:

became the first nationalist prime minister, with the aim of implementing the apartheid philosophy and silencing liberal opposition.

2074: 108: 17: 15209: 15087: 13274: 13016: 12575: 12472:

of Newsday said at least 850 murders were documented) Elsabe Brink; Gandhi Malungane; Steve Lebelo; Dumisani Ntshangase; Sue Krige,

11349: 7608:

By the late-1980s, with no sign of a political resolution in South Africa, Western patience began to run out. By 1989, a bipartisan

1038: 20137: 19784: 19157: 18549: 18103: 17891: 17626: 16958: 14873:

Lieberfeld, Daniel (2002). "Evaluating the Contributions of Track-two Diplomacy to Conflict Termination in South Africa, 1984–90".

13308: 12391: 8601:

on 25 July 1993, members of the APLA opened fire in a church in Cape Town, killing 11 members of the congregation and wounding 58.

8424:. The Land Act was brought to an end. F. W. de Klerk also made his first public commitment to release Nelson Mandela, to return to 7866:

on militarising the borders and sealing up its domestic territory against insurgent raids, it also relied heavily on an aggressive

7492: 6707: 4239: 4127: 3772: 3395:

Before South Africa became a republic in 1961, politics among white South Africans was typified by the division between the mainly

3375: 2759: 2448:

who wanted stricter segregation. Post-war, one of the first pieces of segregating legislation enacted by Smuts' government was the

2286: 2124: 2093: 1140: 1089: 947: 263: 15632:

Boswell, Barbara (2017). "Overcoming the 'daily bludgeoning by apartheid': Black South African women writers, agency, and space".

11010: 10161:: Afrikaner power, the politics of race, and resistance, 1902 to the 1970s (Pretoria, University of South Africa Press, 2007), p37 8023:, where a burning tyre was placed around the victim's neck, after they were restrained by wrapping their wrists with barbed wire. 2070: 22117: 22107: 21416: 19976: 19769: 19177: 19162: 18569: 18167: 17884: 17731: 17689: 17437: 17318: 16901: 16436: 16374: 15759:

Political liberation has yet to translate into material gains for blacks. As one woman said, 'I've gone from a shack to a shack.'

15484: 15430: 15008: 13242: 12129: 9026: 6826: 3367: 2921: 2184: 2180: 2089: 1576: 1361: 1145: 1130: 1115: 648: 21390: 11368: 10599: 9918: 7424:

because New Zealand's sporting contacts with the South African government were not considered to be in accordance with the 1977

21133: 20235: 19107: 18905: 17982: 17947: 17465: 16662: 15626:

For their Triumphs and for their Tears: Women in Apartheid South Africa. International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa

13211: 12548: 10818: 8699: 8421: 8158:

Apartheid developed from the racism of colonial factions and due to South Africa's "unique industrialisation". The policies of

8093: 7715: 6568: 6554:

List of attacks attributed to MK and compiled by the Committee for South African War Resistance (COSAWR) between 1980 and 1983.

6474: 5947: 5820: 4504: 4249: 4077: 4062: 4057: 3887: 3463: 3216: 2957: 2875: 2737: 564: 313: 298: 8301:

demographics – whites constituted only 16% of the total population, in comparison to 20% fifty years earlier.

6493:(PAC), which organised a demonstration against pass books on 21 March 1960. One of those protests was held in the township of 2582:. Apartheid was to be the basic ideological and practical foundation of Afrikaner politics for the next quarter of a century. 1323: 22092: 21308: 17856: 17423: 16517: 15131: 14916: 14797: 14776: 14755: 14688: 14609: 14570: 14529: 14455: 14258: 14211: 14190: 14016: 13857: 13725: 13685: 13079:

Apartheid: Special Report of the Directed General on the Application of the Decoration Concerning the Policy of South Africa.

12876: 12840: 12795: 12264: 12181: 11476: 11419:"Document: Bridging the Economic Divide in Urban Areas of Namibia: Townships within the Local Economic Development Framework" 11232: 10695: 10586: 10295: 10208: 9793: 9763: 9235: 8590:

World Trade Centre where talks were still going ahead under the Negotiating Council, though this did not derail the process.

8064:

under the State of Emergency until the government released that name, with up to ten years' imprisonment for these offences.

7602: 7299: 6262:

arrived at the Cape of Good Hope as slaves until the abolishment of slavery during the 19th century. They were predominantly

4391: 4322: 4042: 3370:, which had limited legislative powers. The council was in turn dissolved in 1980. In 1984 a new constitution introduced the 3347: 3177: 2952: 2613:, the United Party was defeated in almost every rural district. Its urban losses in the nation's most populous province, the 2594:

also stirred up discontent, while the nationalists promised to purge the state and public service of communist sympathisers.

1715: 1489: 1268: 16043: 12239:

Bet and board in the new South Africa. (legalisation of gambling could lead to growth of casinos, lotteries)(Brief Article)

11936: 11756: 10382: 10343: 10121: 7605:(ALEC), a conservative lobbying organisation, actively campaigned against divesting from South Africa throughout the 1980s. 7385:

The first of the "White Bans" occurred in 1971 when the Chairman of the Australian Cricketing Association –

5973:

In the 1970s, the state spent ten times more per child on the education of white children than on black children within the

3085: 2444:

began to move away from the rigid enforcement of segregationist laws during World War II, but faced growing opposition from

1328: 19897: 19870: 19774: 19014: 18954: 18072: 17863: 17773: 17395: 15498: 15109: 14959: 8628: 8115:

PAC bases. The ANC and the PAC in return detonated bombs at restaurants, shopping centres and government buildings such as

7664:

During the 1950s, South African military strategy was decisively shaped by fears of communist espionage and a conventional

7462:, boycotted the service, and no British programme concerning its associates could be sold to South Africa. Similarly, when 6995: 6931: 5844: 4861: 4132: 3946: 2717: 2530: 2487: 338: 118: 14929: 13121: 3502:, who are closely related to Afrikaners. Four of the homelands were declared independent by the South African government: 21897: 21618: 21175: 20434: 19744: 19241: 18318: 18009: 17954: 17870: 17717: 17381: 16944: 16611: 16581: 15236: 15157: 15079: 15034: 14374:

Paul, Maylam, "The Rise and Decline of Urban Apartheid in South Africa", African Affairs, 89.354(1990) pp. 57–84 (p. 54.)

12526: 12061: 11901:

Nauright, John (2004). "Global Games: Culture, Political Economy and Sport in the Globalised World of the 21st Century".

10983:

Evans, Ivan. Bureaucracy and Race: Native Administration in South Africa. Berkeley: U of California, 1997. N. pag. Print.

10024: 9606: 9101: 8996: 8971: 8892: 8671: 8594: 8517:

Persistent violence added to the tension during the negotiations. This was due mostly to the intense rivalry between the

8345:

one-sixteenth in 1968. At the same time, attention was given to strengthening the effectiveness of the police apparatus.

7831: 7471: 6606:

Although the majority of whites supported apartheid, some 20 percent did not. Parliamentary opposition was galvanised by

5521: 5177: 5090: 4981: 4631: 4449: 4067: 4052: 3359: 3297: 2727: 2470: 2452:, which banned land sales to Indians and Indian descendent South Africans. The same year, the government established the 2426: 2168: 767: 707: 218: 123: 12677: 8597:(APLA). The PAC was hoping to strengthen their standing by attracting the support of the angry, impatient youth. In the 7999:

As the 1980s progressed, more and more anti-apartheid organisations were formed and affiliated with the UDF. Led by the

7211:

Vorster's willingness to talk to African leaders stood in contrast to Verwoerd's refusal to engage with leaders such as

6420: 3719: 3154:

centralised and tightened pass laws so that blacks could not stay in urban areas longer than 72 hours without a permit.

42: 22157: 22102: 21366: 19938: 17968: 17933: 17877: 17402: 17367: 17056: 16505: 16494: 15899: 14637: 14094: 14069: 14044: 13988: 13963: 13935: 13910: 13885: 13832: 13792: 13514: 13482: 13450: 13414: 13389: 13364: 13339: 11497: 10675:

The rise and decline of apartheid: a study of political movements among the Coloured people of South Africa, 1880–1985.

10258: 10070: 9928: 9676: 9590: 9548: 9541:

From Cultural Justice to Inter-Ethnic Mediation: A Reflection on the Possibility of Ethno-Religious Mediation in Africa

9523: 9480: 9412: 9380: 9207: 8035: 7956: 7677: 7450: 6096: 5075: 4531: 3158: 3013: 2992: 2905: 2785: 2722: 2682: 2601:

Populist rhetoric allowed the National Party to sweep eight constituencies in the mining and industrial centres of the

2393:

required all Indians to register and carry passes. Beginning in 1906 the South African Native Affairs Commission under

681: 248: 13606: 9919:

Apartheid South Africa : an insider's view of the origin and effects of separate development, John Allen (2005).

7718:(PLAN), which often received arms and training in Warsaw Pact member states. This was described as "Total Onslaught". 7698:

From 1973 onwards, much of South Africa's white population increasingly looked upon their country as a bastion of the

6392: 3691: 20011: 19958: 19933: 19845: 19749: 19538: 18969: 18750: 18733: 18195: 17752: 17619: 17598: 17556: 17098: 16771: 13081: 12912: 11822: 11750: 11102: 10644: 10376: 10337: 9097: 8677:

day was added to give everyone the chance. International observers agreed that the elections were free and fair. The

8502: 8216:. Trade with Western countries grew, and investment from the United States, France and the United Kingdom poured in. 6490: 6439: 4705: 4536: 3998: 3976: 3738: 2986: 2860: 2850: 2790: 2775: 2587: 2345:

and added an educational element, disenfranchising a disproportionate number of the Cape's non-white voters, and the

2105: 1974: 1917: 1065: 323: 293: 21361: 16026: 15993: 13575: 13038: 11713: 11622: 10792:

The first people of the Cape: a look at their history and the impact of colonialism on the Cape's indigenous people.

7597:, famously said that anyone who believed that the ANC would ever form the government of South Africa was "living in 2294: 22112: 21892: 20215: 20025: 19943: 19696: 19691: 19655: 18943: 18699: 18668: 18564: 17682: 17521: 16690: 16604: 16547: 15706:

Separate but Unequal – The 'Coloured' People of South Africa – A Political History.

11091:

Those who had the money to travel or emigrate were not given full passports; instead, travel documents were issued.

9333: 9056: 9011: 8891:

The disproportionate management and control of the world's economy and resources by countries and companies of the

8719: 8476:

despite the considerable tensions still abounding within the country. Apartheid legislation was abolished in 1991.

8243: 8162:

led to the segregation and classing of people, which was "specifically developed to nurture early industry such as

7622: 7613: 7609: 7283: 7040: 6778: 6755: 6677: 6453: 5926: 5474: 5303: 5197: 4636: 4526: 3264: 2890: 2136: 1853: 1708: 1649: 1634: 1571: 1286: 848: 638: 268: 16013:, faith and fatherland: The security threat posed by the white right, by Martin Schönteich and Henri Boshoff, 2003 15738: 14113: 13675: 9637: 8681:'s report on the election compiled at the end of May 1994, published two years after the election, criticised the 8650:

Since 2019, publicly displaying the 1928–1994 flag in South Africa is banned and it is classified as hate speech.

8616: 7537:. In addressing the hundreds of anti-apartheid sympathisers as well as leaders and officials from the ANC and the 3751: 22147: 21506: 20220: 20117: 20077: 19963: 19865: 19779: 19759: 19754: 19231: 19004: 18651: 17912: 17675: 17591: 17472: 17458: 17430: 16697: 16641: 15766:

The Irony of Apartheid: The Struggle for National Independence of Afrikaner Calvinism against British Imperialism

15554: 15376: 15213: 11312: 8981: 8726: 8479:

At the first meeting, the NP and ANC discussed the conditions for negotiations to begin. The meeting was held at

7617: 7553: 7318: 7116: 7088: 6839: 6749: 6687: 6399: 6282: 6274:

descent who were also classified as part of the Coloured race and thus considered "not-white". South Africans of

5837: 5050: 4543: 4287: 4082: 3698: 3189: 3151: 2915: 2810: 2732: 2712: 2677: 2414: 2358: 1120: 628: 253: 148: 21336: 16850: 13198: 12039: 12013: 11175: 22122: 22082: 22077: 22072: 22067: 21739: 21708: 21456: 21437: 21385: 20427: 20122: 19794: 19732: 19221: 19067: 18823: 18680: 17661: 17570: 17325: 17084: 15978: 15188: 14447:

Who Is the First-Class Ghanaian?: A Story of Tribalism, Religion, and Sectionalism in Ghana and the Way Forward

9891: 8976: 7136: 7014: 6571:(UDF) in order to coordinate anti-apartheid activism inside South Africa. The first presidents of the UDF were 6377: 6026: 6022: 5930: 4142: 3676: 3564: 3269: 2910: 2845: 999: 843: 318: 20449: 11779: 4297: 21882: 21489: 21379: 20457: 20255: 20132: 20082: 19953: 19764: 19590: 19583: 17815: 17801: 17724: 17605: 17563: 17542: 17416: 16979: 16625: 16347: 16016: 12639: 11136: 9253:"Despite the 1994 political victory against apartheid, its economic legacy persists by Haydn Cornish-Jenkins" 8755: 8506: 8417: 7159: 6793: 6623: 5751: 5459: 4122: 3399:

pro-republic conservative and the largely English anti-republican liberal sentiments, with the legacy of the

3212: 2972: 2140: 1682: 1611: 1316: 913: 471: 348: 333: 308: 21346: 16857: 8544:

killed 29 people and injured 200 when they opened fire on ANC marchers demanding the reincorporation of the

8103:

In 1987, the State of Emergency was extended for another two years. Meanwhile, about 200,000 members of the

7333:. Because of protests from AAMs and African nations, however, the IOC was forced to retract the invitation. 5890:

ancestry. Many were descended from slaves, or indentured workers, who had been brought to South Africa from

3811:

Each black homeland controlled its own education, health and police systems. Blacks were not allowed to buy

1606: 21668: 21403: 20247: 20195: 20165: 19996: 19855: 19825: 19722: 19531: 19511: 19236: 19216: 18962: 18893: 18755: 18745: 18738: 18542: 18079: 18023: 17849: 17738: 17710: 17647: 17339: 17197: 10287:

State, Civil Society and Apartheid in South Africa: An Examination of Dutch Reformed Church-State Relations

9140: 8826: 8799: 8575: 8255: 7773: 7021: 6532: 6406: 5008: 4956: 3877: 3804: 3705: 3185: 3024: 2855: 1659: 1644: 1616: 1596: 1242: 1110: 613: 228: 19034: 16864: 14668:

Peacebuilding in Northern Ireland, Israel and South Africa: transition, transformation and reconciliation.

13742: 7638:. Although a high-profile compensation claim against these companies was thrown out of court in 2004, the 7031:

As a consequence of this change of status, South Africa needed to reapply for continued membership of the

5921:

Discriminated against by apartheid, Coloureds were as a matter of state policy forced to live in separate

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was established, its cabinet made up of 12 ANC representatives, six from the NP, and three from the IFP.

8264: 8056: 7789: 7565: 7557: 6299: 5662: 5506: 4911: 4494: 4432: 3600:, which the government had purchased in 1953. Meadowlands became part of a new planned black city called 3231: 3126: 2981: 2977: 2805: 2437: 1846: 1814: 1740: 1214: 955: 486: 328: 273: 183: 178: 15339: 15262: 14827: 12660: 9119:

South West Africa existed as a colonial territory under the control of the South African administration.

6322:

and other socialist thinkers were banned. Cinemas, shops selling alcohol and most other businesses were

3207:, the government used the act for the mass arrests and banning of leaders of dissent groups such as the 1824: 22137: 21960: 21473: 21331: 21321: 21126: 20334: 20147: 20067: 20047: 19875: 19850: 19835: 19077: 19024: 18527: 17486: 17007: 16915: 16871: 16648: 16526: 16425: 9283: 8844: 8730: 8428:

and to suspend the death penalty. Media restrictions were lifted and political prisoners not guilty of

7862: 7564:, pursuant to which the US maintained close relations with the Apartheid South African government. The 6697: 6373: 6334: 5915: 5771: 4516: 4177: 3892: 3672: 3520: 3331: 3224: 2310: 1819: 1021: 188: 67: 16039:

provides resources on the legacy of apartheid and transitional justice in South Africa post-apartheid.

15057: 13357:

United States Relations with South Africa: A Critical Overview from the Colonial Period to the Present

13332:

South Africa, the Colonial Powers and African Defence: The Rise and Fall of the White Entente, 1948–60

6388: 3687: 3181:

greatly inferior to those of whites, and, to a lesser extent, to those of Indian and Coloured people.

1125: 994: 516: 21713: 21662: 21634: 20087: 20052: 20001: 19885: 19840: 19789: 19739: 19710: 19049: 19044: 18843: 18687: 18030: 17668: 17500: 17493: 17451: 17165: 17112: 17000: 16951: 16732: 16390: 11468: 11462: 10759: 10648: 9985: 9719:

Religion and Conflict Resolution: Christianity and South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission

8834: 8822: 8711: 8643: 8412:; he was prevailed upon to resign in February 1989. He was succeeded as president later that year by 8352:

Between 1986 and 1988, some petty apartheid laws were repealed, along with the pass laws. Botha told

8268: 8085: 7977: 7514: 7352:

to enter the country under the status of "honorary Whites". Huge and widespread protests occurred in

7287: 6942: 6635: 6619: 6567:

In 1983, anti-apartheid leaders determined to resist the tricameral parliament assembled to form the

6478: 6310:

Alongside apartheid, the National Party implemented a programme of social conservatism. Pornography,

6270:. They were classified as part of the Coloured racial group. This was the same for South Africans of 6082: 6060:

In terms of mothers and their families, multiple South African children developed diseases caused by

5974: 5959: 5102: 4916: 4805: 4685: 4339: 4307: 3956: 3882: 3239: 3208: 2870: 2835: 2557: 2537: 2526: 2461: 2160: 1261: 1157: 436: 283: 278: 258: 233: 213: 38: 15315:"Mr Adrian Vlok extends gesture of penance to Rev Frank Chikane, Director-General in the Presidency" 14990: 13637: 12292: 11447: 9447: 8505:

winning a number of by-elections against NP candidates. De Klerk responded by calling a Whites-only

6559:

legalised and could engage in collective bargaining, although strikes were still illegal. Economist

6095:

society of South Africa; football was divided into numerous institutions based on race: the (White)

3441: 2039:) from 1948 to the early 1990s. It was characterised by an authoritarian political culture based on 1601: 62:

This article is about apartheid in South Africa. For apartheid as defined in international law, see

21193: 20200: 20190: 20112: 20057: 20037: 19986: 19813: 19799: 19670: 19578: 19493: 18460: 17842: 17105: 16757: 15906:

Suze, Anthony (2010). "The untold story of Robben Island: Sports and the anti-Apartheid movement".

13212:

ALEC's "Institutional Corruption", From Backing Apartheid to Assault on Clean Energy, Public Sector

9692: 8633: 8598: 8413: 7805: 7271: 6662: 6638:(1991), vehemently opposed the Apartheid regime and accordingly bolstered the movement against it. 6311: 5368: 5256: 5097: 4866: 4790: 4613: 4568: 4422: 4302: 4277: 4207: 4137: 4013: 3219:(SACTU). After the release of the Freedom Charter, 156 leaders of these groups were charged in the 3184:

Further laws had the aim of suppressing resistance, especially armed resistance, to apartheid. The

2962: 2666: 2386: 2338: 2334: 2212: 1829: 1809: 1760: 1675: 1556: 891: 623: 243: 11644: 11207: 10505: 10455: 10232: 2627: 2143:

ruling government and protracted sectarian violence that left thousands dead or in detention. The

446: 21935: 21744: 21542: 20394: 20387: 20157: 20127: 20102: 19991: 19928: 19911: 19727: 19566: 19558: 19361: 19226: 18933: 18853: 18658: 18598: 18576: 18303: 17479: 17374: 17241: 17091: 16972: 16704: 16487: 16397: 15946: 14811: 9921:

Apartheid South Africa : an insider's view of the origin and effects of separate development

9006: 8900: 8751: 8579: 8220: 7732: 7574: 7538: 7429: 7421: 7369:

On 6 September 1966, Verwoerd was fatally stabbed at Parliament House by parliamentary messenger

7032: 7002: 6783: 6773: 6692: 6366: 6342:(both geared to a Black audience), and TV4 mostly showed programmes for an urban Black audience. 6339: 5922: 5667: 5647: 5501: 5491: 5449: 5065: 4906: 4755: 4750: 4720: 4715: 4658: 4593: 4578: 4511: 4484: 4469: 3843: 3665: 3420: 3383: 3114: 2825: 2240: 2224: 2101: 1664: 1393: 1295: 757: 724: 700: 653: 421: 19132: 15406:"A regime of Jewish supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea: This is apartheid" 12376: 12153:"From second-class citizen to 'Honorary White': changing state views of Chinese in South Africa" 11549:"Forum: Watching the 'race' detectives – The results of South Africa's race classification laws" 10758:"South Africa official yearbook." (1991). South African State Department of Information. p. 18. 9470: 8192: 8084:

areas. Severe censorship of the press became a dominant tactic in the government's strategy and

7903:

another sovereign state. This would inevitably result in major engagements, in which the SADF's

7686:

against Soviet-backed regimes and insurgencies worldwide. By the late-1960s, the rise of Soviet

6512:

When the government overlooked them, the strikers (among the main organisers was a 42-year-old,

4695: 2073:. The economic legacy and social effects of apartheid continue to the present day, particularly 21628: 21536: 21397: 21297: 21238: 20175: 20107: 20062: 19948: 19830: 19452: 19371: 19072: 18818: 18721: 18641: 18470: 18411: 18313: 18210: 18153: 17049: 17014: 16216: 15849: 15231: 14317: 12635: 9430:

An ambulance of the wrong colour: health professionals, human rights and ethics in South Africa

9370: 9228:

From Politics Past to Politics Future: An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms

8864: 8803: 8491: 7991:

The government punished political offenders brutally. 40,000 people annually were subjected to

7968: 7792:(SADF) had amassed enough sophisticated conventional weaponry to pose a serious threat to the " 7630: 7212: 6249: 6240: 6214:" (a term which would be ambiguously used throughout apartheid) was granted to immigrants from 6187: 6014: 5883: 5766: 5739: 5729: 5187: 5167: 5030: 4901: 4785: 4730: 4700: 4680: 4608: 4588: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4464: 4427: 4400: 4371: 4366: 4292: 3941: 3931: 3824: 3637: 2702: 2697: 2410: 2362: 2342: 2279: 2058: 1466: 1398: 835: 803: 353: 16036: 15539: 14716:"S. Africa Approves Charter; White-Led Parliament Votes for Constitution Canceling Its Powers" 14560: 14519: 13544: 12864: 9564: 7878:

External South African military operations were aimed at eliminating the training facilities,

7695:

and a regional Western ally, which helped fuel its support for various anti-apartheid causes.

21852: 21447: 21203: 21119: 20465: 20403: 20368: 20363: 20225: 20210: 20205: 20180: 20142: 20042: 19595: 19421: 19354: 19122: 18991: 18873: 18765: 18760: 18675: 18636: 18443: 18438: 17584: 17514: 17409: 17304: 17158: 16808: 16588: 16501: 16296: 16116: 13442: 13435: 12785: 12254: 11434: 11222: 10285: 10184: 9061: 9041: 9021: 8991: 8871: 8764: 8695: 8587: 8518: 8436: 8295: 8124: 8116: 8111: 7904: 6788: 6525: 6229: 6183: 6149: 6010: 5938: 5734: 5694: 5627: 5516: 5464: 5383: 5132: 4896: 4795: 4770: 4765: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4675: 4623: 4583: 4489: 4459: 4349: 3951: 3828: 3625: 3371: 3080: 2687: 2652: 2567: 2445: 2406: 2398: 2375: 2149: 2062: 1929: 1551: 1519: 1388: 1338: 1224: 1105: 1055: 989: 618: 608: 303: 223: 168: 19102: 18984: 15673:

The Struggle For South Africa: A reference guide to movements, organisations and institution

15588:

Naidoo, Josephine C.; Rajab, Devi Moodley (1 September 2005). "The Dynamics of Oppression".

13784: 13778: 11585: 11032: 7589:

forces in Southern Africa, for example, by the military intervention of South Africa in the

2370:, the British Empire cited racial exploitation of blacks as a cause for its war against the 2297:

the new British colonial rulers were required to respect previous legislation enacted under

2167:, were released from prison. Apartheid legislation was repealed on 17 June 1991, leading to 21703: 21525: 21516: 21500: 21228: 21100: 21095: 21090: 21085: 21080: 21075: 21070: 21065: 21060: 21055: 21050: 21045: 21040: 21035: 21030: 21025: 21020: 21015: 21010: 21005: 21000: 20995: 20990: 20985: 20972: 20967: 20962: 20957: 20952: 20947: 20942: 20937: 20932: 20927: 20922: 20917: 20912: 20907: 20902: 20897: 20892: 20887: 20882: 20877: 20872: 20867: 20862: 20857: 20852: 20847: 20842: 20837: 20832: 20827: 20822: 20817: 20812: 20807: 20802: 20797: 20792: 20787: 20782: 20777: 20772: 20767: 20762: 20757: 20752: 20747: 20742: 20737: 20732: 20727: 20722: 20717: 20712: 20707: 20702: 20697: 20692: 20687: 20682: 20677: 20672: 20667: 20662: 20657: 20652: 20647: 20642: 20637: 20632: 20627: 20622: 20617: 20612: 20607: 20602: 20597: 20592: 20587: 20582: 20577: 20572: 20567: 20562: 20557: 20552: 20547: 20542: 20537: 20532: 20527: 20522: 20517: 20512: 20507: 20502: 20497: 20492: 20487: 20482: 20477: 20260: 19615: 19482: 19431: 19426: 19117: 18828: 18694: 18338: 18275: 18245: 18230: 18215: 17332: 17218: 16986: 16922: 16655: 16418: 16411: 16363: 16146: 15665: 11679: 10819:"A Better Life for All? Democratization and Electrification in Post-Apartheid South Africa" 8859: 8814: 8663: 8638: 8541: 8353: 8247: 8232: 8065: 7895: 7459: 7425: 7330: 7322: 7084: 7010: 6936: 6743: 6712: 6498: 6259: 6200: 6117: 6088: 5978: 5605: 5117: 4991: 4810: 4690: 4648: 4598: 4573: 4381: 4344: 4072: 3926: 3597: 3455: 3321:

In 1950, D. F. Malan announced the NP's intention to create a Coloured Affairs Department.

3276:

Inter-racial contact in sport was frowned upon, but there were no segregatory sports laws.

3247: 2765: 2707: 2315: 2232: 2050: 1408: 1254: 1237: 1077: 1060: 788: 784: 585: 386: 343: 193: 133: 15318: 13168: 12904: 12832: 12572: 12395: 12373:"Why South Africa's Television is only Twenty Years Old: Debating Civilisation, 1958–1969" 10542: 10431: 8741:

The following individuals, who had previously supported apartheid, made public apologies:

8267:

that ultimately realigned oppositional politics in South Africa with the formation of the

8171:

compete with foreign rivals as they failed to master cheap labour and complex chemistry".

7952: 7517:. On 21 February 1986 – a week before he was assassinated – 7497: 6132:

The first fight for a national "White" title was held on 9 April 1955, between Flyweights

3351:

government-supporting judges, upheld the act, and also the Act to remove Coloured voters.

2274:) moving about the country for any purpose should carry passes. This was confirmed by the 8: 21974: 21870: 21865: 21857: 21698: 21623: 21430: 21259: 21164: 20408: 20324: 19860: 19401: 19326: 19304: 19299: 19246: 18848: 18603: 18482: 18235: 17787: 17759: 17633: 17151: 17144: 17077: 17042: 16993: 16473: 16280: 15844: 15723: 15083: 14720: 13278: 13012: 12744: 11346: 10958: 9822: 9669:

Native vs Settler: Ethnic Conflict in Israel/Palestine, Northern Ireland and South Africa

8852: 8498: 8443: 8373: 8275: 8181: 7706:. The apartheid government perceived itself as being locked in a proxy struggle with the 7402: 7379: 6482: 6463: 6120:

was considered instrumental in bringing together South African sports fans of all races.

5963: 5871: 5781: 5642: 5261: 5157: 5137: 4926: 4834: 4780: 4760: 4725: 4618: 4405: 4202: 3577: 3317:

Annual per capita personal income by race group in South Africa relative to white levels.

3117:" or "locations", where blacks were relocated to their own towns. As the NP government's 2967: 2936: 2895: 2692: 2275: 1697: 1446: 1194: 1135: 860: 808: 798: 663: 19112: 14412:

Legasick, Martin (1974). "Legislation, Ideology and Economy in Post-1948 South Africa".

13956:

The Namibian War of Independence, 1966–1989: Diplomatic, Economic and Military Campaigns

13300: 11683: 6196: 22097: 21842: 21837: 21613: 21291: 21233: 21213: 20184: 19968: 19640: 19189: 19172: 19167: 19142: 19127: 19059: 19039: 19029: 18999: 18878: 18858: 18517: 18448: 18416: 18383: 18373: 18255: 16480: 15923: 15820: 15696: 15649: 15605: 15503: 15457: 15453:"A Threshold Crossed – Israeli Authorities and the Crimes of Apartheid and Persecution" 14890: 14500: 14204:

Detention & torture in South Africa: psychological, legal & historical studies.

13437:

Soviet Union and Revolutionary Warfare: Principles, Practices, and Regional Comparisons

12959: 12688: 12104: 11918: 11695: 11691: 11403:

An Undivided Landscape: Dissolving Apartheid buffer zones in Johannesburg, South Africa

11333:

On apartheid transport see Pirie, G.H. Travelling under apartheid. In D M Smith (ed.),

11304: 11296: 10849: 9051: 8908: 8830: 8787: 8551:

Right-wing violence also added to the hostilities of this period. The assassination of

8522: 8469: 8357: 8197: 8027: 7972: 7899: 7635: 6737: 6413: 5874:). The Coloured group included people regarded as being of mixed descent, including of 5546: 5541: 5531: 5479: 5469: 5444: 5378: 5336: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5142: 4417: 3816: 3712: 3220: 2614: 2553: 2510: 2457: 2302: 2132: 2024: 1988: 1749: 1403: 965: 908: 903: 898: 793: 762: 732: 693: 128: 79: 63: 15476: 13958:. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Incorporated Publishers. pp. 74–77, 93–95. 12348: 12323: 11149: 10181:

Forty Lost Years : The National Party and the Politics of the South African State

9779: 9777: 9775: 6266:, were allowed religious freedom and formed their own ethnic group/community known as 371: 21907: 21847: 21812: 21693: 21603: 21484: 21424: 21243: 20170: 19635: 19610: 19600: 19396: 19277: 18537: 18502: 18492: 18453: 18393: 18343: 18265: 18250: 18220: 18065: 18051: 17388: 17204: 17028: 16618: 16208: 16138: 16061: 15927: 15895: 15869: 15824: 15653: 15609: 15535: 15127: 14912: 14793: 14772: 14751: 14684: 14605: 14566: 14525: 14451: 14254: 14207: 14186: 14090: 14065: 14040: 14012: 13984: 13959: 13931: 13906: 13881: 13853: 13828: 13788: 13721: 13681: 13510: 13478: 13446: 13410: 13385: 13360: 13335: 13058: 12872: 12836: 12791: 12664: 12353: 12260: 12108: 11922: 11818: 11746: 11699: 11472: 11308: 11228: 11153: 10841: 10691: 10603: 10582: 10372: 10333: 10291: 10204: 9924: 9887: 9789: 9759: 9672: 9586: 9544: 9519: 9476: 9408: 9376: 9341: 9231: 9203: 9071: 8884: 8791: 8605: 8159: 8097: 7909: 7855: 7817: 7793: 7711: 7703: 7598: 7590: 7570: 7433: 7370: 7128: 7025: 6521: 6253: 5813: 5724: 5652: 5637: 5420: 5363: 5162: 5070: 4961: 4881: 4710: 3981: 3335: 3243: 3204: 2561: 2318:. This was followed by Ordinance 3 in 1848, which introduced an indenture system for 2220: 2216: 2032: 1561: 1471: 1368: 1343: 1204: 1093: 1072: 574: 288: 16066: 14894: 14402:

L.H, Gann, "Apartheids Genesis 1935–1962", Business Library, (1994) pp. 1–6. (p. 1.)

13825:

Comrades Against Apartheid: The ANC & the South African Communist Party in Exile

12955:"Margaret Court: astounding champion who found God and lost the respect of a nation" 12128:(Digital ed.). Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh. p. 42. Archived from 11365: 10853: 9745: 8808:

International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid

6302:

came into effect; however, further immigration from the Middle East was restricted.

3403:

still a factor for some people. Once South Africa became a republic, Prime Minister

22152: 21786: 21494: 21479: 21467: 21326: 21302: 21285: 21280: 19447: 19331: 19272: 19262: 18631: 18608: 18591: 18581: 18559: 18522: 18512: 18497: 18487: 18406: 18401: 18378: 18368: 17989: 17353: 17063: 16843: 16533: 16288: 16256: 16192: 16001: 15915: 15865: 15812: 15641: 15597: 15527: 15300: 14882: 14492: 14421: 12740: 12601: 12343: 12335: 12096: 11910: 11687: 11422: 11288: 11145: 10833: 10805:

Separate but Unequal – The 'Coloured' People of South Africa – A Political History.

10004:

Baroness Young – Minister of State, Foreign and Commonwealth Office (4 July 1986).

9772: 9751: 9046: 8929: 8896: 8879: 8848: 8840: 8385: 8322: 8007: 7917: 7891: 7887: 7813: 7809: 7639: 7506: 7184: 7172: 7153: 7017: 6998: 6580: 6243: – who were descendants of migrant workers who came to work in the 5776: 5761: 5689: 5610: 5580: 5395: 5231: 4931: 4479: 4474: 4312: 4197: 3416: 3404: 3346:

controlled 77 of these seats. The parliament met in a joint sitting and passed the

3170: 3089: 2820: 2638: 2622: 2618: 2575: 2571: 2514: 2465: 2453: 2390: 1936: 1879: 1476: 1441: 1199: 526: 476: 406: 15645: 13108:

Cold Blooded Killings: Hits, Assassinations, and Near Misses That Shook the World.

12619:

The dynamics of Japan's relations with Africa: South Africa, Tanzania and Nigeria.

8235:. South African troops withdrew from Angola early in 1976, failing to prevent the 8130:

The state of emergency continued until 1990 when it was lifted by State President

7728: 7513:

in particular – provided both moral and financial support for the

2248: 1162: 21917: 21723: 21688: 21608: 21462: 21372: 21351: 21218: 21208: 19650: 19436: 19208: 19097: 18923: 18888: 18780: 18613: 18532: 18507: 18475: 18465: 18433: 18428: 18323: 18280: 18270: 18260: 18225: 18205: 18190: 17311: 17225: 17119: 16787: 16711: 16632: 16356: 16240: 16232: 16224: 16200: 16020: 15997: 15836: 15789: 15346: 15295: 15269: 13218: 12936: 12825: 12787:

Apartheid South Africa and African States: From Pariah to Middle Power, 1962–1994

12684: 12579: 12506: 12441: 12421: 12188: 11740: 11401: 11372: 11353: 11202: 11113: 10766: 10549: 10512: 10462: 10438: 10366: 10327: 10112: 10032: 10012: 9992: 9314: 9001: 8957: 8710:. On 10 May 1994, Mandela was sworn in as the new President of South Africa. The 8686: 8341: 8209: 7929: 7921: 7769: 7761:

s article was based on "selective interpretation ... and not on concrete facts."

7629:

The UK's significant economic involvement in South Africa may have provided some

7561: 6631: 6543: 6539:, was taken into custody on 18 August 1977 and was beaten to death in detention. 6191: 6054: 5791: 5699: 5595: 5536: 5388: 5373: 5353: 5318: 5025: 4936: 4871: 4653: 4603: 4376: 4222: 3633: 3553: 3400: 3138: 2780: 2422: 2367: 2354: 2298: 2228: 2054: 1775: 1506: 1436: 1333: 1100: 853: 643: 633: 143: 14955: 14886: 13154:

Joseba Zulaika and William Douglass, "Terror and Taboo" (Routledge, 1996), p. 12

12087:

Naidoo, Josephine C.; Rajab, Devi Moodley (2005). "The Dynamics of Oppression".

8564: 7349: 740: 21902: 21754: 21718: 21673: 21595: 21574: 21356: 21341: 21275: 21188: 20346: 19645: 19488: 19406: 19381: 19376: 19289: 18900: 18554: 18423: 18058: 17780: 17654: 17297: 17211: 16894: 16836: 16829: 16822: 16540: 16466: 16312: 16272: 15601: 13223: 12598:

Remarks at memorial ceremony for Nelson Mandela, Johannesburg, 10 December 2013

12100: 11914: 11670:

Lemon, Anthony (2009). "Overcoming the Apartheid Legacy in Cape Town Schools".

9036: 8745: 8678: 8620:

the bloodshed shown on national television and in newspapers across the world.

8568: 8537: 8260: 8131: 8060: 7867: 7785: 7692: 7669: 7594: 7582: 7398: 7247: 7220: 7083:

In April 1960, the UN's conservative stance on apartheid changed following the

7076: 7067: 6596: 6517: 6319: 6211: 6065: 6036:

Indians, one for Afrikaans and one dual-language medium Afrikaans and English.

6006: 5990: 5786: 5744: 5714: 5704: 5622: 5615: 5600: 5590: 5410: 5346: 5288: 5283: 5268: 5045: 5040: 5035: 4921: 4856: 4354: 4327: 4167: 3851: 3756: 3568:(which was declared a "Coloured Labour Preference Area") who were moved to the 3507: 3412: 3251: 3162: 3110: 3106: 2610: 2598:

capitalist, the party also failed to appeal to its working class constituents.

2549: 2430: 2394: 2371: 2333:, which previously had a liberal and multi-racial constitution and a system of 2290: 2164: 2120: 2097: 1496: 1459: 1028: 918: 506: 496: 466: 451: 431: 426: 416: 391: 16052:

Collection of primary source historical materials about apartheid South Africa

15970: 15919: 15226: 15161: 14425: 13507:

Apartheid's Contras: An Inquiry into the Roots of War in Angola and Mozambique

12518: 12339: 12230:

JCW Van Rooyen, Censorship in South Africa (Cape Town: Juta and Co., 1987), 5.

11426: 11335:

The Apartheid City and Beyond: Urbanisation and Social Change in South Africa.

11292: 8810:, which came into force in 1976, enshrined into law the "crime of apartheid." 7108:. In 1977, the voluntary UN arms embargo became mandatory with the passing of 7104:

with South Africa. The Security Council also condemned the Soweto massacre in

3362:. Even this limited representation did not last, being ended from 1970 by the 2385:

denied Black people the vote and limited them to fixed areas, and in 1906 the

2201: 2197: 22056: 21825: 21796: 21791: 21781: 20356: 20285: 20280: 19471: 19391: 19267: 19152: 19009: 18716: 18363: 18328: 18240: 18200: 17975: 17696: 16801: 16780: 16750: 16743: 16452: 15030: 13238: 11418: 11157: 10845: 10493:

Making race: the politics and economics of Coloured identity in South Africa.

9345: 9016: 8781: 8768: 8707: 8702:, and the ANC won in seven of the nine provinces, with the NP winning in the 8612: 8571: 8480: 8425: 8318: 8251: 8167: 8073: 8043: 7871: 7467: 7446: 7204: 7101: 6994:

South Africa's policies were subject to international scrutiny in 1960, when

6615: 6572: 6560: 6092: 6032:

Each black homeland controlled its own education, health and police systems.

6021:

students. Coloureds and Indians were to have their own establishments in the

5875: 5798: 5405: 5341: 5326: 5182: 5147: 5127: 4998: 4941: 4876: 4244: 4147: 3322: 3197: 3166: 2672: 2602: 2346: 2263: 2084:, which entailed the segregation of public facilities and social events, and 2061:

such that white citizens had the highest status, with them being followed by

1785: 1780: 1209: 1187: 1033: 960: 658: 531: 481: 153: 138: 15360:"International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of 15110:"Breaking: It's now 'illegal' to display the apartheid flag in South Africa" 14225:"Political executions in South Africa by the apartheid government 1961–1989" 7180:. This manifesto was later taken on by both the OAU and the United Nations. 7176:, which was signed on 13 April by all of the countries in attendance except 7091:

for the first time agreed on concerted action against the apartheid regime.

22046: 22034: 22022: 22010: 21998: 21986: 21887: 21801: 21678: 21658: 21588: 21142: 20461: 20295: 20290: 20275: 20270: 19630: 19554: 18883: 18728: 17640: 17249: 17070: 17021: 16184: 16098: 16030: 15274: 12357: 11467:(2nd ed.). Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin Books. pp. 8818: 8774: 8761: 8703: 8560: 8333: 8051: 8031: 8003: 7992: 7776: 7751: 7745: 7687: 7673: 7665: 7545:, Palme declared: "Apartheid cannot be reformed; it has to be eliminated." 7542: 7390: 7374: 6607: 6600: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6576: 6291: 6061: 5986: 5632: 5511: 5331: 5298: 5278: 5202: 5192: 5172: 5152: 4775: 4668: 4663: 4386: 4361: 4212: 4152: 4117: 4087: 3617: 3581: 2522: 2505: 2350: 2319: 2236: 2128: 2028: 1501: 1381: 559: 521: 511: 501: 401: 14909:

State security in South Africa: civil-military relations under P.W. Botha.

14638:"South African envoy: Mandela begged Nigeria for money to fight apartheid" 14311:"Volume Five – Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report" 12489:. Second Edition, NY: Basic Books. Ch. 7: The Economics of Discrimination. 10652: 10602:. Centre de recherches pour le développement international. Archived from 9755: 8356:

to "adapt or die" and twice he wavered on the eve of what were billed as "

7702:

besieged militarily, politically, and culturally by Communism and radical

7070:, address to the United Nations as South African President, 3 October 1994 2533:

began demanding political rights, land reform, and the right to unionise.

876: 21912: 21774: 21683: 21183: 20351: 20300: 20265: 19981: 19625: 19605: 19147: 18808: 18775: 18353: 18333: 17233: 16176: 15990: 15531: 15410: 14089:. Solihull: Helion & Company, Publishers. pp. 203–205, 304–305. 12605: 11717: 11616: 9031: 8904: 8715: 8313:

Concerned over the popularity of Mandela, Botha denounced him as an arch-

8239:

from gaining power there, and Black students in South Africa celebrated.

8089: 8047: 7707: 7682: 7549: 7386: 7259: 7144:, he called for economic sanctions against the South African government. 7132: 6921: 6798: 6611: 6494: 6267: 6244: 6219: 6018: 5526: 5486: 5454: 5313: 5273: 5107: 5020: 4971: 4946: 4846: 4521: 4234: 4217: 4172: 4092: 3812: 3760: 3548:

Man subject to forced removal in Mogopa, Western Transvaal, February 1984

3307: 3302: 3147: 3134:, separating their families when members were allocated different races. 2609:. Barring the predominantly English-speaking landowner electorate of the 2541: 2518: 2496: 2330: 1798: 1431: 1348: 1182: 461: 456: 441: 376: 21315: 19523: 18985:

Segregation in countries by type (in some countries, categories overlap)

14769:

South Africa: constitutional development, a multi-disciplinary approach.

9583:

The Diplomacy of Liberation: The Foreign Relations of the ANC Since 1960

9565:"SAPA – 27 May 97 – HRC SUBMITS APARTHEID REPRESSION BOOK TO TRUTH BODY" 8951: 8698:. As well as deciding the national government, the election decided the 6481:(ANC) took control of the organisation and started advocating a radical 6252:, increased to about 10,000, were given the same official rights as the 6162:

The last "non White" title bout took place on 18 December 1978, between

3544: 3161:

of 1949 prohibited marriage between persons of different races, and the

21875: 21759: 21640: 21568: 20329: 20317: 19457: 19314: 19309: 19294: 18704: 18358: 18348: 18285: 17808: 17346: 16459: 16404: 16264: 16248: 15692:"South Africa's Communists Were Crucial to the Fight Against Apartheid" 15005:"Turning Points in History Book 6: Negotiation, Transition and Freedom" 14504: 14393:", The Journal of African History, 33 (1992) pp. 209–237 (pp. 209, 211) 14386: 13747: 12549:"From the Archive: Sanctions agreed against apartheid-era South Africa" 11840:

For their Triumphs and for their Tears: Women in Apartheid South Africa

10890: 8966: 8943: 8658: 8552: 8429: 8224: 8069: 8020: 7964: 7879: 7843: 7796:", a regional alliance of neighbouring countries opposed to apartheid. 7780: 7699: 7578: 7522: 7463: 7357: 7345: 6627: 6536: 6380: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 6271: 5914:

should be categorised either Coloured or Black. The tests included the

5899: 5887: 5808: 5803: 5684: 5679: 5575: 5551: 5400: 5293: 5251: 5207: 5015: 5003: 4976: 4966: 4886: 4261: 4256: 4227: 4162: 4003: 3679: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3629: 3609: 3604:. Sophiatown was destroyed by bulldozers, and a new white suburb named 3592: 3495: 3471: 3358:

Separate representatives for coloured voters were first elected in the

2545: 2259: 2196:

word meaning "separateness", or "the state of being apart", literally "

1802: 1004: 779: 569: 536: 411: 396: 381: 238: 15317:. South African Government Information. 28 August 2006. Archived from 15086:. South African Department of Justice and Constitutional Development. 14389:, "Afrikaner Nationalism, Apartheid and the conceptualisation of 'Race 13123:

The Birth and Death of a Tar Baby: Henry Kissinger and Southern Africa

11300: 11276: 11123:

from the original on 18 December 2019 – via kora.matrix.msu.edu.

8843:

is segregation on the basis of class or economic status. For example,

8497:

Reforms and negotiations to end apartheid led to a backlash among the

7967:, became increasingly preoccupied with security. It set up a powerful 7250:

made his first and most successful official stopover in South Africa.

6458: 3101:

language groups; the black populace was divided into ten such groups.

21832: 21749: 21223: 20341: 19282: 18868: 18803: 17267: 17258: 17189: 16595: 16561: 15778: 15676: 12469: 12035: 12009: 11842:. International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa. p. 48. 10553: 10516: 10466: 10442: 9446:. African Studies Center of Michigan State University. Archived from 9428:

Baldwin-Ragaven, Laurel; London, Lesley; du Gruchy, Jeanelle (1999).

8556: 8530: 8337: 8326: 7534: 7394: 7263: 7232: 7006: 6315: 6275: 6070: 5970:

and English on an equal basis in high schools outside the homelands.

5967: 5895: 5865: 5709: 5657: 5358: 4951: 4037: 3792: 3621: 3436: 3424: 3396: 3235: 3193: 3131: 3098: 2441: 2418: 2267: 2193: 2111: 2066: 1566: 1219: 1009: 940: 935: 869: 813: 590: 554: 491: 22029: 15184: 14496: 13852:. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. pp. 207–214, 239–245. 10817:

Kroth, Verena; Larcinese, Valentino; Wehner, Joachim (19 May 2016).

8937: 7822: 7710:

and by implication, armed wings of black nationalist forces such as

7131:

was an outspoken opponent of apartheid. In 1985, while visiting the

6355: 3654: 3366:. Instead, all coloured adults were given the right to vote for the 21531: 20312: 19620: 19442: 18838: 18037: 17535: 17180: 16304: 16161: 15816: 14272:

Africa contemporary record: annual survey and documents, Volume 20.

13576:"Revealed: how Israel offered to sell South Africa nuclear weapons" 13359:. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Incorporated. pp. 143–146. 12905:"The 1981 Springbok rugby tour – A country divided" 11991: 11815:

Oppression and Resistance: The Struggle of Women in Southern Africa

10837: 8624: 8369: 8039: 8000: 7941: 7851: 7847: 7236: 7141: 7075:

The apartheid system as an issue was first formally brought to the

6327: 6323: 5998: 5943: 5674: 5496: 5415: 5060: 4986: 4891: 4851: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4107: 4102: 4047: 3569: 3503: 3476: 3260: 2634: 2606: 2591: 2402: 2253: 2041: 1794: 22017: 13928:

The New Insurgencies: Anti-Communist Guerrillas in the Third World

6152:. it was won by the champion by a fifth-round technical knockout. 6064:

and sanitation problems given the oppressive public policies, and

2540:(or simply the National Party) to convince a large segment of the 2100:

of 1950, which made it illegal for most South African citizens to

21769: 20307: 19416: 19386: 18798: 16445: 15248: 14157:

Brick by brick: an informal guide to the history of South Africa.

14087:

Iron Fist From The Sea: South Africa's Seaborne Raiders 1978–1988

12772:

Norms in International Relations: The Struggle Against Apartheid.

8526: 8451: 8447: 8381: 8314: 8077: 7925: 7656: 7586: 7526: 7479: 7417: 7255: 7228: 7227:

in 1964. In 1966, he met the heads of the neighbouring states of

7216: 7013:, resulting in more international condemnation. Soon afterwards, 6542:

In 1976, secondary students in Soweto took to the streets in the

6295: 6263: 5994: 5879: 4112: 4008: 3988: 3961: 3936: 3859: 3499: 2552:, lost domestic support when South Africa was criticised for its 2492: 2139:

became increasingly militant, prompting brutal crackdowns by the

2036: 1770: 1306: 1083: 95: 13983:. Pretoria: University of South Africa Press. pp. 659–661. 13509:. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press. pp. 37–49. 10688:

Precedent & Possibility: The (Ab)use of Law in South Africa.

10329:

Performing South Africa's Truth Commission: Stages of Transition

22041: 21764: 21111: 19411: 18176: 17172: 16328: 16107: 15371: 15084:"New cut-off date opens amnesty doors for pre-election bombers" 15078: 13607:"The memos and minutes that confirm Israel's nuclear stockpile" 13236: 10734:

Apartheid's festival: contesting South Africa's national pasts.

9814: 8923: 8903:, a term used to describe the denial of modern technologies to 8725:

The anniversary of the elections, 27 April, is celebrated as a

8545: 8409: 8308: 8228: 8163: 7937: 7839: 7835: 7740: 7548:

Other Western countries adopted a more ambivalent position. In

7518: 7510: 7242: 7224: 7177: 7167: 7163: 6513: 6287: 6223: 6145: 6002: 5982: 5112: 4097: 3993: 3971: 3966: 3916: 3613: 3605: 3601: 3585: 3573: 3515: 3487: 3445:

Map of the 20 bantustans in South Africa and South West Africa.

3242:

established a separate education system for blacks emphasizing

2301:, and this led to a separation of the law in South Africa from 580: 13878:

Rethinking African Politics: A History of Opposition in Zambia

11025: 10406:"How Should South Africa Remember the Architect of Apartheid?" 9427: 9334:"All Is Not Forgiven: South Africa and the Scars of Apartheid" 8490:(CODESA) began negotiations on the formation of a multiracial 3526: 2353:

limited the amount of land Africans could hold. Similarly, in

21581: 18813: 16320: 15880:. Jonathan Ball Publishers. Johannesburg and Cape Town, 2012. 15521: 15477:"Israel committing crimes of apartheid and persecution – HRW" 15431:"B'Tselem labels Israel an 'apartheid regime' for first time" 14483:

Giliomee, Hermann (1995). "Democratization in South Africa".

12293:"WINDS – South Africa Apartheid Defined by Amercian [ 9518:. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons, Publishers. pp. 197–199. 9198:

Bartusis, Mark (2012). Gomez, Edmund; Premdas, Ralph (eds.).

8401: 8365: 8213: 7984: 7326: 7267: 7036: 6550: 6215: 5903: 5891: 5122: 3921: 3511: 2460:

would eventually lead to racial assimilation, the Opposition

2152:, but these measures failed to appease most activist groups. 1834: 774: 15833:

In the name of apartheid: South Africa in the postwar period

11366:

Dictionary of South African English on historical principles

10213: 10139: 9900: 9402: 8771:

in an act of apology for the wrongs of the Apartheid regime.

7830:

Total Strategy was advanced in the context of MK, PLAN, and

7501:

London bus in 1989 carrying the "Boycott Apartheid" message.

7336: 6622:. Extra-parliamentary resistance was largely centred in the 5933:

established in 1902 had an exclusively Coloured membership.

2270:

beyond slaves and ordained that all Khoikhoi (designated as

2243:, slaves required passes to travel away from their masters. 1948: 1891: 13827:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 184–187. 13673: 13441:. Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press. pp. 13275:"Compensation case against South African miners thrown out" 10321: 10319: 8631:

was lowered, and the old (now co-official) national anthem

8236: 7779:

signed a security pact with South African defence minister

6641: 6103: 5756: 5585: 3767:

The NP passed a string of legislation that became known as

2361:

of 1894 deprived Indians of the right to vote. In 1896 the

1963: 1939: 1906: 1882: 15499:"Israel: Discriminatory Land Policies Hem in Palestinians" 15124:

The politics of the new South Africa: apartheid and after.

14011:(2006 ed.). Just Done Productions. pp. 132–226. 10745:

Wilson, Monica Hunter; Thompson, Leonard Monteath (1969).

9175:. Cape Girardeau: Southeast Missourian. Associated Press. 8782:

International legal, political and social uses of the term

8637:("The Call") was sung, followed by the raising of the new 8611:

Violence persisted right up to the 1994 general election.

8446:

to end its long-standing involvement in South West Africa/

8119:. Between 1960 and 1994, according to statistics from the 3482: 2150:

Indian and Coloured political representation in parliament

18145: 15739:"End of Apartheid in South Africa? Not in Economic Terms" 13930:. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge Books. pp. 131–141. 13850:

A Political History of the Civil War in Angola: 1974–1990

12759:

Introduction to African politics: a continental approach.

12389: 11055: 10559: 10480:

Africa: the people and politics of an emerging continent.

10050: 9950: 9837: 9802: 9783: 7971:

to "protect" the state against an anticipated upsurge in

7475: 7449:

called for a similar affirmation for films. In 1965, the

2513:

and popular freedoms enshrined in such statements as the

2326:

racial inequality between white people and black people.

2057:

system, there was social stratification and campaigns of

16037:

The International Centre for Transitional Justice (ICTJ)

15160:. Independent Electoral Commission (IEC). Archived from 15145:

People's War: New Light on the Struggle for South Africa

14790:

Injustice, violence and peace: the case of South Africa.

12202:"Albinos in the Laager – Being Lebanese in South Africa" 11637: 11356:, Department of Health, 2004. Retrieved 8 November 2006. 11347:

Health Sector Strategic Framework 1999–2004 – Background

10673:

Van der Ross, R. E.; Marais, Johannes Stephanus (1986).

10316: 7731:. Considerable effort was devoted towards circumventing 6489:

In 1959, a group of disenchanted ANC members formed the

3291: 2102:

marry or pursue sexual relationships across racial lines

15782: 14168:

Fox, William; Fourie, Marius; Van Wyk, Belinda (1998).

13545:"Brothers in Arms – Israel's secret pact with Pretoria" 13334:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Books. pp. 1–16, 163–164. 10921:

The making of a nation: South Africa's road to freedom.

10908:

Natalians first: separatism in South Africa, 1909–1961.

9472:

Sharpeville: An Apartheid Massacre and Its Consequences

9375:. New York: Chelsea House, Publishers. pp. 34–35. 8604:

In 1993, de Klerk and Mandela were jointly awarded the

7936:

activists and others suspected of having ties to MK in

7556:

lobbied on behalf of the South African government. The

7455: 7340:

Protests against the 1981 Springbok tour of New Zealand

3584:, when 60,000 people were moved to the new township of 3250:

under the Ministry of Native Affairs and defunded most

2536:

Whites reacted negatively to the changes, allowing the

2349:

of 1894 instigated by the government of Prime Minister

2155:

Between 1987 and 1993, the National Party entered into

15885:

Defiant Images: Photography and Apartheid South Africa

13905:. Montgomery: Air University Press. pp. 223–239. 13529:

Von Wielligh, N. & von Wielligh-Steyn, L. (2015).

13095:

Sweden vs apartheid: putting morality ahead of profit.

11888:

Apartheid on the Run: The South African Sports Boycott

11134:

Western, J. (June 2002). "A divided city: Cape Town".

11063:"Afrikaner domination died with Verwoerd 50 years ago" 10432:

African History: Apartheid Legislation in South Africa

10251: 10071:"Indian passive resistance in South Africa, 1946–1948" 10006:

South Africa House of Lords Debate vol 477 cc 1159–250

9102:

multiracial elections held under a universal franchise

8435:

On 11 February 1990, Nelson Mandela was released from

7505:

While international opposition to apartheid grew, the

6140:

and challenger Mervin Smit on 5 February 1979, at the

3498:, was set aside for a sub-group of Coloureds known as 2433:

and allowed them to elect three whites to Parliament.

2293:

captured and annexed the Dutch Cape Colony. Under the

21958: 16096: 14142:

Purkitt, Helen E.; Burgess, Stephen Franklin (2005).

13384:. Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan. pp. 129–131. 9734:. Routledge, 2013. Chapter 3: The Basis of Apartheid. 9585:. London: Tauris Academic Studies. pp. 202–210. 9475:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 234–235. 8574:

refugee who had close links to the White nationalist

8525:

of 17 June 1992, when 200 IFP militants attacked the

8030:

in 36 magisterial districts. Areas affected were the

7668:

threat to the strategic Cape trade route between the

6462:

Demonstrators at the funeral for victims of the 1985

3364:

Separate Representation of Voters Amendment Act, 1968

1975: 1918: 15892:

Born a Crime: Stories from a South African Childhood

15856:

Merrett, Christopher (2005). "Sport and Apartheid".

15349:. Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. 13880:. Surrey: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. pp. 209–217. 13783:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 12206:

Khayrallah Center for Lebanese Diaspora Studies News

11870:

Laduma! Soccer, Politics and Society in South Africa

10995: 10816: 10807:

Jonathan Ball Publishers, Johannesburg. pp. 134–139.

9945:

Gandhi and King: the power of nonviolent resistance.

9067:

Racism against Native Americans in the United States

8919: 7772:

in South Africa were raised exponentially. In 1975,

7735:, and the government even went so far as to develop 6057:, but wages were extremely low, if existent at all. 3454:

economically unproductive areas of the country. The

2517:. Black political organisations and leaders such as 2499:, the first apartheid-era prime minister (1948–1954) 1966: 1951: 1945: 1909: 1894: 1888: 14064:. Solihull: Helio & Co. Ltd. pp. 110–111. 13715: 13677:

War and Society: The Militarisation of South Africa

12383: 11172:"From the Western Areas to Soweto: forced removals" 9786:

Afrikaner political thought: analysis and documents

9750:(3 ed.). New York: Routledge. pp. 11–12. 9671:. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 8. 8540:on 7 September 1992 brought matters to a head. The 8219:In 1974, resistance to apartheid was encouraged by 7826:

South African paratroops on a raid in Angola, 1980s

7458:in South Africa in 1975, the British Actors Union, 7270:(now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) and the 3558:

Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act, 1991

3470:The vision of a South Africa divided into multiple 1957: 1942: 1900: 1885: 15936:A History of Inequality in South Africa, 1652–2002 15340:Volume Five Chapter Six – Findings and Conclusions 15058:"Dawn of liberation – 1994 South African election" 14819: 14039:. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. pp. 55–59. 13531:The Bomb: South Africa's Nuclear Weapons Programme 13434: 12824: 12592: 12590: 12588: 11580: 11578: 10895:The race game: sport and politics in South Africa. 10259:"The 1948 election and the National Party Victory" 9943:{better source needed} Nojeim, Michael J. (2004). 9638:"Why FW de Klerk let Nelson Mandela out of prison" 9516:International Terrorism and the Contemporary World 9315:"Ramaphosa's tough job on fixing Apartheid legacy" 8821:rights advocates and by leading Israeli and other 7980:), who managed the various States of Emergencies. 6985:Foreign relations of South Africa during apartheid 3490:, one of the four nominally independent homelands. 3019:Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act 18864:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 15887:, University of South Africa (UNISA) Press, 2009. 15774:London Recruits: The Secret War Against Apartheid 15176: 15150: 14037:Botswana's Search for Autonomy in Southern Africa 13776: 13720:. Stellenbosch: Sun Media Press. pp. 70–81. 13718:Reflections on War: Preparedness and Consequences 13475:Total Onslaught: Apartheid's Dirty Tricks Exposed 12865:"The ANC's Diplomacy and International Relations" 12632:"Summary of the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act" 11540: 9857:Alfred B. Xuma: African, American, South African. 8629:previous "orange white blue" flag adopted in 1928 7466:grew popular in the 1980s, the Australian arm of 7147: 6233:and were subject to numerous racialist policies. 5720:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 3146:of 1951 allowed the government to demolish black 22054: 15552: 15185:"Spotlight Three: South Africa's 1994 Elections" 14009:Borderstrike! South Africa Into Angola 1975–1980 14002: 14000: 13981:The Road to Democracy in South Africa: 1970–1980 13638:"Israel Denies It Offered South Africa Warheads" 13404: 12869:The Road to Democracy in South Africa: 1970–1980 11872:. University of KwaZula-Natal Press. p. 59. 11813:Lapchick, Richard E.; Urdang, Stephanie (1982). 11512: 11510: 9635: 7676:. The apartheid government supported the US-led 7428:. Nigeria also led the 32-nation boycott of the 2080:Broadly speaking, apartheid was delineated into 16886:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre 14558: 14517: 14340: 14338: 13903:Responding to Low-Intensity Conflict Challenges 13777:Brecher, Michael; Wilkenfeld, Jonathan (1997). 13711: 13709: 12585: 12256:Carlos Cardoso: Telling the Truth in Mozambique 11621:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. 11575: 11406:(Master Thesis thesis). University of Waterloo. 11277:"The Bantustan Proposals for South-West Africa" 10045:Ethnic identity groups and U.S. foreign policy. 9607:"De Klerk dismantles apartheid in South Africa" 9436: 9407:. New York: Routledge Books. pp. 103–105. 9202:. New York: Routledge Books. pp. 126–132. 8391: 7861:The apartheid government made judicious use of 6497:, where 69 people were killed by police in the 6048:Black women demonstrate against pass laws, 1956 5364:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 3588:(an abbreviation for South Western Townships). 3167:sexual relations between whites and other races 2943:Separate Representation of Voters Amendment Act 2574:and was presented to the National Party by the 2405:, which continued the legislative program: the 15428: 15289:South Africa apartheid party votes to dissolve 14997: 14370: 14368: 14084: 13772: 13770: 13743:"The Banquo's Ghost of Israeli Foreign Policy" 13468: 13466: 13464: 13462: 12731:Hall, Richard (1970). "The Lusaka Manifesto". 12661:Pope Attacks Apartheid in Speech at U.N. Court 11960: 11958: 11812: 11033:"Remembering Verwoerd – OPINION | Politicsweb" 10968: 10934:In no uncertain terms: a South African memoir. 10779:Five hundred years: a history of South Africa. 10175: 10173: 10171: 10169: 10167: 10114:Area Handbook for the Republic of South Africa 9230:. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. p. 52. 8806:. Even before the creation of the ICC, the UN 8514:power to change decisions made by parliament. 8274:In 1978, the National Party Defence Minister, 7799: 7651: 7585:South African government as a bastion against 7378:went against his policy by refusing to permit 7009:. Weeks later, tensions came to a head in the 6069:in urban centres while most women were merely 4840:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 21127: 20435: 19539: 18970: 18161: 16082: 14382: 14380: 13997: 13919: 13680:. New Africa Books. pp. 36–37, 283–289. 13113: 12447: 12324:"Treatment of homosexuality during apartheid" 11742:Gender and Law: Women's Rights in Agriculture 11714:"Women's Charter, 17 April 1954 Johannesburg" 11507: 11214: 10747:The Oxford history of South Africa, Volume 2. 9494: 9492: 9405:The Routledge Companion to Race and Ethnicity 8641:and singing of the other co-official anthem, 8464:Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa 8144:Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa 7531:Swedish People's Parliament Against Apartheid 6964: 5845: 3773:Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act 55 of 1949 3636:of 1950. Nearly 600,000 Coloured, Indian and 3137:The second pillar of grand apartheid was the 3060: 2135:on South Africa. During the 1970s and 1980s, 1854: 1716: 1262: 701: 19322:Residential segregation in the United States 15711:Eiselen, W. W. N. The Meaning of Apartheid, 15671:Davies, Rob, Dan O'Meara and Sipho Dlamini. 14809:"Cops fight crowds at S. Africa elections." 14335: 14283:McKendrick, Brian; Hoffmann, Wilman (1990). 14251:Apartheid, imperialism, and African freedom. 14030: 14028: 13822: 13706: 13407:The Devils Are Among Us: The War for Namibia 12487:Applied Economics: Thinking Beyond Stage One 12287: 12285: 11890:. Indiana University Press. pp. 75, 77. 11881: 11879: 9747:South Africa: The Rise and Fall of Apartheid 9576: 9574: 9398: 9396: 9394: 9392: 8666:adopted in 1994 to mark the end of Apartheid 8309:Reforms and contact with the ANC under Botha 7035:, with which it had privileged trade links. 3628:were forced to move to new townships on the 2429:removed previous black voters from the Cape 2235:, and imported Black slaves from across the 2219:in 1652, which eventually expanded into the 15587: 14365: 14144:South Africa's weapons of mass destruction. 13871: 13869: 13767: 13459: 12252: 12115: 12086: 12062:"In South Africa, Chinese is the New Black" 11955: 11274: 11101:Pitterman, Shelly (January–February 1978). 10631: 10619: 10565: 10277: 10219: 10195: 10193: 10164: 10145: 10056: 9956: 9906: 9881: 9843: 9808: 9743: 9730:Nancy L. Clarkson & William H. Worger. 9543:. 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The 7959:operatives in northern KwaZulu-Natal, 1993 7680:(NATO), as well as its policy of regional 6971: 6957: 6177: 6009:speakers were placed at the newly founded 5852: 5838: 3834: 3067: 3053: 2831:Native Labour (Settlement of Disputes) Act 2374:. However, the peace negotiations for the 2215:'s establishment of a trading post in the 1861: 1847: 1723: 1709: 1269: 1255: 708: 694: 24: 19553: 18834:Interminority racism in the United States 14562:Oil and Nationalism in Nigeria, 1970–1980 14521:Oil and Nationalism in Nigeria, 1970–1980 14053: 14025: 14006: 13847: 13472: 13409:. London: Zed Books Ltd. pp. 14–23. 13373: 13323: 13277:. Minesandcommunities.org. Archived from 12347: 12282: 11876: 11837: 11546: 11492: 11490: 11488: 11340: 11100: 10686:Davis, Dennis; Le Roux, Michelle (2009). 10456:Population Registration Act No 30 of 1950 9923:. 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The first apartheid law was the 59:South African system of racial separation 16959:Reconstruction and Development Programme 16044:"Struggles for Freedom: Southern Africa" 15973:1971 United Nations Report on Apartheid. 15137: 14825: 14597: 14482: 14443: 14411: 14183:South Africa: apartheid and divestiture. 14108: 14106: 13949: 13947: 13866: 13818: 13816: 13814: 13812: 13810: 13808: 13806: 13804: 13635: 13405:Herbstein, Denis; Evenson, John (1989). 13379: 13329: 12757:Rubin, Leslie; Weinstein, Brian (1977). 12706:Isolated states: a comparative analysis. 12700: 12698: 12678:Pope's South Africa Visit Honours 2 Vows 12453: 12392:"Armed Struggle and Umkhonto / Morogoro" 11900: 11399: 11359: 11220: 10332:. 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Its first recorded use was in 1929. 2088:, which strictly separated housing and 649:Music in the movement against apartheid 14: 22088:1994 disestablishments in South Africa 22055: 18906:Sociology of race and ethnic relations 17036:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike 16033:Museum, which examines forced removals 15991:Understanding Apartheid Learner's Book 15976: 15797:The Rise, Fall and Legacy of Apartheid 14748:Race, class & the apartheid state. 14713: 14439: 14437: 14435: 14298:South Africa, Lesotho & Swaziland. 13978: 13894: 13875: 13841: 13504: 13432: 13348: 13063:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 12919:from the original on 20 December 2008. 12862: 12831:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 12321: 12199: 11857:. 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As the 2590:against the mounting tensions of the 2231:, replaced them with farms worked by 1987: 21941: 20256:South African Bantu-speaking peoples 19506: 18929: 15979:"Life in Apartheid-Era South Africa" 15905: 15803:Makdisi, Saree (2018). "Apartheid". 15386:from the original on 5 December 2021 15191:from the original on 26 October 2008 15182: 14983:"Enemies: Black vs. Black vs. White" 14936:from the original on 23 October 2012 14728:from the original on 4 November 2021 14666:Knox, Colin; Quirk, Pádraic (2000). 14618:from the original on 6 February 2022 14464:from the original on 6 February 2022 14285:People and violence in South Africa. 14034: 13953: 13925: 13674:Jacklyn Cock, Laurie Nathan (1989). 13660: 13255:from the original on 18 October 2012 13136:from the original on 26 January 2016 13077:International Labour Office (1991). 12967:from the original on 7 November 2019 12822: 12745:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a095995 12730: 12370: 12259:. 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Oxford University Press. p. 202. 14432: 14414:Journal of Southern African Studies 14202:Foster, Don; Davis, Dennis (1987). 14114:"Pretoria cools to US-backed talks" 13755:from the original on 11 August 2019 13167:. ANC. 13 June 1988. Archived from 13120:Dowdall, Aaron T. (December 2009). 12708:Cambridge University Press. p. 274. 12208:. North Carolina State University. 12121: 12089:Psychology and Developing Societies 11389:. Springer Publishing. p. 119. 11127: 10304:from the original on 5 January 2020 10265:from the original on 16 August 2008 9947:Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 127. 9820: 9732:South Africa: The Rise and Fall of 9699:from the original on 4 October 2013 8997:Discrimination based on skin colour 8972:Allegations of apartheid by country 8827:Israeli occupation in the West Bank 8672:1994 South African general election 8121:Truth and Reconciliation Commission 7716:People's Liberation Army of Namibia 7472:20th Century Fox Home Entertainment 7439: 4982:Genital modification and mutilation 3298:Coloured vote constitutional crisis 3144:Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act 2801:Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act 2471:1948 South African general election 2185:History of South Africa (1910–1948) 2181:History of South Africa (1815–1910) 2169:multiracial elections in April 1994 2145:Truth and Reconciliation Commission 2001: 124:Coloured vote constitutional crisis 56: 22128:Far-right politics in South Africa 16000:– Series of PDFs published by the 15959:Memorandum van die Volksraad, 2016 15938:. 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No. January/February 2018. 8026:On 20 July 1985, Botha declared a 7957:8 South African Infantry Battalion 7678:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 7560:implemented a policy known as the 7123: 6703:International anti-apartheid music 6097:South African Football Association 3539: 3430: 3159:Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act 2760:Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act 2683:Transvaal Asiatic Registration Act 2295:1806 Cape Articles of Capitulation 57: 22179: 18118:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania 17753:South African Party (Cape Colony) 15977:Byrnes, Mark (10 December 2010). 15964: 15878:Apartheid: An illustrated history 15287:Macharia, James (11 April 2005). 15261:Meldrum, Andrew (11 April 2005). 15037:from the original on 20 June 2006 14838:from the original on 14 June 2018 14714:Taylor, Paul (23 December 1993). 14702:Europa World Year Book 2, Book 2. 14648:from the original on 26 July 2020 14579:from the original on 13 June 2013 14444:Akansake, Albin (18 April 2013). 14172:Juta and Company Limited. p. 167. 14146:Indiana University Press. p. 152. 13648:from the original on 30 June 2017 13555:from the original on 25 July 2008 13311:from the original on 26 July 2008 13082:International Labour Organization 12930:The Day Apartheid Was Hit For Six 12913:Ministry for Culture and Heritage 12303:from the original on 12 June 2011 12200:Muglia, Caroline (21 June 2016). 12163:from the original on 26 July 2020 12150: 12068:from the original on 24 July 2009 11794:from the original on 8 March 2021 11625:from the original on 29 June 2011 11596:from the original on 9 March 2019 11528:from the original on 1 April 2019 11400:Greyling, Michelle (1 May 2013). 11384: 11221:Meredith, Martin (1 April 2010). 11043:from the original on 19 June 2018 10910:Southern Book Publishers. p. 167. 10736:Indiana University Press. p. 134. 10690:Juta and Company Limited. p. 20. 10528:Besteman, Catherine Lowe (2008). 10424: 10346:from the original on 24 June 2021 10203:, London: Hamish Hamilton, 1988, 10025:The Representation of Natives Act 9823:"Introduction to Roman-Dutch Law" 9721:. Ashgate Publishing, 2009. p. 36 9369:Crompton, Samuel Willard (2007). 9147:from the original on 12 June 2018 9098:Population Registration Act, 1950 8501:White opposition, leading to the 7947: 7894:in 1983 involved both full scale 7311: 7055: 6491:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania 6324:forbidden from opening on Sundays 2106:Population Registration Act, 1950 22040: 22028: 22016: 22004: 21992: 21980: 21968: 21940: 21893:White genocide conspiracy theory 21199:Democratic Republic of the Congo 21141: 20451: 19505: 19477: 19476: 18938: 18928: 18919: 18918: 18130: 18129: 16058:Apartheid archives subject guide 16007:The evolution of the white right 15870:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2005.00165.x 15546: 15515: 15491: 15487:from the original on 8 May 2021. 15469: 15445: 15441:from the original on 8 May 2021. 15422: 15418:from the original on 8 May 2021. 15398: 15352: 15333: 15307: 15281: 15255: 15219: 15203: 15116: 15102: 15072: 15049: 15023: 14974: 14962:from the original on 23 May 2020 14948: 14922: 14901: 14866: 14850: 14803: 14782: 14761: 14740: 14707: 14694: 14673: 14660: 14630: 14591: 14552: 14538:from the original on 30 May 2013 14511: 14476: 14405: 14396: 14356: 14347: 14303: 14290: 14277: 14264: 14243: 14227:. 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South African History Online. 10239:from the original on 13 May 2013 9859:New York University Press. p. 8. 9372:Desmond Tutu: Fighting Apartheid 9179:from the original on 8 June 2020 9057:Racism against African Americans 9012:Index of racism-related articles 8950: 8936: 8922: 8683:Independent Electoral Commission 8653: 8623:Two days before the election, a 8595:Azanian People's Liberation Army 8244:Mahlabatini Declaration of Faith 7832:Azanian People's Liberation Army 7623:Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act 7364: 7284:Sporting boycott of South Africa 7041:republic within the Commonwealth 6779:Artists United Against Apartheid 6756:Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act 6661: 6454:Internal resistance to apartheid 6354: 5475:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 5304:Law for Protection of the Nation 5198:White genocide conspiracy theory 3858: 3653: 3265:Bantu Investment Corporation Act 2958:Bantu Homelands Constitution Act 2876:Bantu Investment Corporation Act 2481: 2401:was created as a self-governing 2343:property franchise qualification 2227:in which it displaced the local 2137:internal resistance to apartheid 1935: 1878: 1759: 1691: 1305: 887: population exchange 739: 677: 676: 639:Internal resistance to apartheid 94: 18939: 17767:South African Party (1977–1980) 17760:South African Party (1911–1934) 17676:Progressive Party (Cape Colony) 17473:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners 15971:Apartheid: 20th Century Slavery 15581: 15214:South African Press Association 14907:Roherty, James Michael (1992). 14287:Oxford University Press. p. 62. 14231:from the original on 2 May 2017 13979:Ndlovu, Sifiso Mxolisi (2006). 13741:Blumenthal, Max (14 May 2010). 12863:Ndlovu, Sifiso Mxolisi (2004). 12719:African affairs, Volumes 69–70. 12125:World War II Memoirs, 1941–1945 11164: 11094: 10986: 10977: 10952: 10939: 10926: 10913: 10900: 10884: 10875: 10810: 10797: 10784: 10771: 10752: 10739: 10726: 10713: 10701: 10680: 10667: 10637: 10625: 10571: 10535: 10522: 10498: 10485: 10472: 10448: 10404:Gross, D. 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This created the black-only " 2953:Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act 2678:Natal Legislative Assembly Bill 2450:Asiatic Land Tenure Bill (1946) 2359:Natal Legislative Assembly Bill 149:Church Street, Pretoria bombing 22118:Discrimination in South Africa 22108:Apartheid in South West Africa 21733:Negative stereotypes of Whites 18824:Go back to where you came from 17085:2019 service delivery protests 17071:#FeesMustFall student protests 16816:1983 constitutional referendum 15720:South Africa – a country study 15684:The last Trek. A New Beginning 15662:South Africa. A Modern History 15553:O'Hara, Mary (14 April 2004). 14981:Macleod, Scott (7 July 1992). 14704:Taylor & Francis. p. 3841. 14681:Twentieth-century South Africa 13848:James III, W. Martin (2011) . 13605:McGreal, Chris (24 May 2010). 13574:McGreal, Chris (24 May 2010). 13197:. 18 July 2003. Archived from 12989:. DreamCricket. 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Jonathan Ball Publishers. 9257:South African History Online 8800:International Criminal Court 8712:Government of National Unity 8576:Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging 8392:Presidency of F. W. de Klerk 8256:peaceful transition of power 8050:"). Three months later, the 7733:international arms sanctions 7581:" and the perception of the 7306: 7292: 6898:(arms embargo strengthening) 6874:(arms embargo strengthening) 6533:Black Consciousness Movement 5954: 3624:, where 55,000 Coloured and 3464:Bantu Investment Corporation 3186:Suppression of Communism Act 2786:Suppression of Communism Act 2723:Franchise Laws Amendment Act 2588:South African foreign policy 2383:General Pass Regulations Act 2123:and brought about extensive 614:Apartheid in popular culture 7: 21821:US definitions of whiteness 19184:Brown v. Board of Education 16909:Saint James Church massacre 16795:Weapons of mass destruction 15718:Federal Research Division. 15126:Pearson Education. p. 194. 14887:10.1177/0022343302039003006 14750:Africa World Press. p. 93. 14670:Palgrave Macmillan. p. 151. 14485:Political Science Quarterly 13191:"Mandela's triumphant walk" 12827:The History of South Africa 12523:Prime okbuy.eu search gizmo 12498:Nelson Mandela Foundation, 11103:"A Fine Face for Apartheid" 10326:Cole, Catherine M. (2010). 10284:T. Kuperus (7 April 1999). 9171:Myre, Greg (18 June 1991). 8987:Black Codes (United States) 8915: 8802:(ICC), which names it as a 8408:Early in 1989, Botha had a 8263:. It caused a split in the 7863:extraterritorial operations 7800:Foreign military operations 7790:South African Defence Force 7474:) placed stickers on their 7001:criticised them during his 6725:Instruments and legislation 6300:Population Registration Act 5962:was segregated by the 1953 5663:Medical model of disability 5507:Hate speech laws by country 3127:Population Registration Act 2987:Black Local Authorities Act 2978:List of National Key Points 2861:Industrial Conciliation Act 2851:Group Areas Development Act 2791:Native Building Workers Act 2776:Population Registration Act 2756:Malan to Verwoerd (1948–66) 2718:Women's Enfranchisement Act 2623:disproportionately weighted 2564:by other UN member states. 2276:British Colonial government 1815:Herero and Namaqua genocide 184:Saint James Church massacre 179:Assassination of Chris Hani 10: 22184: 21936:European native population 19093:Czechoslovakia and Hungary 18175: 16649:1957 Alexandra bus boycott 16527:South West Africa campaign 16426:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 16391:French Huguenot settlement 15602:10.1177/097133360501700204 14857:South Africa: Adapt or Die 14826:sahoboss (21 March 2011). 14007:Steenkamp, Willem (2006). 13473:Potgieter, De Wet (2007). 12444:. africanhistory.about.com 12101:10.1177/097133360501700204 11915:10.1080/014365904200281302 10963:A history of South Africa. 9872:Popular Prakashan. p. 142. 8899:. A related phenomenon is 8845:social apartheid in Brazil 8823:human rights organizations 8669: 8461: 8293: 8196:Anti-apartheid protest at 8148: 8141: 7803: 7490: 7281: 7151: 6982: 6939:television programming ban 6698:Free South Africa Movement 6583:; patrons were Archbishop 6451: 6290:region (the birthplace of 6181: 6080: 5863: 5772:Social model of disability 4178:Discrimination against men 3551: 3434: 3330:sitting of both Houses of 3306:Cape Coloured children in 3295: 3119:minister of native affairs 3078: 2933:Vorster to Botha (1966–90) 2891:Unlawful Organizations Act 2485: 2311:Slavery Abolition Act 1833 2178: 2096:, followed closely by the 1820:South West Africa campaign 1640:Inventions and discoveries 189:1994 Bophuthatswana crisis 68:Apartheid (disambiguation) 61: 22158:White supremacy in Africa 22103:Apartheid in South Africa 21926: 21810: 21732: 21714:White demographic decline 21649: 21556: 21515: 21446: 21268: 21252: 21174: 21163: 21149: 20981: 20473: 20381: 20246: 20156: 20033: 20024: 19919: 19910: 19821: 19812: 19718: 19709: 19684: 19574: 19565: 19466: 19340: 19255: 19207: 19138:Apartheid in South Africa 19058: 18990: 18914: 18791: 18624: 18392: 18294: 18183: 18127: 18104:African National Congress 18093: 17999: 17832: 17564:Liberal Party (1953–1968) 17287: 17278: 17136: 16932: 16902:1992 apartheid referendum 16571: 16516: 16435: 16373: 16346: 16339: 16105: 15920:10.1080/17430430903377706 15733:. Hurst & Co., 2003. 14932:. BBC. 11 February 1990. 14875:Journal of Peace Research 14679:Beinart, William (2001). 14426:10.1080/03057077408707921 14274:Africana Pub. Co. p. 668. 14062:The Battle for Mozambique 14060:Emerson, Stephen (2014). 13217:15 September 2017 at the 13106:Grieg, Charlotte (2008). 12941:The Sydney Morning Herald 12704:Geldenhuys, Deon (1990). 12456:The White Tribe of Africa 12340:10.1136/bmj.329.7480.1415 11838:Bernstein, Hilda (1985). 11784:Third World Legal Studies 11586:"Group Areas Act of 1950" 11427:10.13140/RG.2.1.1825.5600 11352:23 September 2006 at the 11293:10.1017/S0022278X00013239 10777:Muller, C. F. J. (1975). 10649:African National Congress 10632:Clark & Worger (2016) 10620:Clark & Worger (2016) 10043:Ambrosio, Thomas (2002). 9825:. Oxford, Clarendon Press 9667:Mitchell, Thomas (2008). 8269:Progressive Federal Party 7288:Rugby union and apartheid 6943:Rugby union and apartheid 6917:Elimination of Racism Day 6655:apartheid in South Africa 6636:Nobel Prize in Literature 6620:Progressive Federal Party 6479:African National Congress 6083:Rugby union and apartheid 5103:Opposition to immigration 3972:Race / Ethnicity 3580:of the 1950s occurred in 3334:was needed to change the 3240:Bantu Education Act, 1953 3209:African National Congress 2916:General Law Amendment Act 2811:Native Laws Amendment Act 2733:Native Trust and Land Act 2713:Native Administration Act 2703:Natives (Urban Areas) Act 2538:Herenigde Nasionale Party 2527:African National Congress 2462:Herenigde Nasionale Party 2415:Native Administration Act 2161:African National Congress 1413:1887 Annexation (British) 437:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela 18:Apartheid in South Africa 17557:Labour Party (1969–1994) 17550:Labour Party (1910–1958) 17106:2020 Phala Phala Robbery 17064:#RhodesMustFall protests 16663:1960 republic referendum 15555:"Self-imposed apartheid" 15122:Deegan, Heather (2001). 14181:Anzovin, Steven (1987). 13505:Minter, William (1994). 13433:Shultz, Richard (1988). 12454:Harrison, David (1987). 11739:Cotula, Lorenzo (2006). 11615:Byrnes, Rita M. (1996). 11504:. Retrieved 24 May 2011. 11417:Laufs, Johannes (2011). 11371:14 December 2019 at the 10794:New Africa Books. p. 72. 10548:6 September 2015 at the 10445:. Retrieved 5 June 2007. 10437:6 September 2015 at the 10201:In the Name of Apartheid 9991:20 November 2008 at the 9251:Leander (15 June 2015). 9143:. C-Span. 17 June 1991. 8895:has been referred to as 8794:, including in the 2007 8599:St James Church massacre 8400:de Klerk and Mandela in 8138:Final years of apartheid 7969:state security apparatus 7806:South African Border War 7774:Israeli defence minister 7272:Central African Republic 6882:(mandatory arms embargo) 6858:(voluntary arms embargo) 6650:International opposition 6505:sabotage and terrorism. 5098:Occupational segregation 4867:Compulsory sterilization 3645:Society during apartheid 3521:South African government 3376:House of Representatives 3360:general election of 1958 2911:Urban Bantu Councils Act 2846:Natives Resettlement Act 2766:Immorality Amendment Act 2667:Franchise and Ballot Act 2663:Precursors (before 1948) 2387:Asiatic Registration Act 2339:Franchise and Ballot Act 2335:Cape Qualified Franchise 2223:. The company began the 2213:Dutch East India Company 2098:Immorality Amendment Act 2090:employment opportunities 1830:South African Border War 1557:South African Border War 1090:West Bank settlement law 624:Cape Qualified Franchise 39:latest accepted revision 22113:Crimes against humanity 21745:Appalachian stereotypes 19977:State-owned enterprises 19676:Democratic South Africa 19362:Anti-miscegenation laws 19197:Anti-miscegenation laws 18854:Psychometrics of racism 18304:Anti-miscegenation laws 18002:terrorist organisations 17092:2019 Johannesburg riots 16705:Constructive engagement 16670:International isolation 16488:Witwatersrand Gold Rush 15947:Oxford University Press 15835:. 1st US ed. New York: 15268:6 February 2022 at the 14812:Philadelphia Daily News 14598:Adesanmi, Pius (2012). 14185:H.W. Wilson Co. p. 80. 13901:Blank, Stephen (1991). 13380:Campbell, Kurt (1986). 13330:Berridge, G.R. (1992). 12935:25 October 2015 at the 12823:Beck, Roger B. (2000). 12784:Pfister, Roger (2005). 12500:United Democratic Front 10826:The Journal of Politics 10790:Mountain, Alan (2003). 10577:Beck, Roger B. (2000). 10566:Clark & Worger 2016 10478:Ungar, Sanford (1989). 10461:7 February 2017 at the 10220:Clark & Worger 2016 10146:Clark & Worger 2016 10057:Clark & Worger 2016 10031:13 October 2006 at the 9957:Clark & Worger 2016 9907:Clark & Worger 2016 9844:Clark & Worger 2016 9809:Clark & Worger 2016 9319:The Conversation Africa 9007:History of South Africa 8901:technological apartheid 8876:medical experimentation 8752:Marthinus van Schalkwyk 8718:and de Klerk were made 8584:crash through the doors 8580:international community 8492:transitional government 8422:United Democratic Front 8384:for talks known as the 8212:second only to that of 8175:Economic contradictions 8066:Detention without trial 7788:units swelled, and the 7575:constructive engagement 7539:Anti-Apartheid Movement 7509: – and 7430:1986 Commonwealth Games 6866:(sanctions feasibility) 6784:Commonwealth of Nations 6774:Anti-Apartheid Movement 6708:International sanctions 6693:Constructive engagement 6569:United Democratic Front 6210:The classification of " 6178:Asians during apartheid 6013:at Turfloop, while the 5989:) was to register only 5948:United Democratic Front 5927:anti-apartheid movement 5648:Internalized oppression 5502:Fighting Discrimination 5492:Fat acceptance movement 5450:Anti-discrimination law 5076:Native American mascots 3835:Coloured classification 3825:South African passports 3384:The Journal of Politics 2973:National Key Points Act 2744:Asiatic Land Tenure Act 2125:international sanctions 1698:South Africa portal 1394:Dingane kaSenzangakhona 865:French colonial empire 758:Anti-miscegenation laws 654:Nostalgia for apartheid 22148:Racism in South Africa 21652:phenomena and theories 21635:The White Man's Burden 21629:White Australia policy 21425:Southern United States 19453:White Australia policy 19372:Corporative federalism 18819:Ethnic plastic surgery 18314:Biological determinism 17015:Attack on Kennedy Road 16626:Congress of the People 16217:South African Republic 15987:– Includes many photos 15949:Southern Africa, 2003. 15708:. Jonathan Ball, 1994. 15675:. Volume Two. London: 15232:FW de Klerk Foundation 14746:Wople, Harold (1990). 14155:Watson, Wendy (2007). 14035:Dale, Richard (1995). 13954:Dale, Richard (2014). 13926:Radu, Michael (1990). 13876:Larmer, Miles (2011). 13355:Lulat, Y.G.M. (1992). 12987:"Bradman's Perfection" 12636:United States Congress 12617:Ampiah, Kweku (1997). 12371:Cros, Bernard (1997). 12182:An appalling "science" 11778:Nolde, Judith (1991). 11464:The Apartheid Handbook 11442:Cite journal requires 11275:D'Amato, A.A. (1966). 11260:Muller, Carol (2008). 10932:Suzman, Helen (1993). 10881:Muller (1975), p. 508. 10710:Penguin Books. p. 332. 10541:Boddy-Evans, Alistar. 10530:Transforming Cape Town 10511:29 August 2016 at the 10504:Boddy-Evans, Alistar. 10454:Boddy-Evans, Alistar. 10430:Alistair Boddy-Evans. 10365:Kenney, Henry (2016). 9971:Leach, Graham (1986). 9581:Thomas, Scott (1995). 9539:Ugorji, Basil (2012). 8865:occupational apartheid 8804:crime against humanity 8700:provincial governments 8667: 8662:The new multicoloured 8647:("God Bless Africa"). 8644:Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika 8432:crimes were released. 8405: 8321:to the lower security 8201: 7960: 7827: 7661: 7647:Effect of the Cold War 7502: 7341: 7213:Abubakar Tafawa Balewa 7199:Outward-looking policy 7073: 6996:British Prime Minister 6850:(Sharpeville massacre) 6555: 6466: 6241:Chinese South Africans 6204: 6188:Chinese South Africans 6049: 6017:was launched to serve 5975:Bantu Education system 5767:Social identity threat 5740:Reverse discrimination 5730:Racial color blindness 5188:Violence against women 5168:Sex-selective abortion 3764: 3549: 3491: 3446: 3318: 3310: 3093: 2856:Riotous Assemblies Act 2653:Apartheid legislation 2568:Afrikaner nationalists 2500: 2464:(HNP) established the 2446:Afrikaner nationalists 2363:South African Republic 2280:Hottentot Proclamation 2258:, local officials, of 2157:bilateral negotiations 1989:[aˈpart(ɦ)ɛit] 1467:South African Republic 1399:Mpande kaSenzangakhona 894: in Europe 804:Housing discrimination 629:Disinvestment campaign 354:State Security Council 66:. For other uses, see 22123:Ethnicity in politics 22083:1980s in South Africa 22078:1970s in South Africa 22073:1960s in South Africa 22068:1950s in South Africa 21853:Identitarian movement 21438:Saint Kitts and Nevis 19596:Kingdom of Mapungubwe 19422:Religious intolerance 18739:In Jewish communities 18717:Hispanic & Latino 17585:Natal Indian Congress 17305:Afrikaner Broederbond 17159:Afrikaner nationalism 16945:1994 general election 16916:Bophuthatswana crisis 16809:Church Street bombing 16589:Apartheid legislation 16582:1948 general election 16502:South Africa Act 1909 16297:Union of South Africa 16117:Kingdom of Mapungubwe 16097:Political history of 15894:, Random House 2016, 15785:: Merlin Press. 2012. 15768:. Edwin Mellen, 1981. 15345:14 March 2013 at the 15060:. BNet, a CBS Company 14300:Lonely Planet. p. 40. 14270:Legum, Colin (1989). 13243:"Another Kind of War" 13201:on 24 September 2006. 12770:Klotz, Audie (1999). 12683:14 March 2017 at the 12525:. 19 September 2017. 12322:Kaplan, R. M (2004). 12187:23 April 2012 at the 12122:Sze, Szeming (2014). 11903:Third World Quarterly 11868:Alegi, Peter (2004). 11716:. ANC. Archived from 11502:Cape Slavery Heritage 11461:Omond, Roger (1986). 11262:Music of South Africa 11037:www.politicsweb.co.za 10919:Joyce, Peter (2007). 10803:Du Pre, R H. (1994). 10732:Witz, Leslie (2003). 10185:Ohio University Press 10183:, 1948–1994. Athens: 10011:26 March 2016 at the 9855:Gish, Steven (2000). 9756:10.4324/9781315621562 9062:Racism against Asians 9042:Racial discrimination 9022:Legacies of apartheid 8992:Civil rights movement 8872:Harriet A. Washington 8829:, legal treatment of 8661: 8519:Inkatha Freedom Party 8437:Victor Verster Prison 8399: 8296:Tricameral Parliament 8290:Tricameral parliament 8221:Portuguese withdrawal 8195: 8125:Inkatha Freedom Party 8100:within South Africa. 8057:Internal Security Act 7955: 7825: 7659: 7566:Reagan administration 7500: 7413:racial stipulations. 7339: 7193:Mogadishu Declaration 7170:, and formulated the 7059: 6789:Halt All Racist Tours 6553: 6526:Battle of Blood River 6461: 6250:South African Chinese 6230:Indian South Africans 6201:Indian South Africans 6199: 6184:Indian South Africans 6182:Further information: 6077:Sport under apartheid 6047: 6040:Women under apartheid 5939:Tricameral Parliament 5735:Religious intolerance 5695:Political correctness 5517:Intersex human rights 5465:Cultural assimilation 5133:Religious persecution 4897:Disability hate crime 4664:Jewish / Antisemitism 3754: 3547: 3485: 3444: 3391:Division among whites 3372:Tricameral Parliament 3316: 3305: 3088: 3081:Apartheid legislation 3004:Abolishment (1990–96) 2982:Internal Security Act 2806:Bantu Authorities Act 2628:Daniel François Malan 2495: 2399:Union of South Africa 2376:Treaty of Vereeniging 2309:The United Kingdom's 2005: "separateness" 1930:South African English 1825:South African Mandate 1520:Union of South Africa 1389:Shaka kaSenzangakhona 1339:Kingdom of Mapungubwe 1225:Racial discrimination 1049:South Asian labourers 982:Contemporary examples 619:Apartheid legislation 609:Afrikaner nationalism 169:Cape Town peace march 159:Trojan Horse Incident 119:1948 general election 21740:In the United States 21704:Whitewashing in film 20231:World Heritage Sites 20007:Water and sanitation 19616:Mthethwa Paramountcy 19432:Second-class citizen 19427:Reservation in India 19153:United Arab Emirates 19083:Bulgaria and Romania 18829:Herrenvolk democracy 17219:Greater South Africa 17057:2014 platinum strike 16923:Shell House massacre 16851:Transkei coup d'état 16656:Sharpeville massacre 16419:Battle of Blaauwberg 16412:Battle of Muizenberg 16364:Battle of Salt River 16147:Mthethwa Paramountcy 16017:Freedom Charter 1955 15996:8 April 2015 at the 15943:In search of history 15660:Davenport, T. R. H. 15532:10.2139/ssrn.4343950 15379:res. 3068 (XXVIII). 15294:5 March 2016 at the 15235:. 12 November 2021. 15033:. Nobel Foundation. 14911:M.E. Sharpe. p. 23. 13013:"Commonwealth Games" 12606:10.18356/c18bc974-en 12600:, 16 December 2016, 12578:20 June 2017 at the 12440:1 March 2017 at the 12243:(US) | 5 August 1995 11496:Patric Tariq Mellet 11224:Mandela: A Biography 10959:Lacour-Gayet, Robert 10765:6 March 2012 at the 10491:Goldin, Ian (1987). 9503:. New York: Longman. 9226:Mayne, Alan (1999). 9079:Notes and references 8860:occupational therapy 8767:of apartheid victim 8664:flag of South Africa 8542:Ciskei Defence Force 8354:White South Africans 8248:Mangosuthu Buthelezi 8233:Carnation Revolution 8154:Institutional racism 7896:conventional warfare 7573:termed this policy " 7558:Nixon administration 7426:Gleneagles Agreement 7140:During his visit to 7085:Sharpeville massacre 7011:Sharpeville massacre 6744:Gleneagles Agreement 6713:Milton King boycotts 6499:Sharpeville massacre 6374:improve this article 6172:Goodwood Showgrounds 6118:1995 Rugby World Cup 6089:association football 5993:-speaking students. 5979:Fort Hare University 5118:Political repression 4083:Anti-left handedness 4073:Anti-intellectualism 3673:improve this article 3456:Tomlinson Commission 3105:took control of the 3014:Interim Constitution 2316:indentured labourers 1617:Ramaphosa presidency 1607:Motlanthe presidency 1577:Apartheid referendum 1425:British colonisation 1409:Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo 1078:Palestinian enclaves 909:Portugal & Spain 789:Institutional racism 517:Eugène Terre'Blanche 387:Mangosuthu Buthelezi 194:Shell House massacre 164:Khotso House bombing 134:Sharpeville massacre 21858:Non-Hispanic whites 21699:Whitewashing in art 21624:Settler colonialism 21557:Historical concepts 21367:Trinidad and Tobago 21165:European emigration 19300:Exclusionary zoning 19247:Separatist feminism 19025:Partition of Bengal 18849:Perpetual foreigner 18111:Democratic Alliance 17288:Civic and political 17152:Afrikaner Calvinism 17145:African nationalism 16994:African Renaissance 16684:UNSC Resolution 591 16605:Internal resistance 16506:National Convention 16474:Transvaal Civil War 16398:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars 16281:Orange River Colony 16023:(SA History online) 15952:Williams, Michael. 15845:The State of Africa 15724:Library of Congress 15686:. MacMillan, 1998. 15414:. 12 January 2021. 14767:Marais, D. (1989). 14721:The Washington Post 13533:. Pretoria: Litera. 12519:"Apartheid part 06" 12505:17 May 2017 at the 12474:Soweto 16 June 1976 12398:on 16 December 2007 12334:(7480): 1415–1416. 11886:Nixon, Rob (1992). 11684:2009GeoRv..99..517L 11210:on 17 January 2008. 11198:"Toby Street Blues" 11137:Political Geography 11073:on 6 September 2016 11013:on 16 November 2018 10949:Hutchinson. p. 132. 10159:Modern South Africa 10069:Reddy, E.S (n.d.). 9613:. 2 February 1990. 9499:Lodge, Tom (1983). 9469:Lodge, Tim (2011). 9450:on 14 December 2013 8853:religious apartheid 8831:illegal settlements 8825:, referring to the 8813:The term apartheid 8444:UN Security Council 8374:Afrikaner rebellion 8276:Pieter Willem Botha 8182:Afrikaner Calvinism 7905:expeditionary units 7434:Margaret Thatcher's 7393:. On his return to 7354:New Zealand in 1981 7348:rugby tour allowed 6840:UN Security Council 6750:Sullivan principles 6483:African nationalist 6464:Queenstown Massacre 6346:Internal resistance 6283:Lebanese population 6124:Professional boxing 5964:Bantu Education Act 5643:Historical eugenics 5158:Segregation academy 5138:Religious terrorism 4927:Enemy of the people 4835:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 4323:Jehovah's Witnesses 4203:Perpetual foreigner 3248:vocational training 3188:of 1950 banned the 2836:Bantu Education Act 2693:Mines and Works Act 2341:of 1892 raised the 2225:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars 1810:German colonisation 1790:Traditional kingdom 1572:Internal resistance 1447:Orange River Colony 1195:Forced assimilation 829:Historical examples 809:Exclusionary zoning 799:Forced displacement 664:Sullivan Principles 29:Page version status 22168:Ethnic nationalism 22143:Racial segregation 21843:European New Right 21838:Christian Identity 21614:Play the white man 21327:Dominican Republic 19641:Transvaal Republic 19190:Massive resistance 19178:School segregation 19173:Separate but equal 19098:Dominican Republic 19000:Partition of India 18879:Racial integration 18859:Race and sexuality 18664:Japanese Americans 18384:Racial segregation 18374:Racial nationalism 16858:Ciskei coup d'état 16677:UN Resolution 1761 16642:Women's March 1956 16495:South African Wars 16481:Mineral Revolution 15842:Meredith, Martin. 15831:Meredith, Martin. 15743:The New York Times 15634:African Identities 15624:Bernstein, Hilda. 15504:Human Rights Watch 15458:Human Rights Watch 14993:on 23 August 2009. 14323:on 19 January 2017 14118:The New York Times 13642:The New York Times 13281:on 19 January 2008 13248:. Transformation. 13237:Mark Phillips and 12960:Guardian Australia 12689:The New York Times 12621:CRC Press. p. 147. 12379:on 25 August 2009. 12132:on 8 November 2014 11720:on 16 January 2014 11178:on 17 January 2008 10781:Academica. p. 430. 10677:Tafelberg. p. 255. 9052:Racial segregation 8874:on the history of 8788:crime of apartheid 8668: 8523:Boipatong massacre 8503:Conservative Party 8470:universal suffrage 8406: 8202: 8198:South Africa House 8117:magistrates courts 8086:television cameras 8028:State of Emergency 8014:State of emergency 7973:political violence 7961: 7922:Moçâmedes District 7900:counter-insurgency 7854:, often involving 7828: 7722:Israeli arms sales 7662: 7618:economic sanctions 7503: 7422:Commonwealth Games 7401:, who had won the 7342: 7323:1964 Olympic Games 7278:Sports and culture 6732:UN Resolution 1761 6556: 6531:In the 1970s, the 6467: 6335:was not introduced 6205: 6050: 5929:: for example the 5547:Social integration 5542:Self-determination 5532:Racial integration 5480:Diversity training 5470:Cultural pluralism 5445:Affirmative action 5337:Racial segregation 5247:Crime of apartheid 5143:Religious violence 4628:Indigenous people 3999:Sexual orientation 3765: 3550: 3492: 3447: 3417:Harold Macmillan's 3336:entrenched clauses 3319: 3311: 3221:1956 Treason Trial 3094: 2963:Aliens Control Act 2556:and the continued 2511:self-determination 2501: 2303:English Common Law 2133:economic sanctions 2025:racial segregation 1597:Mandela presidency 1404:Cetshwayo kaMpande 1362:Dutch colonisation 1017:Bosnia–Herzegovina 966:Separate but equal 904:Partition of India 899:Pale of Settlement 794:Ethnic nationalism 763:Crime of apartheid 249:Conservative Party 129:1956 Treason Trial 64:Crime of apartheid 35: 22138:Politics and race 21956: 21955: 21908:White nationalism 21848:Great Replacement 21813:identity politics 21694:Whiteness studies 21604:First white child 21552: 21551: 21109: 21108: 20417: 20416: 20377: 20376: 20020: 20019: 20012:Wealth inequality 19959:Income inequality 19906: 19905: 19881:Political parties 19846:Foreign relations 19808: 19807: 19705: 19704: 19636:Orange Free State 19611:Dutch Cape Colony 19601:Kingdom of Mutapa 19521: 19520: 19397:Majority minority 19278:Ethnic federalism 19060:Ethnic and racial 19020:Greece and Turkey 18952: 18951: 18700:African Americans 18647:Chinese Americans 18344:Ethnic stereotype 18143: 18142: 18096:political parties 18089: 18088: 18066:Orde van die Dood 17683:Progressive Party 17389:Congress Alliance 17205:Cape Independence 17137:Political culture 17132: 17131: 17099:COVID-19 pandemic 17029:Marikana massacre 16865:Venda coup d'état 16619:Defiance Campaign 16209:Orange Free State 16139:Dutch Cape Colony 16062:London University 16027:District 6 Museum 15954:Crocodile Burning 15934:Terreblanche, S. 15883:Newbury, Darren. 15876:Morris, Michael. 15799:. Praeger, 2004. 15729:Giliomee, Herman 15483:. 27 April 2021. 15461:. 27 April 2021. 15321:on 28 August 2009 15183:Lijphart, Arend. 15132:978-0-582-38227-5 15112:. 21 August 2019. 14917:978-0-87332-877-7 14798:978-90-420-0264-7 14777:978-1-86812-159-5 14756:978-0-86543-142-3 14689:978-0-19-289318-5 14611:978-0-14-352865-4 14572:978-0-549-26666-2 14531:978-0-549-26666-2 14457:978-1-4759-8538-2 14259:978-0-7178-0640-9 14212:978-0-85255-317-6 14191:978-0-8242-0749-6 14159:New Africa Books. 14018:978-1-920169-00-8 13859:978-1-4128-1506-2 13780:A Study of Crisis 13727:978-1-920338-85-5 13687:978-0-86486-115-3 13227:11 December 2013. 12878:978-1-86888-406-3 12842:978-0-313-30730-0 12797:978-1-85043-625-6 12665:Los Angeles Times 12266:978-1-919930-31-2 11478:978-0-14-022749-9 11234:978-1-84739-933-5 10897:Routledge. p. 89. 10696:978-1-77013-022-7 10606:on 26 April 2010. 10587:978-0-313-30730-0 10495:Longman. p. xxvi. 10297:978-0-230-37373-0 10209:978-0-06-430163-3 10120:. pp. 1–86. 9975:Routledge. p. 68. 9909:, pp. 16–17. 9795:978-0-520-04319-0 9765:978-1-315-62156-2 9237:978-0-275-96151-0 9072:Racism by country 8885:Medical Apartheid 8880:African Americans 8835:West Bank barrier 8798:that created the 8792:international law 8758:voted to disband. 8720:deputy presidents 8606:Nobel Peace Prize 8231:, after the 1974 8188:Western influence 8160:industrialisation 8098:underground press 8090:state broadcaster 7910:Angolan Civil War 7856:collateral damage 7818:Operation Beanbag 7794:front-line states 7712:Umkhonto we Sizwe 7704:black nationalism 7652:"Total Onslaught" 7620:(realised as the 7599:cloud cuckoo land 7591:Angolan Civil War 7571:Margaret Thatcher 7487:Western influence 7416:In 1978, Nigeria 7371:Dimitri Tsafendas 7129:Pope John Paul II 7026:South West Africa 6981: 6980: 6618:, who formed the 6522:Umkhonto we Sizwe 6450: 6449: 6442: 6424: 6168:Chris Kid Dlamini 6138:Gerrie Bodenstein 6109:Johannesburg Drum 5872:South African law 5862: 5861: 5725:Racism by country 5653:Intersectionality 5638:Heteronormativity 5421:Voter suppression 5163:Sexual harassment 4962:Forced conversion 4882:Cultural genocide 4527:African Americans 4333:post–Cold War era 4318:Eastern Orthodoxy 4068:Anti-drug addicts 4063:Anti-homelessness 3982:Scientific racism 3749: 3748: 3741: 3723: 3223:. It established 3205:Defiance Campaign 3077: 3076: 3043: 2826:Public Safety Act 2817: 2772: 2605:and five more in 2562:South West Africa 2239:. In the days of 2221:Dutch Cape Colony 2217:Cape of Good Hope 2033:South West Africa 1933: 1871: 1870: 1806: 1733: 1732: 1660:Religious history 1655:Political history 1562:Angolan Civil War 1472:Orange Free State 1369:Dutch Cape Colony 1344:Kingdom of Mutapa 1279: 1278: 1205:Income inequality 718: 717: 575:South-West Africa 47:28 September 2024 26: 16:(Redirected from 22175: 22045: 22044: 22033: 22032: 22021: 22020: 22009: 22008: 22007: 21997: 21996: 21995: 21985: 21984: 21983: 21973: 21972: 21971: 21964: 21944: 21943: 21787:Angry white male 21663:Passing as white 21172: 21171: 21136: 21129: 21122: 21113: 21112: 20456: 20455: 20454: 20444: 20437: 20430: 20421: 20420: 20397: 20390: 20216:National symbols 20138:Social movements 20031: 20030: 19972: 19944:Economic history 19917: 19916: 19819: 19818: 19785:Populated places 19716: 19715: 19656:Great Depression 19572: 19571: 19548: 19541: 19534: 19525: 19524: 19509: 19508: 19480: 19479: 19448:Social apartheid 19332:Social exclusion 19305:Forced migration 19273:Ethnic cleansing 19263:Auto-segregation 19005:Northern Ireland 18979: 18972: 18965: 18956: 18955: 18942: 18941: 18932: 18931: 18922: 18921: 18776:Racial supremacy 18734:Jewish Americans 18712:Native Americans 18681:Zainichi Koreans 18669:Japanese Koreans 18652:Zainichi Chinese 18625:Racism by target 18402:Global apartheid 18394:Racism by region 18379:Racial profiling 18369:Racial hierarchy 18170: 18163: 18156: 18147: 18146: 18133: 18132: 18120: 18113: 18106: 18082: 18075: 18068: 18061: 18054: 18047: 18040: 18033: 18026: 18019: 18012: 18000:Paramilitary and 17992: 17990:Umkosi Wezintaba 17985: 17978: 17971: 17964: 17957: 17950: 17943: 17936: 17929: 17922: 17915: 17908: 17901: 17894: 17887: 17880: 17873: 17866: 17859: 17852: 17845: 17835:social movements 17833:Trade unions and 17825: 17818: 17811: 17804: 17797: 17790: 17783: 17776: 17769: 17762: 17755: 17748: 17741: 17734: 17727: 17720: 17713: 17706: 17699: 17692: 17685: 17678: 17671: 17664: 17657: 17650: 17643: 17636: 17629: 17622: 17615: 17608: 17601: 17594: 17587: 17580: 17573: 17566: 17559: 17552: 17545: 17538: 17531: 17524: 17517: 17510: 17503: 17496: 17489: 17482: 17475: 17468: 17461: 17454: 17447: 17440: 17433: 17426: 17419: 17412: 17405: 17398: 17391: 17384: 17377: 17370: 17363: 17356: 17354:Boerestaat Party 17349: 17342: 17335: 17328: 17321: 17314: 17307: 17300: 17285: 17284: 17271: 17262: 17253: 17244: 17237: 17228: 17221: 17214: 17207: 17200: 17193: 17184: 17175: 17168: 17161: 17154: 17147: 17125: 17115: 17108: 17101: 17094: 17087: 17080: 17073: 17066: 17059: 17052: 17045: 17038: 17031: 17024: 17017: 17010: 17003: 16996: 16989: 16982: 16975: 16968: 16961: 16954: 16947: 16925: 16918: 16911: 16904: 16897: 16888: 16881: 16874: 16867: 16860: 16853: 16846: 16844:Dakar Conference 16839: 16832: 16825: 16818: 16811: 16804: 16797: 16790: 16783: 16774: 16767: 16765:Israeli alliance 16760: 16753: 16746: 16735: 16728: 16721: 16719:Sporting boycott 16714: 16707: 16700: 16693: 16691:Academic boycott 16686: 16679: 16672: 16665: 16658: 16651: 16644: 16635: 16628: 16621: 16614: 16607: 16598: 16591: 16584: 16564: 16557: 16550: 16548:Great Depression 16543: 16536: 16534:Maritz rebellion 16529: 16509: 16497: 16490: 16483: 16476: 16469: 16462: 16455: 16448: 16428: 16421: 16414: 16407: 16400: 16393: 16386: 16384:Dutch settlement 16366: 16359: 16357:Bantu migrations 16344: 16343: 16332: 16324: 16316: 16308: 16300: 16292: 16289:Transvaal Colony 16284: 16276: 16268: 16260: 16257:Nieuwe Republiek 16252: 16244: 16236: 16228: 16220: 16212: 16204: 16196: 16193:Natalia Republic 16188: 16180: 16172: 16170: 16167: 16162:Ndwandwe Kingdom 16157: 16155: 16152: 16142: 16134: 16132: 16129: 16125: 16122: 16091: 16084: 16077: 16068: 16067: 16054: 16002:Apartheid Museum 15986: 15931: 15908:Sport in Society 15873: 15837:Harper & Row 15828: 15805:Critical Inquiry 15764:Hexham, Irving, 15761: 15756: 15754: 15701: 15682:De Klerk, F. W. 15657: 15613: 15575: 15574: 15572: 15570: 15550: 15544: 15543: 15519: 15513: 15512: 15495: 15489: 15488: 15473: 15467: 15466: 15449: 15443: 15442: 15426: 15420: 15419: 15402: 15396: 15395: 15393: 15391: 15385: 15375:. 14 July 2021. 15368: 15356: 15350: 15337: 15331: 15330: 15328: 15326: 15311: 15305: 15301:The Boston Globe 15285: 15279: 15259: 15253: 15252: 15246: 15244: 15223: 15217: 15207: 15201: 15200: 15198: 15196: 15180: 15174: 15173: 15171: 15169: 15154: 15148: 15147:. Jonathan Ball. 15141: 15135: 15120: 15114: 15113: 15106: 15100: 15099: 15097: 15095: 15076: 15070: 15069: 15067: 15065: 15053: 15047: 15046: 15044: 15042: 15027: 15021: 15020: 15018: 15016: 15007:. Archived from 15001: 14995: 14994: 14989:. Archived from 14978: 14972: 14971: 14969: 14967: 14952: 14946: 14945: 14943: 14941: 14926: 14920: 14905: 14899: 14898: 14870: 14864: 14854: 14848: 14847: 14845: 14843: 14823: 14817: 14807: 14801: 14786: 14780: 14765: 14759: 14744: 14738: 14737: 14735: 14733: 14711: 14705: 14698: 14692: 14677: 14671: 14664: 14658: 14657: 14655: 14653: 14644:. 31 July 2016. 14634: 14628: 14627: 14625: 14623: 14595: 14589: 14588: 14586: 14584: 14556: 14550: 14547: 14545: 14543: 14515: 14509: 14508: 14480: 14474: 14473: 14471: 14469: 14441: 14430: 14429: 14409: 14403: 14400: 14394: 14392: 14384: 14375: 14372: 14363: 14360: 14354: 14351: 14345: 14342: 14333: 14332: 14330: 14328: 14322: 14316:. Archived from 14315: 14307: 14301: 14294: 14288: 14281: 14275: 14268: 14262: 14247: 14241: 14240: 14238: 14236: 14221: 14215: 14200: 14194: 14179: 14173: 14166: 14160: 14153: 14147: 14140: 14134: 14133: 14131: 14129: 14110: 14101: 14100: 14082: 14076: 14075: 14057: 14051: 14050: 14032: 14023: 14022: 14004: 13995: 13994: 13976: 13970: 13969: 13951: 13942: 13941: 13923: 13917: 13916: 13898: 13892: 13891: 13873: 13864: 13863: 13845: 13839: 13838: 13820: 13799: 13798: 13774: 13765: 13764: 13762: 13760: 13738: 13732: 13731: 13713: 13704: 13703: 13701: 13699: 13671: 13658: 13657: 13655: 13653: 13633: 13627: 13626: 13624: 13622: 13602: 13596: 13595: 13593: 13591: 13571: 13565: 13564: 13562: 13560: 13540: 13534: 13527: 13521: 13520: 13502: 13489: 13488: 13470: 13457: 13456: 13443:121–123, 140–145 13440: 13430: 13421: 13420: 13402: 13396: 13395: 13377: 13371: 13370: 13352: 13346: 13345: 13327: 13321: 13320: 13318: 13316: 13297: 13291: 13290: 13288: 13286: 13271: 13265: 13264: 13262: 13260: 13254: 13247: 13234: 13228: 13209: 13203: 13202: 13187: 13181: 13180: 13178: 13176: 13161: 13155: 13152: 13146: 13145: 13143: 13141: 13135: 13128: 13117: 13111: 13104: 13098: 13091: 13085: 13075: 13069: 13068: 13062: 13054: 13052: 13050: 13035: 13029: 13028: 13026: 13024: 13009: 13003: 13002: 13000: 12998: 12983: 12977: 12976: 12974: 12972: 12950: 12944: 12927: 12921: 12920: 12901: 12895: 12894: 12892: 12890: 12860: 12854: 12853: 12851: 12849: 12830: 12820: 12814: 12813: 12811: 12809: 12781: 12775: 12768: 12762: 12761:Praeger. p. 128. 12755: 12749: 12748: 12739:(275): 178–179. 12728: 12722: 12715: 12709: 12702: 12693: 12675: 12669: 12658: 12652: 12651: 12649: 12647: 12638:. Archived from 12628: 12622: 12615: 12609: 12608: 12594: 12583: 12570: 12564: 12563: 12561: 12559: 12545: 12539: 12538: 12536: 12534: 12515: 12509: 12496: 12490: 12483: 12477: 12466: 12460: 12459: 12451: 12445: 12432: 12426: 12414: 12408: 12407: 12405: 12403: 12394:. Archived from 12387: 12381: 12380: 12375:. Archived from 12368: 12362: 12361: 12351: 12319: 12313: 12312: 12310: 12308: 12297:] Apartheid" 12289: 12280: 12277: 12271: 12270: 12250: 12244: 12237: 12231: 12228: 12222: 12221: 12219: 12217: 12197: 12191: 12179: 12173: 12172: 12170: 12168: 12148: 12142: 12141: 12139: 12137: 12119: 12113: 12112: 12084: 12078: 12077: 12075: 12073: 12058: 12052: 12051: 12049: 12047: 12032: 12026: 12025: 12023: 12021: 12006: 12000: 11999: 11988: 11982: 11981: 11979: 11977: 11966:"BoxRec: Titles" 11962: 11953: 11952: 11950: 11948: 11937:"BoxRec: Titles" 11933: 11927: 11926: 11898: 11892: 11891: 11883: 11874: 11873: 11865: 11859: 11858: 11850: 11844: 11843: 11835: 11829: 11828: 11810: 11804: 11803: 11801: 11799: 11775: 11769: 11768: 11766: 11764: 11736: 11730: 11729: 11727: 11725: 11710: 11704: 11703: 11667: 11661: 11660: 11658: 11656: 11641: 11635: 11634: 11632: 11630: 11612: 11606: 11605: 11603: 11601: 11590:SAHistory.org.za 11582: 11573: 11572: 11570: 11568: 11544: 11538: 11537: 11535: 11533: 11514: 11505: 11494: 11483: 11482: 11458: 11452: 11451: 11445: 11440: 11438: 11430: 11414: 11408: 11407: 11397: 11391: 11390: 11382: 11376: 11363: 11357: 11344: 11338: 11331: 11325: 11324: 11322: 11320: 11272: 11266: 11265: 11257: 11251: 11250: 11248: 11246: 11218: 11212: 11211: 11194: 11188: 11187: 11185: 11183: 11174:. Archived from 11168: 11162: 11161: 11131: 11125: 11124: 11122: 11107: 11098: 11092: 11089: 11083: 11082: 11080: 11078: 11069:. Archived from 11059: 11053: 11052: 11050: 11048: 11029: 11023: 11022: 11020: 11018: 11009:. Archived from 10999: 10993: 10990: 10984: 10981: 10975: 10972: 10966: 10965:Cassell. p. 311. 10956: 10950: 10943: 10937: 10930: 10924: 10917: 10911: 10904: 10898: 10888: 10882: 10879: 10873: 10872: 10870: 10868: 10862: 10823: 10814: 10808: 10801: 10795: 10788: 10782: 10775: 10769: 10756: 10750: 10743: 10737: 10730: 10724: 10723:Praeger. p. 213. 10717: 10711: 10705: 10699: 10684: 10678: 10671: 10665: 10664: 10662: 10660: 10651:. Archived from 10641: 10635: 10629: 10623: 10622:, pp. 59–64 10617: 10608: 10607: 10596: 10590: 10575: 10569: 10563: 10557: 10539: 10533: 10526: 10520: 10502: 10496: 10489: 10483: 10476: 10470: 10452: 10446: 10428: 10422: 10421: 10419: 10417: 10401: 10395: 10394: 10392: 10390: 10362: 10356: 10355: 10353: 10351: 10323: 10314: 10313: 10311: 10309: 10281: 10275: 10274: 10272: 10270: 10255: 10249: 10248: 10246: 10244: 10229: 10223: 10222:, p. 41-42. 10217: 10211: 10197: 10188: 10177: 10162: 10155: 10149: 10148:, p. 37-38. 10143: 10137: 10136: 10134: 10132: 10126: 10119: 10111:Kaplan, Irving. 10108: 10091: 10090: 10088: 10086: 10075:sahistory.org.za 10066: 10060: 10054: 10048: 10041: 10035: 10027:. sahistory.org 10022: 10016: 10002: 9996: 9982: 9976: 9969: 9960: 9954: 9948: 9941: 9935: 9934: 9916: 9910: 9904: 9898: 9897: 9884:A Fighting Union 9879: 9873: 9866: 9860: 9853: 9847: 9841: 9835: 9834: 9832: 9830: 9818: 9812: 9806: 9800: 9799: 9781: 9770: 9769: 9741: 9735: 9728: 9722: 9715: 9709: 9708: 9706: 9704: 9689: 9683: 9682: 9664: 9658: 9657: 9655: 9653: 9633: 9627: 9626: 9624: 9622: 9603: 9597: 9596: 9578: 9569: 9568: 9561: 9555: 9554: 9536: 9530: 9529: 9511: 9505: 9504: 9496: 9487: 9486: 9466: 9460: 9459: 9457: 9455: 9440: 9434: 9433: 9425: 9419: 9418: 9400: 9387: 9386: 9366: 9357: 9356: 9354: 9352: 9329: 9323: 9322: 9310: 9304: 9303: 9301: 9299: 9288:www.sabcnews.com 9279: 9273: 9272: 9270: 9268: 9259:. Archived from 9248: 9242: 9241: 9223: 9214: 9213: 9195: 9189: 9188: 9186: 9184: 9168: 9157: 9156: 9154: 9152: 9137: 9120: 9117: 9105: 9094: 9047:Racial hierarchy 8960: 8955: 8954: 8946: 8941: 8940: 8932: 8930:Economics portal 8927: 8926: 8897:global apartheid 8849:gender apartheid 8841:Social apartheid 8815:has been adopted 8790:" is defined in 8696:opposition party 8386:Dakar Conference 8323:Pollsmoor Prison 8008:Albertina Sisulu 7892:Operation Askari 7888:Operation Protea 7814:Operation Skerwe 7810:Raid on Gaborone 7760: 7640:US Supreme Court 7507:Nordic countries 7440:Cultural boycott 7380:Basil D'Oliveira 7185:Lusaka Manifesto 7173:Lusaka Manifesto 7154:Lusaka Manifesto 7089:Security Council 7071: 7018:Hendrik Verwoerd 6999:Harold Macmillan 6973: 6966: 6959: 6899: 6891: 6883: 6875: 6867: 6859: 6851: 6683:Sporting boycott 6678:Academic boycott 6665: 6646: 6645: 6581:Albertina Sisulu 6445: 6438: 6434: 6431: 6425: 6423: 6382: 6358: 6350: 6142:Joekies Ice Rink 6055:domestic workers 5854: 5847: 5840: 5777:Social privilege 5762:Social exclusion 5690:Police brutality 5611:Multiculturalism 5581:Amatonormativity 5396:Social exclusion 5232:Age of candidacy 5026:Homeless dumping 4932:Ethnic cleansing 3862: 3839: 3838: 3829:mainstream media 3744: 3737: 3733: 3730: 3724: 3722: 3681: 3657: 3649: 3540:Forced removals 3405:Hendrik Verwoerd 3381:A 2016 study in 3215:(SAIC), and the 3171:criminal offence 3090:Hendrik Verwoerd 3069: 3062: 3055: 3044: 3039: 2813: 2768: 2698:Natives Land Act 2688:South Africa Act 2649: 2648: 2639:Hendrik Verwoerd 2576:Sauer Commission 2572:Hendrik Verwoerd 2515:Atlantic Charter 2473:, which it won. 2466:Sauer Commission 2454:Fagan Commission 2423:paramount chiefs 2417:(1927) made the 2407:South Africa Act 2391:Transvaal Colony 2051:white population 2048: 2027:that existed in 2022: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2006: 2003: 1999: 1998: 1997: 1991: 1986: 1979: 1973: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1965: 1960: 1959: 1954: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1927: 1922: 1916: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1908: 1903: 1902: 1897: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1863: 1856: 1849: 1792: 1763: 1753: 1735: 1734: 1725: 1718: 1711: 1696: 1695: 1694: 1650:Military history 1635:Economic history 1602:Mbeki presidency 1477:Natalia Republic 1442:Transvaal Colony 1324:Middle Stone Age 1309: 1299: 1281: 1280: 1271: 1264: 1257: 1200:Gender apartheid 1121:Northern Ireland 983: 893: 886: 854:Indian hospitals 849:Separate schools 743: 720: 719: 710: 703: 696: 680: 679: 477:Albertina Sisulu 472:Benjamin Moloise 407:Arthur Goldreich 98: 75: 74: 21: 22183: 22182: 22178: 22177: 22176: 22174: 22173: 22172: 22053: 22052: 22051: 22039: 22027: 22015: 22005: 22003: 21993: 21991: 21981: 21979: 21969: 21967: 21959: 21957: 21952: 21922: 21918:White supremacy 21806: 21755:Mountain whites 21728: 21724:White supremacy 21689:White privilege 21651: 21645: 21609:Honorary whites 21548: 21511: 21442: 21264: 21248: 21167: 21159: 21145: 21140: 21110: 21105: 20977: 20469: 20452: 20450: 20448: 20418: 20413: 20400: 20393: 20386: 20373: 20242: 20221:Public holidays 20152: 20118:Sexual violence 20098:Life expectancy 20016: 19970: 19964:Mining industry 19902: 19866:Law enforcement 19804: 19770:Mountain ranges 19701: 19680: 19651:Second Boer War 19561: 19552: 19522: 19517: 19462: 19437:Separate school 19342: 19336: 19251: 19203: 19054: 18986: 18983: 18953: 18948: 18910: 18889:Racism in sport 18787: 18781:White supremacy 18620: 18388: 18324:Ethnic conflict 18296: 18290: 18184:Types of racism 18179: 18174: 18144: 18139: 18123: 18116: 18109: 18102: 18095: 18085: 18078: 18071: 18064: 18057: 18050: 18043: 18036: 18029: 18022: 18015: 18008: 18001: 17995: 17988: 17981: 17974: 17967: 17960: 17953: 17946: 17939: 17932: 17925: 17918: 17911: 17904: 17897: 17890: 17883: 17876: 17869: 17862: 17855: 17848: 17841: 17834: 17828: 17821: 17814: 17807: 17800: 17793: 17786: 17779: 17772: 17765: 17758: 17751: 17744: 17737: 17730: 17723: 17716: 17709: 17702: 17695: 17688: 17681: 17674: 17667: 17660: 17653: 17646: 17639: 17632: 17625: 17618: 17611: 17604: 17597: 17590: 17583: 17576: 17569: 17562: 17555: 17548: 17541: 17534: 17527: 17520: 17513: 17506: 17501:HNP (Herstigte) 17499: 17494:HNP (Herenigde) 17492: 17485: 17478: 17471: 17464: 17457: 17450: 17443: 17436: 17429: 17422: 17415: 17408: 17401: 17394: 17387: 17380: 17373: 17366: 17359: 17352: 17345: 17338: 17331: 17324: 17317: 17312:Afrikaner Party 17310: 17303: 17296: 17289: 17280: 17274: 17265: 17256: 17247: 17240: 17231: 17226:Honorary whites 17224: 17217: 17210: 17203: 17196: 17187: 17178: 17171: 17164: 17157: 17150: 17143: 17128: 17118: 17111: 17104: 17097: 17090: 17083: 17076: 17069: 17062: 17055: 17048: 17041: 17034: 17027: 17020: 17013: 17006: 16999: 16992: 16987:Soweto bombings 16985: 16978: 16971: 16964: 16957: 16950: 16943: 16935: 16928: 16921: 16914: 16907: 16900: 16893: 16884: 16877: 16870: 16863: 16856: 16849: 16842: 16835: 16828: 16821: 16814: 16807: 16800: 16793: 16788:Soweto Uprising 16786: 16779: 16770: 16763: 16756: 16749: 16742: 16731: 16724: 16717: 16712:Tar Baby Option 16710: 16703: 16696: 16689: 16682: 16675: 16668: 16661: 16654: 16647: 16640: 16633:Freedom Charter 16631: 16624: 16617: 16610: 16603: 16594: 16587: 16580: 16567: 16560: 16553: 16546: 16539: 16532: 16525: 16512: 16500: 16493: 16486: 16479: 16472: 16465: 16458: 16451: 16444: 16431: 16424: 16417: 16410: 16403: 16396: 16389: 16382: 16369: 16362: 16355: 16335: 16327: 16319: 16311: 16303: 16295: 16287: 16279: 16271: 16263: 16255: 16247: 16239: 16233:Griqualand West 16231: 16225:Griqualand East 16223: 16215: 16207: 16199: 16191: 16183: 16175: 16168: 16160: 16153: 16145: 16137: 16130: 16123: 16115: 16101: 16095: 16042: 16021:Freedom Charter 15998:Wayback Machine 15967: 15962: 15941:Visser, Pippa. 15858:History Compass 15795:Louw, P. Eric. 15790:Greenwood Press 15752: 15750: 15715:, 15 (3), 1948. 15628:. London, 1985. 15620: 15618:Further reading 15584: 15579: 15578: 15568: 15566: 15551: 15547: 15520: 15516: 15507:. 12 May 2020. 15497: 15496: 15492: 15475: 15474: 15470: 15451: 15450: 15446: 15427: 15423: 15404: 15403: 15399: 15389: 15387: 15383: 15366: 15358: 15357: 15353: 15347:Wayback Machine 15338: 15334: 15324: 15322: 15313: 15312: 15308: 15296:Wayback Machine 15286: 15282: 15270:Wayback Machine 15260: 15256: 15242: 15240: 15225: 15224: 15220: 15208: 15204: 15194: 15192: 15181: 15177: 15167: 15165: 15164:on 28 June 2008 15158:"Elections '94" 15156: 15155: 15151: 15142: 15138: 15121: 15117: 15108: 15107: 15103: 15093: 15091: 15077: 15073: 15063: 15061: 15054: 15050: 15040: 15038: 15029: 15028: 15024: 15014: 15012: 15011:on 9 March 2008 15003: 15002: 14998: 14979: 14975: 14965: 14963: 14954: 14953: 14949: 14939: 14937: 14928: 14927: 14923: 14906: 14902: 14871: 14867: 14855: 14851: 14841: 14839: 14824: 14820: 14816:28 August 1984. 14808: 14804: 14792:Rodopi. p. 49. 14787: 14783: 14766: 14762: 14745: 14741: 14731: 14729: 14712: 14708: 14699: 14695: 14678: 14674: 14665: 14661: 14651: 14649: 14636: 14635: 14631: 14621: 14619: 14612: 14596: 14592: 14582: 14580: 14573: 14565:. p. 171. 14557: 14553: 14541: 14539: 14532: 14524:. p. 123. 14516: 14512: 14497:10.2307/2152052 14481: 14477: 14467: 14465: 14458: 14442: 14433: 14410: 14406: 14401: 14397: 14390: 14385: 14378: 14373: 14366: 14361: 14357: 14352: 14348: 14343: 14336: 14326: 14324: 14320: 14313: 14309: 14308: 14304: 14295: 14291: 14282: 14278: 14269: 14265: 14248: 14244: 14234: 14232: 14223: 14222: 14218: 14206:Currey. p. 18. 14201: 14197: 14180: 14176: 14167: 14163: 14154: 14150: 14141: 14137: 14127: 14125: 14120:. 1 June 1985. 14112: 14111: 14104: 14097: 14083: 14079: 14072: 14058: 14054: 14047: 14033: 14026: 14019: 14005: 13998: 13991: 13977: 13973: 13966: 13952: 13945: 13938: 13924: 13920: 13913: 13899: 13895: 13888: 13874: 13867: 13860: 13846: 13842: 13835: 13821: 13802: 13795: 13775: 13768: 13758: 13756: 13739: 13735: 13728: 13714: 13707: 13697: 13695: 13688: 13672: 13661: 13651: 13649: 13634: 13630: 13620: 13618: 13603: 13599: 13589: 13587: 13572: 13568: 13558: 13556: 13541: 13537: 13528: 13524: 13517: 13503: 13492: 13485: 13471: 13460: 13453: 13431: 13424: 13417: 13403: 13399: 13392: 13378: 13374: 13367: 13353: 13349: 13342: 13328: 13324: 13314: 13312: 13307:. 12 May 2008. 13299: 13298: 13294: 13284: 13282: 13273: 13272: 13268: 13258: 13256: 13252: 13245: 13235: 13231: 13219:Wayback Machine 13210: 13206: 13189: 13188: 13184: 13174: 13172: 13163: 13162: 13158: 13153: 13149: 13139: 13137: 13133: 13126: 13118: 13114: 13105: 13101: 13092: 13088: 13076: 13072: 13056: 13055: 13048: 13046: 13039:"Archived copy" 13037: 13036: 13032: 13022: 13020: 13011: 13010: 13006: 12996: 12994: 12993:on 10 July 2011 12985: 12984: 12980: 12970: 12968: 12951: 12947: 12937:Wayback Machine 12928: 12924: 12911:. New Zealand: 12903: 12902: 12898: 12888: 12886: 12879: 12861: 12857: 12847: 12845: 12843: 12821: 12817: 12807: 12805: 12798: 12782: 12778: 12769: 12765: 12756: 12752: 12733:African Affairs 12729: 12725: 12716: 12712: 12703: 12696: 12685:Wayback Machine 12676: 12672: 12659: 12655: 12645: 12643: 12642:on 22 July 2011 12630: 12629: 12625: 12616: 12612: 12596: 12595: 12586: 12580:Wayback Machine 12571: 12567: 12557: 12555: 12547: 12546: 12542: 12532: 12530: 12517: 12516: 12512: 12507:Wayback Machine 12497: 12493: 12484: 12480: 12467: 12463: 12452: 12448: 12442:Wayback Machine 12433: 12429: 12415: 12411: 12401: 12399: 12388: 12384: 12369: 12365: 12320: 12316: 12306: 12304: 12291: 12290: 12283: 12278: 12274: 12267: 12251: 12247: 12238: 12234: 12229: 12225: 12215: 12213: 12198: 12194: 12189:Wayback Machine 12180: 12176: 12166: 12164: 12151:Morsy, Soheir. 12149: 12145: 12135: 12133: 12120: 12116: 12085: 12081: 12071: 12069: 12060: 12059: 12055: 12045: 12043: 12036:"BoxRec: Event" 12034: 12033: 12029: 12019: 12017: 12010:"BoxRec: Event" 12008: 12007: 12003: 11990: 11989: 11985: 11975: 11973: 11964: 11963: 11956: 11946: 11944: 11935: 11934: 11930: 11899: 11895: 11884: 11877: 11866: 11862: 11851: 11847: 11836: 11832: 11825: 11811: 11807: 11797: 11795: 11776: 11772: 11762: 11760: 11753: 11737: 11733: 11723: 11721: 11712: 11711: 11707: 11668: 11664: 11654: 11652: 11643: 11642: 11638: 11628: 11626: 11613: 11609: 11599: 11597: 11584: 11583: 11576: 11566: 11564: 11545: 11541: 11531: 11529: 11516: 11515: 11508: 11495: 11486: 11479: 11459: 11455: 11443: 11441: 11432: 11431: 11415: 11411: 11398: 11394: 11385:Saaty, Thomas. 11383: 11379: 11373:Wayback Machine 11364: 11360: 11354:Wayback Machine 11345: 11341: 11332: 11328: 11318: 11316: 11273: 11269: 11258: 11254: 11244: 11242: 11235: 11219: 11215: 11196: 11195: 11191: 11181: 11179: 11170: 11169: 11165: 11132: 11128: 11120: 11114:The Africa Fund 11110:Southern Africa 11105: 11099: 11095: 11090: 11086: 11076: 11074: 11061: 11060: 11056: 11046: 11044: 11031: 11030: 11026: 11016: 11014: 11001: 11000: 10996: 10991: 10987: 10982: 10978: 10973: 10969: 10957: 10953: 10944: 10940: 10931: 10927: 10918: 10914: 10905: 10901: 10889: 10885: 10880: 10876: 10866: 10864: 10860: 10821: 10815: 10811: 10802: 10798: 10789: 10785: 10776: 10772: 10767:Wayback Machine 10757: 10753: 10744: 10740: 10731: 10727: 10718: 10714: 10706: 10702: 10685: 10681: 10672: 10668: 10658: 10656: 10655:on 22 June 2008 10643: 10642: 10638: 10634:, p. 53-54 10630: 10626: 10618: 10611: 10598: 10597: 10593: 10576: 10572: 10564: 10560: 10550:Wayback Machine 10540: 10536: 10527: 10523: 10513:Wayback Machine 10503: 10499: 10490: 10486: 10477: 10473: 10463:Wayback Machine 10453: 10449: 10439:Wayback Machine 10429: 10425: 10415: 10413: 10408:. Smithsonian. 10402: 10398: 10388: 10386: 10379: 10363: 10359: 10349: 10347: 10340: 10324: 10317: 10307: 10305: 10298: 10282: 10278: 10268: 10266: 10257: 10256: 10252: 10242: 10240: 10233:"Apartheid FAQ" 10231: 10230: 10226: 10218: 10214: 10198: 10191: 10178: 10165: 10156: 10152: 10144: 10140: 10130: 10128: 10124: 10117: 10109: 10094: 10084: 10082: 10067: 10063: 10055: 10051: 10042: 10038: 10033:Wayback Machine 10023: 10019: 10013:Wayback Machine 10003: 9999: 9993:Wayback Machine 9983: 9979: 9970: 9963: 9955: 9951: 9942: 9938: 9931: 9917: 9913: 9905: 9901: 9894: 9880: 9876: 9867: 9863: 9854: 9850: 9842: 9838: 9828: 9826: 9819: 9815: 9807: 9803: 9796: 9782: 9773: 9766: 9742: 9738: 9729: 9725: 9716: 9712: 9702: 9700: 9691: 9690: 9686: 9679: 9665: 9661: 9651: 9649: 9634: 9630: 9620: 9618: 9605: 9604: 9600: 9593: 9579: 9572: 9563: 9562: 9558: 9551: 9537: 9533: 9526: 9512: 9508: 9497: 9490: 9483: 9467: 9463: 9453: 9451: 9442: 9441: 9437: 9426: 9422: 9415: 9401: 9390: 9383: 9367: 9360: 9350: 9348: 9338:Foreign Affairs 9330: 9326: 9311: 9307: 9297: 9295: 9280: 9276: 9266: 9264: 9249: 9245: 9238: 9224: 9217: 9210: 9196: 9192: 9182: 9180: 9169: 9160: 9150: 9148: 9139: 9138: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9123: 9118: 9114: 9109: 9108: 9095: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9002:Divide and rule 8958:Politics portal 8956: 8949: 8942: 8935: 8928: 8921: 8918: 8870:A 2007 book by 8858:The concept in 8784: 8765:washed the feet 8739: 8706:and the IFP in 8674: 8656: 8466: 8460: 8420:(SACP) and the 8394: 8342:property rights 8311: 8298: 8292: 8210:economic growth 8200:in London, 1989 8190: 8177: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8140: 8016: 7950: 7930:Operation Argon 7820: 7802: 7770:defence budgets 7758: 7737:nuclear weapons 7724: 7654: 7649: 7562:Tar Baby Option 7529:address to the 7521:Prime Minister 7495: 7489: 7445:American actor 7442: 7387:Sir Don Bradman 7367: 7314: 7309: 7295: 7290: 7282:Main articles: 7280: 7201: 7156: 7150: 7126: 7124:Catholic Church 7072: 7066: 7058: 6992: 6987: 6977: 6948: 6947: 6912: 6904: 6903: 6897: 6896:Resolution 591 6889: 6888:Resolution 435 6881: 6880:Resolution 418 6873: 6872:Resolution 282 6865: 6864:Resolution 191 6857: 6856:Resolution 181 6849: 6848:Resolution 134 6843: 6832: 6831: 6817: 6809: 6808: 6769: 6761: 6760: 6726: 6718: 6717: 6673: 6653: 6644: 6632:Nadine Gordimer 6544:Soweto uprising 6456: 6446: 6435: 6429: 6426: 6383: 6381: 6371: 6359: 6348: 6314:and works from 6308: 6203:in Durban, 1963 6194: 6192:Honorary whites 6180: 6126: 6085: 6079: 6066:mortality rates 6042: 5957: 5868: 5858: 5829: 5828: 5827: 5826: 5825: 5700:Polyculturalism 5596:Civil liberties 5568: 5560: 5559: 5558: 5557: 5556: 5537:Reappropriation 5437: 5436:Countermeasures 5429: 5428: 5427: 5426: 5425: 5354:Racial steering 5320:Numerus clausus 5224: 5216: 5215: 5214: 5213: 5212: 4937:Ethnic conflict 4872:Corrective rape 4827: 4819: 4818: 4817: 4816: 4815: 4452: 4441: 4440: 4439: 4438: 4437: 4392:minority Muslim 4280: 4270: 4269: 4268: 4267: 4266: 4158:HIV/AIDS stigma 4030: 4022: 4021: 4020: 4019: 4018: 3967:Mental disorder 3909: 3901: 3900: 3899: 3898: 3897: 3870: 3837: 3769:petty apartheid 3763:, December 1962 3745: 3734: 3728: 3725: 3682: 3680: 3670: 3658: 3647: 3634:Group Areas Act 3612:(Mkhumbane) in 3578:forced removals 3560: 3554:Group Areas Act 3542: 3529: 3439: 3433: 3431:Homeland system 3393: 3300: 3294: 3252:mission schools 3244:African culture 3139:Group Areas Act 3132:Coloured people 3083: 3073: 3041: 3038: 3030: 3029: 3028: 3022: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2997: 2996: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2926: 2925: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2781:Group Areas Act 2779: 2774: 2763: 2757: 2749: 2748: 2747: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2655:in South Africa 2654: 2647: 2490: 2484: 2479: 2411:Native Land Act 2368:Second Boer War 2299:Roman-Dutch law 2278:in 1809 by the 2229:Khoikhoi people 2187: 2179:Main articles: 2177: 2086:grand apartheid 2082:petty apartheid 2059:marginalization 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2004: 1993: 1992: 1984: 1977: 1962: 1956: 1938: 1934: 1920: 1905: 1899: 1881: 1877: 1867: 1791: 1781:Orlam migration 1776:Bantu expansion 1751: 1744: 1729: 1692: 1690: 1670: 1669: 1630: 1622: 1621: 1612:Zuma presidency 1592: 1582: 1581: 1547: 1537: 1536: 1522: 1512: 1511: 1507:Second Boer War 1492: 1482: 1481: 1462: 1452: 1451: 1437:Colony of Natal 1427: 1417: 1416: 1384: 1374: 1373: 1364: 1354: 1353: 1334:Bantu expansion 1319: 1297: 1290: 1275: 1230: 1229: 1178: 1177: 1168: 1167: 985: 984: 981: 973: 972: 831: 830: 821: 820: 753: 752: 714: 669: 668: 644:Kairos Document 634:Freedom Charter 604: 596: 595: 579: 550: 542: 541: 372:Vernon Berrangé 367: 359: 358: 319:Security Branch 209: 199: 198: 144:Soweto uprising 114: 113: 71: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 22181: 22171: 22170: 22165: 22160: 22155: 22150: 22145: 22140: 22135: 22130: 22125: 22120: 22115: 22110: 22105: 22100: 22095: 22090: 22085: 22080: 22075: 22070: 22065: 22050: 22049: 22037: 22025: 22013: 22001: 21989: 21977: 21954: 21953: 21951: 21950: 21938: 21933: 21927: 21924: 21923: 21921: 21920: 21915: 21910: 21905: 21903:White identity 21900: 21898:White Hispanic 21895: 21890: 21885: 21880: 21879: 21878: 21873: 21868: 21860: 21855: 21850: 21845: 21840: 21835: 21830: 21829: 21828: 21817: 21815: 21808: 21807: 21805: 21804: 21799: 21794: 21789: 21784: 21779: 21778: 21777: 21772: 21767: 21762: 21757: 21752: 21747: 21736: 21734: 21730: 21729: 21727: 21726: 21721: 21719:Reverse racism 21716: 21711: 21706: 21701: 21696: 21691: 21686: 21681: 21676: 21674:Skin whitening 21671: 21666: 21655: 21653: 21647: 21646: 21644: 21643: 21638: 21631: 21626: 21621: 21616: 21611: 21606: 21601: 21600: 21599: 21592: 21578: 21575:Blanqueamiento 21571: 21566: 21560: 21558: 21554: 21553: 21550: 21549: 21547: 21546: 21539: 21534: 21529: 21521: 21519: 21513: 21512: 21510: 21509: 21504: 21497: 21492: 21487: 21482: 21477: 21470: 21465: 21460: 21452: 21450: 21444: 21443: 21441: 21440: 21435: 21434: 21433: 21428: 21421: 21420: 21419: 21407: 21400: 21395: 21394: 21393: 21388: 21369: 21364: 21359: 21354: 21349: 21344: 21339: 21334: 21329: 21324: 21319: 21312: 21305: 21303:Cayman Islands 21300: 21295: 21288: 21283: 21278: 21272: 21270: 21266: 21265: 21263: 21262: 21256: 21254: 21250: 21249: 21247: 21246: 21241: 21236: 21231: 21226: 21221: 21216: 21211: 21206: 21201: 21196: 21191: 21186: 21180: 21178: 21169: 21161: 21160: 21158: 21157: 21150: 21147: 21146: 21139: 21138: 21131: 21124: 21116: 21107: 21106: 21104: 21103: 21098: 21093: 21088: 21083: 21078: 21073: 21068: 21063: 21058: 21053: 21048: 21043: 21038: 21033: 21028: 21023: 21018: 21013: 21008: 21003: 20998: 20993: 20988: 20982: 20979: 20978: 20976: 20975: 20970: 20965: 20960: 20955: 20950: 20945: 20940: 20935: 20930: 20925: 20920: 20915: 20910: 20905: 20900: 20895: 20890: 20885: 20880: 20875: 20870: 20865: 20860: 20855: 20850: 20845: 20840: 20835: 20830: 20825: 20820: 20815: 20810: 20805: 20800: 20795: 20790: 20785: 20780: 20775: 20770: 20765: 20760: 20755: 20750: 20745: 20740: 20735: 20730: 20725: 20720: 20715: 20710: 20705: 20700: 20695: 20690: 20685: 20680: 20675: 20670: 20665: 20660: 20655: 20650: 20645: 20640: 20635: 20630: 20625: 20620: 20615: 20610: 20605: 20600: 20595: 20590: 20585: 20580: 20575: 20570: 20565: 20560: 20555: 20550: 20545: 20540: 20535: 20530: 20525: 20520: 20515: 20510: 20505: 20500: 20495: 20490: 20485: 20480: 20474: 20471: 20470: 20447: 20446: 20439: 20432: 20424: 20415: 20414: 20412: 20411: 20406: 20399: 20398: 20391: 20383: 20382: 20379: 20378: 20375: 20374: 20372: 20371: 20366: 20361: 20360: 20359: 20354: 20349: 20347:Cape Coloureds 20339: 20338: 20337: 20332: 20322: 20321: 20320: 20315: 20305: 20304: 20303: 20298: 20293: 20288: 20283: 20278: 20273: 20268: 20263: 20252: 20250: 20244: 20243: 20241: 20240: 20239: 20238: 20236:heritage sites 20228: 20223: 20218: 20213: 20208: 20203: 20198: 20193: 20188: 20178: 20173: 20168: 20162: 20160: 20154: 20153: 20151: 20150: 20145: 20140: 20135: 20130: 20125: 20123:Slum clearance 20120: 20115: 20110: 20105: 20100: 20095: 20090: 20085: 20080: 20075: 20070: 20065: 20060: 20055: 20050: 20045: 20040: 20034: 20028: 20022: 20021: 20018: 20017: 20015: 20014: 20009: 20004: 19999: 19994: 19989: 19984: 19982:Stock exchange 19979: 19974: 19966: 19961: 19956: 19951: 19946: 19941: 19939:Communications 19936: 19931: 19926: 19920: 19914: 19908: 19907: 19904: 19903: 19901: 19900: 19898:State security 19895: 19894: 19893: 19883: 19878: 19873: 19868: 19863: 19858: 19853: 19848: 19843: 19838: 19833: 19828: 19822: 19816: 19810: 19809: 19806: 19805: 19803: 19802: 19797: 19792: 19787: 19782: 19780:National parks 19777: 19775:Municipalities 19772: 19767: 19762: 19757: 19752: 19747: 19742: 19737: 19736: 19735: 19733:Climate change 19725: 19719: 19713: 19707: 19706: 19703: 19702: 19700: 19699: 19694: 19688: 19686: 19682: 19681: 19679: 19678: 19673: 19668: 19663: 19658: 19653: 19648: 19646:First Boer War 19643: 19638: 19633: 19628: 19623: 19618: 19613: 19608: 19603: 19598: 19593: 19588: 19587: 19586: 19575: 19569: 19563: 19562: 19551: 19550: 19543: 19536: 19528: 19519: 19518: 19516: 19515: 19503: 19502: 19501: 19496: 19491: 19474: 19467: 19464: 19463: 19461: 19460: 19455: 19450: 19445: 19440: 19434: 19429: 19424: 19419: 19414: 19409: 19407:Nuremberg Laws 19404: 19399: 19394: 19389: 19384: 19382:Ghetto benches 19379: 19377:Discrimination 19374: 19369: 19364: 19359: 19358: 19357: 19346: 19344: 19338: 19337: 19335: 19334: 19329: 19324: 19319: 19318: 19317: 19307: 19302: 19297: 19292: 19290:Ethnopluralism 19287: 19286: 19285: 19275: 19270: 19265: 19259: 19257: 19253: 19252: 19250: 19249: 19244: 19239: 19234: 19229: 19224: 19219: 19213: 19211: 19205: 19204: 19202: 19201: 19200: 19199: 19194: 19193: 19192: 19187: 19175: 19170: 19160: 19158:United Kingdom 19155: 19150: 19145: 19140: 19135: 19130: 19125: 19120: 19115: 19110: 19105: 19100: 19095: 19090: 19085: 19080: 19075: 19070: 19064: 19062: 19056: 19055: 19053: 19052: 19047: 19042: 19037: 19032: 19027: 19022: 19017: 19012: 19007: 19002: 18996: 18994: 18988: 18987: 18982: 18981: 18974: 18967: 18959: 18950: 18949: 18947: 18946: 18936: 18926: 18915: 18912: 18911: 18909: 18908: 18903: 18901:Reverse racism 18898: 18897: 18896: 18886: 18881: 18876: 18874:Racial figleaf 18871: 18866: 18861: 18856: 18851: 18846: 18841: 18836: 18831: 18826: 18821: 18816: 18811: 18806: 18801: 18795: 18793: 18792:Related topics 18789: 18788: 18786: 18785: 18784: 18783: 18773: 18768: 18763: 18758: 18753: 18751:Middle Eastern 18748: 18743: 18742: 18741: 18736: 18726: 18725: 18724: 18714: 18709: 18708: 18707: 18702: 18692: 18691: 18690: 18685: 18684: 18683: 18673: 18672: 18671: 18666: 18656: 18655: 18654: 18649: 18634: 18628: 18626: 18622: 18621: 18619: 18618: 18617: 18616: 18611: 18606: 18596: 18595: 18594: 18589: 18584: 18574: 18573: 18572: 18567: 18562: 18557: 18547: 18546: 18545: 18543:United Kingdom 18540: 18535: 18530: 18525: 18520: 18515: 18510: 18505: 18500: 18495: 18485: 18480: 18479: 18478: 18473: 18468: 18458: 18457: 18456: 18451: 18446: 18441: 18436: 18431: 18421: 18420: 18419: 18414: 18404: 18398: 18396: 18390: 18389: 18387: 18386: 18381: 18376: 18371: 18366: 18361: 18356: 18351: 18346: 18341: 18336: 18331: 18326: 18321: 18316: 18311: 18306: 18300: 18298: 18295:Manifestations 18292: 18291: 18289: 18288: 18283: 18278: 18273: 18268: 18263: 18258: 18253: 18248: 18243: 18238: 18233: 18228: 18223: 18218: 18213: 18208: 18203: 18198: 18193: 18187: 18185: 18181: 18180: 18173: 18172: 18165: 18158: 18150: 18141: 18140: 18128: 18125: 18124: 18122: 18121: 18114: 18107: 18099: 18097: 18091: 18090: 18087: 18086: 18084: 18083: 18076: 18069: 18062: 18059:Ossewabrandwag 18055: 18048: 18041: 18034: 18027: 18020: 18013: 18005: 18003: 17997: 17996: 17994: 17993: 17986: 17979: 17972: 17965: 17958: 17951: 17944: 17937: 17930: 17923: 17916: 17909: 17902: 17895: 17888: 17881: 17874: 17867: 17860: 17853: 17846: 17838: 17836: 17830: 17829: 17827: 17826: 17819: 17812: 17805: 17802:Unionist Party 17798: 17791: 17784: 17781:Torch Commando 17777: 17770: 17763: 17756: 17749: 17742: 17735: 17728: 17721: 17714: 17707: 17700: 17693: 17686: 17679: 17672: 17665: 17658: 17655:Orde Boerevolk 17651: 17644: 17637: 17630: 17623: 17616: 17609: 17602: 17595: 17588: 17581: 17574: 17567: 17560: 17553: 17546: 17539: 17532: 17525: 17518: 17511: 17504: 17497: 17490: 17483: 17476: 17469: 17462: 17455: 17448: 17441: 17434: 17431:DP (1989–2000) 17427: 17424:DP (1973–1977) 17420: 17417:Dominion Party 17413: 17406: 17399: 17392: 17385: 17378: 17371: 17364: 17357: 17350: 17343: 17336: 17329: 17322: 17315: 17308: 17301: 17298:Afrikaner Bond 17293: 17291: 17282: 17276: 17275: 17273: 17272: 17263: 17254: 17245: 17238: 17229: 17222: 17215: 17212:Day of the Vow 17208: 17201: 17194: 17185: 17176: 17169: 17162: 17155: 17148: 17140: 17138: 17134: 17133: 17130: 17129: 17127: 17126: 17116: 17109: 17102: 17095: 17088: 17081: 17074: 17067: 17060: 17053: 17046: 17039: 17032: 17025: 17018: 17011: 17004: 16997: 16990: 16983: 16980:Floor crossing 16976: 16969: 16962: 16955: 16948: 16940: 16938: 16930: 16929: 16927: 16926: 16919: 16912: 16905: 16898: 16895:Bisho massacre 16891: 16890: 16889: 16875: 16868: 16861: 16854: 16847: 16840: 16837:Operation Vula 16833: 16830:Rubicon speech 16826: 16823:Langa massacre 16819: 16812: 16805: 16798: 16791: 16784: 16777: 16776: 16775: 16761: 16754: 16747: 16740: 16739: 16738: 16737: 16736: 16729: 16715: 16708: 16701: 16694: 16687: 16680: 16666: 16659: 16652: 16645: 16638: 16637: 16636: 16622: 16615: 16608: 16601: 16600: 16599: 16585: 16577: 16575: 16569: 16568: 16566: 16565: 16558: 16551: 16544: 16541:Rand Rebellion 16537: 16530: 16522: 16520: 16514: 16513: 16511: 16510: 16498: 16491: 16484: 16477: 16470: 16467:Boer Republics 16463: 16456: 16449: 16441: 16439: 16433: 16432: 16430: 16429: 16422: 16415: 16408: 16401: 16394: 16387: 16379: 16377: 16371: 16370: 16368: 16367: 16360: 16352: 16350: 16341: 16337: 16336: 16334: 16333: 16325: 16317: 16313:Bophuthatswana 16309: 16301: 16293: 16285: 16277: 16273:Klein Vrystaat 16269: 16261: 16253: 16245: 16237: 16229: 16221: 16213: 16205: 16197: 16189: 16181: 16173: 16158: 16143: 16135: 16112: 16110: 16103: 16102: 16094: 16093: 16086: 16079: 16071: 16065: 16064: 16055: 16040: 16034: 16029:– Cape Town's 16024: 16014: 16004: 15988: 15974: 15966: 15965:External links 15963: 15961: 15960: 15957: 15950: 15939: 15932: 15903: 15900:978-0399588174 15890:Noah, Trevor. 15888: 15881: 15874: 15853: 15850:The Free Press 15840: 15829: 15817:10.1086/695377 15811:(2): 304–330. 15800: 15793: 15786: 15769: 15762: 15734: 15731:The Afrikaners 15727: 15716: 15713:Race Relations 15709: 15704:Du Pre, R. H. 15702: 15687: 15680: 15669: 15658: 15640:(4): 414–427. 15629: 15621: 15619: 15616: 15615: 15614: 15596:(2): 139–159. 15583: 15580: 15577: 15576: 15545: 15514: 15490: 15468: 15444: 15421: 15397: 15351: 15332: 15306: 15280: 15254: 15218: 15216:. 14 May 1997. 15202: 15175: 15149: 15136: 15115: 15101: 15071: 15048: 15022: 14996: 14973: 14947: 14921: 14900: 14881:(3): 355–372. 14865: 14849: 14818: 14802: 14781: 14760: 14739: 14706: 14693: 14672: 14659: 14629: 14610: 14590: 14571: 14551: 14530: 14510: 14475: 14456: 14431: 14404: 14395: 14376: 14364: 14355: 14346: 14334: 14302: 14289: 14276: 14263: 14242: 14216: 14195: 14174: 14161: 14148: 14135: 14102: 14096:978-1909982284 14095: 14077: 14071:978-1909384927 14070: 14052: 14046:978-0313295713 14045: 14024: 14017: 13996: 13990:978-1868884063 13989: 13971: 13965:978-0786496594 13964: 13943: 13937:978-0887383076 13936: 13918: 13912:978-0160293320 13911: 13893: 13887:978-1409482499 13886: 13865: 13858: 13840: 13834:978-0253210623 13833: 13800: 13794:978-0472087075 13793: 13766: 13733: 13726: 13705: 13686: 13659: 13628: 13597: 13566: 13535: 13522: 13516:978-1439216187 13515: 13490: 13484:978-1770073289 13483: 13458: 13452:978-0817987114 13451: 13422: 13416:978-0862328962 13415: 13397: 13391:978-1349081677 13390: 13372: 13366:978-0820479071 13365: 13347: 13341:978-0333563519 13340: 13322: 13292: 13266: 13229: 13224:Democracy Now! 13204: 13182: 13171:on 23 May 2008 13156: 13147: 13112: 13099: 13086: 13070: 13030: 13004: 12978: 12945: 12922: 12896: 12877: 12855: 12841: 12815: 12796: 12790:. I.B.Tauris. 12776: 12763: 12750: 12723: 12710: 12694: 12670: 12653: 12623: 12610: 12584: 12582:United Nations 12573:Nelson Mandela 12565: 12540: 12510: 12491: 12478: 12461: 12446: 12427: 12409: 12382: 12363: 12314: 12281: 12272: 12265: 12245: 12232: 12223: 12192: 12174: 12143: 12114: 12095:(2): 139–159. 12079: 12053: 12027: 12001: 11983: 11954: 11928: 11909:(7): 1325–36. 11893: 11875: 11860: 11845: 11830: 11823: 11805: 11770: 11751: 11731: 11705: 11662: 11636: 11607: 11574: 11539: 11506: 11484: 11477: 11453: 11444:|journal= 11409: 11392: 11377: 11358: 11339: 11326: 11287:(2): 177–192. 11267: 11252: 11233: 11213: 11189: 11163: 11144:(5): 711–716. 11126: 11093: 11084: 11054: 11024: 10994: 10985: 10976: 10967: 10951: 10938: 10925: 10923:Zebra. p. 118. 10912: 10899: 10891:Booth, Douglas 10883: 10874: 10838:10.1086/685451 10809: 10796: 10783: 10770: 10751: 10738: 10725: 10712: 10700: 10679: 10666: 10636: 10624: 10609: 10591: 10570: 10558: 10534: 10521: 10497: 10484: 10471: 10447: 10423: 10396: 10377: 10357: 10338: 10315: 10296: 10276: 10250: 10224: 10212: 10189: 10179:O'Meara, Dan. 10163: 10150: 10138: 10092: 10077:. SA History. 10061: 10049: 10036: 10017: 9997: 9977: 9961: 9949: 9936: 9930:978-0595355518 9929: 9911: 9899: 9892: 9874: 9861: 9848: 9836: 9813: 9801: 9794: 9771: 9764: 9736: 9723: 9717:Shore, Megan. 9710: 9684: 9678:978-0313313578 9677: 9659: 9628: 9598: 9592:978-1850439936 9591: 9570: 9556: 9550:978-1432788353 9549: 9531: 9525:978-8176256384 9524: 9506: 9488: 9482:978-0192801852 9481: 9461: 9435: 9420: 9414:978-0415777070 9413: 9388: 9382:978-0791092217 9381: 9358: 9324: 9305: 9274: 9243: 9236: 9215: 9209:978-0415627689 9208: 9190: 9158: 9131: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9122: 9121: 9111: 9110: 9107: 9106: 9088: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9037:Nuremberg Laws 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8963: 8962: 8961: 8947: 8933: 8917: 8914: 8783: 8780: 8779: 8778: 8772: 8759: 8756:National Party 8749: 8746:F. W. de Klerk 8738: 8735: 8727:public holiday 8679:European Union 8670:Main article: 8655: 8652: 8569:anti-Communist 8538:Bisho massacre 8462:Main article: 8459: 8456: 8414:F. W. de Klerk 8393: 8390: 8310: 8307: 8294:Main article: 8291: 8288: 8261:Bill of Rights 8189: 8186: 8176: 8173: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8142:Main article: 8139: 8136: 8132:F. W. de Klerk 8061:rule by decree 8015: 8012: 7949: 7948:State security 7946: 7872:counter-strike 7801: 7798: 7786:special forces 7723: 7720: 7693:neocolonialism 7670:south Atlantic 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7636:Anglo American 7595:Bernard Ingham 7583:anti-communist 7488: 7485: 7441: 7438: 7399:Margaret Court 7366: 7363: 7313: 7312:Verwoerd years 7310: 7308: 7305: 7294: 7291: 7279: 7276: 7262:, Madagascar, 7248:Hastings Banda 7221:Kenneth Kaunda 7200: 7197: 7149: 7146: 7125: 7122: 7110:Resolution 418 7106:Resolution 392 7097:Resolution 181 7093:Resolution 134 7077:United Nations 7068:Nelson Mandela 7064: 7057: 7056:United Nations 7054: 7015:Prime Minister 7003:Wind of Change 6991: 6988: 6983:Main article: 6979: 6978: 6976: 6975: 6968: 6961: 6953: 6950: 6949: 6946: 6945: 6940: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6913: 6910: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6902: 6901: 6893: 6885: 6877: 6869: 6861: 6853: 6844: 6838: 6837: 6834: 6833: 6830: 6829: 6824: 6818: 6815: 6814: 6811: 6810: 6807: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6770: 6767: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6759: 6758: 6752: 6746: 6740: 6734: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6720: 6719: 6716: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6674: 6671: 6670: 6667: 6666: 6658: 6657: 6643: 6640: 6597:Nelson Mandela 6518:Nelson Mandela 6452:Main article: 6448: 6447: 6362: 6360: 6353: 6347: 6344: 6307: 6304: 6212:honorary white 6179: 6176: 6174:in Cape Town. 6157:Andrew Jephtha 6125: 6122: 6087:By the 1930s, 6078: 6075: 6041: 6038: 6029:respectively. 5956: 5953: 5864:Main article: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5856: 5849: 5842: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5824: 5823: 5818: 5817: 5816: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5795: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5748: 5747: 5745:Reverse racism 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5715:Prisoner abuse 5712: 5707: 5705:Power distance 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5671: 5670: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5623:Ethnic penalty 5620: 5619: 5618: 5616:Neurodiversity 5613: 5603: 5601:Dehumanization 5598: 5593: 5591:Cisnormativity 5588: 5583: 5578: 5572: 5571: 5570: 5569: 5567:Related topics 5566: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5555: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5483: 5482: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5439: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5431: 5430: 5424: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5411:State religion 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5392: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5350: 5349: 5347:Nuremberg Laws 5344: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5289:Ghetto benches 5286: 5284:Gerrymandering 5281: 5276: 5271: 5269:Gender pay gap 5266: 5265: 5264: 5259: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5228: 5227: 5226: 5225: 5222: 5221: 5218: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5094: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5046:Lavender scare 5043: 5041:Kill Haole Day 5038: 5036:Indian rolling 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5012: 5011: 5001: 4996: 4995: 4994: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4922:Eliminationism 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4857:Cancel culture 4854: 4849: 4844: 4843: 4842: 4831: 4830: 4829: 4828: 4826:Manifestations 4825: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4706:Middle Eastern 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4672: 4671: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4645: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4540: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4508: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4454: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4443: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4433:Zoroastrianism 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4409: 4408: 4398: 4397: 4396: 4395: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4359: 4358: 4357: 4355:Untouchability 4352: 4342: 4337: 4336: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4282: 4281: 4276: 4275: 4272: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4253: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4232: 4231: 4230: 4225: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4168:Leprosy stigma 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4032: 4031: 4028: 4027: 4024: 4023: 4017: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3985: 3984: 3979: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3911: 3910: 3907: 3906: 3903: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3872: 3871: 3868: 3867: 3864: 3863: 3855: 3854: 3852:Discrimination 3848: 3847: 3836: 3833: 3757:Port Elizabeth 3747: 3746: 3661: 3659: 3652: 3646: 3643: 3638:Chinese people 3565:slum clearance 3541: 3538: 3528: 3525: 3508:Bophuthatswana 3486:Rural area in 3435:Main article: 3432: 3429: 3421:Wind of Change 3392: 3389: 3296:Main article: 3293: 3290: 3198:banning orders 3163:Immorality Act 3111:Anglo-Boer war 3107:Boer republics 3079:Main article: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3071: 3064: 3057: 3049: 3046: 3045: 3032: 3031: 3006: 3003: 3002: 2999: 2998: 2935: 2932: 2931: 2928: 2927: 2871:Immorality Act 2758: 2755: 2754: 2751: 2750: 2708:Immorality Act 2665: 2662: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2646: 2643: 2550:United Nations 2486:Main article: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2440:government of 2395:Godfrey Lagden 2372:Boer republics 2291:British Empire 2233:white settlers 2176: 2173: 2165:Nelson Mandela 2141:National Party 2129:arms embargoes 2121:United Nations 2071:Black Africans 1869: 1868: 1866: 1865: 1858: 1851: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1838: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1771:Khoisan people 1765: 1764: 1756: 1755: 1746: 1745: 1738: 1731: 1730: 1728: 1727: 1720: 1713: 1705: 1702: 1701: 1686: 1685: 1679: 1678: 1672: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1593: 1590:Post-apartheid 1588: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1548: 1543: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1529: 1523: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1497:First Boer War 1493: 1488: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1480: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1463: 1460:Boer Republics 1458: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1428: 1423: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1385: 1380: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1365: 1360: 1359: 1356: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1329:Late Stone Age 1326: 1320: 1315: 1314: 1311: 1310: 1302: 1301: 1292: 1291: 1284: 1277: 1276: 1274: 1273: 1266: 1259: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1246: 1245: 1240: 1232: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1179: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1097: 1096: 1087: 1080: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1063: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1031: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1014: 1013: 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 990:Anti-Romanyism 986: 980: 979: 978: 975: 974: 971: 970: 969: 968: 963: 958: 952:United States 950: 948:United Kingdom 945: 944: 943: 938: 928: 923: 922: 921: 919:Nuremberg Laws 911: 906: 901: 896: 892:Jewish ghettos 889: 882: 881: 880: 873: 863: 858: 857: 856: 851: 846: 838: 832: 828: 827: 826: 823: 822: 819: 818: 817: 816: 811: 801: 796: 791: 782: 777: 772: 771: 770: 760: 754: 750: 749: 748: 745: 744: 736: 735: 729: 728: 727:of articles on 716: 715: 713: 712: 705: 698: 690: 687: 686: 685: 684: 671: 670: 667: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 605: 603:Related topics 602: 601: 598: 597: 594: 593: 588: 583: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 551: 548: 547: 544: 543: 540: 539: 534: 529: 527:H. F. Verwoerd 524: 519: 514: 509: 507:Adelaide Tambo 504: 499: 497:Robert Sobukwe 494: 489: 487:J. G. Strijdom 484: 479: 474: 469: 467:Raymond Mhlaba 464: 459: 454: 452:Nelson Mandela 449: 444: 439: 434: 432:Albert Luthuli 429: 427:Ahmed Kathrada 424: 419: 417:Bantu Holomisa 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 392:F. W. de Klerk 389: 384: 379: 374: 368: 365: 364: 361: 360: 357: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 309:National Party 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 210: 205: 204: 201: 200: 197: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 115: 112: 111: 105: 104: 103: 100: 99: 91: 90: 84: 83: 58: 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 22180: 22169: 22166: 22164: 22161: 22159: 22156: 22154: 22151: 22149: 22146: 22144: 22141: 22139: 22136: 22134: 22131: 22129: 22126: 22124: 22121: 22119: 22116: 22114: 22111: 22109: 22106: 22104: 22101: 22099: 22096: 22094: 22091: 22089: 22086: 22084: 22081: 22079: 22076: 22074: 22071: 22069: 22066: 22064: 22061: 22060: 22058: 22048: 22043: 22038: 22036: 22031: 22026: 22024: 22019: 22014: 22012: 22002: 22000: 21990: 21988: 21978: 21976: 21966: 21965: 21962: 21949: 21948: 21939: 21937: 21934: 21932: 21929: 21928: 21925: 21919: 21916: 21914: 21911: 21909: 21906: 21904: 21901: 21899: 21896: 21894: 21891: 21889: 21886: 21884: 21881: 21877: 21874: 21872: 21869: 21867: 21864: 21863: 21861: 21859: 21856: 21854: 21851: 21849: 21846: 21844: 21841: 21839: 21836: 21834: 21831: 21827: 21826:One-drop rule 21824: 21823: 21822: 21819: 21818: 21816: 21814: 21809: 21803: 21800: 21798: 21795: 21793: 21790: 21788: 21785: 21783: 21780: 21776: 21773: 21771: 21768: 21766: 21763: 21761: 21758: 21756: 21753: 21751: 21748: 21746: 21743: 21742: 21741: 21738: 21737: 21735: 21731: 21725: 21722: 21720: 21717: 21715: 21712: 21710: 21707: 21705: 21702: 21700: 21697: 21695: 21692: 21690: 21687: 21685: 21682: 21680: 21677: 21675: 21672: 21670: 21667: 21664: 21660: 21657: 21656: 21654: 21648: 21642: 21639: 21637: 21636: 21632: 21630: 21627: 21625: 21622: 21620: 21617: 21615: 21612: 21610: 21607: 21605: 21602: 21598: 21597: 21593: 21591: 21590: 21586: 21585: 21584: 21583: 21579: 21577: 21576: 21572: 21570: 21567: 21565: 21562: 21561: 21559: 21555: 21545: 21544: 21540: 21538: 21535: 21533: 21532:New Caledonia 21530: 21528: 21527: 21523: 21522: 21520: 21518: 21514: 21508: 21505: 21503: 21502: 21498: 21496: 21493: 21491: 21488: 21486: 21483: 21481: 21478: 21476: 21475: 21471: 21469: 21466: 21464: 21461: 21459: 21458: 21454: 21453: 21451: 21449: 21448:South America 21445: 21439: 21436: 21432: 21429: 21427: 21426: 21422: 21418: 21415: 21414: 21413: 21412: 21408: 21406: 21405: 21401: 21399: 21396: 21392: 21391:San Francisco 21389: 21387: 21384: 21383: 21382: 21381: 21377: 21376: 21375: 21374: 21373:United States 21370: 21368: 21365: 21363: 21360: 21358: 21355: 21353: 21350: 21348: 21345: 21343: 21340: 21338: 21335: 21333: 21330: 21328: 21325: 21323: 21320: 21318: 21317: 21313: 21311: 21310: 21306: 21304: 21301: 21299: 21296: 21294: 21293: 21289: 21287: 21284: 21282: 21279: 21277: 21274: 21273: 21271: 21269:North America 21267: 21261: 21258: 21257: 21255: 21251: 21245: 21242: 21240: 21237: 21235: 21232: 21230: 21227: 21225: 21222: 21220: 21217: 21215: 21212: 21210: 21207: 21205: 21202: 21200: 21197: 21195: 21192: 21190: 21187: 21185: 21182: 21181: 21179: 21177: 21173: 21170: 21166: 21162: 21155: 21152: 21151: 21148: 21144: 21137: 21132: 21130: 21125: 21123: 21118: 21117: 21114: 21102: 21099: 21097: 21094: 21092: 21089: 21087: 21084: 21082: 21079: 21077: 21074: 21072: 21069: 21067: 21064: 21062: 21059: 21057: 21054: 21052: 21049: 21047: 21044: 21042: 21039: 21037: 21034: 21032: 21029: 21027: 21024: 21022: 21019: 21017: 21014: 21012: 21009: 21007: 21004: 21002: 20999: 20997: 20994: 20992: 20989: 20987: 20984: 20983: 20980: 20974: 20971: 20969: 20966: 20964: 20961: 20959: 20956: 20954: 20951: 20949: 20946: 20944: 20941: 20939: 20936: 20934: 20931: 20929: 20926: 20924: 20921: 20919: 20916: 20914: 20911: 20909: 20906: 20904: 20901: 20899: 20896: 20894: 20891: 20889: 20886: 20884: 20881: 20879: 20876: 20874: 20871: 20869: 20866: 20864: 20861: 20859: 20856: 20854: 20851: 20849: 20846: 20844: 20841: 20839: 20836: 20834: 20831: 20829: 20826: 20824: 20821: 20819: 20816: 20814: 20811: 20809: 20806: 20804: 20801: 20799: 20796: 20794: 20791: 20789: 20786: 20784: 20781: 20779: 20776: 20774: 20771: 20769: 20766: 20764: 20761: 20759: 20756: 20754: 20751: 20749: 20746: 20744: 20741: 20739: 20736: 20734: 20731: 20729: 20726: 20724: 20721: 20719: 20716: 20714: 20711: 20709: 20706: 20704: 20701: 20699: 20696: 20694: 20691: 20689: 20686: 20684: 20681: 20679: 20676: 20674: 20671: 20669: 20666: 20664: 20661: 20659: 20656: 20654: 20651: 20649: 20646: 20644: 20641: 20639: 20636: 20634: 20631: 20629: 20626: 20624: 20621: 20619: 20616: 20614: 20611: 20609: 20606: 20604: 20601: 20599: 20596: 20594: 20591: 20589: 20586: 20584: 20581: 20579: 20576: 20574: 20571: 20569: 20566: 20564: 20561: 20559: 20556: 20554: 20551: 20549: 20546: 20544: 20541: 20539: 20536: 20534: 20531: 20529: 20526: 20524: 20521: 20519: 20516: 20514: 20511: 20509: 20506: 20504: 20501: 20499: 20496: 20494: 20491: 20489: 20486: 20484: 20481: 20479: 20476: 20475: 20472: 20467: 20463: 20459: 20445: 20440: 20438: 20433: 20431: 20426: 20425: 20422: 20410: 20407: 20405: 20402: 20401: 20396: 20392: 20389: 20385: 20384: 20380: 20370: 20367: 20365: 20362: 20358: 20355: 20353: 20350: 20348: 20345: 20344: 20343: 20340: 20336: 20333: 20331: 20328: 20327: 20326: 20323: 20319: 20316: 20314: 20311: 20310: 20309: 20306: 20302: 20299: 20297: 20294: 20292: 20289: 20287: 20284: 20282: 20279: 20277: 20274: 20272: 20269: 20267: 20264: 20262: 20259: 20258: 20257: 20254: 20253: 20251: 20249: 20245: 20237: 20234: 20233: 20232: 20229: 20227: 20224: 20222: 20219: 20217: 20214: 20212: 20209: 20207: 20204: 20202: 20199: 20197: 20194: 20192: 20189: 20186: 20182: 20179: 20177: 20174: 20172: 20169: 20167: 20164: 20163: 20161: 20159: 20155: 20149: 20146: 20144: 20141: 20139: 20136: 20134: 20133:Social issues 20131: 20129: 20126: 20124: 20121: 20119: 20116: 20114: 20111: 20109: 20106: 20104: 20101: 20099: 20096: 20094: 20091: 20089: 20086: 20084: 20083:Land invasion 20081: 20079: 20076: 20074: 20071: 20069: 20066: 20064: 20061: 20059: 20056: 20054: 20051: 20049: 20046: 20044: 20041: 20039: 20036: 20035: 20032: 20029: 20027: 20023: 20013: 20010: 20008: 20005: 20003: 20000: 19998: 19995: 19993: 19990: 19988: 19985: 19983: 19980: 19978: 19975: 19973: 19967: 19965: 19962: 19960: 19957: 19955: 19954:Foreign trade 19952: 19950: 19947: 19945: 19942: 19940: 19937: 19935: 19932: 19930: 19927: 19925: 19922: 19921: 19918: 19915: 19913: 19909: 19899: 19896: 19892: 19889: 19888: 19887: 19884: 19882: 19879: 19877: 19874: 19872: 19869: 19867: 19864: 19862: 19859: 19857: 19854: 19852: 19849: 19847: 19844: 19842: 19839: 19837: 19834: 19832: 19829: 19827: 19824: 19823: 19820: 19817: 19815: 19811: 19801: 19798: 19796: 19793: 19791: 19788: 19786: 19783: 19781: 19778: 19776: 19773: 19771: 19768: 19766: 19763: 19761: 19758: 19756: 19753: 19751: 19748: 19746: 19743: 19741: 19738: 19734: 19731: 19730: 19729: 19726: 19724: 19721: 19720: 19717: 19714: 19712: 19708: 19698: 19695: 19693: 19690: 19689: 19687: 19683: 19677: 19674: 19672: 19669: 19667: 19664: 19662: 19659: 19657: 19654: 19652: 19649: 19647: 19644: 19642: 19639: 19637: 19634: 19632: 19629: 19627: 19624: 19622: 19619: 19617: 19614: 19612: 19609: 19607: 19604: 19602: 19599: 19597: 19594: 19592: 19591:Early history 19589: 19585: 19582: 19581: 19580: 19577: 19576: 19573: 19570: 19568: 19564: 19560: 19556: 19549: 19544: 19542: 19537: 19535: 19530: 19529: 19526: 19514: 19513: 19504: 19500: 19497: 19495: 19492: 19490: 19487: 19486: 19485: 19484: 19475: 19473: 19472:Pillarisation 19469: 19468: 19465: 19459: 19456: 19454: 19451: 19449: 19446: 19444: 19441: 19438: 19435: 19433: 19430: 19428: 19425: 19423: 19420: 19418: 19415: 19413: 19410: 19408: 19405: 19403: 19400: 19398: 19395: 19393: 19392:Jim Crow laws 19390: 19388: 19385: 19383: 19380: 19378: 19375: 19373: 19370: 19368: 19365: 19363: 19360: 19356: 19353: 19352: 19351: 19348: 19347: 19345: 19339: 19333: 19330: 19328: 19325: 19323: 19320: 19316: 19313: 19312: 19311: 19308: 19306: 19303: 19301: 19298: 19296: 19293: 19291: 19288: 19284: 19281: 19280: 19279: 19276: 19274: 19271: 19269: 19268:Balkanization 19266: 19264: 19261: 19260: 19258: 19254: 19248: 19245: 19243: 19240: 19238: 19235: 19233: 19230: 19228: 19225: 19223: 19220: 19218: 19215: 19214: 19212: 19210: 19206: 19198: 19195: 19191: 19188: 19186: 19185: 19181: 19180: 19179: 19176: 19174: 19171: 19169: 19166: 19165: 19164: 19163:United States 19161: 19159: 19156: 19154: 19151: 19149: 19146: 19144: 19141: 19139: 19136: 19134: 19131: 19129: 19126: 19124: 19121: 19119: 19116: 19114: 19111: 19109: 19106: 19104: 19101: 19099: 19096: 19094: 19091: 19089: 19086: 19084: 19081: 19079: 19076: 19074: 19071: 19069: 19066: 19065: 19063: 19061: 19057: 19051: 19048: 19046: 19043: 19041: 19038: 19036: 19033: 19031: 19028: 19026: 19023: 19021: 19018: 19016: 19013: 19011: 19008: 19006: 19003: 19001: 18998: 18997: 18995: 18993: 18989: 18980: 18975: 18973: 18968: 18966: 18961: 18960: 18957: 18945: 18937: 18935: 18927: 18925: 18917: 18916: 18913: 18907: 18904: 18902: 18899: 18895: 18892: 18891: 18890: 18887: 18885: 18882: 18880: 18877: 18875: 18872: 18870: 18867: 18865: 18862: 18860: 18857: 18855: 18852: 18850: 18847: 18845: 18842: 18840: 18837: 18835: 18832: 18830: 18827: 18825: 18822: 18820: 18817: 18815: 18812: 18810: 18807: 18805: 18802: 18800: 18797: 18796: 18794: 18790: 18782: 18779: 18778: 18777: 18774: 18772: 18771:Wine industry 18769: 18767: 18764: 18762: 18759: 18757: 18754: 18752: 18749: 18747: 18744: 18740: 18737: 18735: 18732: 18731: 18730: 18727: 18723: 18720: 18719: 18718: 18715: 18713: 18710: 18706: 18703: 18701: 18698: 18697: 18696: 18693: 18689: 18686: 18682: 18679: 18678: 18677: 18674: 18670: 18667: 18665: 18662: 18661: 18660: 18657: 18653: 18650: 18648: 18645: 18644: 18643: 18640: 18639: 18638: 18635: 18633: 18630: 18629: 18627: 18623: 18615: 18612: 18610: 18607: 18605: 18602: 18601: 18600: 18599:South America 18597: 18593: 18590: 18588: 18587:United States 18585: 18583: 18580: 18579: 18578: 18577:North America 18575: 18571: 18568: 18566: 18563: 18561: 18558: 18556: 18553: 18552: 18551: 18548: 18544: 18541: 18539: 18536: 18534: 18531: 18529: 18526: 18524: 18521: 18519: 18516: 18514: 18511: 18509: 18506: 18504: 18501: 18499: 18496: 18494: 18491: 18490: 18489: 18486: 18484: 18481: 18477: 18474: 18472: 18469: 18467: 18464: 18463: 18462: 18459: 18455: 18452: 18450: 18447: 18445: 18442: 18440: 18437: 18435: 18432: 18430: 18427: 18426: 18425: 18422: 18418: 18415: 18413: 18410: 18409: 18408: 18405: 18403: 18400: 18399: 18397: 18395: 18391: 18385: 18382: 18380: 18377: 18375: 18372: 18370: 18367: 18365: 18364:Racialization 18362: 18360: 18357: 18355: 18352: 18350: 18347: 18345: 18342: 18340: 18337: 18335: 18332: 18330: 18329:Ethnic hatred 18327: 18325: 18322: 18320: 18317: 18315: 18312: 18310: 18307: 18305: 18302: 18301: 18299: 18293: 18287: 18284: 18282: 18279: 18277: 18274: 18272: 18269: 18267: 18264: 18262: 18259: 18257: 18254: 18252: 18249: 18247: 18246:Laissez-faire 18244: 18242: 18239: 18237: 18234: 18232: 18231:Institutional 18229: 18227: 18224: 18222: 18219: 18217: 18216:Environmental 18214: 18212: 18209: 18207: 18204: 18202: 18199: 18197: 18194: 18192: 18189: 18188: 18186: 18182: 18178: 18171: 18166: 18164: 18159: 18157: 18152: 18151: 18148: 18138: 18137: 18126: 18119: 18115: 18112: 18108: 18105: 18101: 18100: 18098: 18092: 18081: 18077: 18074: 18070: 18067: 18063: 18060: 18056: 18053: 18049: 18046: 18042: 18039: 18035: 18032: 18028: 18025: 18021: 18018: 18014: 18011: 18007: 18006: 18004: 17998: 17991: 17987: 17984: 17980: 17977: 17976:Die Spoorbund 17973: 17970: 17966: 17963: 17959: 17956: 17952: 17949: 17945: 17942: 17938: 17935: 17931: 17928: 17924: 17921: 17917: 17914: 17910: 17907: 17903: 17900: 17896: 17893: 17889: 17886: 17882: 17879: 17875: 17872: 17868: 17865: 17861: 17858: 17854: 17851: 17847: 17844: 17840: 17839: 17837: 17831: 17824: 17820: 17817: 17816:Workers Party 17813: 17810: 17806: 17803: 17799: 17796: 17792: 17789: 17785: 17782: 17778: 17775: 17771: 17768: 17764: 17761: 17757: 17754: 17750: 17747: 17743: 17740: 17736: 17733: 17729: 17726: 17722: 17719: 17715: 17712: 17708: 17705: 17701: 17698: 17697:Radio Freedom 17694: 17691: 17687: 17684: 17680: 17677: 17673: 17670: 17666: 17663: 17659: 17656: 17652: 17649: 17648:Oranjewerkers 17645: 17642: 17638: 17635: 17631: 17628: 17624: 17621: 17617: 17614: 17610: 17607: 17603: 17600: 17596: 17593: 17589: 17586: 17582: 17579: 17575: 17572: 17568: 17565: 17561: 17558: 17554: 17551: 17547: 17544: 17540: 17537: 17533: 17530: 17526: 17523: 17519: 17516: 17512: 17509: 17505: 17502: 17498: 17495: 17491: 17488: 17484: 17481: 17477: 17474: 17470: 17467: 17463: 17460: 17456: 17453: 17449: 17446: 17442: 17439: 17435: 17432: 17428: 17425: 17421: 17418: 17414: 17411: 17407: 17404: 17400: 17397: 17393: 17390: 17386: 17383: 17379: 17376: 17372: 17369: 17365: 17362: 17358: 17355: 17351: 17348: 17344: 17341: 17337: 17334: 17330: 17327: 17323: 17320: 17316: 17313: 17309: 17306: 17302: 17299: 17295: 17294: 17292: 17290:organisations 17286: 17283: 17281:organisations 17277: 17270: 17269: 17264: 17261: 17260: 17255: 17252: 17251: 17246: 17243: 17239: 17236: 17235: 17230: 17227: 17223: 17220: 17216: 17213: 17209: 17206: 17202: 17199: 17195: 17192: 17191: 17186: 17183: 17182: 17177: 17174: 17170: 17167: 17163: 17160: 17156: 17153: 17149: 17146: 17142: 17141: 17139: 17135: 17124: 17122: 17117: 17114: 17110: 17107: 17103: 17100: 17096: 17093: 17089: 17086: 17082: 17079: 17078:Tshwane riots 17075: 17072: 17068: 17065: 17061: 17058: 17054: 17051: 17047: 17044: 17040: 17037: 17033: 17030: 17026: 17023: 17019: 17016: 17012: 17009: 17005: 17002: 16998: 16995: 16991: 16988: 16984: 16981: 16977: 16974: 16970: 16967: 16963: 16960: 16956: 16953: 16949: 16946: 16942: 16941: 16939: 16937: 16931: 16924: 16920: 16917: 16913: 16910: 16906: 16903: 16899: 16896: 16892: 16887: 16883: 16882: 16880: 16876: 16873: 16869: 16866: 16862: 16859: 16855: 16852: 16848: 16845: 16841: 16838: 16834: 16831: 16827: 16824: 16820: 16817: 16813: 16810: 16806: 16803: 16802:Project Coast 16799: 16796: 16792: 16789: 16785: 16782: 16781:Mafeje affair 16778: 16773: 16769: 16768: 16766: 16762: 16759: 16755: 16752: 16751:Durban Moment 16748: 16745: 16744:Rivonia Trial 16741: 16734: 16730: 16727: 16723: 16722: 16720: 16716: 16713: 16709: 16706: 16702: 16699: 16698:Disinvestment 16695: 16692: 16688: 16685: 16681: 16678: 16674: 16673: 16671: 16667: 16664: 16660: 16657: 16653: 16650: 16646: 16643: 16639: 16634: 16630: 16629: 16627: 16623: 16620: 16616: 16613: 16609: 16606: 16602: 16597: 16593: 16592: 16590: 16586: 16583: 16579: 16578: 16576: 16574: 16570: 16563: 16559: 16556: 16552: 16549: 16545: 16542: 16538: 16535: 16531: 16528: 16524: 16523: 16521: 16519: 16515: 16507: 16503: 16499: 16496: 16492: 16489: 16485: 16482: 16478: 16475: 16471: 16468: 16464: 16461: 16457: 16454: 16453:1820 Settlers 16450: 16447: 16443: 16442: 16440: 16438: 16434: 16427: 16423: 16420: 16416: 16413: 16409: 16406: 16402: 16399: 16395: 16392: 16388: 16385: 16381: 16380: 16378: 16376: 16372: 16365: 16361: 16358: 16354: 16353: 16351: 16349: 16345: 16342: 16338: 16330: 16326: 16322: 16318: 16314: 16310: 16306: 16302: 16298: 16294: 16290: 16286: 16282: 16278: 16274: 16270: 16266: 16262: 16258: 16254: 16250: 16246: 16242: 16238: 16234: 16230: 16226: 16222: 16218: 16214: 16210: 16206: 16202: 16198: 16194: 16190: 16186: 16182: 16178: 16174: 16163: 16159: 16148: 16144: 16140: 16136: 16118: 16114: 16113: 16111: 16109: 16104: 16100: 16092: 16087: 16085: 16080: 16078: 16073: 16072: 16069: 16063: 16059: 16056: 16053: 16049: 16045: 16041: 16038: 16035: 16032: 16028: 16025: 16022: 16018: 16015: 16012: 16008: 16005: 16003: 15999: 15995: 15992: 15989: 15984: 15983:Bloomberg.com 15980: 15975: 15972: 15969: 15968: 15958: 15955: 15951: 15948: 15944: 15940: 15937: 15933: 15929: 15925: 15921: 15917: 15913: 15909: 15904: 15901: 15897: 15893: 15889: 15886: 15882: 15879: 15875: 15871: 15867: 15863: 15859: 15854: 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About.com. 13014: 13008: 12992: 12988: 12982: 12966: 12962: 12961: 12956: 12949: 12942: 12938: 12934: 12931: 12926: 12918: 12914: 12910: 12906: 12900: 12884: 12880: 12874: 12870: 12866: 12859: 12844: 12838: 12834: 12829: 12828: 12819: 12803: 12799: 12793: 12789: 12788: 12780: 12773: 12767: 12760: 12754: 12746: 12742: 12738: 12734: 12727: 12720: 12714: 12707: 12701: 12699: 12692:, 13 May 1995 12691: 12690: 12686: 12682: 12679: 12674: 12668:, 13 May 1985 12667: 12666: 12662: 12657: 12641: 12637: 12633: 12627: 12620: 12614: 12607: 12603: 12599: 12593: 12591: 12589: 12581: 12577: 12574: 12569: 12554: 12550: 12544: 12528: 12524: 12520: 12514: 12508: 12504: 12501: 12495: 12488: 12482: 12475: 12471: 12465: 12457: 12450: 12443: 12439: 12436: 12431: 12425:, 9 June 1961 12424: 12423: 12418: 12413: 12397: 12393: 12386: 12378: 12374: 12367: 12359: 12355: 12350: 12345: 12341: 12337: 12333: 12329: 12325: 12318: 12302: 12298: 12296: 12288: 12286: 12276: 12268: 12262: 12258: 12257: 12249: 12242: 12241:The Economist 12236: 12227: 12211: 12207: 12203: 12196: 12190: 12186: 12183: 12178: 12162: 12158: 12154: 12147: 12131: 12127: 12126: 12118: 12110: 12106: 12102: 12098: 12094: 12090: 12083: 12067: 12063: 12057: 12041: 12037: 12031: 12015: 12011: 12005: 11997: 11993: 11987: 11971: 11967: 11961: 11959: 11942: 11938: 11932: 11924: 11920: 11916: 11912: 11908: 11904: 11897: 11889: 11882: 11880: 11871: 11864: 11856: 11849: 11841: 11834: 11826: 11824:9780313229602 11820: 11816: 11809: 11793: 11789: 11785: 11781: 11774: 11758: 11754: 11752:9789251055632 11748: 11744: 11743: 11735: 11719: 11715: 11709: 11701: 11697: 11693: 11689: 11685: 11681: 11677: 11673: 11666: 11650: 11647:. About.com. 11646: 11640: 11624: 11620: 11619: 11611: 11595: 11591: 11587: 11581: 11579: 11562: 11558: 11554: 11553:New Scientist 11550: 11543: 11527: 11523: 11522:SAHistory.org 11519: 11513: 11511: 11503: 11499: 11493: 11491: 11489: 11480: 11474: 11470: 11466: 11465: 11457: 11449: 11436: 11428: 11424: 11420: 11413: 11405: 11404: 11396: 11388: 11381: 11374: 11370: 11367: 11362: 11355: 11351: 11348: 11343: 11336: 11330: 11314: 11310: 11306: 11302: 11298: 11294: 11290: 11286: 11282: 11278: 11271: 11263: 11256: 11240: 11236: 11230: 11226: 11225: 11217: 11209: 11205: 11204: 11199: 11193: 11177: 11173: 11167: 11159: 11155: 11151: 11147: 11143: 11139: 11138: 11130: 11119: 11115: 11111: 11104: 11097: 11088: 11072: 11068: 11064: 11058: 11042: 11038: 11034: 11028: 11012: 11008: 11004: 10998: 10989: 10980: 10971: 10964: 10960: 10955: 10948: 10942: 10935: 10929: 10922: 10916: 10909: 10903: 10896: 10892: 10887: 10878: 10859: 10855: 10851: 10847: 10843: 10839: 10835: 10831: 10827: 10820: 10813: 10806: 10800: 10793: 10787: 10780: 10774: 10768: 10764: 10761: 10755: 10748: 10742: 10735: 10729: 10722: 10716: 10709: 10704: 10697: 10693: 10689: 10683: 10676: 10670: 10654: 10650: 10646: 10640: 10633: 10628: 10621: 10616: 10614: 10605: 10601: 10595: 10588: 10584: 10580: 10574: 10568:, p. 49. 10567: 10562: 10555: 10551: 10547: 10544: 10538: 10531: 10525: 10518: 10514: 10510: 10507: 10501: 10494: 10488: 10481: 10475: 10468: 10464: 10460: 10457: 10451: 10444: 10440: 10436: 10433: 10427: 10411: 10407: 10400: 10384: 10380: 10378:9781868427161 10374: 10370: 10369: 10361: 10345: 10341: 10339:9780253353900 10335: 10331: 10330: 10322: 10320: 10303: 10299: 10293: 10289: 10288: 10280: 10264: 10260: 10254: 10238: 10235:. about.com. 10234: 10228: 10221: 10216: 10210: 10206: 10202: 10199:M. Meredith, 10196: 10194: 10186: 10182: 10176: 10174: 10172: 10170: 10168: 10160: 10154: 10147: 10142: 10123: 10116: 10115: 10107: 10105: 10103: 10101: 10099: 10097: 10080: 10076: 10072: 10065: 10059:, p. 26. 10058: 10053: 10046: 10040: 10034: 10030: 10026: 10021: 10014: 10010: 10007: 10001: 9994: 9990: 9987: 9981: 9974: 9968: 9966: 9959:, p. 17. 9958: 9953: 9946: 9940: 9932: 9926: 9922: 9915: 9908: 9903: 9895: 9889: 9885: 9878: 9871: 9865: 9858: 9852: 9846:, p. 14. 9845: 9840: 9824: 9817: 9811:, p. 12. 9810: 9805: 9797: 9791: 9787: 9780: 9778: 9776: 9767: 9761: 9757: 9753: 9749: 9748: 9740: 9733: 9727: 9720: 9714: 9698: 9694: 9688: 9680: 9674: 9670: 9663: 9647: 9643: 9639: 9632: 9616: 9612: 9608: 9602: 9594: 9588: 9584: 9577: 9575: 9566: 9560: 9552: 9546: 9542: 9535: 9527: 9521: 9517: 9510: 9502: 9495: 9493: 9484: 9478: 9474: 9473: 9465: 9449: 9445: 9439: 9431: 9424: 9416: 9410: 9406: 9399: 9397: 9395: 9393: 9384: 9378: 9374: 9373: 9365: 9363: 9347: 9343: 9339: 9335: 9328: 9320: 9316: 9309: 9293: 9290:. SABC News. 9289: 9285: 9278: 9263:on 2 May 2018 9262: 9258: 9254: 9247: 9239: 9233: 9229: 9222: 9220: 9211: 9205: 9201: 9194: 9178: 9174: 9167: 9165: 9163: 9146: 9142: 9136: 9132: 9116: 9112: 9103: 9099: 9093: 9089: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9017:Jim Crow Laws 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8964: 8959: 8953: 8948: 8945: 8939: 8934: 8931: 8925: 8920: 8913: 8910: 8906: 8902: 8898: 8894: 8889: 8887: 8886: 8881: 8877: 8873: 8868: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8854: 8850: 8846: 8842: 8838: 8836: 8832: 8828: 8824: 8820: 8816: 8811: 8809: 8805: 8801: 8797: 8793: 8789: 8776: 8773: 8770: 8769:Frank Chikane 8766: 8763: 8760: 8757: 8753: 8750: 8747: 8744: 8743: 8742: 8734: 8732: 8728: 8723: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8709: 8708:KwaZulu-Natal 8705: 8701: 8697: 8691: 8688: 8684: 8680: 8673: 8665: 8660: 8654:1994 election 8651: 8648: 8646: 8645: 8640: 8639:Y shaped flag 8636: 8635: 8630: 8626: 8621: 8618: 8614: 8613:Lucas Mangope 8609: 8607: 8602: 8600: 8596: 8591: 8589: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8570: 8566: 8562: 8558: 8554: 8549: 8547: 8543: 8539: 8534: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8515: 8511: 8508: 8504: 8500: 8495: 8493: 8489: 8484: 8482: 8481:Groote Schuur 8477: 8473: 8471: 8465: 8455: 8453: 8449: 8445: 8440: 8438: 8433: 8431: 8427: 8426:press freedom 8423: 8419: 8415: 8411: 8403: 8398: 8389: 8387: 8383: 8377: 8375: 8371: 8367: 8361: 8359: 8355: 8350: 8346: 8343: 8339: 8335: 8334:nation-states 8330: 8328: 8325:just outside 8324: 8320: 8319:Robben Island 8316: 8306: 8302: 8297: 8287: 8283: 8279: 8277: 8272: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8257: 8253: 8252:Harry Schwarz 8249: 8245: 8240: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8222: 8217: 8215: 8211: 8206: 8199: 8194: 8185: 8183: 8172: 8169: 8168:Philip Bonner 8165: 8161: 8145: 8135: 8133: 8128: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8106: 8101: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8087: 8081: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8067: 8062: 8058: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8044:Witwatersrand 8041: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8024: 8022: 8011: 8009: 8005: 8002: 7997: 7994: 7989: 7986: 7981: 7979: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7958: 7954: 7945: 7943: 7939: 7933: 7931: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7918:Gaborone Raid 7913: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7897: 7893: 7889: 7883: 7881: 7876: 7873: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7857: 7853: 7849: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7824: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7797: 7795: 7791: 7787: 7782: 7778: 7775: 7771: 7766: 7762: 7757: 7753: 7748: 7747: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7730: 7729:André Beaufre 7719: 7717: 7714:(MK) and the 7713: 7709: 7705: 7701: 7696: 7694: 7689: 7688:client states 7685: 7684: 7679: 7675: 7674:Indian Oceans 7671: 7667: 7658: 7644: 7641: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7625: 7624: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7606: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7546: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7499: 7494: 7484: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7468:CBS/Fox Video 7465: 7461: 7457: 7452: 7448: 7447:Marlon Brando 7437: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7383: 7381: 7376: 7372: 7365:Vorster years 7362: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7338: 7334: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7304: 7301: 7289: 7285: 7275: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7251: 7249: 7244: 7240: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7209: 7206: 7205:B. J. Vorster 7196: 7194: 7189: 7186: 7181: 7179: 7175: 7174: 7169: 7165: 7161: 7155: 7145: 7143: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7121: 7118: 7113: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7081: 7078: 7069: 7063: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7042: 7039:had become a 7038: 7034: 7029: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6997: 6986: 6974: 6969: 6967: 6962: 6960: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6951: 6944: 6941: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6922:"Biko" (song) 6920: 6918: 6915: 6914: 6911:Other aspects 6908: 6907: 6900: 6894: 6892: 6886: 6884: 6878: 6876: 6870: 6868: 6862: 6860: 6854: 6852: 6846: 6845: 6841: 6836: 6835: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6819: 6813: 6812: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6771: 6768:Organisations 6765: 6764: 6757: 6753: 6751: 6747: 6745: 6741: 6739: 6735: 6733: 6729: 6728: 6722: 6721: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6688:Disinvestment 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6675: 6669: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6659: 6656: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6639: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6616:Harry Schwarz 6613: 6609: 6604: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6573:Archie Gumede 6570: 6565: 6562: 6561:Thomas Sowell 6552: 6548: 6545: 6540: 6538: 6534: 6529: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6487: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6473:In 1949, the 6471: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6444: 6441: 6433: 6422: 6419: 6415: 6412: 6408: 6405: 6401: 6398: 6394: 6391: – 6390: 6386: 6385:Find sources: 6379: 6375: 6369: 6368: 6363:This section 6361: 6357: 6352: 6351: 6343: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6303: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6255: 6251: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6231: 6227: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6208: 6202: 6198: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6175: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6160: 6158: 6153: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6130: 6121: 6119: 6113: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6098: 6094: 6091:mirrored the 6090: 6084: 6074: 6072: 6067: 6063: 6058: 6056: 6046: 6037: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5971: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5952: 5949: 5945: 5944:voting rights 5940: 5934: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5919: 5917: 5911: 5907: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5867: 5855: 5850: 5848: 5843: 5841: 5836: 5835: 5833: 5832: 5822: 5819: 5815: 5812: 5811: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5799:Social stigma 5797: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5779: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5608: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5573: 5564: 5563: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5433: 5432: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5406:State atheism 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5342:Jim Crow laws 5340: 5339: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5327:One-drop rule 5325: 5323: 5321: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5242:Blood quantum 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5220: 5219: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5183:Victimisation 5181: 5179: 5178:Trans bashing 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5148:Religious war 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5128:Racialization 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5010: 5007: 5006: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4999:Glass ceiling 4997: 4993: 4990: 4989: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4942:Ethnic hatred 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4877:Counter-jihad 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4841: 4838: 4837: 4836: 4833: 4832: 4823: 4822: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4670: 4667: 4666: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4643: 4642:United States 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4524: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4506: 4505:United States 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4492: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4457: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4418:Protestantism 4416: 4414: 4411: 4407: 4404: 4403: 4402: 4399: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4369: 4368: 4365: 4364: 4363: 4360: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4347: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4328:LDS or Mormon 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4310: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4285: 4279: 4274: 4273: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4245:Transmisogyny 4243: 4241: 4238: 4237: 4236: 4233: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4220: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4148:Gerontophobia 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4078:Anti-intersex 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4053:Anti-albinism 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4035: 4026: 4025: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3974: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3905: 3904: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3878:Institutional 3876: 3875: 3866: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3840: 3832: 3830: 3826: 3820: 3818: 3814: 3809: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3783:, also spelt 3782: 3776: 3774: 3770: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3743: 3740: 3732: 3721: 3718: 3714: 3711: 3707: 3704: 3700: 3697: 3693: 3690: – 3689: 3685: 3684:Find sources: 3678: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3662:This section 3660: 3656: 3651: 3650: 3642: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3626:Indian people 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3566: 3559: 3555: 3546: 3537: 3533: 3524: 3522: 3517: 3514:in 1979, and 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3489: 3484: 3480: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3465: 3459: 3457: 3451: 3443: 3438: 3428: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3409: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3388: 3386: 3385: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3349: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3323:J.G. Strijdom 3315: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3289: 3287: 3283: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3266: 3262: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3228: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3179: 3174: 3172: 3168: 3165:of 1950 made 3164: 3160: 3155: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3102: 3100: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3070: 3065: 3063: 3058: 3056: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3047: 3037: 3034: 3033: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3015: 3009: 3001: 3000: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2983: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2968:Indemnity Act 2964: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2938: 2937:Terrorism Act 2930: 2929: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2896:Indemnity Act 2892: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2821:Pass Laws Act 2816: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2771: 2767: 2761: 2753: 2752: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2673:Glen Grey Act 2668: 2660: 2659: 2656: 2651: 2650: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2629: 2624: 2620: 2619:voting system 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2603:Witwatersrand 2599: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2534: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2482:1948 election 2474: 2472: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2456:. Amid fears 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2419:British Crown 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2347:Glen Grey Act 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2264:Graaff-Reinet 2261: 2257: 2256: 2251: 2250: 2246:In 1797, the 2244: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2182: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2151: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2116: 2114: 2113: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2044: 2043: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 1996: 1990: 1982: 1981: 1971: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1914: 1875: 1864: 1859: 1857: 1852: 1850: 1845: 1844: 1842: 1841: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1789: 1787: 1786:Dorsland Trek 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1767: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1757: 1754: 1748: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1736: 1726: 1721: 1719: 1714: 1712: 1707: 1706: 1704: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1688: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1626: 1625: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1591: 1586: 1585: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1546: 1541: 1540: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1524: 1521: 1516: 1515: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1491: 1486: 1485: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1456: 1455: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1421: 1420: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1378: 1377: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1363: 1358: 1357: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1313: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1303: 1300: 1294: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1282: 1272: 1267: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1253: 1252: 1250: 1249: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1234: 1233: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1210:One-drop rule 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1189: 1188:Statelessness 1186: 1185: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1172: 1171: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1133: 1132: 1131:United States 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1085: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 992: 991: 988: 987: 977: 976: 967: 964: 962: 961:Jim Crow laws 959: 957: 954: 953: 951: 949: 946: 942: 939: 937: 934: 933: 932: 929: 927: 924: 920: 917: 916: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 890: 888: 885:Greek–Turkish 883: 879: 878: 874: 872: 871: 867: 866: 864: 862: 861:Fascist Italy 859: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 841: 839: 837: 834: 833: 825: 824: 815: 812: 810: 807: 806: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 786: 785:Environmental 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 769: 766: 765: 764: 761: 759: 756: 755: 747: 746: 742: 738: 737: 734: 731: 730: 726: 722: 721: 711: 706: 704: 699: 697: 692: 691: 689: 688: 683: 675: 674: 673: 672: 665: 662: 660: 659:Project Coast 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 606: 600: 599: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 565:Robben Island 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 552: 546: 545: 538: 535: 533: 532:B. J. Vorster 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 482:Walter Sisulu 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 369: 363: 362: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 211: 208: 207:Organisations 203: 202: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 154:Vaal uprising 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 139:Rivonia Trial 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 116: 110: 107: 106: 102: 101: 97: 93: 92: 89: 86: 85: 81: 77: 76: 73: 69: 65: 48: 44: 40: 33: 28: 19: 21975:South Africa 21945: 21888:White ethnic 21802:White monkey 21709:White savior 21679:White flight 21659:Acting white 21650:Sociological 21633: 21594: 21589:Peninsulares 21587: 21580: 21573: 21563: 21541: 21524: 21499: 21472: 21455: 21423: 21409: 21402: 21378: 21371: 21314: 21307: 21290: 21229:South Africa 21153: 21143:White people 20462:South Africa 20248:Demographics 20196:Homelessness 20166:Architecture 19997:Trade unions 19856:Human rights 19826:Constitution 19723:Biodiversity 19665: 19661:World War II 19631:Zulu Kingdom 19555:South Africa 19510: 19481: 19349: 19232:Saudi Arabia 19182: 19148:Saudi Arabia 19137: 19035:Saudi Arabia 18894:in Australia 18884:Racial quota 18528:Soviet Union 18471:Saudi Arabia 18412:South Africa 18339:Ethnic slurs 18334:Ethnic jokes 18308: 18236:Internalized 18134: 18094:Histories of 17795:United Party 17704:Reform Party 17641:Orangia Unie 17266: 17257: 17250:Swart gevaar 17248: 17232: 17188: 17179: 17120: 17022:Blikkiesdorp 16572: 16348:Pre-colonial 16201:Natal Colony 16185:Zulu Kingdom 16099:South Africa 16051: 16047: 16031:District Six 16019:– About the 16010: 15982: 15953: 15942: 15935: 15911: 15907: 15891: 15884: 15877: 15861: 15857: 15843: 15832: 15808: 15804: 15796: 15772: 15771:Keable, Ken 15765: 15758: 15751:. Retrieved 15742: 15730: 15719: 15712: 15705: 15695: 15683: 15672: 15661: 15637: 15633: 15625: 15593: 15589: 15582:Bibliography 15567:. Retrieved 15559:The Guardian 15558: 15548: 15523: 15517: 15502: 15493: 15480: 15471: 15456: 15447: 15434: 15424: 15409: 15400: 15388:. Retrieved 15370: 15361: 15354: 15335: 15323:. Retrieved 15319:the original 15309: 15299: 15283: 15275:The Guardian 15273: 15257: 15247:– via 15241:. Retrieved 15230: 15221: 15205: 15193:. Retrieved 15187:. FairVote. 15178: 15166:. Retrieved 15162:the original 15152: 15144: 15143:Jeffery, A. 15139: 15123: 15118: 15104: 15092:. Retrieved 15074: 15062:. Retrieved 15051: 15039:. Retrieved 15025: 15013:. Retrieved 15009:the original 14999: 14991:the original 14986: 14976: 14966:16 September 14964:. Retrieved 14950: 14940:16 September 14938:. Retrieved 14924: 14908: 14903: 14878: 14874: 14868: 14860: 14852: 14840:. Retrieved 14831: 14821: 14810: 14805: 14789: 14784: 14768: 14763: 14747: 14742: 14730:. 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Retrieved 9135: 9115: 9092: 8893:Global North 8890: 8883: 8882:is entitled 8869: 8857: 8839: 8812: 8785: 8775:Leon Wessels 8762:Adriaan Vlok 8740: 8724: 8704:Western Cape 8692: 8675: 8649: 8642: 8632: 8622: 8610: 8603: 8592: 8588:Kempton Park 8565:Janusz Waluś 8561:Johannesburg 8550: 8535: 8529:township of 8516: 8512: 8496: 8485: 8478: 8474: 8467: 8458:Negotiations 8441: 8434: 8407: 8378: 8362: 8351: 8347: 8331: 8312: 8303: 8299: 8284: 8280: 8273: 8265:United Party 8246:, signed by 8241: 8218: 8207: 8203: 8178: 8157: 8129: 8109: 8102: 8082: 8074:interrogated 8052:Western Cape 8032:Eastern Cape 8025: 8017: 8004:Allan Boesak 7998: 7990: 7982: 7962: 7934: 7914: 7890:in 1981 and 7884: 7877: 7860: 7829: 7777:Shimon Peres 7767: 7763: 7756:The Guardian 7755: 7752:Shimon Peres 7746:The Guardian 7744: 7725: 7697: 7681: 7663: 7628: 7621: 7607: 7547: 7543:Oliver Tambo 7530: 7504: 7443: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7391:Garry Sobers 7384: 7375:John Vorster 7368: 7356:against the 7343: 7315: 7296: 7252: 7241: 7219:in 1962 and 7210: 7202: 7192: 7190: 7182: 7171: 7157: 7127: 7114: 7082: 7074: 7060: 7050: 7046: 7033:Commonwealth 7030: 7020:announced a 6993: 6990:Commonwealth 6654: 6608:Helen Suzman 6605: 6601:Desmond Tutu 6593:Helen Joseph 6589:Allan Boesak 6585:Desmond Tutu 6577:Oscar Mpetha 6566: 6557: 6541: 6530: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6488: 6472: 6468: 6436: 6430:January 2020 6427: 6417: 6410: 6403: 6396: 6384: 6372:Please help 6367:verification 6364: 6332: 6309: 6306:Conservatism 6292:Christianity 6280: 6258: 6239: 6235: 6228: 6209: 6206: 6161: 6154: 6134:Jerry Jooste 6131: 6127: 6114: 6108: 6101: 6086: 6062:malnutrition 6059: 6051: 6034: 6031: 5987:Eastern Cape 5972: 5958: 5935: 5920: 5912: 5908: 5869: 5633:Gender-blind 5512:Human rights 5332:Racial quota 5319: 5299:Jewish quota 5279:Gerontocracy 5274:Gender roles 5252:Disabilities 5237:Blood purity 5203:Wife selling 5193:White flight 5173:Slut-shaming 5153:Scapegoating 5071:Murder music 4726:Palestinians 4669:Anti-Zionism 4537:South Africa 4522:Black people 4500:South Africa 4308:Christianity 4298:Baháʼí Faith 4213:Sectarianism 4153:Heterosexism 4118:Ephebiphobia 4088:Anti-Masonry 3947:Hair texture 3821: 3810: 3805:Trade unions 3802: 3798: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3777: 3768: 3766: 3735: 3726: 3716: 3709: 3702: 3695: 3683: 3671:Please help 3666:verification 3663: 3618:District Six 3591:Until 1955, 3590: 3582:Johannesburg 3561: 3534: 3530: 3493: 3469: 3460: 3452: 3448: 3410: 3408:and whites. 3394: 3382: 3380: 3357: 3353: 3344: 3340:Constitution 3320: 3285: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3229: 3202: 3183: 3175: 3156: 3136: 3124: 3103: 3095: 3035: 3025:Constitution 3012: 2941: 2814: 2769: 2764: 2671: 2632: 2600: 2596: 2584: 2579: 2566: 2535: 2523:James Mpanza 2506:World War II 2502: 2438:United Party 2435: 2431:voters' roll 2421:rather than 2381:In 1905 the 2380: 2351:Cecil Rhodes 2328: 2324: 2308: 2284: 2271: 2254: 2247: 2245: 2237:Dutch Empire 2210: 2205: 2189: 2188: 2154: 2127:, including 2117: 2110: 2085: 2081: 2079: 2055:minoritarian 2040: 2029:South Africa 1873: 1872: 1689: 1645:LGBT history 1544: 1532:World War II 1502:Jameson Raid 1382:Zulu Kingdom 1317:Pre-colonial 1298:South Africa 1092: / 1082: 1039:Saudi Arabia 931:South Africa 930: 914:Nazi Germany 875: 868: 787: / 560:District Six 522:Desmond Tutu 512:Oliver Tambo 502:Helen Suzman 402:Bram Fischer 87: 72: 46: 37:This is the 31: 21913:White pride 21775:White trash 21760:Poor Whites 21684:White guilt 21543:New Zealand 21431:Puerto Rico 21386:Los Angeles 21332:El Salvador 21168:by location 20352:Cape Malays 20073:Immigration 19924:Agriculture 19745:Earthquakes 19626:Cape Colony 19606:Kaditshwene 19367:Black Codes 19315:labor camps 19222:Afghanistan 18809:Anti-racism 18550:Middle East 18444:South Korea 18439:North Korea 18354:Hate speech 18276:Substantive 18256:Neocolonial 17234:Rooi gevaar 17113:2021 unrest 17043:Nkandlagate 16872:Third Force 16733:Rugby union 16331:(1981–1994) 16323:(1979–1994) 16315:(1977–1994) 16307:(1976–1994) 16299:(1910–1961) 16291:(1902–1910) 16283:(1902–1910) 16275:(1886–1891) 16267:(1885–1887) 16259:(1884–1888) 16251:(1882–1885) 16243:(1882–1883) 16235:(1870–1873) 16227:(1861–1879) 16219:(1856–1902) 16211:(1854–1902) 16203:(1843–1910) 16195:(1839–1843) 16187:(1816–1897) 16179:(1795–1910) 16177:Cape Colony 16169: 1780 16154: 1780 16141:(1652–1806) 16131: 1220 16124: 1075 15325:22 February 15243:13 November 14420:(1): 5–35. 14387:Dubow, Saul 14327:15 December 13759:13 December 13652:14 February 12646:22 February 12402:28 December 10867:13 November 10708:Rielations. 10085:23 February 9621:21 February 9454:26 December 9351:20 November 9084:Annotations 9032:Negrophobia 8905:Third World 8819:Palestinian 8731:Freedom Day 8716:Thabo Mbeki 8048:Vereeniging 7978:securocrats 7743:. In 2010, 7708:Warsaw Pact 7683:containment 7550:Switzerland 7454:arrival of 7260:Ivory Coast 7133:Netherlands 6842:Resolutions 6816:Conferences 6799:TransAfrica 6612:Colin Eglin 6495:Sharpeville 6389:"Apartheid" 6333:Television 6268:Cape Malays 6260:Indonesians 6220:South Korea 6164:Sipho Mange 5916:pencil test 5527:Nonviolence 5522:LGBT rights 5487:Empowerment 5455:Anti-racism 5369:Segregation 5314:No kid zone 5108:Persecution 5021:Hate speech 4972:Gay bashing 4947:Ethnic joke 4902:Dog whistle 4847:Blood libel 4517:Azerbaijani 4413:Neopaganism 4406:Persecution 4367:Persecution 4350:Persecution 4313:Catholicism 4293:Exclusivism 4235:Transphobia 4218:Supremacism 4173:Lesbophobia 4093:Aporophobia 4058:Anti-autism 3893:Taste-based 3888:Statistical 3813:hard liquor 3761:Grahamstown 3688:"Apartheid" 3598:Meadowlands 3472:ethnostates 3308:Bonteheuwel 3211:(ANC), the 3148:shanty town 2645:Legislation 2542:voting bloc 2519:Alfred Xuma 2497:D. F. Malan 2477:Institution 2458:integration 2331:Cape Colony 2285:During the 2065:as well as 1928:especially 1799:Uukwaluudhi 1750:History of 1552:Legislation 1527:World War I 1432:Cape Colony 1349:Kaditshwene 1296:History of 1183:Citizenship 1151:Residential 1034:Gulf states 956:Black Codes 844:Pass system 768:Allegations 462:Thabo Mbeki 457:Govan Mbeki 447:D. F. Malan 442:Mac Maharaj 377:P. W. Botha 304:Broederbond 22057:Categories 21876:Quebeckers 21862:Old Stock 21641:White gods 21380:California 21309:Costa Rica 20330:Afrikaners 20318:San people 20201:Literature 20148:Xenophobia 20068:Healthcare 20048:Disability 19971:(currency) 19876:Parliament 19851:Government 19836:Corruption 19671:Border War 19470:See also: 19458:Xenophobia 19310:Internment 19295:Ethnocracy 18688:Vietnamese 18461:Arab world 18359:Hate group 18349:Hate crime 18286:Xenophobia 18266:Scientific 18251:Linguistic 18045:Greyshirts 17809:Volksparty 17347:Black Sash 17008:Xenophobia 17001:Travelgate 16758:Border War 16562:Bantustans 16460:Great Trek 16405:Xhosa Wars 16265:Upingtonia 16249:Stellaland 15015:3 December 14732:9 February 14622:8 November 14468:8 November 13785:79–82, 477 13748:The Nation 13698:8 November 13023:7 February 12971:7 November 12909:NZ History 12157:Wiredspace 12136:7 November 11996:boxrec.com 11724:15 January 11678:(4): 517. 11245:28 October 10832:(3): 000. 10157:P. Brits, 10015:. Hansard. 9893:0869755277 9127:References 8967:Afrophobia 8944:Law portal 8909:developing 8737:Contrition 8553:Chris Hani 8507:referendum 8499:right-wing 8430:common law 8225:Mozambique 8034:, and the 8021:necklacing 7965:P.W. Botha 7880:safehouses 7868:preemptive 7844:Mozambique 7804:See also: 7781:P.W. Botha 7754:said that 7700:free world 7614:Democratic 7610:Republican 7579:free trade 7523:Olof Palme 7491:See also: 7464:home video 7456:television 7403:grand slam 7346:All Blacks 7246:president 7152:See also: 7102:arms trade 7087:, and the 7022:referendum 7005:speech in 6628:Black Sash 6537:Steve Biko 6475:youth wing 6400:newspapers 6245:gold mines 6150:Free State 6093:balkanised 6081:See also: 6071:dependents 5900:Madagascar 5809:Stereotype 5804:Speciesism 5685:Oppression 5680:Oikophobia 5576:Allophilia 5552:Toleration 5401:Sodomy law 5294:Internment 5208:Witch-hunt 5086:Blackhawks 5016:Hate group 5004:Hate crime 4977:Gendercide 4967:Freak show 4957:Excellence 4917:Employment 4887:Defamation 4806:Vietnamese 4801:Venezuelan 4686:Lithuanian 4340:Falun Gong 4262:Xenophobia 4257:Vegaphobia 4240:Non-binary 4198:Pedophobia 4163:Homophobia 3977:Skin color 3937:Disability 3908:Attributes 3883:Structural 3729:March 2022 3699:newspapers 3630:Cape Flats 3610:Cato Manor 3593:Sophiatown 3552:See also: 3496:Basterland 3332:Parliament 3236:bantustans 3225:censorship 3203:After the 3176:Under the 2554:colour bar 2546:Afrikaners 2529:, and the 2272:Hottentots 2260:Swellendam 2175:Precursors 2112:bantustans 2075:inequality 2053:. In this 1985:Afrikaans: 1803:Uukwangali 1567:Bantustans 1106:Mauritania 1010:Roma walls 936:Bantustans 780:Xenophobia 570:Sophiatown 537:Jacob Zuma 422:Joel Joffe 412:Chris Hani 397:Ruth First 382:Steve Biko 239:Black Sash 22098:Apartheid 21871:Canadians 21866:Americans 21833:Alt-right 21750:Hillbilly 21564:Apartheid 21526:Australia 21507:Venezuela 21457:Argentina 21417:Baltimore 21404:Louisiana 21337:Guatemala 21298:Caribbean 20468:–present) 20342:Coloureds 20088:Languages 20053:Education 20002:Transport 19934:Companies 19886:President 19841:Elections 19790:Provinces 19750:Estuaries 19740:Districts 19711:Geography 19666:Apartheid 19350:Apartheid 19283:Bantustan 19168:Civil War 18992:Religious 18869:Race card 18804:Alt-right 18604:Argentina 18565:Palestine 18483:Australia 18309:Apartheid 18297:of racism 17268:Volkstaat 17259:Uitlander 17190:Boerehaat 17166:Anarchism 16973:Arms Deal 16936:apartheid 16596:Pass laws 16573:Apartheid 16518:1910–1948 16437:1815–1910 16375:1652–1815 15928:144871273 15914:: 36–42. 15825:224798450 15779:Pontypool 15677:Zed Books 15666:MacMillan 15654:151467416 15610:145782935 15362:Apartheid 13315:3 January 13285:3 January 13140:13 August 12889:13 August 12476:, 2001, 9 12470:Les Payne 12417:A War Won 12307:3 January 12109:145782935 11923:154741874 11700:144615165 11309:154050355 11182:7 January 11158:0962-6298 10846:0022-3816 10554:About.com 10517:About.com 10467:About.com 10443:About.com 9821:R.W Lee. 9703:11 August 9346:0015-7120 8729:known as 8557:Dawn Park 8531:Boipatong 8338:pass laws 8327:Cape Town 8038:region (" 7535:Stockholm 7525:made the 7418:boycotted 7395:Australia 7358:Springbok 7307:Isolation 7293:Beginning 7266:, Gabon, 7264:Mauritius 7233:Swaziland 7203:In 1966, 7007:Cape Town 6927:Activists 6672:Campaigns 6272:Malaysian 5968:Afrikaans 5960:Education 5955:Education 5923:townships 5896:Sri Lanka 5866:Coloureds 5782:Christian 5710:Prejudice 5658:Masculism 5606:Diversity 5384:religious 5359:Redlining 4952:Ethnocide 4912:Education 4791:Ukrainian 4721:Pakistani 4711:Mongolian 4632:Australia 4614:Hungarian 4569:Colombian 4549:Bulgarian 4423:Rastafari 4372:Ahmadiyya 4278:Religious 4250:Trans men 4208:Pregnancy 4143:Gayphobia 4138:Fatphobia 4043:Acephobia 4038:Arophobia 4014:Viewpoint 3622:Cape Town 3510:in 1977, 3506:in 1976, 3437:Bantustan 3425:the Crown 3397:Afrikaner 3286:pass laws 3194:Communism 3115:townships 3099:Afrikaans 3010:(1990–93) 2615:Transvaal 2580:apartheid 2442:Jan Smuts 2268:pass laws 2266:extended 2255:Heemraden 2249:Landdrost 2194:Afrikaans 2190:Apartheid 2159:with the 2069:and then 2067:Coloureds 2018:aparthood 1874:Apartheid 1545:Apartheid 1490:Boer Wars 1220:Ethnicity 1136:Academies 1061:Uthapuram 941:Pass laws 877:Indigénat 870:Code Noir 836:Australia 814:Redlining 591:Vlakplaas 555:Bantustan 492:Joe Slovo 88:Apartheid 21770:Rednecks 21596:Criollos 21495:Suriname 21485:Paraguay 21480:Colombia 21411:Maryland 21347:Honduras 21322:Dominica 21281:Barbados 21260:Pakistan 21244:Zimbabwe 21194:Botswana 20404:Category 20313:Khoekhoe 20191:HIV/AIDS 20113:Religion 20078:Intersex 20058:Feminism 20038:Cannabis 19987:Taxation 19891:timeline 19871:Military 19814:Politics 19800:Wildlife 19697:Military 19685:By topic 19621:Ndwandwe 19579:Timeline 19559:articles 19483:Category 19443:Shunning 19439:(Canada) 19402:Nativism 19256:Dynamics 19133:Rhodesia 19128:Portugal 19123:Malaysia 19088:Bulgaria 19030:Portugal 18924:Category 18839:Lynching 18814:Casteism 18659:Japanese 18518:Portugal 18449:Thailand 18417:Zimbabwe 18281:Symbolic 18271:Societal 18261:Romantic 18226:Gendered 18206:Cultural 18196:Colorism 18191:Aversive 18136:Category 18038:Boeremag 17536:Jeugkrag 17487:Het Volk 17181:Baasskap 17123:incident 16726:Olympics 16305:Transkei 16108:polities 16106:Defunct 15994:Archived 15753:20 March 15747:Archived 15563:Archived 15509:Archived 15485:Archived 15481:BBC News 15463:Archived 15439:Archived 15435:NBC News 15416:Archived 15411:B'Tselem 15381:Archived 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