Apatosaurus - Knowledge

1628: 1150: 4083:, and thus to injure another animal with the tail would severely injure the tail itself. More recently, Baron (2020) considers the use of the tail as a bullwhip unlikely because of the potentially catastrophic muscle and skeletal damage such speeds could cause on the large and heavy tail. Instead, he proposes that the tails might have been used as a tactile organ to keep in touch with the individuals behind and on the sides in a group while migrating, which could have augmented cohesion and allowed communication among individuals while limiting more energetically demanding activities like stopping to search for dispersed individuals, turning to visually check on individuals behind, or communicating vocally. 1537: 4092: 3894:(1991) concludes that the large body size of sauropods would have made them unable to maintain high metabolic rates because they would not have been able to release enough heat. They assumed sauropods had a reptilian respiratory system. Wedel says that an avian system would have allowed it to dump more heat. Some scientists state that the heart would have had trouble sustaining sufficient blood pressure to oxygenate the brain. Others suggest that the near-horizontal posture of the head and neck would have eliminated the problem of supplying blood to the brain because it would not have been elevated. 4031: 4164: 8872: 3655: 894: 8883: 732: 2955: 8890: 10284: 1001: 1988: 3832: 11016: 155: 1771: 12449: 12251: 12245: 10289: 1421: 1356: 846: 3918: 1980: 2740: 9746: 12240: 9738: 12234: 11008: 9758: 8878: 9752: 11024: 4073:, caused by a growth defect. Two caudal vertebrae are seamlessly fused along the entire articulating surface of the bone, including the arches of the neural spines. This defect might have been caused by the lack or inhibition of the substance that forms intervertebral disks or joints. It has been proposed that the whips could have been used in combat and defense, but the tails of diplodocids were quite light and narrow compared to 1972: 1397:, and took the entire summer to extract. To complete the mount, sauropod feet that were discovered at the same quarry and a tail fashioned to appear as Marsh believed it should – but which had too few vertebrae – were added. In addition, a sculpted model of what the museum thought the skull of this massive creature might look like was made. This was not a delicate skull like that of 3745: 12437: 130: 3722:. Various uses for the single claw on the forelimb of sauropods have been proposed. One suggestion is that they were used for defense, but their shape and size make this unlikely. It was also possible they were for feeding, but the most probable use for the claw was grasping objects such as tree trunks when rearing. 3760:

are often portrayed with their necks held high up in the air, allowing them to browse on tall trees. Some studies state diplodocid necks were less flexible than previously believed, because the structure of the neck vertebrae would not have allowed the neck to bend far upward, and that sauropods like

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differ in eleven characters. Thus, thirteen characters were chosen to validate the separation of genera. The six differing features for specific separation were chosen by counting the number of differing features in separate specimens generally agreed to represent one species, with only one differing

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all sending expeditions to the west to find the most complete sauropod specimen, bring it back to the home institution, and mount it in their fossil halls. The American Museum of Natural History was the first to launch an expedition, finding a well preserved skeleton (AMNH 460), which is occasionally

3901:-sized dinosaur about 35 t (34 long tons; 39 short tons) would have possessed 5.7 t (5.6 long tons; 6.3 short tons) of fermentation contents, though he cautions that the regression equation being used is based on living mammals which are much smaller and physiologically different. Assuming 3729:

show that they may have had a range of around 25–40 km (16–25 mi) per day, and that they could potentially have reached a top speed of 20–30 km (12–19 mi) per hour. The slow locomotion of sauropods may be due to their minimal muscling, or to recoil after strides. A trackway of a

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that it warranted being reclassified as a separate genus again. The conclusion was based on a comparison of 477 morphological characteristics across 81 different dinosaur individuals. Among the many notable differences are the wider – and presumably stronger – neck of

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based on some of the fossils sent and hired Lakes to collect the rest of the material at Morrison and send it to Yale, while Cope attempted to hire Lakes as well but was rejected. One of the best specimens collected by Lakes in 1877 was a well preserved partial postcranial skeleton, including many

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were too massive to support their own weight on dry land. It was theorized that they lived partly submerged in water, perhaps in swamps. More recent findings do not support this; sauropods are now thought to have been fully terrestrial animals. A study of diplodocid snouts showed that the square

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Museum mount headless. While some thought Holland was attempting to avoid conflict with Osborn, others suspected Holland was waiting until an articulated skull and neck were found to confirm the association of the skull and skeleton. After Holland's death in 1934, museum staff placed a cast of a

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specimen by Douglass and Carnegie Museum director William H. Holland, although other scientists – most notably Osborn – rejected this identification. Holland defended his view in 1914 in an address to the Paleontological Society of America, yet he left the Carnegie

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After the end of the Bone Wars, many major institutions in the eastern United States were inspired by the depictions and finds by Marsh and Cope to assemble their own dinosaur fossil collections. The competition to mount the first sauropod skeleton specifically was the most intense, with the

993:, has tall neural spines, which make up more than half the height of the individual bones of its vertebrae. The shape of the tail is unusual for a diplodocid; it is comparatively slender because of the rapidly decreasing height of the vertebral spines with increasing distance from the hips. 4017:; this material includes partial shoulder and pelvic girdles, some vertebrae, and limb bones. OMNH juvenile material is from at least two different age groups and based on overlapping bones likely comes from more than three individuals. The specimens exhibit features that distinguish 520:

had an average length of 21–23 m (69–75 ft), and an average mass of 16.4–22.4 t (16.1–22.0 long tons; 18.1–24.7 short tons). A few specimens indicate a maximum length of 11–30% greater than average and a mass of approximately 33 t (32 long tons; 36 short tons).

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appear to hold their necks at the maximum possible vertical extension when in a normal, alert posture; they argue the same would hold true for sauropods barring any unknown, unique characteristics that set the soft tissue anatomy of their necks apart from that of other animals.

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have been designated from scant material. Marsh named as many species as he could, which resulted in many being based upon fragmentary and indistinguishable remains. In 2005, Paul Upchurch and colleagues published a study that analyzed the species and specimen relationships of

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were smaller than previously believed, and the animals may have had to move their whole bodies around to better access areas where they could browse vegetation. As such, they might have spent more time foraging to meet their minimum energy needs. The conclusions of Cobley

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has been estimated at 1.7 m (1,700 L), allowing for a 0.50 m (500 L), four-chambered heart and a 0.90 m (900 L) lung capacity. That would allow about 0.30 m (300 L) for the necessary tissue. Evidence for the avian system in

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of the Rocky Mountains started pushing up to the west. The deposits from their east-facing drainage basins were carried by streams and rivers and deposited in swampy lowlands, lakes, river channels, and floodplains. This formation is similar in age to the

3874:, and a flow-through lung. An avian respiratory system would need a lung volume of about 0.60 m (600 L) compared with a mammalian requirement of 2.95 m (2,950 L), which would exceed the space available. The overall thoracic volume of 1837:, and Roger Benson released a paper on diplodocoid systematics, and proposed that genera could be diagnosed by thirteen differing characters, and species separated based on six. The minimum number for generic separation was chosen based on the fact that 1624:, with the cranium based on Marsh's 1891 illustration of the skull. The skull also included forward-pointing nasals – something unusual for any dinosaur – and fenestrae differing from both the drawing and other skulls. 7777:"First report of Apatosaurus (Diplodocidae: Apatosaurinae) from the Cleveland-Lloyd Quarry in the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Utah: Abundance, distribution, paleoecology, and taphonomy of an endemic North American sauropod clade" 1401: – which was later found to be more accurate – but was based on "the biggest, thickest, strongest skull bones, lower jaws and tooth crowns from three different quarries". These skulls were likely those of 5198: 7700:

Trujillo, K.C.; Chamberlain, K.R.; Strickland, A. (2006). "Oxfordian U/Pb ages from SHRIMP analysis for the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of southeastern Wyoming with implications for biostratigraphic correlations".

3859:(the amount of unused air remaining in the mouth, trachea, and air tubes after each breath) has been estimated at 0.184 m (184 L) for a 30 t (30 long tons; 33 short tons) specimen. Paladino calculates its 5783:

Mateus, O. (2006). "Jurassic dinosaurs from the Morrison Formation (USA), the Lourinhã and Alcobaça Formations (Portugal), and the Tendaguru Beds (Tanzania): A comparison". In Foster, John R.; Lucas, Spencer G. (eds.).

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years old. These estimates have been called unreliable because the calculation methods are not sound; old growth lines would have been obliterated by bone remodeling. One of the first identified growth factors of

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from its relatives, and thus likely belong to the genus. Juvenile sauropods tend to have proportionally shorter necks and tails, and a more pronounced forelimb-hindlimb disparity than found in adult sauropods.

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Like those of other sauropods, the neck vertebrae are deeply bifurcated; they carried neural spines with a large trough in the middle, resulting in a wide, deep neck. The vertebral formula for the holotype of

5534: 1100:. The first three toes had claws on each hindlimb. The phalangeal formula is 2-1-1-1-1, meaning the innermost finger (phalanx) on the forelimb has two bones and the next has one. The single manual claw bone ( 3863:(the amount of air moved in or out during a single breath) at 0.904 m (904 L) with an avian respiratory system, 0.225 m (225 L) if mammalian, and 0.019 m (19 L) if reptilian. 6428: 2237:

below is the result of an analysis by Tschopp, Mateus, and Benson (2015). The authors analyzed most diplodocid type specimens separately to deduce which specimen belonged to which species and genus.

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Mossbrucker, M. T., & Bakker, R. T. (October 2013). Missing muzzle found: new skull material referrable to Apatosaurus ajax (Marsh 1877) from the Morrison Formation of Morrison, Colorado. In

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was mounted on a skeleton in a museum, that of the Carnegie. In 1998, it was suggested that the Felch Quarry skull that Marsh had included in his 1896 skeletal restoration instead belonged to

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that extend farther towards the ground than in diplodocines, and have vertebrae and ribs that are narrower towards the top of the neck, making the neck nearly triangular in cross-section. In

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that made the bones internally full of holes. Like that of other diplodocids, its tail may have been used as a whip to create loud noises, or, as more recently suggested, as a sensory organ.

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al. did find that a camarasaurid position for the taxon was supported, but noted that the position of the taxon was found to be highly variable and there was no clearly more likely position.

791:, reaching 21–23 m (69–75 ft) in length and 16.4–22.4 t (16.1–22.0 long tons; 18.1–24.7 short tons) in body mass. A 2015 study that estimated the mass of volumetric models of 1764:. In 2013, Matthew Mossbrucker and several other authors published an abstract that described a premaxilla and maxilla from Lakes' original quarry in Morrison and referred the material to 4147:

environment with distinct wet and dry seasons. The Morrison Basin, where dinosaurs lived, stretched from New Mexico to Alberta and Saskatchewan; it was formed when the precursors to the

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and the distal blade being excavated; the acromial edge of the distal scapular blade bearing a rounded expansion; and the ratio of the proximodistal length to transverse breadth of the

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also had very long ribs compared to most other diplodocids, giving it an unusually deep chest. As in other diplodocids, the tail transformed into a whip-like structure towards the end.

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four. Recent research shows that traits usually used to distinguish taxa at this time were actually widespread across several taxa, causing many of the taxa named to be invalid, like

7440:"Aging, Maturation and Growth of Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs as Deduced from Growth Curves Using Long Bone Histological Data: An Assessment of Methodological Constraints and Solutions" 1627: 842:

1670 is likely an exaggeration, with the size estimates revised in 2020 at 30 m (98 ft) in length and 33 t (36 short tons) in body mass based on volumetric analysis.

1324:. Also at Como Bluff, the Hubbell brothers working for Edward Drinker Cope collected a tibia, fibula, scapula, and several caudal vertebrae along with other fragments belonging to 4832: 7859:

Chure, D.J.; Litwin, R.; Hasiotis, S.T.; Evanoff, E.; Carpenter, K. (2006). "The fauna and flora of the Morrison Formation: 2006". In Foster, John R.; Lucas, Spencer G. (eds.).

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The Morrison Formation records a time when the local environment was dominated by gigantic sauropod dinosaurs. Dinosaurs known from the Morrison Formation include the theropods

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criticized the mass media reaction to this study as superficial and premature, concluding that he would keep "Brontosaurus" in quotes and not treat the name as a valid genus.

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years. In 2008, a study on the growth rates of sauropods was published by Thomas Lehman and Holly Woodward. They said that by using growth lines and length-to-mass ratios,

1451:, Field Museum of Natural History specimen P25112. Riggs thought that the deposits were similar in age to those of the Como Bluff in Wyoming from which Marsh had described 1389:, is considered nearly complete; only the head, feet, and sections of the tail are missing, and it was the first sauropod skeleton mounted. The specimen was found north of 882:

17096, which also preserved much of the skeleton. A phylogenetic analysis found that the braincase had a morphology similar to those of other diplodocoids. Some skulls of

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had a great feeding range; its neck could bend into a U-shape laterally. The neck's range of movement would have also allowed the head to feed at the level of the feet.

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Stevens, K.A.; Parrish, J.M. (2005). "Neck Posture, Dentition and Feeding Strategies in Jurassic Sauropod Dinosaurs". In Carpenter, Kenneth; Tidswell, Virginia (eds.).

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Turner, C.E.; Peterson, F. (1999). "Biostratigraphy of dinosaurs in the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of the Western Interior, U.S.A.". In Gillette, D.D. (ed.).

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Paladino, F.V.; Spotila, J.R.; Dodson, P. (1997). "A Blueprint for Giants: Modeling the Physiology of Large Dinosaurs". In Farlow, J.O.; Brett-Surman, M.K. (eds.).

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fossils were discovered by Arthur Lakes, a local miner, and his friend Henry C. Beckwith in the spring of 1877 in Morrison, a town in the eastern foothills of the

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Carpenter, K.; McIntosh, J. (1994). "Upper Jurassic sauropod babies from the Morrison Formation". In Carpenter, Kenneth; Hirsch, Karl F.; Horner, John R. (eds.).

6413: 1652: 1192:, a paleontologist based in Philadelphia, about the discovery until eventually collecting several fossils and sending them to both paleontologists. Marsh named 7720:

Bilbey, S.A. (1998). "Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry – age, stratigraphy and depositional environments". In Carpenter, K.; Chure, D.; Kirkland, J.I. (eds.).

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may have been more solitary than other Morrison Formation dinosaurs. Fossils of the genus have only been found in the upper levels of the formation. Those of

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of the vertebrae. Though this plays a role in reducing the weight of the animal, Wedel (2003) states they are also likely connected to air sacs, as in birds.

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remains are known from similarly aged or slightly younger rocks, but they have not been identified as any particular species, and thus may instead belong to

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Dodson, P.; Behrensmeyer, A.K.; Bakker, R.T.; McIntosh, J.S. (1980). "Taphonomy and paleoecology of the dinosaur beds of the Jurassic Morrison Formation".

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are very stout and represent some of the most robust femora of any member of Sauropoda. The tibia and fibula bones are different from the slender bones of

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Almost all modern paleontologists agreed with Riggs that the two dinosaurs should be classified together in a single genus. According to the rules of the

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During excavation and transportation, the bones of the holotype skeleton were mixed with those of another Apatosaurine individual originally described as

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complex of the first cervicals is nearly fused. The dorsal ribs are not fused or tightly attached to their vertebrae and are instead loosely articulated.

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Taylor, M.P. (2010). "Sauropod dinosaur research: a historical review." Pp. 361–386 in Moody, R.T.J., Buffetaut, E., Naish, D. and Martill, D.E. (eds.),

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skulls. Hermann was forced to sculpt a stand-in skull by hand. Osborn said in a publication that the skull was "largely conjectural and based on that of

5292: 3792:(2013) dispute this, finding that large muscles and cartilage would have limited movement of the neck. They state the feeding ranges for sauropods like 1405:, the only other sauropod for which good skull material was known at the time. The mount construction was overseen by Adam Hermann, who failed to find 3781:, would have held its neck angled upward with the head pointing downward in a resting posture. Kent Stevens and Michael Parrish (1999 and 2005) state 6138: 3966:

was the number of sacral vertebrae, which increased to five by the time of the creature's maturity. This was first noted in 1903 and again in 1936.

2821:. In 2015, Tschopp, Mateus, and Benson argued that the species was distinct enough to be placed in its own genus, so they reclassified it back into 1332:

based on a chimeric partial dentary, snout, and several teeth collected by Lakes in 1877 at Morrison. In 2013, it was suggested that the dentary of

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Spotila, J.R.; O'Connor, M.P.; Dodson, P.R.; Paladino, F.V. (1991). "Hot and cold running dinosaurs. Metabolism, body temperature, and migration".

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has three claws on the innermost digits; the digit formula is 3-4-5-3-2. The first metatarsal is the stoutest, a feature shared among diplodocids.

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al. (1997) estimate the animal would have needed to consume only about 262 litres (58 imp gal; 69 US gal) of water per day.

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years, with growth peaking at 5,000 kg (11,000 lb) in a single year. An alternative method, using limb length and body mass, found

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in a phylogenetic analysis, it was thought to represent instead some form with convergent features from many groups. The study of Tschopp et

2101:, especially because of the incomplete nature of the holotype. In 2005, many specimens in addition to the holotype were found assignable to 12489: 12469: 6604: 5015: 4103: 4318:

of the Morrison food web. Many of the dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation are of the same genera as those seen in Portuguese rocks of the

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Pierson, D.J. (2009). "The Physiology of Dinosaurs: Circulatory and Respiratory Function in the Largest Animals Ever to Walk the Earth".

4989:(Dinosauria: Sauropoda) Based on Computed Tomography of a New Specimen with Comments on Variation and Evolution in Sauropod Neuroanatomy" 4817: 1760:

specimen 17096, a well-preserved skull and skeleton, with a preserved braincase. The specimen was found in Cactus Park Quarry in western

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are disputed by Taylor, who analyzed the amount and positioning of intervertebral cartilage to determine the flexibility of the neck of

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52844. The former two consist of a vertebral column; the latter two consist of a skull and a nearly complete skeleton, respectively.

6977: 12368: 4880: 2056:. Their analysis was revised and expanded with many additional diplodocid specimens in 2015, which resolved the relationships of 4202:

fossils are rare, known only from one site in the upper Brushy Basin Member; they date to the late Kimmeridgian stage, about 151

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became one of the best known dinosaurs, even though it was invalid throughout nearly all of the 20th and early 21st centuries.

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has ten dorsal ribs on either side of the body. The large neck was filled with an extensive system of weight-saving air sacs.

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The skull is small in relation to the size of the animal. The jaws are lined with spatulate (chisel-like) teeth suited to an

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1861 and NSMT-PV 20375 only differed in a few characteristics, and cannot be distinguished specifically or generically from

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Long-bone histology enables researchers to estimate the age that a specific individual reached. A study by Eva Griebeler et

3843:, physiologists have encountered problems determining how these animals breathed. Beginning with the assumption that, like 1290:; as a consequence, some elements cannot be ascribed to either specimen with confidence. Marsh distinguished the new genus 6254:

Upchurch, P.; Barrett, P.M.; Dodson, P. (2004). "Sauropoda". In Weishampel, David B.; Osmólska, Peter; Dodson, P. (eds.).

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Paleoecological Analysis of the Vertebrate Fauna of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic), Rocky Mountain Region, U.S.A

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and aquatic snails are also common. The flora of the period has been evidenced in fossils of green algae, fungi, mosses,

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skeletons were mounted with speculative skull casts until 1970, when McIntosh showed that more robust skulls assigned to

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found many differences between them and other diplodocids, and that these variations may have shown that the necks of

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and Georges Zbyweski. It was based on post cranial material from Portugal. In 1990, this material was reassigned to

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Kohl, M. F., & McIntosh, J. S. 1997, Discovering Dinosaurs in the Old West: The field journals of Arthur Lakes.

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was named by Holland in 1916, being first known from a partial skeleton that was found in Utah. The holotype is CM

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surface exposed do not show any scratches on the surface; instead, they display a sugary texture and little wear.

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pointed out that the criteria chosen were to an extent arbitrary and that they would require abandoning the name

1576:, who funded field research to find complete dinosaur skeletons in the American West. The skull was designated CM 1541: 1381: 699:, but not all paleontologists agree with this division. As it existed in North America during the late Jurassic, 8889: 8871: 7413: 7251: 4583: 2763:. It was briefly described, figured, and diagnosed. Marsh later mentioned it was only provisionally assigned to 4062:. This computer modeling suggested diplodocids were capable of producing a whiplike cracking sound of over 200 10283: 5269: 4723: 7967: 3381: 1810:

and was therefore long discarded from formal use. Despite this, at least one paleontologist –

5226:(Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Morrison Formation of Wyoming, and a re-evaluation of diplodocid phylogeny" 4923:"Inferences of Diplodocoid (Sauropoda: Dinosauria) Feeding Behavior from Snout Shape and Microwear Analyses" 1683:

based on associated and closely associated vertebrae. Even though they supported Holland, it was noted that

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Stevens, K.A.; Parrish, J.M. (1999). "Neck Posture and Feeding Habits of Two Jurassic Sauropod Dinosaurs".

6498: 6123: 1444: 1312:. Two years later, Marsh announced the discovery of a larger and more complete specimen (YPM VP 1980) from 7010:"Quantifying the effect of intervertebral cartilage on neutral posture in the necks of sauropod dinosaurs" 3699:. Stevens and Parish (2005) speculate that these sauropods fed from riverbanks on submerged water plants. 2890: 7923: 1536: 1252: 11015: 7112:"Inter-Vertebral Flexibility of the Ostrich Neck: Implications for Estimating Sauropod Neck Flexibility" 5472: 154: 12427: 5879:

McIntosh, J.S.; Berman, D.S. (1975). "Description of the Palate and Lower Jaw of the Sauropod Dinosaur

5640:"A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)" 5414:"A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)" 2206: 1557: 1173: 834:

3018 or 32.7–72.6 t (32.2–71.5 long tons; 36.0–80.0 short tons), potentially rivaling the largest

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Carpenter, K.; McIntosh, J.S. (1994). Carpenter, Kenneth; Hirsch, Karl. F.; Horner, John R. (eds.).

5835: 5242: 4657: 1663:. They found that though he never published his opinion, Holland was almost certainly correct, that 12287: 8062: 7960: 6341: 6012: 5588: 4574: 1757: 1730: 10288: 7170: 3076:. Sauropoda is still used as the group name. In 2011, John Whitlock published a study that placed 6929: 6561: 5053: 4984: 4456:

Berman, D.S. and McIntosh, J. S. (1978). "Skull and relationships of the Upper Jurassic sauropod

3856: 3826: 960: 7647:"Tactile tails: a new hypothesis for the function of the elongate tails of diplodocid sauropods" 5589:"Apatosaurus ajax?; YPM VP 004833; North America; USA; Colorado; Jefferson County; Arthur Lakes" 4091: 3730:

juvenile has led some to believe that they were capable of bipedalism, though this is disputed.

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include: posterior dorsal vertebrae with the centrum longer than wide; the scapula rear to the

1507: 614: 370: 7060: 6930:"Tracks of a running bipedal baby brontosaur? Baby sauropod footprints discovered in Colorado" 6363: 6310: 4163: 2873:, finding it hard to place among either Diplodocoidea or Macronaria. While it was placed with 1729:

where a skull was found articulated with its cervical vertebrae was described. This specimen,

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had a single large claw on each forelimb, a feature shared by all sauropods more derived than

12407: 12399: 12346: 12277: 12239: 11968: 8250: 7343: 6038:"Preliminary Description of a Brachiosaurus Skull from Felch Quarry 1, Garden Park, Colorado" 6037: 5563: 5491: 3884: 3739: 3226: 3081: 3029: 2455: 2272: 1390: 1177: 667:

is also in the subfamily, with the other genera being considered synonyms or reclassified as

644: 461: 303: 12233: 11007: 9751: 7900:. Vol. 36. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. pp. 131–138. 7863:. Vol. 36. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. pp. 233–248. 7300:

Farlow, J.A. (1987). "Speculations About the Diet and Physiology of Herbivorous Dinosaurs".

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61st Symposium on Vertebrate Palaeontology and Comparative Anatomy – Programme and Abstracts

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bones concluded the animals grew rapidly when young and reached near-adult sizes in about 10

3064:. He classified this group within Sauropoda, a group he erected in the same study. In 1903, 1495:, Riggs also determined that the Field Columbian Museum specimen was likely most similar to 12494: 12453: 12355: 11023: 8877: 7658: 7556: 7451: 7359: 7123: 6860: 6767: 6667: 6580: 6174: 5705: 5510: 4934: 4644: 4009:

Compared with most sauropods, a relatively large amount of juvenile material is known from

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grew 520 kg (1,150 lb) per year, and reached its full mass before it was about 70

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Symposium of Vertebrate Palaeontology & Comparative Anatomy Abstracts of Presentations

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McIntosh, J.S. (1995). Sun, A.; Wang, Y. (eds.). "Remarks on the North American sauropod

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3018 at 21.8–38.2 t (21.5–37.6 long tons; 24.0–42.1 short tons), similar in mass to

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Gallina, P.A.; Apesteguía, S.; Haluza, A.; Canale, J.A. (2014). Farke, Andrew A. (ed.).

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in 2015. Many other, more mature specimens were assigned to it following the 2015 study.

12008: 9080: 7682: 7627: 7580: 7572: 7474: 7439: 7417: 7375: 7325: 7317: 7263: 7255: 7146: 7111: 7085: 7036: 7009: 6883: 6848: 6690: 6655: 6596: 6190: 6104: 5896: 5721: 5666: 5639: 5526: 5448: 5413: 5364:(Sauropoda: Diplodocidae) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Wyoming, USA" 5091: 5007: 4957: 4922: 4899: 4793: 4754: 4735: 4727: 4678: 4603: 4595: 4143:

of the Late Jurassic period. This formation is interpreted as originating in a locally

4114: 4110: 3852: 3350: 3115: 2522: 1807: 1349: 1275:. By the end of excavations at Lakes' quarry in Morrison, several partial specimens of 1261:

bones, which are dissimilar to those of other dinosaurs; instead, the chevron bones of

1075: 926: 550:

was a more robust animal. The tail was held above the ground during normal locomotion.

525: 493: 360: 149: 7878:. Vol. 23. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. p. 29. 7598:

Lovelace, D.M. (2014). "Developmental Failure of Segmentation in a Caudal Vertebra of

7541: 7394: 7232: 6311:"Dinosaur mid-life crisis: the Jurassic-Cretaceous transition in Wyoming and Colorado" 4704: 2990:. The family includes some of the longest creatures ever to walk the earth, including 1620:

mounts, the Yale Peabody Museum decided to sculpt a skull based on the lower jaw of a

943:. The caudal vertebra number may vary, even within species. The cervical vertebrae of 12394: 12144: 11685: 10432: 10073: 9802: 8990: 7889: 7796: 7755: 7729: 7686: 7674: 7619: 7502: 7479: 7208: 7151: 7041: 6888: 6829: 6819: 6808: 6783: 6733: 6695: 6639: 6622: 6455: 6392: 6367: 6356: 6267: 6256: 6236: 6108: 6096: 6088: 6045: 6016: 5976: 5725: 5671: 5567: 5558:

Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages

5556: 5530: 5453: 5435: 5375: 5325: 5314: 5309: 5284: 5247: 5190: 5114: 5083: 4962: 4889: 4854: 4798: 4780: 4670: 4630:"Giants and bizarres: body size of some southern South American Cretaceous dinosaurs" 4587: 4535: 4525: 3997:

BYU 601–17328 weighed 18,178 kg (20.0 short tons), reached sexual maturity at 19

3905:

had an avian respiratory system and a reptilian resting-metabolism, Frank Paladino et

3654: 3553: 3536: 2081:, a hero from Greek mythology. Marsh designated the incomplete, juvenile skeleton YPM 1394: 1258: 893: 7631: 7584: 7421: 7329: 7267: 6328: 6232: 5095: 5011: 4739: 4682: 4607: 4054:. Myhrvold carried out a computer simulation of the tail, which in diplodocids like 1834: 1471:

was immature, and thus the features distinguishing the genera were not valid. Since

1443:

published a study that described a well-preserved skeleton of a diplodocid from the

731: 12441: 12015: 11860: 11800: 11442: 11334: 11240: 11131: 10933: 10913: 10852: 9971: 9824: 9671: 9388: 9342: 9322: 9266: 8569: 8346: 8326: 7826: 7788: 7666: 7611: 7564: 7469: 7459: 7409: 7371: 7367: 7309: 7247: 7141: 7131: 7089: 7075: 7031: 7021: 6967: 6878: 6868: 6775: 6725: 6685: 6675: 6634: 6600: 6588: 6228: 6182: 6078: 5713: 5661: 5651: 5518: 5443: 5425: 5143: 5138: 5118: 5073: 4999: 4952: 4942: 4788: 4770: 4753:

Bates, K.T.; Falkingham, P.L.; Macaulay, S.; Brassey, C.; Maidment, S.C.R. (2015).

4719: 4662: 4579: 4554: 4400:, and several families of conifers. Vegetation varied from river-lining forests of 4121: 4051: 2973: 2954: 1811: 1448: 1257:) meaning "lizard"; thus, "deceptive lizard". Marsh gave it this name based on the 613:

was found, and a complete skull just a few meters away from the front of the neck.

457: 394: 7670: 6972: 6503:, a bizarre Morrison Formation sauropod with diplodocoid and macronarian features" 6194: 4705:"Burly Gaits: Centers of mass, stability, and the trackways of sauropod dinosaurs" 4013:. Multiple specimens in the OMNH are from juveniles of an undetermined species of 886:

have been found still in articulation with their teeth. Those teeth that have the

12282: 12152: 11885: 11778: 11474: 11454: 11435: 11393: 11320: 11306: 11189: 10940: 10860: 10507: 10043: 10034: 9895: 9887: 9814: 9574: 9452: 9273: 9129: 8960: 8689: 8682: 8674: 8661: 8578: 8124: 8111: 8074: 8047: 8022: 7983: 7792: 7464: 7136: 6873: 6779: 6680: 4947: 4666: 4483: 4377: 4364:. Other vertebrates that are known to have shared this paleo-environment include 4129: 4047: 3662:

It was believed throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries that sauropods like

3455: 3041: 1960: 1714: 1703:

20, 1979, after the publications by McIntosh and Berman, the first true skull of

1573: 1185: 1169: 972: 940: 546:, and the bones of the leg are much stockier despite being longer, implying that 228: 7915: 7646: 4498: 1000: 12159: 12074: 11956: 11901: 11851: 11663: 11656: 11602: 11574: 11529: 11502: 11377: 11342: 11284: 11211: 11124: 10888: 10767: 10739: 10718: 10703: 10625: 10598: 10416: 10400: 10366: 10209: 10008: 9880: 9706: 9445: 9424: 9373: 9365: 9217: 9210: 9117: 9016: 9004: 8812: 8784: 8621: 8592: 8585: 8531: 8445: 8431: 8415: 8390: 8220: 7928: 7005: 6729: 6520: 6155: 5167: 4503: 4409: 4365: 4360: 4178:

was the second most common sauropod in the Morrison Formation ecosystem, after

4080: 3831: 3068:

said the name Sauropoda would be a junior synonym of earlier names; he grouped

3065: 2935: 2899: 2862: 2078: 1987: 1440: 976: 780: 676: 7830: 7568: 7313: 6592: 6566:(Dinosauria: Sauropoda) for flagellicaudatan intrarelationships and evolution" 5717: 1328:

in 1877–78 at Cope's Quarry 5 at the site. Later in 1884, Othniel Marsh named

1105: 12463: 12202: 12187: 12166: 12082: 12042: 12030: 12000: 11949: 11921: 11894: 11815: 11792: 11740: 11671: 11595: 11561: 11550: 11488: 11407: 11370: 11349: 11299: 11277: 11269: 11262: 11255: 11196: 11161: 11138: 11080: 10947: 10926: 10794: 10785: 10774: 10753: 10732: 10710: 10653: 10530: 10467: 10351: 10174: 10150: 10116: 10087: 10080: 10059: 9994: 9987: 9980: 9945: 9936: 9873: 9865: 9858: 9788: 9775: 9692: 9616: 9559: 9538: 9487: 9480: 9473: 9466: 9459: 9416: 9395: 9314: 9291: 9138: 9095: 8997: 8974: 8946: 8777: 8770: 8718: 8614: 8551: 8542: 8424: 8298: 8266: 8234: 8195: 8177: 8156: 7800: 7733: 7678: 6833: 6092: 5522: 5439: 5379: 5288: 5251: 5194: 4784: 4674: 4591: 4555:"A new method to calculate allometric length-mass relationships of dinosaurs" 4539: 4424: 4315: 4255: 4237: 4231: 4140: 3135: 3073: 3011: 2866: 2245: 1830:

were in fact sufficiently distinct for the latter to merit a separate genus.

1709: 1553: 1525:

was commonly used outside of scientific literature for what Riggs considered

1296: 1210: 1083: 1015: 933: 865: 830:

1670) represent individuals 11–30% longer, suggesting masses twice that of CM

793: 654: 601: 454: 283: 257: 87: 41: 7233:"Vertebral Pneumaticity, Air Sacs, and the Physiology of Sauropod Dinosaurs" 5087: 3985:

0014 weighed 20,206 kg (22.3 short tons), reached sexual maturity at 21

3671:, large proportion of pits, and fine, subparallel scratches of the teeth of 12331: 12210: 12180: 12173: 12110: 12051: 11977: 11909: 11867: 11836: 11822: 11807: 11785: 11769: 11703: 11692: 11643: 11624: 11617: 11495: 11481: 11467: 11421: 11414: 11385: 11356: 11292: 11233: 11175: 11168: 11117: 11110: 11073: 11055: 11042: 10970: 10954: 10895: 10881: 10845: 10838: 10824: 10802: 10696: 10688: 10681: 10660: 10632: 10580: 10566: 10552: 10537: 10488: 10409: 10381: 10374: 10193: 10182: 10159: 10141: 10066: 10052: 9959: 9916: 9909: 9851: 9844: 9607: 9522: 9330: 9280: 9252: 9245: 9224: 9196: 9182: 9102: 9046: 9025: 8711: 8599: 8503: 8459: 8452: 8404: 8376: 8337: 8163: 7892:(2006). "Biggest of the big: a critical re-evaluation of the mega-sauropod 7747: 7623: 7483: 7155: 7045: 6892: 6787: 6737: 6699: 6656:"A Diplodocid Sauropod Survivor from the Early Cretaceous of South America" 6524: 6240: 6100: 5675: 5457: 4966: 4802: 4775: 4373: 4274: 4270: 4249: 4225: 4133: 4113:

is a sequence of shallow marine and alluvial sediments which, according to

3860: 3316: 3101: 2976: 2441: 2122: 1770: 1181: 1153: 887: 803: 668: 663: 649: 564: 481: 312: 270: 45: 7080: 7061:"Head and neck posture in sauropod dinosaurs inferred from extant animals" 1959:

again if newer analyzes obtained different results. Mammal paleontologist

1420: 1355: 12381: 12340: 12195: 12103: 12089: 11985: 11874: 11829: 11726: 11719: 11712: 11678: 11610: 11588: 11509: 11400: 11095: 10902: 10867: 10760: 10725: 10667: 10646: 10639: 10611: 10544: 10516: 10481: 10474: 10460: 10359: 10344: 10245: 10130: 10001: 9952: 9713: 9589: 9552: 9545: 9514: 9498: 9438: 9402: 9380: 9300: 9259: 9203: 9175: 9161: 9109: 9062: 8982: 8967: 8939: 8805: 8763: 8749: 8729: 8703: 8649: 8642: 8558: 8524: 8510: 8353: 8291: 8227: 8204: 8170: 8142: 6293:

Sixth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems and Biota Short Papers

5359: 4286: 4243: 4148: 4075: 3871: 3867: 2875: 1096: 989: 870: 845: 719: 653:

and possibly a new, unnamed genus more primitive. Although the subfamily

62: 7935: 5412:

Tschopp, Emanuel; Mateus, Octávio; Benson, Roger B. J. (April 7, 2015).

3917: 3835:

Tail vertebrae of specimen FMNH P25112, showing pneumatic fossae (holes)

2853:

sp. in 1904 by Osborn. In 1917, Henry Mook named it as its own species,

1979: 12373: 12096: 12023: 11992: 11754: 11581: 11428: 11363: 11327: 11313: 11248: 11219: 11182: 11145: 11088: 10674: 10618: 10573: 10523: 10495: 10453: 10389: 10337: 10319: 10306: 10230: 10223: 10216: 10202: 10109: 10102: 10095: 10015: 9927: 9902: 9632: 9582: 9566: 9530: 9431: 9307: 9231: 9145: 9088: 9039: 8791: 8607: 8496: 8360: 8319: 8284: 8013: 7576: 7379: 7321: 7259: 6849:"March of the Titans: The Locomotor Capabilities of Sauropod Dinosaurs" 5900: 4731: 4599: 4405: 4369: 4280: 4265: 4219: 3844: 3002: 2992: 2980: 2739: 1948: 1671:-like skull. According to them, many skulls long thought to pertain to 1313: 1271: 1113: 1109: 952: 835: 705: 539: 534: 505: 212: 107: 72: 12386: 7350:(Dinosauria: Sauropoda): new insights on growth rates and longevity". 7026: 6452:

Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World

5656: 5430: 3044:. In 1878, Marsh raised his family to the rank of suborder, including 12059: 11941: 11747: 11226: 11204: 11153: 10874: 10831: 10817: 10559: 10252: 10238: 10123: 9837: 9685: 9678: 9409: 9358: 8921: 8908: 8823: 8798: 8756: 8635: 8475: 8242: 8184: 7615: 6932:. Science Daily (The Geological Society of America). November 1, 2010 6186: 6083: 6066: 5078: 5057: 4519: 4418: 4401: 4389: 4381: 4340: 4137: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3091: 3016: 2234: 2126: 857: 761: 485: 450: 440: 244: 166: 112: 56: 49: 12302: 7848:. Utah Geological Survey Miscellaneous Publication. pp. 77–114. 6529:"The phylogenetic taxonomy of Diplodocoidea (Dinosauria: Sauropoda)" 617:

disagreed with this association, and went on to mount a skeleton of

12325: 12067: 11733: 11543: 10746: 10587: 10446: 9699: 9189: 9032: 8742: 8517: 8489: 8397: 8312: 8305: 8212: 8149: 8031: 8007: 4851:

Dinosaur Facts and Figures: The Sauropods and Other Sauropodomorphs

4350: 4144: 4059: 4042:

An article published in 1997 reported research of the mechanics of

3769: 2987: 2984: 2959: 2930: 2086: 2029: 1971: 1944: 1761: 1560:. The skull was found a short distance from a skeleton (specimen CM 1266: 1004: 769: 765: 606: 585: 501: 497: 446: 443: 199: 186: 102: 97: 82: 77: 67: 7952: 6623:"A phylogenetic analysis of Diplodocoidea (Saurischia: Sauropoda)" 5883:(Reptilia: Saurischia) with Remarks on the Nature of the Skull of 5221: 5172:"Structure and Relationships of Opisthocoelian Dinosaurs. Part I, 5003: 3973:

al. (2013) examined long-bone histological data and concluded the

1802:, having been published first, has priority as the official name; 12360: 11103: 9507: 9351: 9238: 8696: 7898:

Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation

7861:

Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation

7280: 6042:

The Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation: an interdisciplinary study

6040:. In Carpenter, Kenneth; Chure, Dan; Kirkland, James Ian (eds.). 5786:

Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation

4413: 4385: 4063: 2921:

was named by James Filla and Patrick Redman in 1994. Bakker made

1544:

in the 1950s, with its original, inaccurately reconstructed skull

1455:. Most of the skeleton was found, and after comparison with both 1317: 1132:. The fibula is longer and slenderer than the tibia. The foot of 1117: 1039: 1019: 509: 117: 92: 7816: 6847:

Sellers, W.I.; Margetts, L.; Coria, R.A.; Manning, P.L. (2012).

6313:. In Lucas, Spencer G.; Kirkland, James I.; Estep, J.W. (eds.). 5496:"Notice of New Dinosaurian Reptiles from the Jurassic formation" 3744: 1975:

Apatosaurine specimen AMNH 460 at the AMNH as re-mounted in 1995

1491:. Based on comparisons with other species proposed to belong to 480:

lived about 152 to 151 million years ago (mya), during the late

11632: 10810: 8628: 8001: 6122:

Barrett, P.M.; Storrs, G.W.; Young, M.T.; Witmer, L.M. (2011).

4397: 4334: – or have a close counterpart – 1740:

7180, was found to differ in both skull and neck features from

1510:, who was a strong opponent of Marsh and his taxa, labeled the 1101: 489: 176: 5183:

Publications of the Field Columbian Museum Geographical Series

5062:, with special references to specimens in the Carnegie Museum" 4752: 4445:

Dinosaurs and Other Extinct Saurians: A Historical Perspective

4314:

accounted for 70–75% of theropod specimens and was at the top

3094:

of the Diplodocidae after Tschopp, Mateus, and Benson (2015).

580:

that likely held its head elevated. To lighten its vertebrae,

532:

are less elongated and more heavily constructed than those of

7699: 6653: 4447:. London: The Geological Society, Special Publication No. 34. 4393: 3866:

On this basis, its respiratory system would likely have been

3696: 3668: 1902:, had enough morphological differences from other species of 1250: 1243: 1236: 1229: 1222: 1215: 643:

is a genus in the family Diplodocidae. It is one of the more

436: 421: 11934: 8438: 7414:

10.1666/0094-8373(2008)034[0264:MGRFSD]2.0.CO;2

7252:

10.1666/0094-8373(2003)029<0243:vpasat>2.0.co;2

6846: 4584:

10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0051:ANMTCA]2.0.CO;2

3680: 1108:

on the anterior end. The pelvic girdle includes the robust

1087: 555: 513: 424: 412: 397: 7858: 7775:

Foster, John R.; Peterson, Joseph E. (September 1, 2016).

5874: 5872: 4627: 3839:

Given the large body mass and long neck of sauropods like

2903:. This was further supported by the findings of Tschopp et 1798:(which governs the scientific names of animals), the name 1748:, but shared many features of the cervical vertebrae with 476:, was discovered and named by William H. Holland in 1916. 129: 9596: 6065:

D'Emic, Michael D.; Carrano, Matthew T. (June 28, 2019).

4724:

10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[907:BGCOMS]2.0.CO;2

3989:

years, and died aged 28. The same growth model indicated

2797:, first named by Marsh in 1879. Elmer Riggs reclassified 2755:

was named in 1877 by Marsh in the article that described

1713:. This was supported in 2020 with a redescription of the 406: 7754:. Minocqua, Wisconsin: NorthWord Press. pp. 64–70. 7542:"Supersonic sauropods? Tail dynamics in the diplodocids" 7524:"Get down, get fuzzy, speculative juvenile Apatosaurus!" 7490: 6121: 1090:

could cross; in life they would have remained parallel.

6492: 6490: 6262:(2 ed.). University of California Press. pp. 5869: 4746: 4628:

Mazzetta, G.V.; Christiansen, P.; Farina, R.A. (2004).

3925:

sp. mount, Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History

2221:

3018, meaning the former is likely a junior synonym of

1651:

skull was mentioned in literature until the 1970s when

1556:, to what would become known as the Carnegie Quarry at 1366: 6347: 4848: 4450: 2869:

published a short abstract describing the material of

1720: 12425: 12267: 7703:

Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs

7196: 7109: 6414:"Principal Characters of American Jurassic Dinosaurs" 6253: 5766:

Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs

5638:

Tschopp, E.; Mateus, O. V.; Benson, R. B. J. (2015).

5357: 1612:

While most other museums were using cast or sculpted

1300:

on the basis of the number of sacral vertebrae, with

427: 418: 400: 7437: 7110:

Cobley, M.J.; Rayfield, E.J.; Barrett, P.M. (2013).

6487: 6128:

and its taxonomic and palaeobiological implications"

5916: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5113: 4982: 4066:, comparable to the volume of a cannon being fired. 2060:

slightly differently, and also supported separating

1552:

skull was found during the first expedition, led by

1352:, the location of the excavations of Marsh and Cope. 409: 403: 342: 319: 7386: 7192: 7190: 7188: 6753: 6751: 6749: 6747: 5637: 5411: 5219: 4878: 2835:in 1902 by Peterson and Gilmore, was reassigned to 415: 12136: 7722:The Morrison Formation: An Interdisciplinary Study 6315:Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems 5220:Lovelace, D.M.; Hartman, S.A.; Wahl, W.R. (2007). 1279:had been collected, but only the type specimen of 7896:". In Foster, John R.; Lucas, Spencer G. (eds.). 7496: 7438:Griebeler, E.M.; Klein, N.; Sander, P.M. (2013). 6386: 6358:Dinosaur Systematics, Approaches and Perspectives 6160:"Sauropod dinosaur research: a historical review" 6064: 5907: 5320:(Second ed.). Blackwell Publishing. p. 4983:Balanoff, A.M.; Bever, G.S.; Ikejiri, T. (2010). 4058:was a very long, tapering structure resembling a 2205:specimens all come from the late Kimmeridgian of 1600:3018. The skull was accepted as belonging to the 1269:, most likely that of the representative species 558:on each forelimb and three on each hindlimb. The 27:Sauropod dinosaur genus from Late Jurassic period 12461: 9663: 7501:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 265–274. 7185: 7058: 6744: 6391:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 265–278. 6167:Geological Society, London, Special Publications 6035: 5358:Upchurch, P.; Tomida, Y.; Barrett, P.M. (2005). 5263: 5261: 4888:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 165–200. 3765:were adapted to low browsing or ground feeding. 2861:, for a pair of ilia and their sacrum. In 2012, 2787:is the oldest-named species of the latter genus. 1340:based on its proximity to the type braincase of 1066:are more similar to each other than they are to 951:are stouter and more robust than those of other 7395:"Modelling growth rates for sauropod dinosaurs" 6647: 6354:Carpenter, Kenneth; Currie, P.J., eds. (1992). 6353: 6321: 6058: 5117:; Wedel, M.J.; Naish, Darren; Engh, B. (2015). 4978: 4976: 4621: 4069:A pathology has been identified on the tail of 1695:-like tooth found at the precise site where an 1128:but are nearly indistinguishable from those of 1026:is intermediate in morphology between those of 8122: 8046: 7843: 7774: 7752:An Odyssey in Time: Dinosaurs of North America 7539: 7515: 7392: 6805: 6757: 6454:. Indiana University Press. pp. 273–329. 6445: 6443: 6441: 6036:Carpenter, Kenneth; Tidwell, Virginia (1998). 5878: 3675:suggests it was a ground-height, nonselective 2831:, first described from a juvenile specimen as 2169:, which means it might be a junior synonym of 1156:' painting of YPM crews excavating fossils of 7968: 7938:UnMuseum (Museum of Unnatural Mystery), 2002. 7728:. Taylor and Francis Group. pp. 87–120. 7226: 7224: 7171:"Ouch! Long-Necked Dinosaurs Had Stiff Necks" 7059:Taylor, M.P.; Wedel, M.J.; Naish, D. (2009). 6810:Thunder Lizards: The Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs 6513: 6334: 6115: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5258: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5048: 4916: 4914: 4912: 703:would have lived alongside dinosaurs such as 464:described and named the first-known species, 9786: 7433: 7431: 6944: 6801: 6799: 6797: 6614: 6247: 5486: 5484: 5470: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5028: 4973: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4818:"A giant, skeletally immature individual of 4104:Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History 3748:Artistic interpretation of an individual of 2149:, or potentially its own taxon. However, YPM 2024:was the most basal species, followed by FMNH 1983:Apatosaurine mount (FMNH P25112) in the FMNH 1424:Obsolete mount of an apatosaurine (possibly 1283:can be confidently referred to the species. 1201:VP 1860), which was sent to Marsh and named 1014:The limb bones are also very robust. Within 772:. Most size estimates are based on specimen 11053: 7535: 7533: 7000: 6998: 6908:"Did Wee Little Sauropods Stand Up to Run?" 6899: 6519: 6496: 6438: 6304: 6302: 6029: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5270:"Manus claw function in sauropod dinosaurs" 4853:. Princeton University Press. p. 256. 4524:. Princeton University Press. p. 217. 3883:and other sauropods is also present in the 1814: – argued in the 1990s that 1699:specimen was found years before. On October 1655:and David Berman redescribed the skulls of 1580:11162; it was very similar to the skull of 695:is a valid genus of sauropod distinct from 7975: 7961: 7837: 7591: 7221: 6922: 6711: 6709: 6468: 5969:Before Mickey: The Animated Film 1898–1928 5942: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5842: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5338: 5151: 4909: 4879:Fastovsky, D.E.; Weishampel, D.B. (2009). 4546: 2897:, but in 1998 it was given its own genus, 2849:was originally described as a specimen of 2743:The most complete specimen known to date, 2189:3018, with referred specimens including CM 838:. However, the upper size estimate of OMNH 657:was named in 1929, the group was not used 128: 10317: 7888: 7852: 7812: 7810: 7473: 7463: 7428: 7274: 7145: 7135: 7079: 7035: 7025: 6971: 6882: 6872: 6840: 6794: 6689: 6679: 6638: 6627:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 6483:. Sauropod Vertebrae Picture of the Week. 6405: 6280: 6208: 6082: 5959: 5817: 5815: 5682: 5665: 5655: 5544: 5481: 5477:. Harper & Brothers. pp. 1–1774. 5447: 5429: 5241: 5142: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5077: 5025: 4956: 4946: 4867: 4849:Molina-Pérez, R.; Larramendi, A. (2020). 4809: 4792: 4774: 4702: 4656: 4573: 4552: 4437: 3870:, with multiple pulmonary air sacs as in 3010:is sometimes classified in the subfamily 1529:, and the museum's popularity meant that 1479:should be considered a junior synonym of 874:having a squarer skull. The braincase of 8919: 7936:"Whatever Happened to the Brontosaurus?" 7597: 7530: 7293: 7052: 6995: 6950: 6620: 6553: 6299: 6286: 6214: 6148: 5996: 5302: 5267: 5215: 5213: 5211: 4920: 4822:from the Morrison Formation of Oklahoma" 4696: 4171:showing bite marks from a large theropod 4162: 4090: 4029: 3916: 3830: 3743: 3653: 2953: 2939:in 1998, and Tschopp reclassified it as 2738: 1986: 1978: 1970: 1769: 1626: 1540:Apatosaurine mount (FMNH P25112) in the 1535: 1419: 1354: 1148: 1139: 1082:forelimbs erroneously proposed that the 999: 892: 844: 764:animal with a long, whip-like tail. Its 730: 7913: 7746: 7336: 6715: 6706: 6362:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 5965: 5946: 5933: 5848: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5606: 5464: 5052: 4294:is commonly found at the same sites as 4128:mya at the top, placing it in the late 3897:James Farlow (1987) calculates that an 2767:when he reassigned it to his new genus 2141:1860 assigned to the species, with AMNH 1919:. Other species previously assigned to 1691:-like skull, based on a disarticulated 1241:) meaning "deception"/"deceptive", and 1078:noted that previous reconstructions of 683:; its type species was reclassified as 14: 12462: 7873: 7867: 7807: 7719: 7299: 7103: 7004: 6559: 6474: 6449: 6342:"Is "Brontosaurus" Back? Not So Fast!" 6308: 6154: 5920: 5821: 5812: 5782: 5316:Introduction to the Study of Dinosaurs 5308: 5102: 4521:The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs 3768:Other studies by Taylor find that all 3084:diplodocid, sometimes less basal than 2121:460. The specimens date from the late 1774:Infographic explaining the history of 1463:, Riggs realized that the holotype of 12307: 12306: 12266: 11040: 10304: 9773: 8906: 8109: 7994: 7956: 7740: 7713: 7693: 7645:Baron, Matthew G. (October 3, 2021). 7644: 7540:Myhrvold, N.P.; Currie, P.J. (1997). 7521: 7393:Lehman, T.M.; Woodward, H.N. (2008). 7342: 7230: 7203:. Indiana University Press. pp. 7168: 7162: 7099:from the original on October 9, 2022. 6905: 6814:. Indiana University Press. pp. 6610:from the original on October 9, 2022. 6549:from the original on October 9, 2022. 6434:from the original on October 9, 2022. 6411: 6204:from the original on October 9, 2022. 6144:from the original on October 9, 2022. 5992:from the original on October 9, 2022. 5801: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5735:from the original on October 9, 2022. 5688: 5550: 5540:from the original on October 9, 2022. 5490: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5391: 5389: 5298:from the original on October 9, 2022. 5208: 5204:from the original on October 9, 2022. 5166: 5021:from the original on October 9, 2022. 4838:from the original on October 9, 2022. 4815: 4692:from the original on October 9, 2022. 4617:from the original on October 9, 2022. 4190:are known exclusively from the upper 3949:t (25 long tons; 28 short tons) in 15 2734: 1993:National Museum of Nature and Science 1935:. Some features proposed to separate 1679:. They reassigned multiple skulls to 1344:. All specimens currently considered 1205:in November 1877. The composite term 955:and were found to be most similar to 691:in 1903. A 2015 study concluded that 562:skull, long thought to be similar to 7918:. Scott Hartman's Skeletal Drawings. 7882: 6983:from the original on October 9, 2022 6953:"Neck Posture of Sauropod Dinosaurs" 6380: 6002: 5771: 4882:Dinosaurs: A Concise Natural History 4517: 1717:material found at the Felch Quarry. 1639:3018 mounted with a cast of skull CM 1564:3018) identified as the new species 1521:. Because of this decision the name 1483:. Because of this, Riggs recombined 1367:Second Dinosaur Rush and skull issue 1197:vertebrae, and a partial braincase ( 1144: 661:until an extensive 2015 study. Only 12490:Taxa named by Othniel Charles Marsh 12470:Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation 8110: 7982: 6573:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 5951:. Carnegie Magazine. Archived from 4755:"Downsizing a giant: re-evaluating 4376:, lizards, terrestrial and aquatic 2089:. The species is less studied than 1721:Recent discoveries and reassessment 435:; meaning "deceptive lizard") is a 24: 7943:"Why is 'Brontosaurus' now called 7352:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 7346:(1999). "Ontogenetic histology of 6951:Upchurch, P.; et al. (2000). 6507:SVPCA 2012 Programme and Abstracts 6497:Taylor, M.P.; Wedel, M.J. (2012). 5792: 5753: 5691:"Notice of new Jurassic dinosaurs" 5398: 5386: 5368:National Science Museum Monographs 4712:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4562:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4416:with occasional trees such as the 2805:in 1903, transferring the species 2747:sp. BYU 17096 nicknamed "Einstein" 1756:. Another well-preserved skull is 1516:American Museum of Natural History 1434:American Museum of Natural History 1378:Carnegie Museum of Natural History 1374:American Museum of Natural History 1265:showed similarities with those of 1104:) is slightly curved and squarely 1038:. The arm bones are stout, so the 568:, is much more similar to that of 143:Carnegie Museum of Natural History 25: 12511: 12268:Topics in sauropodomorph research 9774: 7949:MikeTaylor.org.uk, June 28, 2004. 7907: 5807:The second Jurassic dinosaur rush 5586: 5471:Liddell, G.H.; Scott, R. (1882). 4038:, showing the long, tapering tail 2949: 2793:was the original type species of 2775:has been considered a synonym of 2077:was named by Marsh in 1877 after 1951:0.55 or greater. Sauropod expert 1882:, but five differing features in 1853:differ in twelve characters, and 1336:and its teeth were actually from 1320:, he gave this specimen the name 878:is well preserved in specimen BYU 470:, in 1877, and a second species, 12447: 12435: 12249: 12243: 12238: 12232: 11041: 11022: 11014: 11006: 10287: 10282: 9756: 9750: 9744: 9736: 8888: 8881: 8876: 8870: 6640:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00665.x 6481:sacrum/ilia, right lateral view" 6215:Brinkman, P. (2006). "Bully for 1966: 393: 153: 60: 7846:Vertebrate Paleontology in Utah 7768: 7638: 6233:10.1016/j.endeavour.2006.10.004 5921:Miller, B. (October 30, 2014). 5739: 5580: 4842: 4462:Bulletin of the Carnegie Museum 4086: 3733: 3649: 2213:al. found the type specimen of 1725:In 2011, the first specimen of 1542:Field Museum of Natural History 1382:Field Museum of Natural History 905:1860) in side and anterior view 768:were slightly shorter than its 10305: 7372:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011179 6906:Black, R. (November 2, 2010). 6475:Taylor, M.P. (July 27, 2012). 5809:. University of Chicago Press. 5747:"Apatosaurus sp. AMNH FR 5755" 5144:10.7287/peerj.preprints.1347v1 5066:Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum 4511: 4491: 4484:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 4471: 3752:arching its neck down to drink 2145:460 found either to be within 1584:. Another smaller skeleton of 1548:It was not until 1909 that an 1112:, and the fused (co-ossified) 747:(red) with a human (blue) and 726: 13: 1: 12500:Multispecific sauropod genera 12475:Fossil taxa described in 1877 8907: 7671:10.1080/08912963.2020.1769092 7169:Ghose, T. (August 15, 2013). 7068:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 6973:10.1126/science.287.5453.547b 6499:"Re-evaluating "Apatosaurus" 5222:"Morphology of a specimen of 4431: 3820: 3702:A 2015 study of the necks of 3382:Dinheirosaurus lourinhanensis 3040:within the now-defunct group 7793:10.1016/j.palwor.2015.11.006 7465:10.1371/journal.pone.0067012 7137:10.1371/journal.pone.0072187 6874:10.1371/journal.pone.0078733 6780:10.1126/science.284.5415.798 6681:10.1371/journal.pone.0097128 5975:. MIT Press. pp. 1–57. 5593:collections.peabody.yale.edu 4948:10.1371/journal.pone.0018304 4667:10.1080/08912960410001715132 4004: 3929:A 1999 microscopic study of 3813:. He found that the neck of 3725:Trackways of sauropods like 1506:Despite Riggs' publication, 1244: 1230: 1216: 963:. In addition, they support 488:age, and are now known from 7: 6421:American Journal of Science 6329:"Not so fast, Brontosaurus" 6007:Dinosaurs: The Encyclopedia 5859:The American Museum Journal 5698:American Journal of Science 5503:American Journal of Science 2566:Brontosaurus yahnahpin 1898:, originally classified as 1362:sacrum, illustrated in 1879 852:skull, specimen CMC VP 7180 675:has long been considered a 10: 12516: 6730:10.4187/002013209793800286 5949:"The Wrongheaded Dinosaur" 5834:(6): 26–33. Archived from 5230:Arquivos do Museu Nacional 4117:, dates from between 156.3 3824: 3737: 2911:was found to be sister to 2456:Brontosaurus excelsus 2207:Dinosaur National Monument 1931:were also reclassified as 1833:In 2015, Emanuel Tschopp, 1675:might instead be those of 1558:Dinosaur National Monument 1251: 1237: 1223: 1174:Jefferson County, Colorado 987:, like its close relative 760:was a large, long-necked, 595:was confused with that of 12315: 12273: 12262: 12230: 12132: 12041: 11967: 11929: 11920: 11884: 11850: 11768: 11702: 11651: 11642: 11569: 11560: 11538: 11527: 11462: 11453: 11068: 11064: 11049: 11036: 11003: 10969: 10921: 10912: 10784: 10606: 10597: 10506: 10441: 10430: 10399: 10332: 10328: 10313: 10300: 10280: 10192: 10149: 10140: 10042: 10033: 9970: 9935: 9926: 9832: 9823: 9812: 9797: 9782: 9769: 9733: 9659: 9631: 9615: 9606: 9497: 9341: 9290: 9170: 9159: 9128: 9075: 9071: 9060: 9015: 8934: 8930: 8915: 8902: 8868: 8822: 8737: 8728: 8669: 8660: 8568: 8541: 8484: 8473: 8414: 8385: 8374: 8336: 8279: 8275: 8264: 8194: 8137: 8133: 8118: 8105: 8073: 8055: 8042: 7990: 7831:10.1017/S0094837300025768 7569:10.1017/S0094837300019801 7314:10.1017/S0094837300008587 6593:10.1017/S1477201906001805 5851:"The mounted skeleton of 5718:10.2475/ajs.s3-18.108.501 5562:. Random House. pp. 4996:American Museum Novitates 4518:Paul, Gregory S. (2016). 4504:Dictionary.com Unabridged 4460:(Reptilia, Saurischia)." 4380:, and several species of 4322: – mainly 4001:years, and died aged 31. 3912: 3550: 3533: 3526: 3500: 3483: 3476: 3469: 3452: 3445: 3428: 3421: 3395: 3378: 3371: 3364: 3347: 3340: 3327: 3320: 3264: 3247: 3240: 3223: 3216: 3190: 3173: 3166: 3159: 3146: 3139: 3129: 3112: 3105: 3014:, which may also include 2891:Albert-Félix de Lapparent 2887:Apatosaurus alenquerensis 2639: 2626: 2619: 2602: 2595: 2571: 2557: 2544: 2537: 2518: 2511: 2485: 2468: 2461: 2447: 2405: 2388: 2381: 2357: 2343: 2329: 2316: 2309: 2287: 2264: 2257: 2250: 1432:460 with sculpted skull, 1160:at Quarry 10 in Morrison. 1054:. However, the humeri of 366: 359: 339: 334: 318: 311: 150:Scientific classification 148: 136: 127: 34: 12480:Paleontology in Colorado 12288:List of sauropod species 7894:Amphicoelias fragillimus 7499:Dinosaur Eggs and Babies 6389:Dinosaur Eggs and Babies 6044:. Taylor & Francis. 5824:"The Bite of the Bronto" 5805:Brinkman, P. D. (2010). 5523:10.2475/ajs.s3-14.84.514 4703:Henderson, D.M. (2006). 2933:species of a new genus, 2915:and other camarasaurids. 2590:Brontosaurus parvus 2575:Eobrontosaurus yahnahpin 2376:Apatosaurus louisae 2165:1861 is the holotype of 2129:ages. In 2015, only the 2113:1840, NSMT-PV 20375, YPM 1991:Specimen NSMT-PV 20375, 1929:Eobrontosaurus yahnahpin 1758:Brigham Young University 1176:. Arthur Lakes wrote to 12485:Paleontology in Wyoming 6621:Whitlock, J.A. (2011). 5889:Journal of Paleontology 5474:A Greek-English Lexicon 4921:Whitlock, J.A. (2011). 4025: 3827:Physiology of dinosaurs 2217:to nest closely with CM 2167:"Atlantosaurus" immanis 1890:. Therefore, Tschopp et 1687:might have possessed a 1005:Artistic interpretation 961:Charles Whitney Gilmore 6011:. McFarland. pp. 5966:Crafton, D.C. (1982). 5947:Parsons, K.M. (1997). 5849:Matthew, W.D. (1905). 4905:on September 24, 2015. 4776:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0215 4553:Seebacher, F. (2001). 4172: 4124:at its base, and 146.8 4106: 4039: 3945:would have grown to 25 3926: 3836: 3753: 3659: 3251:Brontosaurus yahnahpin 2966: 2942:Brontosaurus yahnahpin 2748: 2409:Apatosaurus laticollis 2215:Apatosaurus laticollis 2004: 1984: 1976: 1791: 1644: 1545: 1508:Henry Fairfield Osborn 1475:was the earlier name, 1436: 1363: 1194:Atlantosaurus montanus 1161: 1011: 906: 868:is squared, with only 853: 754: 633:were more likely from 615:Henry Fairfield Osborn 516:in the United States. 371:Atlantosaurus montanus 12408:Paleobiology Database 12278:Sauropod neck posture 11969:Opisthocoelicaudiinae 7874:Foster, J.R. (2003). 7604:The Anatomical Record 7200:The Complete Dinosaur 7081:10.4202/app.2009.0007 6562:"The significance of 6560:Harris, J.D. (2006). 6309:Bakker, R.T. (1998). 6071:The Anatomical Record 5822:Bakker, R.T. (1994). 5268:Upchurch, P. (1994). 4194:, about 152–151 mya. 4166: 4094: 4033: 3920: 3834: 3825:Further information: 3747: 3740:Sauropod neck posture 3738:Further information: 3657: 3227:Brontosaurus excelsus 3030:Othniel Charles Marsh 2957: 2919:Apatosaurus yahnahpin 2889:was named in 1957 by 2839:in 1994, and then to 2742: 2472:Brontosaurus excelsus 2352:Apatosaurus ajax 2209:. In 2015, Tschopp et 1990: 1982: 1974: 1900:Brontosaurus excelsus 1782:according to Tschopp 1773: 1653:John Stanton McIntosh 1630: 1539: 1485:Brontosaurus excelsus 1423: 1391:Medicine Bow, Wyoming 1358: 1322:Brontosaurus excelsus 1304:possessing three and 1288:Atlantosaurus immanis 1178:Othniel Charles Marsh 1152: 1140:Discovery and species 1036:Brontosaurus excelsus 1003: 897:Cervical vertebra of 896: 848: 734: 605:until 1909, when the 462:Othniel Charles Marsh 7914:Hartman, S. (2013). 7231:Wedel, M.J. (2003). 6412:Marsh, O.C. (1878). 5838:on February 9, 2015. 5689:Marsh, O.C. (1879). 5127:adapted for combat?" 4156:in Portugal and the 4034:Skeletal diagram of 3720:intraspecific combat 3679:. It may have eaten 3658:Tracks of a juvenile 3399:Supersaurus vivianae 2791:Apatosaurus excelsus 1911:species compared to 1896:Apatosaurus excelsus 1855:Diplodocus carnegiei 1609:skull on the mount. 1489:Apatosaurus excelsus 1330:Diplodocus lacustris 815:. Some specimens of 141:(specimen CM 3018), 12137:Dubious titanosaurs 8954:Chinshakiangosaurus 7924:Brontosaurus Rising 7916:"Sauropods and kin" 7663:2021HBio...33.2057B 7561:1997Pbio...23..393M 7456:2013PLoSO...867012G 7364:1999JVPal..19..654C 7128:2013PLoSO...872187C 6865:2013PLoSO...878733S 6772:1999Sci...284..798S 6672:2014PLoSO...997128G 6585:2006JSPal...4..185H 6450:Foster, J. (2007). 6340:Prothero, D. 2015. 6179:2010GSLSP.343..361T 6003:Glut, D.F. (1997). 5710:1879AmJS...18..501M 5515:1877AmJS...14..514M 5360:"A new specimen of 5119:"Were the necks of 4939:2011PLoSO...618304W 4649:2004HBio...16...71M 4192:Brushy Basin Member 4158:Tendaguru Formation 4050:and paleontologist 3817:was very flexible. 3504:Diplodocus hallorum 3487:Diplodocus carnegii 3432:Leinkupal laticauda 3268:Brontosaurus parvus 3194:Apatosaurus louisae 2972:is a member of the 2958:Shoulder blade and 2907:al. in 2015, where 2847:Apatosaurus minimus 2753:Apatosaurus grandis 2489:Brontosaurus amplus 2392:Apatosaurus louisae 2203:Apatosaurus louisae 2182:Apatosaurus louisae 2028:P25112, and then a 1592:was found nearby CM 1566:Apatosaurus louisae 1190:Edward Drinker Cope 1024:Apatosaurus louisae 969:Apatosaurus louisae 860:diet. The snout of 750:Brontosaurus parvus 18:Apatosaurus louisae 12009:Opisthocoelicaudia 9081:Archaeodontosaurus 7651:Historical Biology 7522:Wedel, M. (2013). 5955:on April 14, 2010. 5768:(Vol. 45, p. 111). 4985:"The Braincase of 4816:Wedel, M. (2013). 4637:Historical Biology 4487:. Merriam-Webster. 4320:Lourinhã Formation 4173: 4154:Lourinhã Formation 4115:radiometric dating 4111:Morrison Formation 4107: 4040: 3927: 3837: 3754: 3660: 3351:Tornieria africana 3116:Amphicoelias altus 2967: 2829:Apatosaurus parvus 2749: 2735:Reassigned species 2523:Amphicoelias altus 2016:. They found that 2005: 1985: 1977: 1792: 1645: 1546: 1445:Grand River Valley 1437: 1364: 1350:Morrison Formation 1162: 1046:resembles that of 1012: 907: 854: 755: 647:genera, with only 576:was a generalized 526:cervical vertebrae 494:Morrison Formation 12423: 12422: 12395:Open Tree of Life 12309:Taxon identifiers 12300: 12299: 12296: 12295: 12258: 12257: 12228: 12227: 12224: 12223: 12220: 12219: 12145:Bruhathkayosaurus 12128: 12127: 12124: 12123: 12120: 12119: 11846: 11845: 11764: 11763: 11686:Panamericansaurus 11523: 11522: 11519: 11518: 11032: 11031: 11001: 11000: 10997: 10996: 10993: 10992: 10989: 10988: 10965: 10964: 10433:Titanosauriformes 10426: 10425: 10296: 10295: 10278: 10277: 10274: 10273: 10270: 10269: 10266: 10265: 10262: 10261: 10074:Brachytrachelopan 10029: 10028: 10025: 10024: 9803:Haplocanthosaurus 9765: 9764: 9731: 9730: 9727: 9726: 9723: 9722: 9664:Dubious sauropods 9655: 9654: 9651: 9650: 9647: 9646: 9155: 9154: 9056: 9055: 8991:Protognathosaurus 8898: 8897: 8866: 8865: 8862: 8861: 8858: 8857: 8854: 8853: 8850: 8849: 8846: 8845: 8842: 8841: 8469: 8468: 8370: 8369: 8260: 8259: 8101: 8100: 8097: 8096: 8093: 8092: 7761:978-1-55971-038-1 7724:. Modern Geology 7657:(10): 2057–2066. 7508:978-0-521-44342-5 7214:978-0-253-33349-0 7173:. livescience.com 7027:10.7717/peerj.712 6910:. Smithsonian.com 6825:978-0-253-34542-4 6766:(5415): 798–800. 6564:Suuwassea emiliae 6461:978-0-253-34870-8 6398:978-0-521-56723-7 6373:978-0-521-36672-4 6327:D'Emic, M. 2015. 6273:978-0-520-25408-4 6051:978-90-5699-183-8 6022:978-0-7864-7222-2 5982:978-0-262-03083-0 5657:10.7717/peerj.857 5573:978-0-375-82419-7 5431:10.7717/peerj.857 5331:978-1-4051-3413-2 4895:978-0-521-88996-4 4531:978-1-78684-190-2 4366:ray-finned fishes 3857:dead-space volume 3756:Diplodocids like 3646: 3645: 3637: 3636: 3628: 3627: 3619: 3618: 3610: 3609: 3601: 3600: 3592: 3591: 3583: 3582: 3574: 3573: 3565: 3564: 3554:Barosaurus lentus 3537:Kaatedocus siberi 3515: 3514: 3410: 3409: 3306: 3305: 3297: 3296: 3288: 3287: 3279: 3278: 3205: 3204: 2731: 2730: 2722: 2721: 2713: 2712: 2704: 2703: 2695: 2694: 2686: 2685: 2677: 2676: 2668: 2667: 2659: 2658: 2650: 2649: 2500: 2499: 2429: 2428: 2420: 2419: 2298: 2297: 1806:was considered a 1766:Apatosaurus ajax. 1145:Initial discovery 384: 383: 378: 353: 307: 16:(Redirected from 12507: 12452: 12451: 12450: 12440: 12439: 12438: 12431: 12416: 12415: 12403: 12402: 12390: 12389: 12377: 12376: 12364: 12363: 12351: 12350: 12349: 12336: 12335: 12334: 12304: 12303: 12264: 12263: 12253: 12247: 12242: 12236: 12134: 12133: 12016:Pellegrinisaurus 11927: 11926: 11882: 11881: 11861:Bustingorrytitan 11801:Futalognkosaurus 11649: 11648: 11567: 11566: 11536: 11535: 11460: 11459: 11443:Diamantinasauria 11335:Pellegrinisaurus 11241:Jiangshanosaurus 11132:Baotianmansaurus 11066: 11065: 11062: 11061: 11051: 11050: 11038: 11037: 11027: 11026: 11019: 11018: 11011: 11010: 10934:Diamantinasaurus 10919: 10918: 10914:Diamantinasauria 10853:Jiangshanosaurus 10604: 10603: 10439: 10438: 10330: 10329: 10326: 10325: 10315: 10314: 10302: 10301: 10291: 10286: 10147: 10146: 10040: 10039: 9972:Rebbachisaurinae 9933: 9932: 9830: 9829: 9825:Rebbachisauridae 9821: 9820: 9795: 9794: 9784: 9783: 9771: 9770: 9760: 9754: 9749: 9748: 9741: 9740: 9672:Bothriospondylus 9661: 9660: 9613: 9612: 9389:Eomamenchisaurus 9343:Mamenchisauridae 9323:Lapparentosaurus 9267:Spinophorosaurus 9168: 9167: 9073: 9072: 9069: 9068: 8932: 8931: 8928: 8927: 8917: 8916: 8904: 8903: 8893: 8892: 8885: 8880: 8874: 8735: 8734: 8667: 8666: 8570:Massospondylidae 8482: 8481: 8412: 8411: 8383: 8382: 8347:Jaklapallisaurus 8327:Thecodontosaurus 8277: 8276: 8273: 8272: 8135: 8134: 8131: 8130: 8120: 8119: 8107: 8106: 8053: 8052: 8044: 8043: 8037: 8036: 7992: 7991: 7977: 7970: 7963: 7954: 7953: 7919: 7902: 7901: 7886: 7880: 7879: 7871: 7865: 7864: 7856: 7850: 7849: 7841: 7835: 7834: 7814: 7805: 7804: 7772: 7766: 7765: 7744: 7738: 7737: 7717: 7711: 7710: 7697: 7691: 7690: 7642: 7636: 7635: 7616:10.1002/ar.22887 7610:(7): 1262–1269. 7595: 7589: 7588: 7546: 7537: 7528: 7527: 7519: 7513: 7512: 7494: 7488: 7487: 7477: 7467: 7435: 7426: 7425: 7399: 7390: 7384: 7383: 7340: 7334: 7333: 7297: 7291: 7290: 7278: 7272: 7271: 7237: 7228: 7219: 7218: 7194: 7183: 7182: 7180: 7178: 7166: 7160: 7159: 7149: 7139: 7107: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7083: 7065: 7056: 7050: 7049: 7039: 7029: 7002: 6993: 6992: 6990: 6988: 6982: 6975: 6957: 6948: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6937: 6926: 6920: 6919: 6917: 6915: 6903: 6897: 6896: 6886: 6876: 6844: 6838: 6837: 6813: 6803: 6792: 6791: 6755: 6742: 6741: 6718:Respiratory Care 6713: 6704: 6703: 6693: 6683: 6651: 6645: 6644: 6642: 6618: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6570: 6557: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6533: 6517: 6511: 6510: 6494: 6485: 6484: 6472: 6466: 6465: 6447: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6418: 6409: 6403: 6402: 6384: 6378: 6377: 6361: 6351: 6345: 6338: 6332: 6325: 6319: 6318: 6306: 6297: 6296: 6284: 6278: 6277: 6261: 6251: 6245: 6244: 6212: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6187:10.1144/SP343.22 6164: 6152: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6132: 6124:"A new skull of 6119: 6113: 6112: 6086: 6084:10.1002/ar.24198 6062: 6056: 6055: 6033: 6027: 6026: 6010: 6000: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5974: 5963: 5957: 5956: 5944: 5931: 5930: 5918: 5905: 5904: 5876: 5867: 5866: 5846: 5840: 5839: 5819: 5810: 5803: 5790: 5789: 5780: 5769: 5762: 5751: 5750: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5704:(108): 501–505. 5695: 5686: 5680: 5679: 5669: 5659: 5635: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5584: 5578: 5577: 5561: 5548: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5500: 5488: 5479: 5478: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5451: 5433: 5409: 5396: 5393: 5384: 5383: 5362:Apatosaurus ajax 5355: 5336: 5335: 5319: 5306: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5274: 5265: 5256: 5255: 5245: 5217: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5180: 5164: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5111: 5100: 5099: 5081: 5079:10.5962/p.234849 5050: 5023: 5022: 5020: 4993: 4980: 4971: 4970: 4960: 4950: 4918: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4898:. Archived from 4887: 4876: 4865: 4864: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4826: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4796: 4778: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4709: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4660: 4634: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4577: 4559: 4550: 4544: 4543: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4475: 4469: 4454: 4448: 4441: 4247:; the sauropods 4206:mya. Additional 4205: 4199: 4188:Apatosaurus ajax 4127: 4120: 4052:Philip J. Currie 4000: 3996: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3972: 3960: 3952: 3948: 3940: 3908: 3802: 3529: 3528: 3479: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3448: 3447: 3424: 3423: 3374: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3343: 3342: 3329:Unnamed species 3323: 3322: 3243: 3242: 3219: 3218: 3177:Apatosaurus ajax 3169: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3148:Unnamed species 3142: 3141: 3132: 3131: 3108: 3107: 3098: 3097: 2926: 2906: 2882: 2858: 2818: 2810: 2801:as a synonym of 2784: 2760: 2622: 2621: 2606:Elosaurus parvus 2598: 2597: 2560: 2559: 2540: 2539: 2514: 2513: 2464: 2463: 2450: 2449: 2384: 2383: 2361:Apatosaurus ajax 2346: 2345: 2332: 2331: 2312: 2311: 2260: 2259: 2253: 2252: 2241: 2240: 2226: 2220: 2212: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2174: 2164: 2158: 2152: 2144: 2140: 2134: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2106: 2098: 2084: 2074:Apatosaurus ajax 2053: 2045: 2037: 2027: 2021: 2007:Many species of 2003:or a new species 2000: 1925:Elosaurus parvus 1916: 1894:al. argued that 1893: 1887: 1879: 1871: 1862: 1850: 1842: 1827: 1819: 1812:Robert T. Bakker 1787: 1753: 1745: 1739: 1735: 1702: 1642: 1638: 1599: 1595: 1589: 1579: 1563: 1500: 1468: 1461:Apatosaurus ajax 1449:Fruita, Colorado 1431: 1338:Apatosaurus ajax 1256: 1255: 1247: 1240: 1239: 1233: 1226: 1225: 1219: 1203:Apatosaurus ajax 1158:Apatosaurus ajax 1120:. The femora of 1071: 1063: 1031: 939: 932: 925: 921: 915: 881: 841: 833: 829: 820: 810: 788: 778: 744: 688: 434: 433: 430: 429: 426: 423: 420: 417: 414: 411: 408: 405: 402: 399: 376: 351: 344: 324:Apatosaurus ajax 321: 302: 295: 282: 269: 256: 243: 227: 158: 157: 132: 122: 59: 40:Temporal range: 32: 31: 21: 12515: 12514: 12510: 12509: 12508: 12506: 12505: 12504: 12460: 12459: 12458: 12448: 12446: 12436: 12434: 12426: 12424: 12419: 12411: 12406: 12398: 12393: 12385: 12380: 12372: 12367: 12359: 12354: 12345: 12344: 12339: 12330: 12329: 12324: 12311: 12301: 12292: 12283:Sauropod hiatus 12269: 12254: 12216: 12153:Campylodoniscus 12116: 12037: 11963: 11916: 11886:Nemegtosauridae 11880: 11842: 11779:Argentinosaurus 11760: 11698: 11638: 11556: 11532: 11515: 11475:Atsinganosaurus 11455:Lirainosaurinae 11449: 11436:Xianshanosaurus 11321:Normanniasaurus 11307:Narambuenatitan 11190:Dongyangosaurus 11058: 11045: 11028: 11021: 11013: 11005: 10985: 10961: 10941:Sarmientosaurus 10908: 10861:Phuwiangosaurus 10780: 10593: 10508:Brachiosauridae 10502: 10435: 10422: 10395: 10322: 10309: 10292: 10258: 10188: 10136: 10044:Dicraeosauridae 10035:Flagellicaudata 10021: 9966: 9922: 9896:Nopcsaspondylus 9888:Maraapunisaurus 9817: 9815:Diplodocimorpha 9808: 9791: 9778: 9761: 9743: 9735: 9719: 9643: 9627: 9602: 9575:Tehuelchesaurus 9493: 9453:Tienshanosaurus 9337: 9286: 9274:Tehuelchesaurus 9164: 9151: 9130:Vulcanodontidae 9124: 9065: 9052: 9011: 8961:Gongxianosaurus 8924: 8911: 8894: 8887: 8838: 8818: 8724: 8683:Jingshanosaurus 8675:Chuxiongosaurus 8662:Sauropodiformes 8656: 8579:Adeopapposaurus 8564: 8537: 8478: 8465: 8410: 8379: 8366: 8332: 8269: 8256: 8190: 8127: 8125:Sauropodomorpha 8114: 8112:Sauropodomorpha 8089: 8075:Sauropodomorpha 8069: 8063:Avemetatarsalia 8048:Avemetatarsalia 8038: 8023:Avemetatarsalia 7997: 7996: 7986: 7984:Sauropodomorpha 7981: 7922:Batuman, Elif. 7910: 7905: 7887: 7883: 7872: 7868: 7857: 7853: 7842: 7838: 7815: 7808: 7773: 7769: 7762: 7745: 7741: 7718: 7714: 7698: 7694: 7643: 7639: 7596: 7592: 7544: 7538: 7531: 7520: 7516: 7509: 7495: 7491: 7436: 7429: 7397: 7391: 7387: 7341: 7337: 7298: 7294: 7279: 7275: 7235: 7229: 7222: 7215: 7195: 7186: 7176: 7174: 7167: 7163: 7108: 7104: 7096: 7063: 7057: 7053: 7003: 6996: 6986: 6984: 6980: 6955: 6949: 6945: 6935: 6933: 6928: 6927: 6923: 6913: 6911: 6904: 6900: 6845: 6841: 6826: 6804: 6795: 6756: 6745: 6714: 6707: 6652: 6648: 6619: 6615: 6607: 6568: 6558: 6554: 6546: 6531: 6518: 6514: 6495: 6488: 6477:""Apatosaurus" 6473: 6469: 6462: 6448: 6439: 6431: 6427:(95): 412–414. 6416: 6410: 6406: 6399: 6385: 6381: 6374: 6352: 6348: 6339: 6335: 6326: 6322: 6307: 6300: 6285: 6281: 6274: 6252: 6248: 6213: 6209: 6201: 6162: 6153: 6149: 6141: 6130: 6120: 6116: 6063: 6059: 6052: 6034: 6030: 6023: 6001: 5997: 5989: 5983: 5972: 5964: 5960: 5945: 5934: 5919: 5908: 5877: 5870: 5847: 5843: 5820: 5813: 5804: 5793: 5781: 5772: 5763: 5754: 5745: 5744: 5740: 5732: 5693: 5687: 5683: 5636: 5607: 5597: 5595: 5585: 5581: 5574: 5552:Holtz, T.R. Jr. 5549: 5545: 5537: 5509:(84): 514–516. 5498: 5489: 5482: 5469: 5465: 5410: 5399: 5394: 5387: 5356: 5339: 5332: 5307: 5303: 5295: 5272: 5266: 5259: 5243:10.1.1.603.7472 5218: 5209: 5201: 5178: 5165: 5152: 5131:PeerJ PrePrints 5112: 5103: 5051: 5026: 5018: 4991: 4981: 4974: 4919: 4910: 4902: 4896: 4885: 4877: 4868: 4861: 4847: 4843: 4835: 4824: 4814: 4810: 4769:(6): 20150215. 4763:Biology Letters 4751: 4747: 4707: 4701: 4697: 4689: 4658:10.1.1.694.1650 4632: 4626: 4622: 4614: 4557: 4551: 4547: 4532: 4516: 4512: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4477: 4476: 4472: 4455: 4451: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4410:gallery forests 4378:crocodylomorphs 4203: 4197: 4125: 4118: 4089: 4081:mamenchisaurids 4048:Nathan Myhrvold 4028: 4007: 3998: 3994: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3970: 3958: 3950: 3946: 3938: 3915: 3906: 3851:did not have a 3829: 3823: 3800: 3788:Matthew Cobley 3742: 3736: 3652: 3647: 3638: 3629: 3620: 3611: 3602: 3593: 3584: 3575: 3566: 3516: 3456:Galeamopus hayi 3411: 3307: 3298: 3289: 3280: 3206: 3042:Atlantosauridae 2952: 2924: 2904: 2880: 2856: 2816: 2808: 2782: 2771:in 1878. Since 2758: 2737: 2732: 2723: 2714: 2705: 2696: 2687: 2678: 2669: 2660: 2651: 2641:BYU 1252-18531 2501: 2430: 2421: 2299: 2224: 2218: 2210: 2198: 2197:11162, and LACM 2194: 2190: 2186: 2172: 2162: 2156: 2150: 2142: 2138: 2132: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2104: 2096: 2082: 2051: 2043: 2035: 2025: 2019: 1998: 1995:, which may be 1969: 1961:Donald Prothero 1914: 1891: 1885: 1877: 1869: 1860: 1848: 1840: 1825: 1817: 1785: 1751: 1743: 1737: 1733: 1723: 1700: 1640: 1636: 1597: 1593: 1587: 1577: 1574:Andrew Carnegie 1570:Louise Carnegie 1561: 1498: 1466: 1429: 1428:) specimen AMNH 1369: 1209:comes from the 1186:Yale University 1180:, Professor of 1170:Rocky Mountains 1147: 1142: 1076:Charles Gilmore 1069: 1061: 1029: 937: 930: 923: 919: 913: 879: 839: 831: 827: 818: 808: 786: 776: 742: 729: 686: 396: 392: 375: 350: 330: 327: 301: 293: 280: 267: 254: 241: 229:Sauropodomorpha 225: 152: 123: 121: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 54: 53: 38: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12513: 12503: 12502: 12497: 12492: 12487: 12482: 12477: 12472: 12457: 12456: 12444: 12421: 12420: 12418: 12417: 12404: 12391: 12378: 12365: 12352: 12337: 12321: 12319: 12313: 12312: 12298: 12297: 12294: 12293: 12291: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12274: 12271: 12270: 12260: 12259: 12256: 12255: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12225: 12222: 12221: 12218: 12217: 12215: 12214: 12207: 12199: 12192: 12184: 12177: 12170: 12163: 12160:Clasmodosaurus 12156: 12149: 12140: 12138: 12130: 12129: 12126: 12125: 12122: 12121: 12118: 12117: 12115: 12114: 12107: 12100: 12093: 12086: 12079: 12075:Maxakalisaurus 12071: 12064: 12056: 12047: 12045: 12039: 12038: 12036: 12035: 12027: 12020: 12012: 12005: 11997: 11989: 11982: 11973: 11971: 11965: 11964: 11962: 11961: 11957:Quaesitosaurus 11953: 11946: 11938: 11930: 11924: 11918: 11917: 11915: 11914: 11906: 11902:Quaesitosaurus 11898: 11890: 11888: 11879: 11878: 11871: 11864: 11856: 11854: 11852:Saltasauroidea 11848: 11847: 11844: 11843: 11841: 11840: 11833: 11826: 11819: 11812: 11804: 11797: 11789: 11782: 11774: 11772: 11766: 11765: 11762: 11761: 11759: 11758: 11751: 11744: 11737: 11730: 11723: 11716: 11708: 11706: 11700: 11699: 11697: 11696: 11689: 11682: 11675: 11668: 11664:Maxakalisaurus 11660: 11657:Adamantisaurus 11652: 11646: 11640: 11639: 11637: 11636: 11629: 11621: 11614: 11607: 11603:Epachthosaurus 11599: 11592: 11585: 11578: 11575:Antarctosaurus 11570: 11564: 11558: 11557: 11555: 11554: 11547: 11539: 11533: 11530:Eutitanosauria 11528: 11525: 11524: 11521: 11520: 11517: 11516: 11514: 11513: 11506: 11503:Mansourasaurus 11499: 11492: 11485: 11478: 11471: 11463: 11457: 11451: 11450: 11448: 11447: 11439: 11432: 11425: 11418: 11411: 11404: 11397: 11390: 11382: 11378:Tastavinsaurus 11374: 11367: 11360: 11353: 11346: 11343:Petrobrasaurus 11339: 11331: 11324: 11317: 11310: 11303: 11296: 11289: 11285:Malarguesaurus 11281: 11274: 11266: 11259: 11252: 11245: 11237: 11230: 11223: 11216: 11212:Epachthosaurus 11208: 11201: 11193: 11186: 11179: 11172: 11165: 11158: 11150: 11142: 11135: 11128: 11125:Austroposeidon 11121: 11114: 11107: 11100: 11092: 11085: 11077: 11069: 11059: 11054: 11047: 11046: 11034: 11033: 11030: 11029: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10998: 10995: 10994: 10991: 10990: 10987: 10986: 10984: 10983: 10982: 10981: 10975: 10973: 10967: 10966: 10963: 10962: 10960: 10959: 10951: 10944: 10937: 10930: 10922: 10916: 10910: 10909: 10907: 10906: 10899: 10892: 10889:Tangvayosaurus 10885: 10878: 10871: 10864: 10857: 10849: 10842: 10835: 10828: 10821: 10814: 10807: 10799: 10790: 10788: 10782: 10781: 10779: 10778: 10771: 10768:Tastavinsaurus 10764: 10757: 10750: 10743: 10740:Pukyongosaurus 10736: 10729: 10722: 10719:Liubangosaurus 10715: 10707: 10704:Liaoningotitan 10700: 10693: 10685: 10678: 10671: 10664: 10657: 10650: 10643: 10636: 10629: 10626:Astrophocaudia 10622: 10615: 10607: 10601: 10599:Somphospondyli 10595: 10594: 10592: 10591: 10584: 10577: 10570: 10563: 10556: 10549: 10541: 10534: 10527: 10520: 10512: 10510: 10504: 10503: 10501: 10500: 10492: 10485: 10478: 10471: 10464: 10457: 10450: 10442: 10436: 10431: 10428: 10427: 10424: 10423: 10421: 10420: 10417:Lourinhasaurus 10413: 10405: 10403: 10401:Camarasauridae 10397: 10396: 10394: 10393: 10386: 10378: 10371: 10367:Dashanpusaurus 10363: 10356: 10348: 10341: 10333: 10323: 10318: 10311: 10310: 10298: 10297: 10294: 10293: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10275: 10272: 10271: 10268: 10267: 10264: 10263: 10260: 10259: 10257: 10256: 10249: 10242: 10235: 10227: 10220: 10213: 10210:Dinheirosaurus 10206: 10198: 10196: 10190: 10189: 10187: 10186: 10179: 10171: 10164: 10155: 10153: 10144: 10138: 10137: 10135: 10134: 10127: 10120: 10113: 10106: 10099: 10092: 10084: 10077: 10070: 10063: 10056: 10048: 10046: 10037: 10031: 10030: 10027: 10026: 10023: 10022: 10020: 10019: 10012: 10009:Rebbachisaurus 10005: 9998: 9991: 9984: 9976: 9974: 9968: 9967: 9965: 9964: 9956: 9949: 9941: 9939: 9930: 9924: 9923: 9921: 9920: 9913: 9906: 9899: 9892: 9884: 9881:Lavocatisaurus 9877: 9870: 9862: 9855: 9848: 9841: 9833: 9827: 9818: 9813: 9810: 9809: 9807: 9806: 9798: 9792: 9787: 9780: 9779: 9767: 9766: 9763: 9762: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9728: 9725: 9724: 9721: 9720: 9718: 9717: 9710: 9707:Qinlingosaurus 9703: 9696: 9689: 9682: 9675: 9667: 9665: 9657: 9656: 9653: 9652: 9649: 9648: 9645: 9644: 9642: 9641: 9640:(see below ↓ ) 9637: 9635: 9629: 9628: 9626: 9625: 9624:(see below ↓ ) 9621: 9619: 9610: 9604: 9603: 9601: 9600: 9593: 9586: 9579: 9571: 9563: 9556: 9549: 9542: 9535: 9527: 9519: 9511: 9503: 9501: 9495: 9494: 9492: 9491: 9484: 9477: 9470: 9463: 9456: 9449: 9446:Rhomaleopakhus 9442: 9435: 9428: 9425:Mamenchisaurus 9421: 9413: 9406: 9399: 9392: 9385: 9377: 9374:Chuanjiesaurus 9370: 9366:Cetiosauriscus 9362: 9355: 9347: 9345: 9339: 9338: 9336: 9335: 9327: 9319: 9311: 9304: 9296: 9294: 9288: 9287: 9285: 9284: 9277: 9270: 9263: 9256: 9249: 9242: 9235: 9228: 9221: 9218:Dashanpusaurus 9214: 9211:Cetiosauriscus 9207: 9200: 9193: 9186: 9179: 9171: 9165: 9160: 9157: 9156: 9153: 9152: 9150: 9149: 9142: 9134: 9132: 9126: 9125: 9123: 9122: 9118:Zizhongosaurus 9114: 9106: 9099: 9092: 9085: 9076: 9066: 9061: 9058: 9057: 9054: 9053: 9051: 9050: 9043: 9036: 9029: 9021: 9019: 9017:Lessemsauridae 9013: 9012: 9010: 9009: 9005:Tuebingosaurus 9001: 8994: 8987: 8979: 8971: 8964: 8957: 8950: 8943: 8935: 8925: 8920: 8913: 8912: 8900: 8899: 8896: 8895: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8863: 8860: 8859: 8856: 8855: 8852: 8851: 8848: 8847: 8844: 8843: 8840: 8839: 8837: 8836: 8835: 8834: 8828: 8826: 8820: 8819: 8817: 8816: 8813:Sefapanosaurus 8809: 8802: 8795: 8788: 8785:Melanorosaurus 8781: 8774: 8767: 8760: 8753: 8746: 8738: 8732: 8726: 8725: 8723: 8722: 8715: 8708: 8700: 8693: 8686: 8679: 8670: 8664: 8658: 8657: 8655: 8654: 8646: 8639: 8632: 8625: 8622:Massospondylus 8618: 8611: 8604: 8596: 8593:Glacialisaurus 8589: 8586:Coloradisaurus 8582: 8574: 8572: 8566: 8565: 8563: 8562: 8555: 8547: 8545: 8539: 8538: 8536: 8535: 8532:Tuebingosaurus 8528: 8521: 8514: 8507: 8500: 8493: 8485: 8479: 8474: 8471: 8470: 8467: 8466: 8464: 8463: 8456: 8449: 8446:Pachysauriscus 8442: 8435: 8432:Gresslyosaurus 8428: 8420: 8418: 8416:Plateosauridae 8409: 8408: 8401: 8394: 8391:Plateosauravus 8386: 8380: 8375: 8372: 8371: 8368: 8367: 8365: 8364: 8357: 8350: 8342: 8340: 8334: 8333: 8331: 8330: 8323: 8316: 8309: 8302: 8295: 8288: 8280: 8270: 8265: 8262: 8261: 8258: 8257: 8255: 8254: 8247: 8239: 8231: 8224: 8221:Chromogisaurus 8217: 8209: 8200: 8198: 8192: 8191: 8189: 8188: 8181: 8174: 8167: 8160: 8153: 8146: 8138: 8128: 8123: 8116: 8115: 8103: 8102: 8099: 8098: 8095: 8094: 8091: 8090: 8088: 8087: 8086: 8085: 8079: 8077: 8071: 8070: 8068: 8067: 8066: 8065: 8056: 8050: 8040: 8039: 8035: 8034: 8025: 8016: 8010: 8004: 7988: 7987: 7980: 7979: 7972: 7965: 7957: 7951: 7950: 7941:Taylor, Mike. 7939: 7934:Krystek, Lee. 7932: 7929:The New Yorker 7926:(April 2015), 7920: 7909: 7908:External links 7906: 7904: 7903: 7881: 7866: 7851: 7836: 7825:(2): 208–232. 7806: 7787:(3): 431–443. 7767: 7760: 7739: 7712: 7692: 7637: 7602:(Sauropoda)". 7590: 7555:(4): 393–409. 7529: 7514: 7507: 7489: 7427: 7408:(2): 264–281. 7385: 7358:(4): 654–665. 7335: 7292: 7283:Modern Geology 7273: 7246:(2): 243–255. 7220: 7213: 7184: 7161: 7102: 7074:(2): 213–220. 7051: 6994: 6966:(5453): 547b. 6943: 6921: 6898: 6859:(10): e78733. 6839: 6824: 6793: 6743: 6724:(7): 887–911. 6705: 6646: 6633:(4): 872–915. 6613: 6579:(2): 185–198. 6552: 6512: 6486: 6467: 6460: 6437: 6404: 6397: 6379: 6372: 6346: 6344:. Skeptic.com. 6333: 6320: 6298: 6279: 6272: 6258:The Dinosauria 6246: 6227:(4): 126–130. 6207: 6173:(1): 361–386. 6147: 6114: 6077:(4): 732–758. 6057: 6050: 6028: 6021: 5995: 5981: 5958: 5932: 5906: 5895:(1): 187–199. 5868: 5841: 5811: 5791: 5770: 5752: 5738: 5681: 5605: 5579: 5572: 5543: 5480: 5463: 5397: 5385: 5374:(118): 1–156. 5337: 5330: 5301: 5257: 5236:(4): 527–544. 5207: 5189:(4): 165–196. 5150: 5101: 5072:(4): 175–300. 5058:"Osteology of 5024: 4998:(3677): 1–32. 4972: 4908: 4894: 4866: 4860:978-0691190693 4859: 4841: 4808: 4745: 4718:(4): 907–921. 4695: 4643:(2–4): 71–83. 4620: 4575:10.1.1.462.255 4545: 4530: 4510: 4507:(Online). n.d. 4490: 4470: 4449: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4422:-like conifer 4361:Dinheirosaurus 4271:ornithischians 4167:Ischium of an 4088: 4085: 4027: 4024: 4006: 4003: 3914: 3911: 3890:James Spotila 3822: 3819: 3735: 3732: 3718:were used for 3651: 3648: 3644: 3643: 3640: 3639: 3635: 3634: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3625: 3622: 3621: 3617: 3616: 3613: 3612: 3608: 3607: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3598: 3595: 3594: 3590: 3589: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3580: 3577: 3576: 3572: 3571: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3562: 3559: 3558: 3549: 3546: 3545: 3542: 3541: 3532: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3512: 3509: 3508: 3499: 3496: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3482: 3477: 3475: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3464: 3461: 3460: 3451: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3440: 3437: 3436: 3427: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3416: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3407: 3404: 3403: 3394: 3391: 3390: 3387: 3386: 3377: 3372: 3370: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3356: 3355: 3346: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3335: 3332: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3319: 3313: 3312: 3309: 3308: 3304: 3303: 3300: 3299: 3295: 3294: 3291: 3290: 3286: 3285: 3282: 3281: 3277: 3276: 3273: 3272: 3263: 3260: 3259: 3256: 3255: 3246: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3222: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3211: 3208: 3207: 3203: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3189: 3186: 3185: 3182: 3181: 3172: 3167: 3165: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3154: 3151: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3138: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3124: 3121: 3120: 3111: 3106: 3104: 3096: 3066:Elmer S. Riggs 2951: 2950:Classification 2948: 2947: 2946: 2936:Eobrontosaurus 2916: 2909:Lourinhasaurus 2900:Lourinhasaurus 2884: 2863:Mike P. Taylor 2844: 2826: 2788: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2728: 2725: 2724: 2720: 2719: 2716: 2715: 2711: 2710: 2707: 2706: 2702: 2701: 2698: 2697: 2693: 2692: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2683: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2665: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2656: 2653: 2652: 2648: 2647: 2644: 2643: 2638: 2635: 2634: 2631: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2614: 2611: 2610: 2601: 2596: 2594: 2584: 2583: 2580: 2579: 2570: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2552: 2549: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2532: 2529: 2528: 2517: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2506: 2503: 2502: 2498: 2497: 2494: 2493: 2484: 2481: 2480: 2477: 2476: 2467: 2462: 2460: 2448: 2446: 2436: 2435: 2432: 2431: 2427: 2426: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2417: 2414: 2413: 2404: 2401: 2400: 2397: 2396: 2387: 2382: 2380: 2370: 2369: 2366: 2365: 2356: 2344: 2342: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2324: 2321: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2304: 2301: 2300: 2296: 2295: 2292: 2291: 2289:NSMT-PV 20375 2286: 2283: 2282: 2279: 2278: 2263: 2258: 2256: 2251: 2249: 2239: 2231: 2230: 2178: 2117:1861, and AMNH 1968: 1965: 1953:Michael D'Emic 1835:Octávio Mateus 1808:junior synonym 1722: 1719: 1568:, named after 1395:Walter Granger 1368: 1365: 1348:were from the 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 735:Comparison of 728: 725: 677:junior synonym 496:of modern-day 449:that lived in 382: 381: 380: 379: 364: 363: 357: 356: 355: 354: 337: 336: 335:Other species 332: 331: 328: 316: 315: 309: 308: 291: 287: 286: 278: 274: 273: 265: 261: 260: 252: 248: 247: 239: 232: 231: 223: 216: 215: 210: 203: 202: 197: 190: 189: 184: 180: 179: 174: 170: 169: 164: 160: 159: 146: 145: 134: 133: 125: 124: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 39: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12512: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12483: 12481: 12478: 12476: 12473: 12471: 12468: 12467: 12465: 12455: 12454:United States 12445: 12443: 12433: 12432: 12429: 12414: 12409: 12405: 12401: 12396: 12392: 12388: 12383: 12379: 12375: 12370: 12366: 12362: 12357: 12353: 12348: 12342: 12338: 12333: 12327: 12323: 12322: 12320: 12318: 12314: 12310: 12305: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12275: 12272: 12265: 12261: 12252: 12248: 12246: 12241: 12235: 12213: 12212: 12208: 12205: 12204: 12203:Mongolosaurus 12200: 12198: 12197: 12193: 12190: 12189: 12188:Macrurosaurus 12185: 12183: 12182: 12178: 12176: 12175: 12171: 12169: 12168: 12167:Hypselosaurus 12164: 12162: 12161: 12157: 12155: 12154: 12150: 12147: 12146: 12142: 12141: 12139: 12135: 12131: 12113: 12112: 12108: 12106: 12105: 12101: 12099: 12098: 12094: 12092: 12091: 12087: 12085: 12084: 12083:Neuquensaurus 12080: 12077: 12076: 12072: 12070: 12069: 12065: 12062: 12061: 12057: 12054: 12053: 12049: 12048: 12046: 12044: 12043:Saltasaurinae 12040: 12033: 12032: 12031:Zhuchengtitan 12028: 12026: 12025: 12021: 12018: 12017: 12013: 12011: 12010: 12006: 12003: 12002: 12001:Dreadnoughtus 11998: 11995: 11994: 11990: 11988: 11987: 11983: 11980: 11979: 11975: 11974: 11972: 11970: 11966: 11959: 11958: 11954: 11952: 11951: 11950:Qingxiusaurus 11947: 11944: 11943: 11939: 11937: 11936: 11932: 11931: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11922:Saltasauridae 11919: 11912: 11911: 11907: 11904: 11903: 11899: 11897: 11896: 11895:Nemegtosaurus 11892: 11891: 11889: 11887: 11883: 11877: 11876: 11872: 11870: 11869: 11865: 11863: 11862: 11858: 11857: 11855: 11853: 11849: 11839: 11838: 11834: 11832: 11831: 11827: 11825: 11824: 11820: 11818: 11817: 11816:Mendozasaurus 11813: 11810: 11809: 11805: 11803: 11802: 11798: 11795: 11794: 11793:Dzharatitanis 11790: 11788: 11787: 11783: 11781: 11780: 11776: 11775: 11773: 11771: 11767: 11757: 11756: 11752: 11750: 11749: 11745: 11743: 11742: 11741:Gondwanatitan 11738: 11736: 11735: 11731: 11729: 11728: 11724: 11722: 11721: 11717: 11715: 11714: 11710: 11709: 11707: 11705: 11701: 11695: 11694: 11690: 11688: 11687: 11683: 11681: 11680: 11676: 11674: 11673: 11672:Muyelensaurus 11669: 11666: 11665: 11661: 11659: 11658: 11654: 11653: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11641: 11635: 11634: 11630: 11627: 11626: 11622: 11620: 11619: 11615: 11613: 11612: 11608: 11605: 11604: 11600: 11598: 11597: 11596:Chucarosaurus 11593: 11591: 11590: 11586: 11584: 11583: 11579: 11577: 11576: 11572: 11571: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11562:Colossosauria 11559: 11553: 11552: 11551:Menucocelsior 11548: 11546: 11545: 11541: 11540: 11537: 11534: 11531: 11526: 11512: 11511: 11507: 11505: 11504: 11500: 11498: 11497: 11493: 11491: 11490: 11489:Lirainosaurus 11486: 11484: 11483: 11479: 11477: 11476: 11472: 11470: 11469: 11465: 11464: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11452: 11445: 11444: 11440: 11438: 11437: 11433: 11431: 11430: 11426: 11424: 11423: 11419: 11417: 11416: 11412: 11410: 11409: 11408:Trigonosaurus 11405: 11403: 11402: 11398: 11396: 11395: 11391: 11388: 11387: 11383: 11380: 11379: 11375: 11373: 11372: 11371:Ruyangosaurus 11368: 11366: 11365: 11361: 11359: 11358: 11354: 11352: 11351: 11350:Pitekunsaurus 11347: 11345: 11344: 11340: 11337: 11336: 11332: 11330: 11329: 11325: 11323: 11322: 11318: 11316: 11315: 11311: 11309: 11308: 11304: 11302: 11301: 11300:Mnyamawamtuka 11297: 11295: 11294: 11290: 11287: 11286: 11282: 11280: 11279: 11278:Magyarosaurus 11275: 11272: 11271: 11270:Ligabuesaurus 11267: 11265: 11264: 11263:Laplatasaurus 11260: 11258: 11257: 11256:Karongasaurus 11253: 11251: 11250: 11246: 11243: 11242: 11238: 11236: 11235: 11231: 11229: 11228: 11224: 11222: 11221: 11217: 11214: 11213: 11209: 11207: 11206: 11202: 11199: 11198: 11197:Dreadnoughtus 11194: 11192: 11191: 11187: 11185: 11184: 11180: 11178: 11177: 11173: 11171: 11170: 11166: 11164: 11163: 11162:Borealosaurus 11159: 11156: 11155: 11151: 11148: 11147: 11143: 11141: 11140: 11139:Barrosasaurus 11136: 11134: 11133: 11129: 11127: 11126: 11122: 11120: 11119: 11115: 11113: 11112: 11108: 11106: 11105: 11101: 11098: 11097: 11093: 11091: 11090: 11086: 11083: 11082: 11081:Aegyptosaurus 11078: 11076: 11075: 11071: 11070: 11067: 11063: 11060: 11057: 11052: 11048: 11044: 11039: 11035: 11025: 11020: 11017: 11009: 10979: 10978: 10977: 10976: 10974: 10972: 10968: 10957: 10956: 10952: 10950: 10949: 10948:Savannasaurus 10945: 10943: 10942: 10938: 10936: 10935: 10931: 10929: 10928: 10927:Australotitan 10924: 10923: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10911: 10905: 10904: 10900: 10898: 10897: 10893: 10891: 10890: 10886: 10884: 10883: 10879: 10877: 10876: 10872: 10870: 10869: 10865: 10863: 10862: 10858: 10855: 10854: 10850: 10848: 10847: 10843: 10841: 10840: 10836: 10834: 10833: 10829: 10827: 10826: 10822: 10820: 10819: 10815: 10813: 10812: 10808: 10805: 10804: 10800: 10797: 10796: 10795:Australodocus 10792: 10791: 10789: 10787: 10786:Euhelopodidae 10783: 10777: 10776: 10775:Triunfosaurus 10772: 10770: 10769: 10765: 10763: 10762: 10758: 10756: 10755: 10754:Sauroposeidon 10751: 10749: 10748: 10744: 10742: 10741: 10737: 10735: 10734: 10733:Padillasaurus 10730: 10728: 10727: 10723: 10721: 10720: 10716: 10713: 10712: 10711:Ligabuesaurus 10708: 10706: 10705: 10701: 10699: 10698: 10694: 10691: 10690: 10686: 10684: 10683: 10679: 10677: 10676: 10672: 10670: 10669: 10665: 10663: 10662: 10658: 10656: 10655: 10654:Chubutisaurus 10651: 10649: 10648: 10644: 10642: 10641: 10637: 10635: 10634: 10630: 10628: 10627: 10623: 10621: 10620: 10616: 10614: 10613: 10609: 10608: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10596: 10590: 10589: 10585: 10583: 10582: 10578: 10576: 10575: 10571: 10569: 10568: 10564: 10562: 10561: 10557: 10555: 10554: 10550: 10547: 10546: 10542: 10540: 10539: 10535: 10533: 10532: 10531:Brachiosaurus 10528: 10526: 10525: 10521: 10519: 10518: 10514: 10513: 10511: 10509: 10505: 10498: 10497: 10493: 10491: 10490: 10486: 10484: 10483: 10479: 10477: 10476: 10472: 10470: 10469: 10468:Fushanosaurus 10465: 10463: 10462: 10458: 10456: 10455: 10451: 10449: 10448: 10444: 10443: 10440: 10437: 10434: 10429: 10419: 10418: 10414: 10412: 10411: 10407: 10406: 10404: 10402: 10398: 10392: 10391: 10387: 10384: 10383: 10379: 10377: 10376: 10372: 10369: 10368: 10364: 10362: 10361: 10357: 10354: 10353: 10352:Bashunosaurus 10349: 10347: 10346: 10342: 10340: 10339: 10335: 10334: 10331: 10327: 10324: 10321: 10316: 10312: 10308: 10303: 10299: 10290: 10285: 10255: 10254: 10250: 10248: 10247: 10243: 10241: 10240: 10236: 10233: 10232: 10228: 10226: 10225: 10221: 10219: 10218: 10214: 10212: 10211: 10207: 10205: 10204: 10200: 10199: 10197: 10195: 10191: 10185: 10184: 10180: 10177: 10176: 10175:Atlantosaurus 10172: 10170: 10169: 10165: 10162: 10161: 10157: 10156: 10154: 10152: 10151:Apatosaurinae 10148: 10145: 10143: 10139: 10133: 10132: 10128: 10126: 10125: 10121: 10119: 10118: 10117:Smitanosaurus 10114: 10112: 10111: 10107: 10105: 10104: 10100: 10098: 10097: 10093: 10090: 10089: 10088:Dyslocosaurus 10085: 10083: 10082: 10081:Dicraeosaurus 10078: 10076: 10075: 10071: 10069: 10068: 10064: 10062: 10061: 10060:Amargatitanis 10057: 10055: 10054: 10050: 10049: 10047: 10045: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10032: 10018: 10017: 10013: 10011: 10010: 10006: 10004: 10003: 9999: 9997: 9996: 9995:Katepensaurus 9992: 9990: 9989: 9988:Itapeuasaurus 9985: 9983: 9982: 9981:Demandasaurus 9978: 9977: 9975: 9973: 9969: 9962: 9961: 9957: 9955: 9954: 9950: 9948: 9947: 9946:Cathartesaura 9943: 9942: 9940: 9938: 9937:Limaysaurinae 9934: 9931: 9929: 9925: 9919: 9918: 9914: 9912: 9911: 9907: 9905: 9904: 9900: 9898: 9897: 9893: 9890: 9889: 9885: 9883: 9882: 9878: 9876: 9875: 9874:Histriasaurus 9871: 9868: 9867: 9866:Dzharatitanis 9863: 9861: 9860: 9859:Comahuesaurus 9856: 9854: 9853: 9849: 9847: 9846: 9842: 9840: 9839: 9835: 9834: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9822: 9819: 9816: 9811: 9805: 9804: 9800: 9799: 9796: 9793: 9790: 9789:Diplodocoidea 9785: 9781: 9777: 9776:Diplodocoidea 9772: 9768: 9759: 9755: 9753: 9747: 9739: 9716: 9715: 9711: 9709: 9708: 9704: 9702: 9701: 9697: 9695: 9694: 9693:Gigantosaurus 9690: 9688: 9687: 9683: 9681: 9680: 9676: 9674: 9673: 9669: 9668: 9666: 9662: 9658: 9639: 9638: 9636: 9634: 9630: 9623: 9622: 9620: 9618: 9617:Diplodocoidea 9614: 9611: 9609: 9605: 9599: 9598: 9594: 9592: 9591: 9587: 9585: 9584: 9580: 9577: 9576: 9572: 9569: 9568: 9564: 9562: 9561: 9560:Narindasaurus 9557: 9555: 9554: 9550: 9548: 9547: 9543: 9541: 9540: 9539:Losillasaurus 9536: 9533: 9532: 9528: 9525: 9524: 9520: 9517: 9516: 9512: 9510: 9509: 9505: 9504: 9502: 9500: 9496: 9490: 9489: 9488:Zigongosaurus 9485: 9483: 9482: 9481:Yuanmousaurus 9478: 9476: 9475: 9474:Xinjiangtitan 9471: 9469: 9468: 9467:Wamweracaudia 9464: 9462: 9461: 9460:Tonganosaurus 9457: 9455: 9454: 9450: 9448: 9447: 9443: 9441: 9440: 9436: 9434: 9433: 9429: 9427: 9426: 9422: 9419: 9418: 9417:Klamelisaurus 9414: 9412: 9411: 9407: 9405: 9404: 9400: 9398: 9397: 9396:Huangshanlong 9393: 9391: 9390: 9386: 9383: 9382: 9378: 9376: 9375: 9371: 9368: 9367: 9363: 9361: 9360: 9356: 9354: 9353: 9349: 9348: 9346: 9344: 9340: 9333: 9332: 9328: 9325: 9324: 9320: 9317: 9316: 9315:Ferganasaurus 9312: 9310: 9309: 9305: 9303: 9302: 9298: 9297: 9295: 9293: 9292:Cetiosauridae 9289: 9283: 9282: 9278: 9276: 9275: 9271: 9269: 9268: 9264: 9262: 9261: 9257: 9255: 9254: 9250: 9248: 9247: 9243: 9241: 9240: 9236: 9234: 9233: 9229: 9227: 9226: 9222: 9220: 9219: 9215: 9213: 9212: 9208: 9206: 9205: 9201: 9199: 9198: 9194: 9192: 9191: 9187: 9185: 9184: 9180: 9178: 9177: 9173: 9172: 9169: 9166: 9163: 9158: 9148: 9147: 9143: 9141: 9140: 9139:Tazoudasaurus 9136: 9135: 9133: 9131: 9127: 9120: 9119: 9115: 9112: 9111: 9107: 9105: 9104: 9100: 9098: 9097: 9096:Ohmdenosaurus 9093: 9091: 9090: 9086: 9083: 9082: 9078: 9077: 9074: 9070: 9067: 9064: 9059: 9049: 9048: 9044: 9042: 9041: 9037: 9035: 9034: 9030: 9028: 9027: 9023: 9022: 9020: 9018: 9014: 9007: 9006: 9002: 9000: 8999: 8998:Schleitheimia 8995: 8993: 8992: 8988: 8985: 8984: 8980: 8977: 8976: 8975:Leonerasaurus 8972: 8970: 8969: 8965: 8963: 8962: 8958: 8956: 8955: 8951: 8949: 8948: 8947:Blikanasaurus 8944: 8942: 8941: 8937: 8936: 8933: 8929: 8926: 8923: 8918: 8914: 8910: 8905: 8901: 8891: 8886: 8884: 8879: 8873: 8832: 8831: 8830: 8829: 8827: 8825: 8821: 8815: 8814: 8810: 8808: 8807: 8803: 8801: 8800: 8796: 8794: 8793: 8789: 8787: 8786: 8782: 8780: 8779: 8778:Leonerasaurus 8775: 8773: 8772: 8771:Lamplughsaura 8768: 8766: 8765: 8761: 8759: 8758: 8754: 8752: 8751: 8747: 8745: 8744: 8740: 8739: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8727: 8721: 8720: 8719:Yunnanosaurus 8716: 8714: 8713: 8709: 8706: 8705: 8701: 8699: 8698: 8694: 8692: 8691: 8687: 8685: 8684: 8680: 8677: 8676: 8672: 8671: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8659: 8652: 8651: 8647: 8645: 8644: 8640: 8638: 8637: 8633: 8631: 8630: 8626: 8624: 8623: 8619: 8617: 8616: 8615:Lufengosaurus 8612: 8610: 8609: 8605: 8602: 8601: 8597: 8595: 8594: 8590: 8588: 8587: 8583: 8581: 8580: 8576: 8575: 8573: 8571: 8567: 8561: 8560: 8556: 8554: 8553: 8552:Eucnemesaurus 8549: 8548: 8546: 8544: 8543:Riojasauridae 8540: 8534: 8533: 8529: 8527: 8526: 8522: 8520: 8519: 8515: 8513: 8512: 8508: 8506: 8505: 8501: 8499: 8498: 8494: 8492: 8491: 8487: 8486: 8483: 8480: 8477: 8472: 8462: 8461: 8457: 8455: 8454: 8450: 8448: 8447: 8443: 8441: 8440: 8436: 8434: 8433: 8429: 8427: 8426: 8425:Euskelosaurus 8422: 8421: 8419: 8417: 8413: 8407: 8406: 8402: 8400: 8399: 8395: 8393: 8392: 8388: 8387: 8384: 8381: 8378: 8373: 8363: 8362: 8358: 8356: 8355: 8351: 8349: 8348: 8344: 8343: 8341: 8339: 8335: 8329: 8328: 8324: 8322: 8321: 8317: 8315: 8314: 8310: 8308: 8307: 8303: 8301: 8300: 8299:Bagualosaurus 8296: 8294: 8293: 8289: 8287: 8286: 8282: 8281: 8278: 8274: 8271: 8268: 8267:Bagualosauria 8263: 8253: 8252: 8248: 8245: 8244: 8240: 8237: 8236: 8235:Pampadromaeus 8232: 8230: 8229: 8225: 8223: 8222: 8218: 8215: 8214: 8210: 8207: 8206: 8202: 8201: 8199: 8197: 8196:Saturnaliidae 8193: 8187: 8186: 8182: 8180: 8179: 8178:Pampadromaeus 8175: 8173: 8172: 8168: 8166: 8165: 8161: 8159: 8158: 8157:Gigantoscelus 8154: 8152: 8151: 8147: 8145: 8144: 8140: 8139: 8136: 8132: 8129: 8126: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8108: 8104: 8083: 8082: 8081: 8080: 8078: 8076: 8072: 8064: 8060: 8059: 8058: 8057: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8033: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8011: 8009: 8005: 8003: 7999: 7998: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7978: 7973: 7971: 7966: 7964: 7959: 7958: 7955: 7948: 7946: 7940: 7937: 7933: 7931: 7930: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7912: 7911: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7890:Carpenter, K. 7885: 7877: 7870: 7862: 7855: 7847: 7840: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7813: 7811: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7771: 7763: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7748:Russell, D.A. 7743: 7735: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7716: 7708: 7704: 7696: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7641: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7594: 7586: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7543: 7536: 7534: 7525: 7518: 7510: 7504: 7500: 7493: 7485: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7450:(6): e67012. 7449: 7445: 7441: 7434: 7432: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7396: 7389: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7339: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7296: 7288: 7284: 7277: 7269: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7234: 7227: 7225: 7216: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7201: 7193: 7191: 7189: 7172: 7165: 7157: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7122:(8): e72187. 7121: 7117: 7113: 7106: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7062: 7055: 7047: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7001: 6999: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6954: 6947: 6936:September 20, 6931: 6925: 6914:September 20, 6909: 6902: 6894: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6843: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6821: 6817: 6812: 6811: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6754: 6752: 6750: 6748: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6712: 6710: 6701: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6666:(5): e97128. 6665: 6661: 6657: 6650: 6641: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6617: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6567: 6565: 6556: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6516: 6508: 6504: 6502: 6493: 6491: 6482: 6480: 6471: 6463: 6457: 6453: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6415: 6408: 6400: 6394: 6390: 6383: 6375: 6369: 6365: 6360: 6359: 6350: 6343: 6337: 6330: 6324: 6316: 6312: 6305: 6303: 6294: 6290: 6283: 6275: 6269: 6265: 6260: 6259: 6250: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6211: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6161: 6157: 6151: 6140: 6136: 6129: 6127: 6118: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6061: 6053: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6032: 6024: 6018: 6014: 6009: 6008: 5999: 5988: 5984: 5978: 5971: 5970: 5962: 5954: 5950: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5928: 5926: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5875: 5873: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5854: 5845: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5818: 5816: 5808: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5787: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5767: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5748: 5742: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5692: 5685: 5677: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5594: 5590: 5583: 5575: 5569: 5565: 5560: 5559: 5553: 5547: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5497: 5493: 5487: 5485: 5476: 5475: 5467: 5459: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5392: 5390: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5363: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5333: 5327: 5323: 5318: 5317: 5311: 5305: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5271: 5264: 5262: 5253: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5225: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5177: 5175: 5169: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5145: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5126: 5122: 5116: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5061: 5055: 5054:Gilmore, C.W. 5049: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5004:10.1206/591.1 5001: 4997: 4990: 4988: 4979: 4977: 4968: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4933:(4): e18304. 4932: 4928: 4924: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4901: 4897: 4891: 4884: 4883: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4862: 4856: 4852: 4845: 4834: 4830: 4823: 4821: 4812: 4804: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4758: 4757:Dreadnoughtus 4749: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4706: 4699: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4631: 4624: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4556: 4549: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4527: 4523: 4522: 4514: 4506: 4505: 4500: 4499:"Apatosaurus" 4494: 4486: 4485: 4480: 4479:"Apatosaurus" 4474: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4453: 4446: 4440: 4436: 4429: 4427: 4426: 4425:Brachyphyllum 4421: 4420: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4362: 4357: 4353: 4352: 4347: 4343: 4342: 4337: 4336:Brachiosaurus 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4316:trophic level 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4288: 4283: 4282: 4277: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4267: 4262: 4258: 4257: 4256:Brachiosaurus 4252: 4251: 4246: 4245: 4240: 4239: 4238:Saurophaganax 4234: 4233: 4232:Ornitholestes 4228: 4227: 4222: 4221: 4215: 4213: 4209: 4201: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4170: 4165: 4161: 4160:in Tanzania. 4159: 4155: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4123: 4116: 4112: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4096:Saurophaganax 4093: 4084: 4082: 4078: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4037: 4032: 4023: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4002: 3992: 3976: 3967: 3965: 3956: 3944: 3936: 3932: 3924: 3919: 3910: 3904: 3900: 3895: 3893: 3888: 3886: 3882: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3833: 3828: 3818: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3795: 3791: 3786: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3764: 3759: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3731: 3728: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3665: 3656: 3642: 3641: 3633: 3632: 3624: 3623: 3615: 3614: 3606: 3605: 3597: 3596: 3588: 3587: 3579: 3578: 3570: 3569: 3561: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3555: 3548: 3547: 3544: 3543: 3540: 3539: 3538: 3531: 3530: 3524: 3523: 3520: 3519: 3511: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3505: 3498: 3497: 3494: 3493: 3490: 3489: 3488: 3481: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3463: 3462: 3459: 3458: 3457: 3450: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3439: 3438: 3435: 3434: 3433: 3426: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3415: 3414: 3406: 3405: 3402: 3401: 3400: 3393: 3392: 3389: 3388: 3385: 3384: 3383: 3376: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3358: 3357: 3354: 3353: 3352: 3345: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3334: 3333: 3330: 3325: 3324: 3318: 3315: 3314: 3311: 3310: 3302: 3301: 3293: 3292: 3284: 3283: 3275: 3274: 3271: 3270: 3269: 3262: 3261: 3258: 3257: 3254: 3253: 3252: 3245: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3234: 3233: 3230: 3229: 3228: 3221: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3210: 3209: 3201: 3200: 3197: 3196: 3195: 3188: 3187: 3184: 3183: 3180: 3179: 3178: 3171: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3153: 3152: 3149: 3144: 3143: 3137: 3136:Apatosaurinae 3134: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3123: 3122: 3119: 3118: 3117: 3110: 3109: 3103: 3100: 3099: 3095: 3093: 3089: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3074:Opisthocoelia 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3050:Atlantosaurus 3047: 3043: 3039: 3038:Atlantosaurus 3036:as allied to 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3018: 3013: 3012:Apatosaurinae 3009: 3005: 3004: 2999: 2995: 2994: 2989: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2975: 2971: 2965: 2961: 2956: 2944: 2943: 2938: 2937: 2932: 2928: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2910: 2902: 2901: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2885: 2878: 2877: 2872: 2868: 2867:Matt J. Wedel 2864: 2860: 2852: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2820: 2812: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2754: 2751: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2727: 2726: 2718: 2717: 2709: 2708: 2700: 2699: 2691: 2690: 2682: 2681: 2673: 2672: 2664: 2663: 2655: 2654: 2646: 2645: 2642: 2637: 2636: 2633: 2632: 2629: 2624: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2613: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2600: 2599: 2592: 2591: 2586: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2568: 2567: 2562: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2551: 2550: 2547: 2542: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2531: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2524: 2516: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2505: 2504: 2496: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2483: 2482: 2479: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2466: 2465: 2458: 2457: 2452: 2451: 2444: 2443: 2438: 2437: 2434: 2433: 2425: 2424: 2416: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2403: 2402: 2399: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2386: 2385: 2378: 2377: 2372: 2371: 2368: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2354: 2353: 2348: 2347: 2340: 2339: 2334: 2333: 2327: 2326: 2323: 2322: 2319: 2314: 2313: 2307: 2306: 2303: 2302: 2294: 2293: 2290: 2285: 2284: 2281: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2274: 2269: 2268:Atlantosaurus 2262: 2261: 2255: 2254: 2247: 2246:Apatosaurinae 2243: 2242: 2238: 2236: 2228: 2216: 2208: 2204: 2184: 2183: 2179: 2176: 2168: 2160: 2148: 2136: 2128: 2125:to the early 2124: 2108: 2100: 2092: 2088: 2080: 2076: 2075: 2071: 2070: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2047: 2039: 2031: 2023: 2015: 2010: 2002: 1994: 1989: 1981: 1973: 1967:Valid species 1964: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1945:acromial edge 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1910: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1889: 1881: 1873: 1866:character in 1864: 1856: 1852: 1844: 1836: 1831: 1829: 1821: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1789: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1768: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1747: 1732: 1728: 1718: 1716: 1715:brachiosaurid 1712: 1711: 1710:Brachiosaurus 1706: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1634: 1631:Side view of 1629: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1608: 1603: 1591: 1583: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1559: 1555: 1554:Earl Douglass 1551: 1543: 1538: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1517: 1514:mount of the 1513: 1509: 1504: 1502: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1435: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1393:, in 1898 by 1392: 1388: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1310:Atlantosaurus 1307: 1306:Atlantosaurus 1303: 1299: 1298: 1297:Atlantosaurus 1293: 1289: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1273: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1254: 1248: 1246: 1234: 1232: 1220: 1218: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1098: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1065: 1057: 1053: 1050:, as well as 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1016:Apatosaurinae 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 996: 992: 991: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 965:cervical ribs 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 935: 928: 922:cervicals, 10 917: 904: 900: 895: 891: 889: 885: 877: 873: 872: 867: 863: 859: 851: 847: 843: 837: 826: 822: 814: 813:Dreadnoughtus 806: 805: 800: 796: 795: 794:Dreadnoughtus 790: 782: 781:type specimen 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 752: 751: 746: 739:(orange) and 738: 733: 724: 722: 721: 716: 712: 708: 707: 702: 698: 694: 690: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 665: 660: 656: 655:Apatosaurinae 652: 651: 646: 642: 638: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 603: 602:Brachiosaurus 598: 594: 591:The skull of 589: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 566: 561: 557: 554:had a single 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 536: 531: 527: 522: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 474: 469: 468: 463: 459: 456: 455:Late Jurassic 452: 451:North America 448: 445: 442: 438: 432: 390: 389: 373: 372: 368: 367: 365: 362: 358: 352:Holland, 1916 349: 348: 341: 340: 338: 333: 326: 325: 317: 314: 310: 305: 300: 299: 292: 289: 288: 285: 284:Apatosaurinae 279: 276: 275: 272: 266: 263: 262: 259: 258:Diplodocoidea 253: 251:Superfamily: 250: 249: 246: 240: 237: 234: 233: 230: 224: 221: 218: 217: 214: 211: 208: 205: 204: 201: 198: 195: 192: 191: 188: 185: 182: 181: 178: 175: 172: 171: 168: 165: 162: 161: 156: 151: 147: 144: 140: 135: 131: 126: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 58: 55:152–145 51: 47: 43: 42:Late Jurassic 37: 33: 30: 19: 12316: 12237: 12211:Titanosaurus 12209: 12201: 12194: 12186: 12181:Loricosaurus 12179: 12174:Iuticosaurus 12172: 12165: 12158: 12151: 12143: 12111:Yamanasaurus 12109: 12102: 12095: 12088: 12081: 12073: 12066: 12058: 12052:Abditosaurus 12050: 12029: 12022: 12014: 12007: 11999: 11991: 11984: 11978:Abditosaurus 11976: 11955: 11948: 11940: 11933: 11910:Tapuiasaurus 11908: 11900: 11893: 11873: 11868:Titanomachya 11866: 11859: 11837:Puertasaurus 11835: 11828: 11823:Notocolossus 11821: 11814: 11808:Jiangxititan 11806: 11799: 11791: 11786:Drusilasaura 11784: 11777: 11770:Lognkosauria 11753: 11746: 11739: 11732: 11725: 11718: 11711: 11704:Aeolosaurini 11693:Rinconsaurus 11691: 11684: 11677: 11670: 11662: 11655: 11644:Rinconsauria 11631: 11625:Tengrisaurus 11623: 11618:Quetecsaurus 11616: 11609: 11601: 11594: 11587: 11580: 11573: 11549: 11542: 11508: 11501: 11496:Lohuecotitan 11494: 11487: 11482:Garrigatitan 11480: 11473: 11468:Ampelosaurus 11466: 11441: 11434: 11427: 11422:Uberabatitan 11420: 11415:Sonidosaurus 11413: 11406: 11399: 11392: 11386:Tengrisaurus 11384: 11376: 11369: 11362: 11357:Rapetosaurus 11355: 11348: 11341: 11333: 11326: 11319: 11312: 11305: 11298: 11293:Malawisaurus 11291: 11283: 11276: 11268: 11261: 11254: 11247: 11239: 11234:Huabeisaurus 11232: 11225: 11218: 11210: 11203: 11195: 11188: 11181: 11176:Choconsaurus 11174: 11169:Brasilotitan 11167: 11160: 11152: 11144: 11137: 11130: 11123: 11118:Atacamatitan 11116: 11111:Argyrosaurus 11109: 11102: 11094: 11087: 11079: 11074:Abdarainurus 11072: 11056:Titanosauria 11043:Titanosauria 11012: 10971:Titanosauria 10955:Wintonotitan 10953: 10946: 10939: 10932: 10925: 10901: 10896:Yongjinglong 10894: 10887: 10882:Tambatitanis 10880: 10873: 10866: 10859: 10851: 10846:Huanghetitan 10844: 10839:Huabeisaurus 10837: 10830: 10825:Gannansaurus 10823: 10816: 10809: 10803:Chiayusaurus 10801: 10793: 10773: 10766: 10759: 10752: 10745: 10738: 10731: 10724: 10717: 10709: 10702: 10697:Jiutaisaurus 10695: 10689:Jiangxititan 10687: 10682:Garumbatitan 10680: 10673: 10666: 10661:Dongbeititan 10659: 10652: 10645: 10638: 10633:Austrosaurus 10631: 10624: 10617: 10610: 10586: 10581:Venenosaurus 10579: 10572: 10567:Sonorasaurus 10565: 10558: 10553:Giraffatitan 10551: 10543: 10538:Cedarosaurus 10536: 10529: 10522: 10515: 10494: 10489:Pelorosaurus 10487: 10480: 10473: 10466: 10459: 10452: 10445: 10415: 10410:Camarasaurus 10408: 10388: 10382:Haestasaurus 10380: 10375:Europasaurus 10373: 10365: 10358: 10350: 10343: 10336: 10251: 10244: 10237: 10229: 10222: 10215: 10208: 10201: 10194:Diplodocinae 10183:Brontosaurus 10181: 10173: 10167: 10166: 10160:Amphicoelias 10158: 10142:Diplodocidae 10129: 10122: 10115: 10108: 10101: 10094: 10086: 10079: 10072: 10067:Bajadasaurus 10065: 10058: 10053:Amargasaurus 10051: 10014: 10007: 10000: 9993: 9986: 9979: 9960:Rayososaurus 9958: 9951: 9944: 9917:Zapalasaurus 9915: 9910:Xenoposeidon 9908: 9901: 9894: 9886: 9879: 9872: 9864: 9857: 9852:Campananeyen 9850: 9845:Amazonsaurus 9843: 9836: 9801: 9742: 9712: 9705: 9698: 9691: 9684: 9677: 9670: 9608:Neosauropoda 9595: 9588: 9581: 9573: 9565: 9558: 9551: 9544: 9537: 9529: 9523:Haestasaurus 9521: 9513: 9506: 9486: 9479: 9472: 9465: 9458: 9451: 9444: 9437: 9430: 9423: 9415: 9408: 9401: 9394: 9387: 9379: 9372: 9364: 9357: 9350: 9331:Patagosaurus 9329: 9321: 9313: 9306: 9299: 9281:Volkheimeria 9279: 9272: 9265: 9258: 9253:Perijasaurus 9251: 9246:Nebulasaurus 9244: 9237: 9230: 9225:Dystrophaeus 9223: 9216: 9209: 9202: 9197:Barapasaurus 9195: 9188: 9183:Asiatosaurus 9181: 9174: 9144: 9137: 9116: 9108: 9103:Rhoetosaurus 9101: 9094: 9087: 9079: 9047:Lessemsaurus 9045: 9038: 9031: 9026:Antetonitrus 9024: 9003: 8996: 8989: 8981: 8973: 8966: 8959: 8952: 8945: 8938: 8875: 8811: 8804: 8797: 8790: 8783: 8776: 8769: 8762: 8755: 8748: 8741: 8717: 8712:Yizhousaurus 8710: 8702: 8695: 8688: 8681: 8673: 8648: 8641: 8634: 8627: 8620: 8613: 8606: 8600:Ignavusaurus 8598: 8591: 8584: 8577: 8557: 8550: 8530: 8523: 8516: 8509: 8504:Ignavusaurus 8502: 8495: 8488: 8460:Yimenosaurus 8458: 8453:Plateosaurus 8451: 8444: 8437: 8430: 8423: 8405:Xixiposaurus 8403: 8396: 8389: 8377:Plateosauria 8359: 8352: 8345: 8338:Unaysauridae 8325: 8318: 8311: 8304: 8297: 8290: 8283: 8249: 8241: 8233: 8226: 8219: 8211: 8203: 8183: 8176: 8169: 8164:Guaibasaurus 8162: 8155: 8148: 8141: 8027: 8018: 7944: 7927: 7897: 7893: 7884: 7875: 7869: 7860: 7854: 7845: 7839: 7822: 7819:Paleobiology 7818: 7784: 7780: 7770: 7751: 7742: 7725: 7721: 7715: 7706: 7702: 7695: 7654: 7650: 7640: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7593: 7552: 7549:Paleobiology 7548: 7517: 7498: 7492: 7447: 7443: 7405: 7402:Paleobiology 7401: 7388: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7338: 7308:(1): 60–72. 7305: 7302:Paleobiology 7301: 7295: 7286: 7282: 7276: 7243: 7240:Paleobiology 7239: 7199: 7175:. Retrieved 7164: 7119: 7115: 7105: 7071: 7067: 7054: 7017: 7013: 7006:Taylor, M.P. 6985:. Retrieved 6963: 6959: 6946: 6934:. Retrieved 6924: 6912:. Retrieved 6901: 6856: 6852: 6842: 6809: 6763: 6759: 6721: 6717: 6663: 6659: 6649: 6630: 6626: 6616: 6576: 6572: 6563: 6555: 6539: 6535: 6521:Taylor, M.P. 6515: 6506: 6500: 6478: 6470: 6451: 6424: 6420: 6407: 6388: 6382: 6357: 6349: 6336: 6323: 6314: 6292: 6288: 6282: 6257: 6249: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6210: 6170: 6166: 6156:Taylor, M.P. 6150: 6134: 6125: 6117: 6074: 6070: 6060: 6041: 6031: 6006: 5998: 5968: 5961: 5953:the original 5929:. Dinosours. 5925:Camarasaurus 5924: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5862: 5858: 5853:Brontosaurus 5852: 5844: 5836:the original 5831: 5827: 5806: 5785: 5765: 5741: 5701: 5697: 5684: 5647: 5643: 5596:. Retrieved 5592: 5587:Marsh, O.T. 5582: 5557: 5546: 5506: 5502: 5473: 5466: 5421: 5417: 5371: 5367: 5361: 5315: 5310:Martin, A.J. 5304: 5280: 5276: 5233: 5229: 5223: 5186: 5182: 5173: 5134: 5130: 5125:Brontosaurus 5124: 5120: 5115:Taylor, M.P. 5069: 5065: 5059: 4995: 4986: 4930: 4926: 4900:the original 4881: 4850: 4844: 4828: 4819: 4811: 4766: 4762: 4756: 4748: 4715: 4711: 4698: 4640: 4636: 4623: 4568:(1): 51–52. 4565: 4561: 4548: 4520: 4513: 4502: 4493: 4482: 4473: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4452: 4444: 4439: 4423: 4417: 4384:. Shells of 4359: 4355: 4349: 4346:Camptosaurus 4345: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4328:Ceratosaurus 4327: 4323: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4300:Camarasaurus 4299: 4295: 4291: 4285: 4279: 4275:Camptosaurus 4273: 4264: 4261:Camarasaurus 4260: 4254: 4250:Brontosaurus 4248: 4242: 4236: 4230: 4226:Ceratosaurus 4224: 4218: 4216: 4212:Brontosaurus 4211: 4207: 4195: 4187: 4183: 4180:Camarasaurus 4179: 4175: 4174: 4168: 4136:, and early 4134:Kimmeridgian 4108: 4099: 4095: 4087:Paleoecology 4074: 4070: 4068: 4055: 4043: 4041: 4035: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4008: 3990: 3974: 3968: 3963: 3954: 3942: 3935:Brontosaurus 3934: 3930: 3928: 3922: 3902: 3898: 3896: 3891: 3889: 3885:pneumaticity 3880: 3875: 3865: 3861:tidal volume 3848: 3845:crocodilians 3840: 3838: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3798: 3793: 3789: 3787: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3755: 3749: 3734:Neck posture 3726: 3724: 3716:Brontosaurus 3715: 3711: 3708:Brontosaurus 3707: 3703: 3701: 3672: 3663: 3661: 3650:Paleobiology 3552: 3551: 3535: 3534: 3502: 3501: 3485: 3484: 3454: 3453: 3430: 3429: 3397: 3396: 3380: 3379: 3349: 3348: 3328: 3317:Diplodocinae 3266: 3265: 3249: 3248: 3225: 3224: 3193: 3192: 3191: 3176: 3175: 3174: 3147: 3114: 3113: 3102:Diplodocidae 3090: 3085: 3077: 3069: 3061: 3058:Camarasaurus 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3037: 3033: 3026:Brontosaurus 3025: 3021: 3015: 3007: 3001: 2997: 2991: 2983:of gigantic 2977:Diplodocidae 2969: 2968: 2963: 2940: 2934: 2922: 2918: 2913:Camarasaurus 2912: 2908: 2898: 2895:Camarasaurus 2894: 2886: 2874: 2870: 2854: 2851:Brontosaurus 2850: 2846: 2841:Brontosaurus 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2823:Brontosaurus 2822: 2814: 2806: 2802: 2799:Brontosaurus 2798: 2795:Brontosaurus 2794: 2790: 2780: 2777:Camarasaurus 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2756: 2752: 2744: 2640: 2627: 2605: 2603: 2588: 2574: 2572: 2564: 2546:FMNH P25112 2545: 2521: 2519: 2488: 2486: 2471: 2469: 2454: 2442:Brontosaurus 2440: 2408: 2406: 2391: 2389: 2375: 2374: 2360: 2358: 2351: 2350: 2337: 2336: 2317: 2288: 2271: 2267: 2265: 2232: 2222: 2214: 2202: 2181: 2180: 2170: 2166: 2154: 2147:Brontosaurus 2146: 2137:holotype YPM 2130: 2123:Kimmeridgian 2102: 2094: 2091:Brontosaurus 2090: 2085:1860 as its 2073: 2072: 2065: 2062:Brontosaurus 2061: 2057: 2049: 2041: 2033: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2006: 1996: 1957:Brontosaurus 1956: 1940: 1937:Brontosaurus 1936: 1933:Brontosaurus 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1883: 1875: 1867: 1858: 1854: 1846: 1838: 1832: 1823: 1815: 1804:Brontosaurus 1803: 1799: 1793: 1783: 1779: 1776:Brontosaurus 1775: 1765: 1749: 1741: 1726: 1724: 1708: 1704: 1696: 1693:Camarasaurus 1692: 1689:Camarasaurus 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1648: 1646: 1632: 1622:Camarasaurus 1621: 1617: 1614:Camarasaurus 1613: 1611: 1607:Camarasaurus 1606: 1601: 1596:11162 and CM 1585: 1581: 1565: 1549: 1547: 1531:Brontosaurus 1530: 1526: 1523:Brontosaurus 1522: 1519:Brontosaurus 1518: 1511: 1505: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1477:Brontosaurus 1476: 1472: 1464: 1460: 1457:Brontosaurus 1456: 1453:Brontosaurus 1452: 1438: 1425: 1415:Camarasaurus 1414: 1410: 1406: 1403:Camarasaurus 1402: 1398: 1386: 1385:assigned to 1370: 1359: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1334:D. lacustris 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1285: 1280: 1276: 1270: 1262: 1242: 1228: 1214: 1206: 1202: 1193: 1182:Paleontology 1165: 1163: 1157: 1154:Arthur Lakes 1133: 1130:Camarasaurus 1129: 1125: 1121: 1095: 1091: 1079: 1067: 1059: 1056:Brontosaurus 1055: 1052:Brontosaurus 1051: 1048:Camarasaurus 1047: 1043: 1035: 1027: 1023: 1013: 1008: 994: 988: 984: 980: 968: 957:Camarasaurus 956: 949:Brontosaurus 948: 944: 911: 908: 898: 883: 875: 869: 866:diplodocoids 864:and similar 861: 855: 849: 816: 812: 807:estimates CM 804:Giraffatitan 802: 798: 792: 784: 757: 756: 748: 740: 736: 718: 714: 711:Camarasaurus 710: 704: 700: 696: 693:Brontosaurus 692: 684: 680: 673:Brontosaurus 672: 669:diplodocines 664:Brontosaurus 662: 650:Amphicoelias 648: 640: 639: 634: 630: 626: 625:skull cast. 623:Camarasaurus 622: 618: 610: 600: 597:Camarasaurus 596: 592: 590: 581: 573: 569: 565:Camarasaurus 563: 559: 551: 547: 543: 533: 529: 523: 517: 482:Kimmeridgian 477: 472: 471: 466: 465: 387: 386: 385: 369: 346: 345: 323: 322: 313:Type species 297: 296: 277:(unranked): 271:Diplodocidae 235: 219: 206: 193: 138: 46:Kimmeridgian 35: 29: 12495:Diplodocids 12382:iNaturalist 12347:Apatosaurus 12341:Wikispecies 12317:Apatosaurus 12196:Microcoelus 12104:Saltasaurus 12090:Paralititan 11986:Alamosaurus 11875:Udelartitan 11830:Patagotitan 11727:Bravasaurus 11720:Arrudatitan 11713:Aeolosaurus 11679:Overosaurus 11611:Jainosaurus 11589:Bonitasaura 11510:Paludititan 11401:Traukutitan 11096:Angolatitan 10903:Yunmenglong 10868:Qiaowanlong 10761:Sibirotitan 10726:Oceanotitan 10668:Europatitan 10647:Brontomerus 10640:Brohisaurus 10612:Angolatitan 10545:Galvesaurus 10517:Abydosaurus 10482:Ornithopsis 10475:Fusuisaurus 10461:Eucamerotus 10360:Daanosaurus 10345:Aragosaurus 10246:Supersaurus 10168:Apatosaurus 10131:Tharosaurus 10002:Nigersaurus 9953:Limaysaurus 9714:Ultrasaurus 9590:Turiasaurus 9553:Moabosaurus 9546:Mierasaurus 9515:Bellusaurus 9499:Turiasauria 9439:Qijianglong 9403:Hudiesaurus 9381:Datousaurus 9301:Cetiosaurus 9260:Shunosaurus 9204:Bellusaurus 9176:Algoasaurus 9162:Eusauropoda 9110:Sanpasaurus 9063:Gravisauria 8983:Pulanesaura 8968:Isanosaurus 8940:Amygdalodon 8806:Pulanesaura 8764:Irisosaurus 8750:Anchisaurus 8730:Anchisauria 8704:Xingxiulong 8650:Xingxiulong 8643:Sarahsaurus 8559:Riojasaurus 8525:Sarahsaurus 8511:Kholumolumo 8354:Macrocollum 8292:Asylosaurus 8228:Nhandumirim 8205:Buriolestes 8171:Mbiresaurus 8143:Buriolestes 7945:Apatosaurus 7781:Palaeoworld 7600:Apatosaurus 7348:Apatosaurus 7344:Curry, K.A. 7177:January 31, 6289:Apatosaurus 6217:Apatosaurus 6126:Apatosaurus 5923:"Bully for 5885:Apatosaurus 5865:(2): 63–70. 5492:Marsh, O.C. 5283:: 161–171. 5224:Supersaurus 5174:Apatosaurus 5168:Riggs, E.S. 5121:Apatosaurus 5060:Apatosaurus 4987:Apatosaurus 4820:Apatosaurus 4458:Apatosaurus 4412:), to fern 4374:sphenodonts 4372:, turtles, 4370:salamanders 4356:Apatosaurus 4332:Torvosaurus 4308:Stegosaurus 4292:Apatosaurus 4287:Stegosaurus 4244:Torvosaurus 4208:Apatosaurus 4184:Apatosaurus 4176:Apatosaurus 4169:Apatosaurus 4149:Front Range 4076:Shunosaurus 4071:Apatosaurus 4056:Apatosaurus 4044:Apatosaurus 4019:Apatosaurus 4015:Apatosaurus 4011:Apatosaurus 3991:Apatosaurus 3975:Apatosaurus 3964:Apatosaurus 3955:Apatosaurus 3943:Apatosaurus 3931:Apatosaurus 3903:Apatosaurus 3899:Apatosaurus 3881:Apatosaurus 3876:Apatosaurus 3872:avian lungs 3868:parabronchi 3849:Apatosaurus 3841:Apatosaurus 3815:Apatosaurus 3807:Apatosaurus 3783:Apatosaurus 3775:Apatosaurus 3763:Apatosaurus 3758:Apatosaurus 3727:Apatosaurus 3712:Apatosaurus 3704:Apatosaurus 3673:Apatosaurus 3664:Apatosaurus 3086:Supersaurus 3078:Apatosaurus 3070:Apatosaurus 3046:Apatosaurus 3034:Apatosaurus 3022:Supersaurus 3008:Apatosaurus 2998:Supersaurus 2970:Apatosaurus 2876:Saltasaurus 2837:Apatosaurus 2803:Apatosaurus 2765:Apatosaurus 2520:AMNH 5764 ( 2338:Apatosaurus 2266:YPM 1840 (" 2066:Apatosaurus 2058:Apatosaurus 2014:Apatosaurus 2009:Apatosaurus 1941:Apatosaurus 1921:Apatosaurus 1909:Apatosaurus 1904:Apatosaurus 1800:Apatosaurus 1780:Apatosaurus 1727:Apatosaurus 1705:Apatosaurus 1697:Apatosaurus 1685:Apatosaurus 1681:Apatosaurus 1677:Apatosaurus 1665:Apatosaurus 1661:Apatosaurus 1649:Apatosaurus 1618:Apatosaurus 1602:Apatosaurus 1550:Apatosaurus 1527:Apatosaurus 1512:Apatosaurus 1493:Apatosaurus 1481:Apatosaurus 1473:Apatosaurus 1441:Elmer Riggs 1426:Apatosaurus 1407:Apatosaurus 1387:Apatosaurus 1346:Apatosaurus 1326:Apatosaurus 1302:Apatosaurus 1292:Apatosaurus 1277:Apatosaurus 1263:Apatosaurus 1207:Apatosaurus 1166:Apatosaurus 1134:Apatosaurus 1122:Apatosaurus 1097:Shunosaurus 1092:Apatosaurus 1080:Apatosaurus 1074:. In 1936, 1044:Apatosaurus 995:Apatosaurus 990:Supersaurus 985:Apatosaurus 981:Apatosaurus 953:diplodocids 945:Apatosaurus 901:(holotype, 884:Apatosaurus 876:Apatosaurus 871:Nigersaurus 862:Apatosaurus 858:herbivorous 836:titanosaurs 799:Apatosaurus 762:quadrupedal 758:Apatosaurus 727:Description 720:Stegosaurus 701:Apatosaurus 697:Apatosaurus 681:Apatosaurus 641:Apatosaurus 635:Apatosaurus 627:Apatosaurus 619:Apatosaurus 593:Apatosaurus 582:Apatosaurus 574:Apatosaurus 560:Apatosaurus 552:Apatosaurus 548:Apatosaurus 544:Apatosaurus 530:Apatosaurus 518:Apatosaurus 478:Apatosaurus 453:during the 441:herbivorous 388:Apatosaurus 377:Marsh, 1877 329:Marsh, 1877 298:Apatosaurus 36:Apatosaurus 12464:Categories 12097:Rocasaurus 12024:Qunkasaura 11993:Baurutitan 11755:Shingopana 11582:Baalsaurus 11429:Volgatitan 11364:Rukwatitan 11328:Nullotitan 11314:Ninjatitan 11249:Kaijutitan 11220:Gandititan 11183:Daxiatitan 11146:Baurutitan 11089:Andesaurus 10980:see below↓ 10675:Fukuititan 10619:Arkharavia 10574:Soriatitan 10524:Atlasaurus 10496:Rugocaudia 10454:Duriatitan 10390:Yuzhoulong 10338:Abrosaurus 10320:Macronaria 10307:Macronaria 10231:Kaatedocus 10224:Galeamopus 10217:Diplodocus 10203:Barosaurus 10110:Pilmatueia 10103:Lingwulong 10096:Kaatedocus 10016:Tataouinea 9928:Khebbashia 9903:Sidersaura 9633:Macronaria 9583:Tendaguria 9567:Oplosaurus 9531:Janenschia 9432:Omeisaurus 9308:Chebsaurus 9232:Janenschia 9146:Vulcanodon 9089:Kotasaurus 9040:Ledumahadi 8833:see below↓ 8792:Meroktenos 8608:Leyesaurus 8497:Gyposaurus 8361:Unaysaurus 8320:Pantydraco 8285:Arcusaurus 8251:Saturnalia 8084:see below↓ 8032:Dinosauria 8014:Sauropsida 7289:: 203–227. 6542:(2): 1–7. 6331:. 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