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2312:
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58:
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Carnivora, etc. Recently many of our best naturalists have recurred to the view first propounded by
Linnaeus, so remarkable for his sagacity, and have placed man in the same Order with the Quadrumana, under the title of the Primates. The justice of this conclusion will be admitted: for in the first place, we must bear in mind the comparative insignificance for classification of the great development of the brain in man, and that the strongly marked differences between the skulls of man and the Quadrumana (lately insisted upon by
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84:
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10394:
7876:
5725:
3319:
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3021:, and others) apparently follow from their differently developed brains. In the second place, we must remember that nearly all the other and more important differences between man and the Quadrumana are manifestly adaptive in their nature, and relate chiefly to the erect position of man; such as the structure of his hand, foot, and pelvis, the curvature of his spine, and the position of his head.
3524:. These studies have shown that in their natural environments, the non-human hominoids show sharply varying social structure: gibbons are monogamous, territorial pair-bonders, orangutans are solitary, gorillas live in small troops with a single adult male leader, while chimpanzees live in larger troops with bonobos exhibiting promiscuous sexual behaviour. Their diets also vary; gorillas are
1548:) form part of the family Hominidae within Hominoidea. Thus, there are at least three common, or traditional, uses of the term "ape": non-specialists may not distinguish between "monkeys" and "apes", that is, they may use the two terms interchangeably; or they may use "ape" for any tailless monkey or non-human hominoid; or they may use the term "ape" to just mean the non-human hominoids.
3707:
3559:, eating mostly stalks, shoots, roots and leaves with some fruit and other foods. Non-human apes usually eat a small amount of raw animal foods such as insects or eggs. In the case of humans, migration and the invention of hunting tools and cooking has led to an even wider variety of foods and diets, with many human diets including large amounts of cooked
3137:.) were isolated after moving the great apes into the same family as humans. Now the term "hominid" encompassed a larger collective taxa within the family Hominidae. With the family trichotomy settled, scientists could now work to learn which genus is 'least' related to the others in the subfamily Ponginae.
2802:
The history of hominoid taxonomy is complex and somewhat confusing. Recent evidence has changed our understanding of the relationships between the hominoids, especially regarding the human lineage; and the traditionally used terms have become somewhat confused. Competing approaches to methodology and
3012:
The greater number of naturalists who have taken into consideration the whole structure of man, including his mental faculties, have followed
Blumenbach and Cuvier, and have placed man in a separate Order, under the title of the Bimana, and therefore on an equality with the orders of the Quadrumana,
1437:
Some, or recently all, hominoids are also called "apes", but the term is used broadly and has several different senses within both popular and scientific settings. "Ape" has been used as a synonym for "monkey" or for naming any primate with a human-like appearance, particularly those without a tail.
3503:
lineages during the middle
Miocene; first in the common ancestors of Hominidae, and later in the common ancestor of Hylobatidae. It has been hypothesized that in both incidents it was a mutation that occurred in apes living in Europe when the climate was getting colder, leading to starvation during
3571:. Other food production and processing methods including animal husbandry and industrial refining and processing have further changed human diets. Humans and other apes occasionally eat other primates. Some of these primates are now close to extinction with habitat loss being the underlying cause.
2966:
It is not pleasing to me that I must place humans among the primates, but man is intimately familiar with himself. Let's not quibble over words. It will be the same to me whatever name is applied. But I desperately seek from you and from the whole world a general difference between men and simians
1555:
groups for taxonomic classification; Some literature may now use the common name "ape" to mean all members of the superfamily
Hominoidea, including humans. For example, in his 2005 book, Benton wrote "The apes, Hominoidea, today include the gibbons and orang-utan ... the gorilla and chimpanzee ...
1424:, is a word of uncertain origin. The term has a history of rather imprecise usage—and of comedic or punning usage in the vernacular. Its earliest meaning was generally of any non-human anthropoid primate, as is still the case for its cognates in other Germanic languages. Later, after the term "
3612:
have been done with "great apes", and though there is continuing dispute as to whether they demonstrate real language abilities, there is no doubt that they involve significant feats of learning. Chimpanzees in different parts of Africa have developed tools that are used in food acquisition,
452:
Except for gorillas and humans, hominoids are agile climbers of trees. Apes eat a variety of plant and animal foods, with the majority of food being plant foods, which can include fruits, leaves, stalks, roots and seeds, including nuts and grass seeds. Human diets are sometimes substantially
2803:
terminology are found among current scientific sources. Over time, authorities have changed the names and the meanings of names of groups and subgroups as new evidence — that is, new discoveries of fossils and tools and of observations in the field, plus continual comparisons of anatomy and
1526:
was one of those primatologists who developed the idea that there were trends in primate evolution and that the extant members of the order could be arranged in an "ascending series", leading from "monkeys" to "apes" to humans. Within this tradition "ape" came to refer to all members of the
3440:; broader ribcages that are flatter front-to-back; and a shorter, less mobile spine, with greatly reduced caudal (tail) vertebrae—resulting in complete loss of the tail in extant hominoid species. These are anatomical adaptations, first, to vertical hanging and swinging locomotion (
3207:(the humans). Humans and close relatives now began to be known as "hominins", that is, of the tribe Hominini. Thus, the term "hominin" succeeded to the previous use of "hominid", which meaning had changed with changes in Hominidae (see above: 3rd graphic, "Gibbons the outgroup").
5532:
5501:
4116:
1671:
was more closely related to the orangutan; and new biochemical evidence indicates that the last common ancestor of humans and non-hominins (that is, the chimpanzees) occurred between 5 and 10 million years ago, and probably nearer the lower end of that range (more recent); see
2807:— has changed the understanding of relationships between hominoids. There has been a gradual demotion of humans from being 'special' in the taxonomy to being one branch among many. This recent turmoil (of history) illustrates the growing influence on all taxonomy of
3587:
All the non-human hominoids are generally thought of as highly intelligent, and scientific study has broadly confirmed that they perform very well on a wide range of cognitive tests—though there is relatively little data on gibbon cognition. The early studies by
2967:
from the principles of
Natural History. I certainly know of none. If only someone might tell me one! If I called man a simian or vice versa I would bring together all the theologians against me. Perhaps I ought to, in accordance with the law of Natural History.
3955:
Xia, Bo; Zhang, Weimin; Wudzinska, Aleksandra; Huang, Emily; Brosh, Ran; Pour, Maayan; Miller, Alexander; Dasen, Jeremy S.; Maurano, Matthew T.; Kim, Sang Y.; Boeke, Jef D. (16 September 2021). "The genetic basis of tail-loss evolution in humans and apes".
2957:
Linnaeus's inclusion of humans in the primates with monkeys and apes was troubling for people who denied a close relationship between humans and the rest of the animal kingdom. Linnaeus's
Lutheran archbishop had accused him of "impiety". In a letter to
3836:"). Perhaps ultimately derived from a non-Indo-European language, the word might be a direct borrowing from Celtic, or perhaps from Slavic, although in both cases it is also argued that the borrowing, if it took place, went in the opposite direction.
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5509:
4124:
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winter. The mutation changed the biochemistry of the apes and made it easier to accumulate fat, which allowed the animals to survive longer periods of starvation. When they migrated to Asia and Africa, this genetic trait remained.
3079:
applied to primate taxonomy. Goodman's 1964 immunological study of serum proteins led to re-classifying the hominoids into three families: the humans in
Hominidae; the great apes in Pongidae; and the "lesser apes" (gibbons) in
3154:: Investigations comparing humans and the three other hominid genera disclosed that the African apes (chimpanzees and gorillas) and humans are more closely related to each other than any of them are to the Asian orangutans (
1517:
The primates called "apes" today became known to
Europeans after the 18th century. As zoological knowledge developed, it became clear that taillessness occurred in a number of different and otherwise distantly related
3787:: "Long before people thought in terms of evolution ... great apes were often confused with humans" (p. 114); "gibbons are faithfully monogamous, unlike the great apes which are our closer relatives" (p. 126).
3228:, not humans, are the outgroup in the subfamily Homininae; this suggested that chimpanzees should be grouped with humans in the tribe Hominini, but in separate subtribes. Now the name "hominin" delineated
1428:" had been introduced into English, "ape" was specialized to refer to a tailless (therefore exceptionally human-like) primate. Thus, the term "ape" obtained two different meanings, as shown in the 1911
1504:
are monkeys as well, for any consistent definition of "monkey". "Old World monkey" may also legitimately be taken to be meant to include all the catarrhines, including apes and extinct species such as
4263:
A General
Introduction to the Natural History of Mammiferous Animals, With a Particular View of the Physical History of man, and the More Closely Allied Genera of the Order Quadrumana, or Monkeys
3692:
3421:, which also includes the Old World monkeys of Africa and Eurasia. Within this grouping, the two families Hylobatidae and Hominidae can be distinguished from Old World monkeys by the number of
2418:
5318:
2373:
5400:
3195:: In an effort to resolve the trichotomy, while preserving the nostalgic "outgroup" status of humans, the subfamily Homininae was divided into two tribes: Gorillini, comprising genus
3129:
within the superfamily
Hominoidea, meaning: the rest of the hominoids are more closely related to each other than (any of them) are to the gibbons. With this splitting, the gibbons (
2903:– under this species, it is nevertheless not clear to which animal this name refers, as Linnaeus had no specimen to refer to, hence no precise description. Linnaeus may have based
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4212:
3933:
3391:
The lesser apes are the gibbon family, Hylobatidae, of sixteen species; all are native to Asia. Their major differentiating characteristic is their long arms, which they use to
2998:
However, the many affinities between humans and other primates – and especially the "great apes" – made it clear that the distinction made no scientific sense. In his 1871 book
1657:. Previously, the divergence between humans and other extant hominoids was thought to have occurred 15 to 20 million years ago, and several species of that time period, such as
1556:
and humans". Modern biologists and primatologists refer to apes that are not human as "non-human" apes. Scientists broadly, other than paleoanthropologists, may use the term "
5215:"Scientists Find First Evidence That Groups of Apes Cooperate - Some bonobos are challenging the notion that humans are the only primates capable of group-to-group alliances"
2951:
4363:
Through careful study taxonomists today struggle to eliminate polyphyletic and paraphyletic groups and taxons, reclassifying their members into appropriate monophyletic taxa
2311:
5124:"Uric acid: A Danger Signal from the RNA World that may have a role in the Epidemic of Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome and CardioRenal Disease: Evolutionary Considerations"
3691:. According to researchers "This means that current climate solutions could lead to more industrialization in these places, which could worsen the climate crisis". The
3046:: Until about 1960, taxonomists typically divided the superfamily Hominoidea into two families. The science community treated humans and their extinct relatives as the
3988:
3488:, apes do not possess a tail. Monkeys are more likely to be in trees and use their tails for balance. While the great apes are considerably larger than monkeys,
3687:
in Africa, are considered endangered. Hunting, logging, agricultural expansion and mining are among the main threats. Recently mining has expanded due to the
9178:
9120:
9058:
3000:
3492:(lesser apes) are smaller than some monkeys. Apes are considered to be more intelligent than monkeys, which are considered to have more primitive brains.
3813:
3100:
of the "great apes" in Pongidae, and Hominidae, Pongidae, and Hylobatidae in Hominoidea. These presented a puzzle; scientists wanted to know which genus
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within the family Hominidae. This led to reassigning the African apes to the subfamily Homininae with humans—which presented a new three-way split:
2422:
From left: Comparison of size of gibbon, human, chimpanzee, gorilla and orangutan. Non-human hominoids do not stand upright as their normal posture.
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7803:
7693:
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4201:"An outline of an attempt at the disposition of Mammalia into tribes and families, with a list of the genera apparently appertaining to each tribe"
3922:"An outline of an attempt at the disposition of Mammalia into tribes and families, with a list of the genera apparently appertaining to each tribe"
3452:, is known to walk significant distances bipedally. The front of the ape skull is characterised by its sinuses, fusion of the frontal bone, and by
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9113:
9099:
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8105:
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5533:"Ebola virus 'has killed a third of world's gorillas and chimpanzees' – and could pose greatest threat to their survival, conservationists warn"
5502:"Ebola virus 'has killed a third of world's gorillas and chimpanzees' – and could pose greatest threat to their survival, conservationists warn"
5308:
4645:
4117:"Ebola virus 'has killed a third of world's gorillas and chimpanzees' – and could pose greatest threat to their survival, conservationists warn"
3583:
This series of images shows a gorilla using a small tree trunk as a tool. The trunk is used to maintain balance while fishing for aquatic plants
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8261:
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7441:
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3436:
Further, in comparison with Old World monkeys, hominoids are noted for: more mobile shoulder joints and arms due to the dorsal position of the
5172:
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within the superfamily; that is, humans were considered as quite distant from kinship with the "apes". Humans were classified as the family
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has been repeatedly demonstrated; more recently, the manufacture of tools has been documented, both in the wild and in laboratory tests.
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4375:
3660:, as are all species of orangutan and gorilla. The remaining species of gibbon, the bonobo, and all four subspecies of chimpanzees are
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3921:
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7673:
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5056:
Goodman, M.; Tagle, D. A.; Fitch, D. H.; et al. (1990). "Primate evolution at the DNA level and a classification of hominoids".
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8084:
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Although the hominoid fossil record is still incomplete and fragmentary, there is now enough evidence to provide an outline of the
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57:
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1101:
3783:
Although Dawkins is clear that he uses "apes" for Hominoidea, he also uses "great apes" in ways which exclude humans. Thus in
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6190:
5659:
5632:
5613:
5014:
Goodman, M. (1964). "Man's place in the phylogeny of the primates as reflected in serum proteins". In Washburn, S. L. (ed.).
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3978:
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Terry, M. W. (1977). "Use of common and scientific nomenclature to designate laboratory primates". In Schrier, A. M. (ed.).
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338:(though they were more widespread in Africa, most of Asia, and Europe in prehistory), which together with its sister group
5673:
6870:
6112:
5811:
3739:
4775:
3865:; for example "ll apes except humans are hairy" (p. 99), "mong the apes, gibbons are second only to humans" (p. 126).
3760:
3366:
1640:
1434:
entry: it could be used as a synonym for "monkey" and it could denote the tailless human-like primate in particular.
464:, though some populations are further imperiled by hunting. The great apes of Africa are also facing threat from the
5740:
5642:
Mishler, Brent D (2009). "Species are not uniquely real biological entities". In Ayala, F. J. & Arp, R. (eds.).
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different from that of other hominoids due in part to the development of technology and a wide range of habitation.
10554:
1081:
6122:
3729:
3014:
1531:
grouping, meaning that, even though all species of apes were descended from a common ancestor, this grouping did
1291:
207:
4450:"Primitive Old World monkey from the earliest Miocene of Kenya and the evolution of cercopithecoid bilophodonty"
5839:
4911:
3755:
3344:
2722:
1695:
1618:
3512:
Major studies of behaviour in the field were completed on the three better-known "great apes", for example by
6451:
2758:
5214:
6491:
5803:
5423:
3849:: "a juggler who keeps a trained monkey for the amusement of the crowd." (Middle English Dictionary, s.v. "
3054:
and were known as the "hominids". All other hominoids were known as "apes" and were referred to the family
2766:
2740:
2584:
731:
503:
354:
5341:
3608:
is much more easily demonstrated in "great apes" than in other primate species. Almost all the studies in
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3680:
infection is responsible for the death of at least one third of all gorillas and chimpanzees since 1990.
3609:
3241:
2972:
2937:
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the divergence from the chimpanzees. (Humans are no longer recognized as an outgroup, but are a branch,
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6195:
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83:
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6132:
5807:
5453:
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3532:, although the common chimpanzee hunts for meat. Foraging behaviour is correspondingly variable.
3465:
3333:
1607:
1446:
members of Hominoidea. So "ape"—not to be confused with "great ape"—now becomes another word for
1438:
Biologists have traditionally used the term "ape" to mean a member of the superfamily Hominoidea
992:
496:
366:
4279:"Tableau des quadrumanes, ou des animaux composant le premier ordre de la classe des Mammifères"
3429:; hominoids have five in the "Y-5" molar pattern, whereas Old World monkeys have only four in a
1579:, for a discussion of changes in scientific classification and terminology regarding hominoids.
1207:
10580:
10414:
8708:
8412:
7793:
6863:
6792:
6042:
4992:
4871:
Mootnick, A.; Groves, C. P. (2005). "A new generic name for the hoolock gibbon (Hylobatidae)".
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diet, mostly fruit, but supplemented with a variety of other foods. Gorillas are predominantly
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1523:
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3448:
pose. Note there are primates in other families that also lack tails, and at least one, the
2987:(two-handed, i.e. humans). This distinction was taken up by other naturalists, most notably
2620:
1720:, which lived 11.6 mya, and appears to predate the split between Hominidae and Hylobatidae.
1535:
include all the descendant species, because humans were excluded from being among the apes.
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862:
27:
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1690:
Genetic analysis combined with fossil evidence indicates that hominoids diverged from the
393:, the lesser apes, include four genera and a total of 20 species of gibbon, including the
8:
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4241:. Edinburgh Univ Pubs Science & Maths, No 3. Edinburgh University Press. p. 53.
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2811:, the science of classifying living things strictly according to their lines of descent.
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5265:
5188:
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1698:. The gibbons split from the rest about 18 mya, and the hominid splits happened 14 mya (
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4578:"Evidence of a chimpanzee-sized ancestor of humans but a gibbon-sized ancestor of apes"
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3407:, weighs up to 14 kg (31 lb); in comparison, the smallest "great ape", the
3076:
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3290:
361:
can include tailless primates taxonomically considered Cercopithecidae (such as the
10466:
10301:
9945:
9838:
9521:
9304:
9240:
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9147:
8234:
8150:
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4691:
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4469:
4414:
4321:
4178:
4040:
3845:"Any simian known on the Mediterranean during the Middle Ages; monkey or ape"; cf.
3825:
3717:
3535:
In November 2023, scientists reported, for the first time, evidence that groups of
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2369:
1843:
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892:
278:
260:
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3481:, are monkeys, so one can only specify ape features not present in other monkeys.
409:
on the ground. They have lighter bodies and smaller social groups than great apes.
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7368:
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6609:
6431:
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6206:
5931:
5921:
4937:"Letter, Carl Linnaeus to Johann Georg Gmelin. Uppsala, Sweden, 25 February 1747"
4418:
4076:
3593:
3474:
2992:
2899:("cave-dwelling man"). Although the term "Orang Outang" is listed as a variety –
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2498:
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1506:
1478:
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superfamily Hominoidea except humans. As such, this use of "apes" represented a
10350:
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10089:
10059:
10036:
10026:
10016:
9928:
9877:
9862:
9847:
9784:
9763:
9753:
9420:
9400:
9015:
8742:
8719:
8177:
7066:
6999:
6989:
6968:
6739:
6704:
6684:
6654:
6629:
6604:
6589:
6486:
6386:
6343:
5669:
4962:
4601:
3828:"; M. Philippa, F. Debrabandere, A. Quak, T. Schoonheim & N. van der Sijs,
3711:
3614:
3478:
3035:
3005:
2988:
2629:
2338:
2009:
1994:
1501:
1482:
797:
784:
714:
688:
335:
229:
6481:
5651:
5454:"Extinction threat to monkeys and other primates due to habitat loss, hunting"
5355:
4884:
4854:
3962:
3805:
3676:. Currently considered to be the greatest threat to survival of African apes,
1477:
is also due to Gray (1824), intended as including the human lineage (see also
10603:
10597:
10437:
10329:
10164:
10155:
9884:
9854:
9804:
9774:
9616:
9582:
9514:
9436:
9386:
9345:
9324:
8923:
8883:
8604:
8567:
8523:
8516:
8466:
8442:
8062:
7985:
7752:
6927:
6674:
6501:
6249:
5825:
5747:
5736:
5458:
5395:
5313:
4770:(3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 178–184.
4761:
4609:
4544:
4333:
4246:
4173:
3833:
3496:
3426:
3383:
Like those of the orangutan, the shoulder joints of hominoids are adapted to
2884:
2804:
1898:
1316:
984:
373:
Hominoidea. There are two extant branches of the superfamily Hominoidea: the
223:
203:
5688:
5273:
4995:(1945). "The principles of classification and a classification of mammals".
4785:
4474:
4029:"Mona Lisa smile: the morphological enigma of human and great ape evolution"
3403:
lifestyle. Generally smaller than the African apes, the largest gibbon, the
10361:
10290:
10201:
10178:
10126:
10109:
10079:
9921:
9869:
9723:
9504:
9457:
9362:
9297:
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9187:
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9031:
8916:
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8756:
8664:
8402:
8388:
8321:
8200:
7970:
7928:
7726:
7265:
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6506:
6067:
6052:
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5776:
5578:
5281:
5157:
4757:
4703:
4627:
4562:
4536:
4493:
4426:
4054:
3979:"Why don't humans have tails? Scientists find answers in an unlikely place"
3630:
3513:
3285:
2872:
2862:
2697:
2593:
2027:
1753:
1659:
1488:
The distinction between apes and monkeys is complicated by the traditional
1392:
966:
933:
847:
771:
758:
461:
189:
6848:
5085:
4669:"New infant cranium from the African Miocene sheds light on ape evolution"
2880:
and re-ranked as species; a third species was described in January 2017).
10510:
10476:
10446:
10267:
9450:
9331:
9314:
9078:
8684:
8594:
8459:
8422:
8342:
8281:
8002:
7455:
7091:
7076:
6466:
6441:
6260:
6062:
6017:
5886:
5210:
3673:
3664:. The chief threat to most of the endangered species is loss of tropical
3638:
3552:
3517:
3441:
3430:
3392:
3384:
3261:: Later DNA comparisons disclosed previously unknown speciation of genus
2911:, or Asian natives dressed in animal skins. Linnaeus named the orangutan
2826:
2561:
2531:
2411:
2081:
1728:
1667:
and possible ancestors of humans. But, later fossil finds indicated that
1539:
1295:
1038:
662:
465:
441:
433:
390:
362:
4695:
2887:, relying on second- or third-hand accounts, placed a second species in
10515:
9743:
9535:
8862:
8849:
8799:
8735:
8674:
8577:
8560:
8452:
8395:
8368:
8331:
8301:
8291:
8016:
7742:
7624:
7328:
7273:
7225:
7180:
7113:
7022:
6936:
6456:
6358:
6348:
6211:
5902:
5077:
4188:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 160.
4045:
4028:
3684:
3665:
3579:
3556:
3470:
3418:
3101:
2980:
2818:
of hominoids. They are the four genera in the family Hominidae, namely
2808:
2575:
2538:
2163:
1952:
1497:
1493:
1492:
of monkeys: Apes emerged as a sister group of Old World Monkeys in the
421:
394:
382:
343:
165:
145:
66:
4325:
3668:
habitat, though some populations are further imperiled by hunting for
3499:
has become inactive in all apes, its function having been lost in two
3297:
3248:
3211:
3182:
3141:
3108:
3062:
10212:
10142:
10116:
9985:
9935:
9572:
9562:
9485:
9338:
9228:
9127:
8893:
8647:
8550:
7764:
7526:
7242:
7126:
7004:
6994:
6944:
6807:
6754:
6744:
6584:
6521:
6201:
5944:
5427:
4448:
Rasmussen, D. T.; Friscia, A. R.; Gutierrez, M.; et al. (2019).
3892:
3875:
3605:
3529:
3525:
3415:
3267:
3159:
3051:
3031:
2946:
2844:
2838:
2569:
2444:
2436:
2407:
2195:
2183:
2064:
1970:
1552:
1528:
1489:
1468:
1376:
1053:
425:
413:
324:
251:
235:
95:
10408:
5800:
Agreement between cladograms based on molecular and anatomical data.
3318:
1592:
1500:, apes, catarrhines and related contemporary extinct groups such as
10431:
10278:
10254:
10047:
10006:
9952:
9891:
9464:
8614:
8507:
8207:
8132:
8032:
7617:
7257:
7198:
7081:
6911:
6899:
6170:
5724:
4642:"A new primate species at the root of the tree of extant hominoids"
3669:
3634:
3400:
3279:
3225:
3055:
2856:
2716:
2207:
1227:
675:
649:
115:
48:
4447:
26:
This article is about the branch of primates. For other uses, see
10339:
10232:
9959:
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9528:
8780:
8773:
8635:
8530:
8312:
8193:
8139:
7959:
7820:
7777:
7210:
7061:
7034:
6976:
6880:
6782:
6767:
6624:
6566:
6165:
6148:
5915:
5029:
Goodman, M. (1974). "Biochemical evidence on hominid phylogeny".
4767:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
4525:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
3645:
3626:
3597:
3536:
3500:
3445:
3437:
3404:
3273:
2850:
2832:
2703:
2660:
2482:
1664:
1565:
1557:
1519:
1473:
1462:
832:
824:
810:
634:
457:
437:
429:
406:
398:
378:
135:
44:
20:
10502:
5674:"Classification by molecules: what's in it for field botanists?"
4905:
3379:
2398:
9909:
9733:
9542:
9443:
9164:
8361:
8077:
7907:
7894:
7846:
7204:
7192:
7121:
7044:
6949:
6905:
6893:
6649:
6516:
6471:
6396:
6330:
5982:
5892:
4906:
Frängsmyr, T.; Lindroth, S.; Eriksson, G.; Broberg, G. (1983).
3633:, though some populations are further imperiled by hunting for
3568:
3540:
3489:
3485:
3408:
3122:
3081:
2984:
2908:
2547:
1915:
1867:
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374:
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327:
246:
155:
125:
105:
4801:"New Orangutan Species Could Be the Most Endangered Great Ape"
4667:
Nengo, I.; Tafforeau, P.; Gilbert, C. C.; et al. (2017).
4376:"Fossils may pinpoint critical split between apes and monkeys"
2426:
The families, and extant genera and species of hominoids are:
1542:"apes" does not include humans, but phylogenetically, humans (
299:
7236:
7149:
6959:
6689:
6634:
6579:
6338:
6231:
6221:
5873:
5487:
Chimpanzee Material Culture: Implications for Human Evolution
5309:"Every human culture includes cooking – this is how it began"
3677:
3560:
2921:
2815:
2518:
445:
370:
346:
320:
197:
4666:
3289:. The ordering of speciation of these four genera are being
1496:, which are a sister group of New World Monkeys. Therefore,
10319:
9352:
6226:
5867:
3672:. The great apes of Africa are also facing threat from the
3637:. The great apes of Africa are also facing threat from the
3564:
2820:
2511:
1544:
402:
311:
305:
4349:
An Introduction to Zoology: Investigating the Animal World
4177:
284:
5111:. Taylor & Francis Group/Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
3983:
3706:
3551:
Apart from humans and gorillas, apes eat a predominantly
1679:
1409:
424:, include four genera comprising three extant species of
290:
5424:"Chimpanzees over-hunt monkey prey almost to extinction"
4239:
Primates Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy I—Strepsirhini
2842:; plus four genera in the family Hylobatidae (gibbons):
5817:
5709:
Behavioral Primatology: Advances in Research and Theory
5122:
Johnson, R. J.; Lanaspa, M. A.; Gaucher, E. A. (2011).
5055:
2979:(1779), proposed that the primates be divided into the
4276:
4010:
4008:
4006:
3954:
3025:
1471:. Both terms were introduced by Gray (1825). The term
5711:. Vol. 1. Hillsdale, N.J., US: Lawrence Erlbaum.
5121:
4266:. London: Wright and Co. printers. pp. 340, 361.
3644:
All non-human hominoids are rare and threatened with
3625:
All non-human hominoids are rare and threatened with
3596:
abilities in chimpanzees, which Köhler attributed to
456:
All non-human hominoids are rare and threatened with
296:
10357:
10346:
10335:
10325:
10307:
10297:
10286:
10238:
10220:
10152:
10122:
10105:
10095:
10085:
10075:
10065:
10055:
10032:
10022:
10012:
10002:
9965:
9941:
9917:
9835:
9820:
9810:
9800:
9790:
9780:
9770:
9759:
9749:
9739:
9729:
9719:
9605:
9588:
9578:
9568:
9558:
9548:
9510:
9500:
9470:
9375:
9358:
9320:
9310:
9293:
9283:
9273:
9263:
9253:
9236:
9175:
9160:
9000:
8971:
8941:
8904:
8889:
8879:
8769:
8690:
8680:
8670:
8660:
8643:
8620:
8610:
8600:
8590:
8573:
8556:
8546:
8536:
8492:
8482:
8472:
8448:
8438:
8428:
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8408:
8384:
8374:
8350:
8327:
8297:
8287:
8277:
8267:
8257:
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8116:
8050:
8013:
7982:
7966:
7955:
7945:
7935:
7924:
7826:
7809:
7799:
7759:
7748:
7738:
7238:
4733:
4506:
4405:
from the middle Miocene of the Tugen Hills, Kenya".
4151:
3001:
The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex
2907:
on reports of mythical creatures, then-unidentified
1714:). In 2015, a new genus and species were described,
302:
4509:"Enamel thickness in the Middle Miocene great apes
4003:
1460:is derived from, and intended as encompassing, the
475:
293:
287:
281:
19:"Hominoid" redirects here. Not to be confused with
4997:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
4401:Rossie, J. B.; Hill, A. (2018). "A new species of
4340:
4139:
357:. In traditional and non-scientific use, the term
353:. Apes do not have tails due to a mutation of the
3796:The hypothetical Proto-Germanic form is given as
3473:, apes, catarrhines, and extinct species such as
3224:: New DNA comparisons now provided evidence that
1576:
10595:
4575:
4507:Alba, D. M.; Fortuny, J.; Moyà-Solà, S. (2010).
4351:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 536.
4070:
4068:
4066:
4064:
2991:. Some elevated the distinction to the level of
369:), and is thus not equivalent to the scientific
5608:(p/b ed.). London: Phoenix (Orion Books).
5246:Samuni, Liran; et al. (16 November 2023).
4834:
4454:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3802:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Deutschen Sprache
3466:Monkey § Historical and modern terminology
2791:
1510:, in which case the apes, Cercopithecoidea and
5248:"Cooperation across social borders in bonobos"
5170:
5109:The Gestural Communication of Apes and Monkeys
4870:
3543:, are capable of cooperating with each other.
2336:gibbons/lesser apes (family Hylobatidae)
7165:
6967:
6864:
6276:
5833:
5644:Contemporary Debates in Philosophy of Biology
5391:"Loving bonobos have a carnivorous dark side"
5245:
5106:
4346:
4227:
4061:
2915:("satyr monkey"). He placed the three genera
2402:Skeletons of members of the ape superfamily,
504:
5239:
5203:
5171:Johnson, Richard J.; Andrews, Peter (2015).
4792:
3414:The superfamily Hominoidea falls within the
432:and their subspecies, two extant species of
428:and their subspecies, two extant species of
6878:
4866:
4864:
3970:
3856:
3830:Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands
3620:
3459:
3411:, is 34 to 60 kg (75 to 132 lb).
3387:, or movement by swinging in tree branches.
3347:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2174: Hominoidea/apes (20.4 Mya)
1694:about 25 million years ago (mya), near the
1621:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
308:
7905:
7172:
7158:
6871:
6857:
6290:
6283:
6269:
5840:
5826:
5746:
4400:
4233:
3976:
3777:
3747:(for notable non-fictional non-human apes)
3695:was created for solve problems like this.
511:
497:
56:
9700:
9638:
8860:
8798:
5785:
5775:
5752:"Hominoid systematics: The soft evidence"
5147:
4835:Wilson, Don E.; Cavallini, Paolo (2013).
4617:
4552:
4483:
4473:
4305:
4168:
4166:
4044:
3961:
3444:) and, later, to developing balance in a
3367:Learn how and when to remove this message
3104:first from the common hominoid ancestor.
2983:(four-handed, i.e. apes and monkeys) and
1641:Learn how and when to remove this message
5563:"Threat of mining to African great apes"
5388:
5049:
5022:
4861:
4798:
4172:
3578:
3378:
2962:dated 25 February 1747, Linnaeus wrote:
2417:
2397:
5641:
5603:
5028:
5013:
5007:
4752:
4750:
4748:
3896:
3862:
3784:
3656:to extinction. Five gibbon species are
3399:as an evolutionary adaptation to their
2944:. The orangutan was moved to the genus
471:
10596:
5622:
5484:
5342:"Humans are becoming more carnivorous"
5306:
5209:
4961:
4756:
4739:
4576:Grabowski, M.; Jungers, W. L. (2017).
4283:Annales du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle
4277:Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, M. É. (1812).
4259:
4163:
4074:
4026:
4014:
3693:Sustainable Critical Minerals Alliance
2186:/great apes (15.7 Mya)
1680:Taxonomic classification and phylogeny
1514:emerged within the Old World monkeys.
1405:
10413:
10412:
9687:
8847:
7892:
7223:
7153:
6852:
6264:
6176:Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor
5821:
5706:
5668:
5627:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
5370:from the original on 29 November 2014
5288:from the original on 17 November 2023
5227:from the original on 16 November 2023
4991:
4943:from the original on 27 February 2009
4830:
4828:
4382:from the original on 16 December 2022
4311:
4157:
4145:
3895:vary; for the one used here see e.g.
3879:
3878:vary; for the one used here see e.g.
3528:, while the others are all primarily
3075:: The 1960s saw the methodologies of
1674:Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor
489:
6186:Orangutan–human last common ancestor
5530:
5499:
5403:from the original on 29 October 2014
5339:
5018:. Chicago: Aldine. pp. 204–234.
4873:International Journal of Primatology
4837:Handbook of the Mammals of the World
4745:
4648:from the original on 29 October 2015
4114:
3652:is the least threatened, only being
3539:, including apes, and, particularly
3345:adding citations to reliable sources
3312:
3084:. However, this arrangement had two
2936:name was used for the chimpanzee by
1619:adding citations to reliable sources
1586:
1551:Modern taxonomy aims for the use of
1538:Traditionally, the English-language
1348:
1326:
1304:
1280:
1260:
1240:
1216:
1196:
1173:
1150:
1130:
1110:
1090:
1070:
478:
5596:
5043:10.1146/annurev.an.03.100174.001223
3977:Weisberger, Mindy (23 March 2024).
3236:relatives and ancestors that arose
3026:Changes in taxonomy and terminology
2870:were recently moved from the genus
13:
6181:Gorilla–human last common ancestor
6113:Kinshasa Declaration on Great Apes
5812:National Museum of Natural History
5625:The Natural History of the Gorilla
5016:Classification and Human Evolution
4825:
4813:from the original on 17 April 2018
4660:
4293:from the original on 27 March 2019
4215:from the original on 27 April 2022
3991:from the original on 24 March 2024
3936:from the original on 27 April 2022
3740:Kinshasa Declaration on Great Apes
3308:
3296:
3247:
3210:
3181:
3140:
3107:
3061:
1442:humans, but more recently to mean
14:
10625:
10609:Extant Chattian first appearances
6191:Gibbon–human last common ancestor
5717:
5321:from the original on 29 July 2021
5197:10.1038/scientificamerican1015-64
4095:from the original on 3 April 2023
3203:; and Hominini, comprising genus
2406:. There are two extant families:
10392:
9670:
8830:
7874:
6245:
6244:
5996:
5735:
5723:
5466:from the original on 28 May 2018
5434:from the original on 6 June 2018
5389:Callaway, E. (13 October 2006).
5340:Hoag, Hannah (2 December 2013).
5140:10.1016/j.semnephrol.2011.08.002
5107:Call, J.; Tomasello, M. (2007).
4799:Cochrane, J. (2 November 2017).
4198:
3919:
3810:A handbook of Germanic etymology
3705:
3395:through trees. Their wrists are
3317:
2940:in 1775, but moved to the genus
2414:, the gibbons, or "lesser apes".
2372:
2337:
2310:
2279:
2248:
2226:
1591:
277:
82:
7893:
6123:Great Apes Survival Partnership
6073:Iowa Primate Learning Sanctuary
5555:
5524:
5493:
5478:
5446:
5415:
5382:
5333:
5300:
5164:
5115:
5100:
4985:
4955:
4929:
4899:
4634:
4569:
4500:
4441:
4394:
4368:
4347:Springer; D. H. (1 July 2011).
4312:Bugge, J. (1974). "Chapter 4".
4270:
4253:
4192:
3885:
3868:
3839:
3761:World Declaration on Great Apes
3730:Great Apes Survival Partnership
2051:Crown Hominoidea (22)
405:. They are highly arboreal and
10614:Taxa named by John Edward Gray
9688:
8848:
7224:
7179:
5421:
5307:Lawton, G. (2 November 2016).
5058:Journal of Molecular Evolution
4912:University of California Press
4908:Linnaeus, the man and his work
4108:
4020:
3948:
3913:
3804:(2002), online version, s.v. "
3790:
3756:List of primates by population
2814:Today, there are eight extant
2723:Northern buffed-cheeked gibbon
1655:evolutionary history of humans
1069:
448:in a single extant subspecies.
1:
6452:Kasakela chimpanzee community
5031:Annual Review of Anthropology
3906:
3244:of the pre-1960s ape group).
3121:: New studies indicated that
2798:Human taxonomy § History
2759:Southern white-cheeked gibbon
2650:or Mentawai gibbon or bilou,
2243:chimpanzees (genus
6492:Mitumba chimpanzee community
5804:Human Timeline (Interactive)
5756:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
5531:Rush, J. (23 January 2015).
5500:Rush, J. (23 January 2015).
4939:. Swedish Linnaean Society.
4910:. Berkeley and Los Angeles:
4839:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.
4419:10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.09.002
4115:Rush, J. (23 January 2015).
3574:
3507:
3265:(gibbons) into four genera:
3073:The "great apes" in Pongidae
2975:in the first edition of his
2792:History of hominoid taxonomy
2767:White-cheeked crested gibbon
2741:Eastern black crested gibbon
2585:Bornean white-bearded gibbon
1582:
1577:History of hominoid taxonomy
1570:terminology of primate names
444:) and their subspecies, and
349:, cladistically making them
7:
3822:Online Etymology Dictionary
3698:
3610:animal language acquisition
2973:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
2750:Hainan black crested gibbon
1406:
628:
10:
10630:
6320:List of fictional primates
6310:List of individual monkeys
6196:List of fictional primates
6048:Neanderthal genome project
4602:10.1038/s41467-017-00997-4
4407:Journal of Human Evolution
3751:List of fictional primates
3463:
3029:
2929:in the order of Primates.
2795:
2564:: gibbons ("lesser apes")
2439:: hominids ("great apes")
1696:Oligocene–Miocene boundary
1683:
1663:, were once thought to be
377:, or lesser apes; and the
25:
18:
10421:
10389:
10277:
10262:
10253:
10211:
10151:
10140:
10046:
9998:
9994:
9983:
9908:
9834:
9715:
9711:
9696:
9683:
9668:
9634:
9484:
9419:
9410:
9227:
9174:
9156:
9145:
9068:
9041:
9014:
8982:
8970:
8940:
8903:
8875:
8871:
8856:
8843:
8828:
8794:
8718:
8634:
8506:
8341:
8311:
8243:
8232:
8176:
8149:
8127:
8115:
8049:
8012:
7981:
7920:
7916:
7901:
7888:
7871:
7845:
7776:
7734:
7725:
7721:
7683:
7493:
7366:
7290:
7252:
7232:
7219:
7187:
7112:
7099:
7090:
7052:
7043:
7030:
7021:
6985:
6958:
6935:
6926:
6888:
6753:
6565:
6357:
6329:
6315:Monkeys and apes in space
6299:
6240:
6141:
6128:International Primate Day
6091:
6078:Borneo Orangutan Survival
6033:Chimpanzee genome project
6005:
5994:
5855:
5687:: 103–122. Archived from
5652:10.1002/9781444314922.ch6
5356:10.1038/nature.2013.14282
4885:10.1007/s10764-005-5332-4
4260:Martin, W. C. L. (1841).
3963:10.1101/2021.09.14.460388
3735:International Primate Day
3592:demonstrated exceptional
3454:post-orbital constriction
2977:Manual of Natural History
2866:. (The two subspecies of
2623:or southern grey gibbon,
2614:or northern grey gibbon,
2605:or Abbott's grey gibbon,
2367:
2353:
2334:
2303:
2272:
2241:
2219:
2212:
2200:
2188:
2176:
2168:
2078:
2061:
2054:
2024:
2006:
1999:
1988:
1967:
1949:
1942:
1912:
1896:
1889:
1882:
1864:
1857:
1841:
1834:
1796:
1780:
1773:
1751:
1744:
1734:
219:
214:
195:
188:
79:Scientific classification
77:
64:
55:
37:
5847:
4764:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
4078:Vertebrate Palaeontology
3770:
3621:Threats and conservation
3613:demonstrating a form of
3460:Distinction from monkeys
2685:Skywalker hoolock gibbon
2596:or black-handed gibbon,
2578:or white-handed gibbon,
2410:, the "great apes"; and
2377: Old World monkeys
2221:humans (genus
1420:"Ape", from Old English
521:
6305:List of individual apes
6154:List of individual apes
6133:Nonhuman Rights Project
5274:10.1126/science.adg0844
4475:10.1073/pnas.1815423116
4185:Encyclopædia Britannica
3745:List of individual apes
3546:
3152:Orangutans the outgroup
2305:orangutans (genus
1431:Encyclopædia Britannica
1393:P a r a n t h r o p u s
1252:Dispersal beyond Africa
6043:Gladys Kalema-Zikusoka
5777:10.1073/pnas.210390497
5623:Dixson, A. F. (1981).
5579:10.1126/sciadv.adl0335
5128:Seminars in Nephrology
4971:. Barnes & Noble.
4537:10.1098/rspb.2010.0218
4075:Benton, M. J. (2005).
4027:Grehan, J. R. (2006).
3650:eastern hoolock gibbon
3584:
3397:ball and socket joints
3388:
3301:
3252:
3215:
3186:
3162:, not humans, are the
3145:
3125:, not humans, are the
3112:
3066:
3023:
2969:
2676:Eastern hoolock gibbon
2667:Western hoolock gibbon
2431:Superfamily Hominoidea
2423:
2415:
2166: (31.0 Mya)
1800:Crown Cercopithecoidea
1729:Crown Catharrhini
1564:, replacing the term "
524:−10 —
10576:Paleobiology Database
6058:Lone Drøscher Nielsen
4582:Nature Communications
3658:critically endangered
3629:. The main threat is
3582:
3382:
3300:
3259:Speciation of gibbons
3251:
3222:Gorillas the outgroup
3214:
3185:
3144:
3111:
3065:
3010:
2964:
2796:Further information:
2776:Yellow-cheeked gibbon
2421:
2401:
2274:gorillas (genus
2210: (6.3 Mya)
2198: (8.8 Mya)
1524:Wilfrid Le Gros Clark
1479:Hominidae#Terminology
614:−1 —
604:−2 —
594:−3 —
584:−4 —
574:−5 —
564:−6 —
554:−7 —
544:−8 —
534:−9 —
460:. The main threat is
6038:Human Genome Project
5646:. pp. 110–122.
5604:Dawkins, R. (2005).
5573:(14). 3 April 2024.
5213:(16 November 2023).
4320:(Suppl. 62): 32–43.
4314:Cells Tissues Organs
4205:Annals of Philosophy
3926:Annals of Philosophy
3341:improve this section
3232:plus those earliest
3119:Gibbons the outgroup
2732:Black crested gibbon
1831:Hominoidea (30)
1717:Pliobates cataloniae
1615:improve this section
1208:Earliest stone tools
472:Name and terminology
28:Ape (disambiguation)
9553:Paradolichopithecus
6600:Charles the Gorilla
6083:Primate archaeology
5768:2000PNAS...9710684P
5606:The Ancestor's Tale
5485:McGrew, W. (1992).
5266:2023Sci...382..805S
5189:2015SciAm.313d..64J
5177:Scientific American
5070:1990JMolE..30..260G
4696:10.1038/nature23456
4688:2017Natur.548..169N
4644:. 29 October 2015.
4594:2017NatCo...8..880G
4531:(1691): 2237–2245.
4466:2019PNAS..116.6051R
4081:. Wiley-Blackwell.
3832:(2003–2009), s.v. "
3824:(2001–2014), s.v. "
3683:All the species of
3044:Humans the non-apes
2960:Johann Georg Gmelin
2612:Eastern grey gibbon
2603:Western grey gibbon
1456:The taxonomic term
9179:Victoriapithecidae
9121:Plesiopliopithecus
9059:Platodontopithecus
6575:Alfred the Gorilla
6291:Notable non-human
6013:Great ape language
5971:Tapanuli orangutan
5951:Sumatran orangutan
5750:(September 2000).
5220:The New York Times
5078:10.1007/BF02099995
4968:The Descent of Man
4806:The New York Times
4046:10.1002/ar.b.20107
3712:Mammals portal
3585:
3389:
3302:
3253:
3216:
3187:
3146:
3113:
3067:
2641:or capped gibbon,
2470:Tapanuli orangutan
2461:Sumatran orangutan
2424:
2416:
1783:Victoriapithecinae
1009:H. heidelbergensis
332:sub-Saharan Africa
16:Branch of primates
10591:
10590:
10563:Open Tree of Life
10415:Taxon identifiers
10406:
10405:
10402:
10401:
10387:
10386:
10383:
10382:
10379:
10378:
10375:
10374:
10371:
10370:
10136:
10135:
9979:
9978:
9679:
9678:
9666:
9665:
9662:
9661:
9658:
9657:
9630:
9629:
9626:
9625:
9141:
9140:
9137:
9136:
9043:Dionysopithecidae
8945:Propliopithecidae
8839:
8838:
8826:
8825:
8822:
8821:
8818:
8817:
8790:
8789:
8228:
8227:
8224:
8223:
7884:
7883:
7869:
7868:
7865:
7864:
7841:
7840:
7717:
7716:
7147:
7146:
7143:
7142:
7139:
7138:
7135:
7134:
7017:
7016:
7013:
7012:
6846:
6845:
6258:
6257:
6118:Great Ape Project
5961:Bornean orangutan
5661:978-1-4443-1492-2
5634:978-0-297-77895-0
5615:978-0-7538-1996-8
5260:(6672): 805–809.
4978:978-0-7607-7814-2
4921:978-0-7112-1841-3
4846:978-84-96553-89-7
4682:(7666): 169–174.
4460:(13): 6051–6056.
4358:978-0-7637-5286-6
4326:10.1159/000144209
4289:. Paris: 85–122.
4235:Osman Hill, W. C.
4088:978-0-632-05637-8
4033:Anatomical Record
3765:Great Ape Project
3725:Great Ape Project
3689:energy transition
3450:pig-tailed langur
3377:
3376:
3369:
3306:
3305:
3077:molecular biology
2876:to the new genus
2452:Bornean orangutan
2395:
2394:
2386:
2385:
2357:Traditional apes
2350:
2349:
2323:
2322:
2292:
2291:
2261:
2260:
2156:
2155:
2147:
2146:
2138:
2137:
2129:
2128:
2120:
2119:
2111:
2110:
2102:
2101:
2093:
2092:
2040:
2039:
1928:
1927:
1820:
1819:
1811:
1810:
1692:Old World monkeys
1686:List of hominoids
1651:
1650:
1643:
1418:
1417:
1410:million years ago
1369:
1368:
1347:
1346:
1325:
1324:
1317:Earliest rock art
1303:
1302:
1279:
1278:
1272:Earliest language
1259:
1258:
1239:
1238:
1215:
1214:
1195:
1194:
1185:Earliest sign of
1172:
1171:
1162:Earliest sign of
1149:
1148:
1129:
1128:
1109:
1108:
1089:
1088:
732:Ou. macedoniensis
267:
266:
184:
10621:
10584:
10583:
10571:
10570:
10558:
10557:
10545:
10544:
10532:
10531:
10519:
10518:
10506:
10505:
10493:
10492:
10480:
10479:
10470:
10469:
10457:
10456:
10455:
10442:
10441:
10440:
10410:
10409:
10397:
10396:
10359:
10348:
10337:
10327:
10309:
10302:Australopithecus
10299:
10288:
10260:
10259:
10240:
10222:
10154:
10149:
10148:
10124:
10107:
10097:
10087:
10077:
10067:
10057:
10034:
10024:
10014:
10004:
9996:
9995:
9992:
9991:
9967:
9943:
9919:
9839:Dendropithecidae
9837:
9822:
9812:
9802:
9792:
9782:
9772:
9761:
9751:
9741:
9731:
9721:
9713:
9712:
9709:
9708:
9698:
9697:
9685:
9684:
9674:
9636:
9635:
9607:
9590:
9580:
9570:
9560:
9550:
9512:
9502:
9472:
9417:
9416:
9377:
9360:
9322:
9312:
9295:
9285:
9275:
9265:
9255:
9241:Cercopithecoides
9238:
9211:Victoriapithecus
9177:
9162:
9154:
9153:
9148:Cercopithecoidea
9002:
8980:
8979:
8973:
8943:
8906:
8891:
8881:
8873:
8872:
8869:
8868:
8858:
8857:
8845:
8844:
8834:
8796:
8795:
8771:
8692:
8682:
8672:
8662:
8645:
8622:
8612:
8602:
8592:
8575:
8558:
8548:
8538:
8494:
8484:
8474:
8450:
8440:
8430:
8420:
8410:
8386:
8376:
8352:
8329:
8299:
8289:
8279:
8269:
8259:
8249:
8241:
8240:
8151:Proteopithecidae
8125:
8124:
8118:
8052:
8015:
7984:
7968:
7957:
7947:
7937:
7926:
7918:
7917:
7914:
7913:
7903:
7902:
7890:
7889:
7879:
7878:
7828:
7811:
7801:
7761:
7750:
7740:
7732:
7731:
7723:
7722:
7250:
7249:
7240:
7234:
7233:
7221:
7220:
7174:
7167:
7160:
7151:
7150:
7097:
7096:
7050:
7049:
7028:
7027:
6965:
6964:
6933:
6932:
6918:Euarchontoglires
6873:
6866:
6859:
6850:
6849:
6823:Nonja (Malaysia)
6285:
6278:
6271:
6262:
6261:
6248:
6247:
6217:Mythic humanoids
6000:
5975:P. tapanuliensis
5842:
5835:
5828:
5819:
5818:
5799:
5789:
5779:
5739:
5728:Data related to
5727:
5712:
5703:
5701:
5699:
5693:
5678:
5665:
5638:
5619:
5597:Literature cited
5590:
5589:
5587:
5585:
5567:Science Advances
5559:
5553:
5552:
5550:
5548:
5543:on 30 March 2015
5539:. Archived from
5528:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5517:
5512:on 30 March 2015
5508:. Archived from
5497:
5491:
5490:
5482:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5471:
5450:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5439:
5419:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5408:
5386:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5337:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5304:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5293:
5243:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5232:
5207:
5201:
5200:
5168:
5162:
5161:
5151:
5119:
5113:
5112:
5104:
5098:
5097:
5053:
5047:
5046:
5026:
5020:
5019:
5011:
5005:
5004:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4959:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4933:
4927:
4925:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4868:
4859:
4858:
4832:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4818:
4796:
4790:
4789:
4754:
4743:
4737:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4720:
4714:. Archived from
4673:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4621:
4573:
4567:
4566:
4556:
4504:
4498:
4497:
4487:
4477:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4372:
4366:
4365:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4231:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4181:
4170:
4161:
4155:
4149:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4127:on 30 March 2015
4123:. Archived from
4112:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4072:
4059:
4058:
4048:
4024:
4018:
4012:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3917:
3900:
3889:
3883:
3872:
3866:
3860:
3854:
3843:
3837:
3794:
3788:
3781:
3718:Dawn of Humanity
3710:
3709:
3372:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3352:
3321:
3313:
3242:deep in the tree
3158:); that is, the
3040:
3039:
2905:Homo troglodytes
2897:Homo troglodytes
2474:P. tapanuliensis
2376:
2370:Cercopithecoidea
2341:
2314:
2283:
2252:
2230:
2215:
2214:
2203:
2202:
2191:
2190:
2179:
2178:
2171:
2170:
2160:
2159:
2057:
2056:
2002:
2001:
1991:
1990:
1945:
1944:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1860:
1859:
1844:Dendropithecidae
1837:
1836:
1776:
1775:
1768:Cercopithecoidea
1747:
1746:
1737:
1736:
1724:
1723:
1706:), and 3–5 mya (
1646:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1626:
1595:
1587:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1381:
1379:
1363:
1354:
1349:
1341:
1339:Earliest clothes
1332:
1327:
1319:
1310:
1305:
1286:
1281:
1266:
1261:
1246:
1241:
1228:Earliest sign of
1222:
1217:
1202:
1197:
1187:Australopithecus
1179:
1174:
1156:
1151:
1142:Earliest bipedal
1136:
1131:
1122:Chimpanzee split
1116:
1111:
1096:
1091:
1076:
1071:
1057:
1056:
1042:
1041:
1025:
1011:
997:
969:
956:
936:
923:
895:
893:Australopithecus
882:
867:
850:
837:
813:
800:
787:
774:
761:
748:
736:
717:
704:
691:
679:
665:
652:
639:
637:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
513:
506:
499:
493:
483:
482:Hominin timeline
476:
401:, all native to
318:
317:
314:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
261:Cercopithecoidea
242:Dendropithecidae
179:
87:
86:
60:
43:Temporal range:
35:
34:
10629:
10628:
10624:
10623:
10622:
10620:
10619:
10618:
10594:
10593:
10592:
10587:
10579:
10574:
10566:
10561:
10553:
10548:
10540:
10535:
10527:
10522:
10514:
10509:
10501:
10496:
10488:
10483:
10475:
10473:
10465:
10460:
10451:
10450:
10445:
10436:
10435:
10430:
10417:
10407:
10398:
10391:
10367:
10273:
10249:
10225:Chororapithecus
10207:
10194:Pierolapithecus
10186:Hispanopithecus
10145:
10132:
10070:Gigantopithecus
10042:
9988:
9975:
9970:Yuanmoupithecus
9904:
9899:Turkanapithecus
9830:
9825:Samburupithecus
9795:Nacholapithecus
9705:
9692:
9675:
9654:
9622:
9593:Procynocephalus
9480:
9412:Cercopithecinae
9406:
9258:Dolichopithecus
9223:
9195:Nsungwepithecus
9170:
9150:
9133:
9086:Barberapithecus
9064:
9052:Dionysopithecus
9037:
9025:Epipliopithecus
9010:
8988:Krishnapithecus
8975:Pliopithecoidea
8966:
8961:Propliopithecus
8954:Aegyptopithecus
8936:
8908:Oligopithecidae
8899:
8865:
8852:
8835:
8814:
8786:
8714:
8630:
8502:
8477:Proteropithecia
8337:
8307:
8237:
8220:
8215:Ucayalipithecus
8172:
8145:
8120:Parapithecoidea
8111:
8092:Myanmarpithecus
8054:Amphipithecidae
8045:
8040:Phenacopithecus
8008:
7977:
7910:
7897:
7880:
7873:
7861:
7837:
7772:
7713:
7679:
7489:
7369:Anaptomorphinae
7362:
7286:
7246:
7228:
7215:
7183:
7178:
7148:
7131:
7108:
7104:Cercopithecidae
7086:
7039:
7009:
6981:
6954:
6922:
6884:
6877:
6847:
6842:
6818:Nonja (Austria)
6749:
6620:Guy the Gorilla
6561:
6353:
6325:
6324:
6295:
6289:
6259:
6254:
6236:
6207:Human evolution
6137:
6094:
6087:
6023:Birutė Galdikas
6001:
5992:
5932:Western gorilla
5922:Eastern gorilla
5858:
5851:
5846:
5762:(20): 10684–6.
5720:
5715:
5697:
5695:
5694:on 26 July 2011
5691:
5676:
5662:
5635:
5616:
5599:
5594:
5593:
5583:
5581:
5561:
5560:
5556:
5546:
5544:
5537:The Independent
5529:
5525:
5515:
5513:
5506:The Independent
5498:
5494:
5483:
5479:
5469:
5467:
5452:
5451:
5447:
5437:
5435:
5420:
5416:
5406:
5404:
5387:
5383:
5373:
5371:
5338:
5334:
5324:
5322:
5305:
5301:
5291:
5289:
5244:
5240:
5230:
5228:
5208:
5204:
5169:
5165:
5120:
5116:
5105:
5101:
5054:
5050:
5027:
5023:
5012:
5008:
4990:
4986:
4979:
4960:
4956:
4946:
4944:
4935:
4934:
4930:
4922:
4904:
4900:
4869:
4862:
4847:
4833:
4826:
4816:
4814:
4797:
4793:
4778:
4755:
4746:
4738:
4734:
4724:
4722:
4721:on 22 July 2018
4718:
4671:
4665:
4661:
4651:
4649:
4640:
4639:
4635:
4574:
4570:
4515:Pierolapithecus
4505:
4501:
4446:
4442:
4399:
4395:
4385:
4383:
4378:. 15 May 2013.
4374:
4373:
4369:
4359:
4345:
4341:
4310:
4306:
4296:
4294:
4275:
4271:
4258:
4254:
4232:
4228:
4218:
4216:
4197:
4193:
4171:
4164:
4160:, pp. 3–4.
4156:
4152:
4144:
4140:
4130:
4128:
4121:The Independent
4113:
4109:
4098:
4096:
4089:
4073:
4062:
4025:
4021:
4013:
4004:
3994:
3992:
3975:
3971:
3953:
3949:
3939:
3937:
3918:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3903:
3891:Definitions of
3890:
3886:
3874:Definitions of
3873:
3869:
3861:
3857:
3844:
3840:
3795:
3791:
3782:
3778:
3773:
3721:(2015 PBS film)
3704:
3701:
3623:
3594:problem-solving
3590:Wolfgang Köhler
3577:
3549:
3522:Birutė Galdikas
3510:
3479:Parapithecidaea
3475:Aegyptopithecus
3468:
3462:
3373:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3338:
3322:
3311:
3309:Characteristics
3038:
3028:
2901:Homo sylvestris
2868:hoolock gibbons
2800:
2794:
2639:Pileated gibbon
2621:Müller's gibbon
2499:Eastern gorilla
2490:Western gorilla
2396:
2387:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2324:
2293:
2262:
2157:
2148:
2139:
2130:
2121:
2112:
2103:
2094:
2041:
1929:
1868:Ekembo heseloni
1821:
1812:
1688:
1682:
1647:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1612:
1596:
1585:
1562:the human clade
1540:vernacular name
1512:Aegyptopithecus
1507:Aegyptopithecus
1414:
1413:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1377:H o m i n i d s
1375:
1373:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1352:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1330:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1308:
1299:
1298:
1284:
1275:
1274:
1264:
1255:
1254:
1244:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1220:
1211:
1210:
1200:
1191:
1190:
1177:
1168:
1167:
1154:
1145:
1144:
1134:
1125:
1124:
1114:
1105:
1104:
1094:
1085:
1084:
1074:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1007:
1002:
1000:
999:
998:
989:
981:
973:
972:
965:
959:
958:
957:
948:
940:
939:
932:
926:
925:
924:
915:
907:
899:
898:
891:
885:
884:
883:
874:
870:
869:
868:
859:
855:
854:
853:
846:
840:
839:
838:
829:
821:
817:
816:
815:
809:
804:
803:
802:
796:
791:
790:
789:
783:
778:
777:
776:
770:
765:
764:
763:
757:
752:
751:
750:
746:Chororapithecus
744:
739:
738:
737:
728:
720:
719:
713:
708:
707:
706:
702:Samburupithecus
700:
695:
694:
693:
687:
682:
681:
680:
673:
669:
668:
667:
661:
656:
655:
654:
648:
643:
642:
641:
635:
633:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
517:
491:
485:
481:
474:
340:Cercopithecidae
280:
276:
210:
201:
178:
81:
71:Pan troglodytes
51:
41:
39:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
10627:
10617:
10616:
10611:
10606:
10589:
10588:
10586:
10585:
10572:
10559:
10546:
10533:
10520:
10507:
10494:
10481:
10471:
10458:
10443:
10427:
10425:
10419:
10418:
10404:
10403:
10400:
10399:
10390:
10388:
10385:
10384:
10381:
10380:
10377:
10376:
10373:
10372:
10369:
10368:
10366:
10365:
10355:
10351:Sahelanthropus
10344:
10333:
10323:
10316:
10312:Graecopithecus
10305:
10295:
10283:
10281:
10275:
10274:
10272:
10271:
10263:
10257:
10251:
10250:
10248:
10247:
10243:Nakalipithecus
10236:
10229:
10217:
10215:
10209:
10208:
10206:
10205:
10198:
10190:
10182:
10175:
10168:
10160:
10158:
10146:
10141:
10138:
10137:
10134:
10133:
10131:
10130:
10120:
10113:
10103:
10100:Lufengpithecus
10093:
10090:Khoratpithecus
10083:
10073:
10063:
10060:Ankarapithecus
10052:
10050:
10044:
10043:
10041:
10040:
10037:Ouranopithecus
10030:
10027:Nakalipithecus
10020:
10017:Graecopithecus
10010:
9999:
9989:
9984:
9981:
9980:
9977:
9976:
9974:
9973:
9963:
9956:
9949:
9939:
9932:
9925:
9914:
9912:
9906:
9905:
9903:
9902:
9895:
9888:
9881:
9878:Rangwapithecus
9874:
9866:
9863:Nyanzapithecus
9859:
9851:
9848:Dendropithecus
9843:
9841:
9832:
9831:
9829:
9828:
9818:
9808:
9798:
9788:
9785:Morotopithecus
9778:
9768:
9764:Kamoyapithecus
9757:
9754:Griphopithecus
9747:
9737:
9727:
9716:
9706:
9701:
9694:
9693:
9681:
9680:
9677:
9676:
9669:
9667:
9664:
9663:
9660:
9659:
9656:
9655:
9653:
9652:
9651:
9650:
9644:
9642:
9632:
9631:
9628:
9627:
9624:
9623:
9621:
9620:
9613:
9610:Soromandrillus
9603:
9596:
9586:
9576:
9566:
9556:
9546:
9539:
9532:
9525:
9518:
9508:
9498:
9490:
9488:
9482:
9481:
9479:
9478:
9468:
9461:
9454:
9447:
9440:
9433:
9430:Allenopithecus
9425:
9423:
9421:Cercopithecini
9414:
9408:
9407:
9405:
9404:
9401:Trachypithecus
9397:
9390:
9383:
9373:
9366:
9356:
9349:
9342:
9335:
9328:
9318:
9308:
9301:
9291:
9281:
9271:
9261:
9251:
9244:
9233:
9231:
9225:
9224:
9222:
9221:
9218:Zaltanpithecus
9214:
9207:
9199:
9191:
9183:
9181:
9172:
9171:
9169:
9168:
9157:
9151:
9146:
9143:
9142:
9139:
9138:
9135:
9134:
9132:
9131:
9124:
9117:
9110:
9103:
9096:
9089:
9082:
9074:
9072:
9066:
9065:
9063:
9062:
9055:
9047:
9045:
9039:
9038:
9036:
9035:
9028:
9020:
9018:
9016:Pliopithecidae
9012:
9011:
9009:
9008:
8998:
8991:
8983:
8977:
8968:
8967:
8965:
8964:
8957:
8949:
8947:
8938:
8937:
8935:
8934:
8927:
8920:
8912:
8910:
8901:
8900:
8898:
8897:
8887:
8876:
8866:
8861:
8854:
8853:
8841:
8840:
8837:
8836:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8823:
8820:
8819:
8816:
8815:
8813:
8812:
8811:
8810:
8804:
8802:
8792:
8791:
8788:
8787:
8785:
8784:
8777:
8767:
8760:
8757:Leontopithecus
8753:
8746:
8739:
8732:
8724:
8722:
8720:Callitrichidae
8716:
8715:
8713:
8712:
8705:
8698:
8688:
8678:
8668:
8658:
8651:
8640:
8638:
8632:
8631:
8629:
8628:
8618:
8608:
8598:
8588:
8581:
8571:
8564:
8554:
8544:
8534:
8527:
8520:
8512:
8510:
8504:
8503:
8501:
8500:
8490:
8480:
8470:
8463:
8456:
8446:
8436:
8426:
8416:
8406:
8399:
8392:
8382:
8372:
8365:
8358:
8347:
8345:
8339:
8338:
8336:
8335:
8325:
8317:
8315:
8309:
8308:
8306:
8305:
8295:
8285:
8275:
8265:
8255:
8244:
8238:
8233:
8230:
8229:
8226:
8225:
8222:
8221:
8219:
8218:
8211:
8204:
8197:
8190:
8182:
8180:
8178:Parapithecidae
8174:
8173:
8171:
8170:
8163:
8160:Proteopithecus
8155:
8153:
8147:
8146:
8144:
8143:
8136:
8128:
8122:
8113:
8112:
8110:
8109:
8102:
8095:
8088:
8081:
8074:
8066:
8058:
8056:
8047:
8046:
8044:
8043:
8036:
8029:
8021:
8019:
8010:
8009:
8007:
8006:
7999:
7991:
7989:
7979:
7978:
7976:
7975:
7964:
7953:
7943:
7933:
7921:
7911:
7906:
7899:
7898:
7886:
7885:
7882:
7881:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7866:
7863:
7862:
7860:
7859:
7858:
7857:
7851:
7849:
7843:
7842:
7839:
7838:
7836:
7835:
7824:
7817:
7807:
7804:Hesperotarsius
7797:
7790:
7782:
7780:
7774:
7773:
7771:
7770:
7757:
7746:
7735:
7729:
7719:
7718:
7715:
7714:
7712:
7711:
7704:
7697:
7689:
7687:
7681:
7680:
7678:
7677:
7670:
7663:
7656:
7649:
7642:
7635:
7628:
7621:
7614:
7607:
7600:
7593:
7586:
7579:
7572:
7565:
7562:Gunnelltarsius
7558:
7551:
7544:
7537:
7530:
7523:
7516:
7509:
7501:
7499:
7491:
7490:
7488:
7487:
7480:
7473:
7466:
7459:
7452:
7445:
7438:
7431:
7428:Pseudotetonius
7424:
7417:
7410:
7403:
7396:
7389:
7382:
7374:
7372:
7364:
7363:
7361:
7360:
7353:
7346:
7339:
7332:
7325:
7318:
7311:
7304:
7296:
7294:
7292:Microchoerinae
7288:
7287:
7285:
7284:
7277:
7270:
7262:
7253:
7247:
7237:
7230:
7229:
7217:
7216:
7214:
7213:
7207:
7201:
7195:
7188:
7185:
7184:
7177:
7176:
7169:
7162:
7154:
7145:
7144:
7141:
7140:
7137:
7136:
7133:
7132:
7130:
7129:
7124:
7118:
7116:
7110:
7109:
7107:
7106:
7100:
7094:
7088:
7087:
7085:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7067:Callitrichidae
7064:
7058:
7056:
7047:
7041:
7040:
7038:
7037:
7031:
7025:
7019:
7018:
7015:
7014:
7011:
7010:
7008:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6990:Cheirogaleidae
6986:
6983:
6982:
6980:
6979:
6977:Daubentoniidae
6973:
6971:
6969:Chiromyiformes
6962:
6956:
6955:
6953:
6952:
6947:
6941:
6939:
6930:
6924:
6923:
6921:
6920:
6914:
6908:
6902:
6896:
6889:
6886:
6885:
6876:
6875:
6868:
6861:
6853:
6844:
6843:
6841:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6759:
6757:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6571:
6569:
6563:
6562:
6560:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6487:Marquis Chimps
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6387:Pierre Brassau
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6363:
6361:
6355:
6354:
6352:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6335:
6333:
6327:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6301:
6300:
6297:
6296:
6288:
6287:
6280:
6273:
6265:
6256:
6255:
6253:
6252:
6241:
6238:
6237:
6235:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6157:
6151:
6145:
6143:
6139:
6138:
6136:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6099:
6097:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6009:
6007:
6003:
6002:
5995:
5993:
5991:
5990:
5989:: Hylobatidae)
5980:
5979:
5978:
5968:
5958:
5941:
5940:
5939:
5929:
5912:
5911:
5910:
5907:P. troglodytes
5900:
5883:
5882:
5881:
5863:
5861:
5853:
5852:
5845:
5844:
5837:
5830:
5822:
5816:
5815:
5814:(August 2016).
5801:
5744:
5733:
5732:at Wikispecies
5719:
5718:External links
5716:
5714:
5713:
5704:
5666:
5660:
5639:
5633:
5620:
5614:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5554:
5523:
5492:
5477:
5445:
5414:
5381:
5332:
5299:
5238:
5202:
5173:"The Fat Gene"
5163:
5134:(5): 394–399.
5114:
5099:
5064:(3): 260–266.
5048:
5037:(1): 203–228.
5021:
5006:
4993:G. G., Simpson
4984:
4977:
4954:
4928:
4920:
4898:
4879:(4): 971–976.
4860:
4845:
4824:
4791:
4776:
4744:
4732:
4659:
4633:
4568:
4499:
4440:
4393:
4367:
4357:
4339:
4304:
4269:
4252:
4226:
4207:. New Series.
4191:
4176:, ed. (1911).
4174:Chisholm, Hugh
4162:
4150:
4138:
4107:
4087:
4060:
4039:(4): 139–157.
4019:
4017:, pp. 13.
4002:
3969:
3947:
3928:. New Series.
3911:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3899:, pp. 114
3884:
3882:, pp. 106
3867:
3855:
3838:
3812:(2003), s.v. "
3789:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3714:
3700:
3697:
3622:
3619:
3615:animal culture
3576:
3573:
3548:
3545:
3509:
3506:
3461:
3458:
3375:
3374:
3325:
3323:
3316:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3294:
3255:
3254:
3245:
3218:
3217:
3208:
3189:
3188:
3179:
3148:
3147:
3138:
3115:
3114:
3105:
3069:
3068:
3059:
3036:Human taxonomy
3027:
3024:
3006:Charles Darwin
2989:Georges Cuvier
2793:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2773:
2764:
2756:
2747:
2738:
2729:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2708:S. syndactylus
2693:
2692:
2691:
2682:
2673:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2648:Kloss's gibbon
2645:
2636:
2630:Silvery gibbon
2627:
2618:
2609:
2600:
2591:
2582:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2545:
2543:P. troglodytes
2535:: chimpanzees
2527:
2526:
2525:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2496:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2467:
2458:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2218:
2213:
2211:
2201:
2199:
2189:
2187:
2177:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2010:Morotopithecus
2005:
2000:
1998:
1995:Afropithecidae
1989:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1948:
1943:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1916:Ekembo nyanzae
1911:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1779:
1774:
1772:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1735:
1733:
1722:
1684:Main article:
1681:
1678:
1649:
1648:
1631:September 2021
1599:
1597:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1560:" to identify
1502:Parapithecidae
1483:Human taxonomy
1467:the family of
1416:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1345:
1344:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1323:
1322:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1301:
1300:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1277:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1257:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1237:
1236:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1213:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1193:
1192:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1170:
1169:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1147:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1127:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1107:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1087:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1001:
962:
961:
960:
944:H. rudolfensis
929:
928:
927:
888:
887:
886:
873:
872:
871:
858:
857:
856:
843:
842:
841:
820:
819:
818:
807:
806:
805:
798:Graecopithecus
794:
793:
792:
785:Sahelanthropus
781:
780:
779:
768:
767:
766:
755:
754:
753:
742:
741:
740:
715:Ouranopithecus
711:
710:
709:
698:
697:
696:
689:Nakalipithecus
685:
684:
683:
672:
671:
670:
659:
658:
657:
646:
645:
644:
631:
630:
629:
627:
624:0 —
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
519:
518:
516:
515:
508:
501:
490:
487:
486:
479:
473:
470:
450:
449:
410:
336:Southeast Asia
272:(collectively
265:
264:
255:
254:
249:
244:
238:
232:
230:Afropithecidae
226:
217:
216:
212:
211:
202:
193:
192:
186:
185:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
75:
74:
62:
61:
53:
52:
42:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10626:
10615:
10612:
10610:
10607:
10605:
10602:
10601:
10599:
10582:
10577:
10573:
10569:
10564:
10560:
10556:
10551:
10547:
10543:
10538:
10534:
10530:
10525:
10521:
10517:
10512:
10508:
10504:
10499:
10495:
10491:
10486:
10482:
10478:
10472:
10468:
10463:
10459:
10454:
10448:
10444:
10439:
10433:
10429:
10428:
10426:
10424:
10420:
10416:
10411:
10395:
10364:
10363:
10356:
10353:
10352:
10345:
10342:
10341:
10334:
10332:
10331:
10330:Kenyanthropus
10324:
10322:
10321:
10317:
10314:
10313:
10306:
10304:
10303:
10296:
10293:
10292:
10285:
10284:
10282:
10280:
10276:
10270:
10269:
10265:
10264:
10261:
10258:
10256:
10252:
10245:
10244:
10237:
10235:
10234:
10230:
10227:
10226:
10219:
10218:
10216:
10214:
10210:
10204:
10203:
10199:
10196:
10195:
10191:
10188:
10187:
10183:
10181:
10180:
10176:
10174:
10173:
10169:
10167:
10166:
10165:Anoiapithecus
10162:
10161:
10159:
10157:
10156:Dryopithecini
10150:
10147:
10144:
10139:
10129:
10128:
10121:
10119:
10118:
10114:
10112:
10111:
10104:
10102:
10101:
10094:
10092:
10091:
10084:
10082:
10081:
10074:
10072:
10071:
10064:
10062:
10061:
10054:
10053:
10051:
10049:
10045:
10039:
10038:
10031:
10029:
10028:
10021:
10019:
10018:
10011:
10009:
10008:
10001:
10000:
9997:
9993:
9990:
9987:
9982:
9972:
9971:
9964:
9962:
9961:
9957:
9955:
9954:
9950:
9948:
9947:
9940:
9938:
9937:
9933:
9931:
9930:
9926:
9924:
9923:
9916:
9915:
9913:
9911:
9907:
9901:
9900:
9896:
9894:
9893:
9889:
9887:
9886:
9885:Rukwapithecus
9882:
9880:
9879:
9875:
9872:
9871:
9867:
9865:
9864:
9860:
9857:
9856:
9855:Micropithecus
9852:
9850:
9849:
9845:
9844:
9842:
9840:
9833:
9827:
9826:
9819:
9817:
9816:
9809:
9807:
9806:
9805:Otavipithecus
9799:
9797:
9796:
9789:
9787:
9786:
9779:
9777:
9776:
9775:Kenyapithecus
9769:
9766:
9765:
9758:
9756:
9755:
9748:
9746:
9745:
9738:
9736:
9735:
9728:
9726:
9725:
9718:
9717:
9714:
9710:
9707:
9704:
9699:
9695:
9691:
9686:
9682:
9673:
9648:
9647:
9646:
9645:
9643:
9641:
9637:
9633:
9619:
9618:
9617:Theropithecus
9614:
9612:
9611:
9604:
9602:
9601:
9597:
9595:
9594:
9587:
9585:
9584:
9583:Procercocebus
9577:
9575:
9574:
9567:
9565:
9564:
9557:
9555:
9554:
9547:
9545:
9544:
9540:
9538:
9537:
9533:
9531:
9530:
9526:
9524:
9523:
9519:
9517:
9516:
9515:Gorgopithecus
9509:
9507:
9506:
9499:
9497:
9496:
9492:
9491:
9489:
9487:
9483:
9477:
9476:
9469:
9467:
9466:
9462:
9460:
9459:
9455:
9453:
9452:
9448:
9446:
9445:
9444:Cercopithecus
9441:
9439:
9438:
9437:Allochrocebus
9434:
9432:
9431:
9427:
9426:
9424:
9422:
9418:
9415:
9413:
9409:
9403:
9402:
9398:
9396:
9395:
9391:
9389:
9388:
9387:Semnopithecus
9384:
9382:
9381:
9374:
9372:
9371:
9370:Rhinopithecus
9367:
9365:
9364:
9357:
9355:
9354:
9350:
9348:
9347:
9343:
9341:
9340:
9336:
9334:
9333:
9329:
9327:
9326:
9325:Parapresbytis
9319:
9317:
9316:
9309:
9307:
9306:
9302:
9300:
9299:
9292:
9290:
9289:
9282:
9280:
9279:
9272:
9270:
9269:
9268:Kuseracolobus
9262:
9260:
9259:
9252:
9250:
9249:
9245:
9243:
9242:
9235:
9234:
9232:
9230:
9226:
9220:
9219:
9215:
9213:
9212:
9208:
9205:
9204:
9200:
9197:
9196:
9192:
9190:
9189:
9185:
9184:
9182:
9180:
9173:
9167:
9166:
9159:
9158:
9155:
9152:
9149:
9144:
9130:
9129:
9125:
9123:
9122:
9118:
9116:
9115:
9114:Laccopithecus
9111:
9109:
9108:
9104:
9102:
9101:
9100:Egarapithecus
9097:
9095:
9094:
9090:
9088:
9087:
9083:
9081:
9080:
9076:
9075:
9073:
9071:
9067:
9061:
9060:
9056:
9054:
9053:
9049:
9048:
9046:
9044:
9040:
9034:
9033:
9029:
9027:
9026:
9022:
9021:
9019:
9017:
9013:
9007:
9006:
8999:
8997:
8996:
8992:
8990:
8989:
8985:
8984:
8981:
8978:
8976:
8969:
8963:
8962:
8958:
8956:
8955:
8951:
8950:
8948:
8946:
8939:
8933:
8932:
8931:Talahpithecus
8928:
8926:
8925:
8924:Oligopithecus
8921:
8919:
8918:
8914:
8913:
8911:
8909:
8902:
8896:
8895:
8888:
8886:
8885:
8884:Micropithecus
8878:
8877:
8874:
8870:
8867:
8864:
8859:
8855:
8851:
8846:
8842:
8833:
8808:
8807:
8806:
8805:
8803:
8801:
8797:
8793:
8783:
8782:
8778:
8776:
8775:
8768:
8766:
8765:
8761:
8759:
8758:
8754:
8752:
8751:
8747:
8745:
8744:
8740:
8738:
8737:
8733:
8731:
8730:
8726:
8725:
8723:
8721:
8717:
8711:
8710:
8706:
8704:
8703:
8699:
8697:
8696:
8689:
8687:
8686:
8679:
8677:
8676:
8669:
8667:
8666:
8659:
8657:
8656:
8652:
8650:
8649:
8642:
8641:
8639:
8637:
8633:
8627:
8626:
8619:
8617:
8616:
8609:
8607:
8606:
8605:Protopithecus
8599:
8597:
8596:
8589:
8587:
8586:
8582:
8580:
8579:
8572:
8570:
8569:
8565:
8563:
8562:
8555:
8553:
8552:
8545:
8543:
8542:
8535:
8533:
8532:
8528:
8526:
8525:
8521:
8519:
8518:
8514:
8513:
8511:
8509:
8505:
8499:
8498:
8491:
8489:
8488:
8481:
8479:
8478:
8471:
8469:
8468:
8467:Plecturocebus
8464:
8462:
8461:
8457:
8455:
8454:
8447:
8445:
8444:
8443:Miocallicebus
8437:
8435:
8434:
8427:
8425:
8424:
8417:
8415:
8414:
8407:
8405:
8404:
8400:
8398:
8397:
8393:
8391:
8390:
8383:
8381:
8380:
8373:
8371:
8370:
8366:
8364:
8363:
8359:
8357:
8356:
8349:
8348:
8346:
8344:
8340:
8334:
8333:
8326:
8324:
8323:
8319:
8318:
8316:
8314:
8310:
8304:
8303:
8296:
8294:
8293:
8286:
8284:
8283:
8276:
8274:
8273:
8266:
8264:
8263:
8256:
8254:
8253:
8246:
8245:
8242:
8239:
8236:
8231:
8217:
8216:
8212:
8210:
8209:
8205:
8203:
8202:
8198:
8196:
8195:
8191:
8189:
8188:
8184:
8183:
8181:
8179:
8175:
8169:
8168:
8164:
8162:
8161:
8157:
8156:
8154:
8152:
8148:
8142:
8141:
8137:
8135:
8134:
8130:
8129:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8114:
8108:
8107:
8106:Siamopithecus
8103:
8101:
8100:
8096:
8094:
8093:
8089:
8087:
8086:
8082:
8080:
8079:
8075:
8072:
8071:
8070:Bugtipithecus
8067:
8065:
8064:
8063:Amphipithecus
8060:
8059:
8057:
8055:
8048:
8042:
8041:
8037:
8035:
8034:
8030:
8028:
8027:
8023:
8022:
8020:
8018:
8011:
8005:
8004:
8000:
7998:
7997:
7993:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7986:Afrotarsiidae
7980:
7973:
7972:
7965:
7962:
7961:
7954:
7952:
7951:
7950:Aseanpithecus
7944:
7942:
7941:
7934:
7931:
7930:
7923:
7922:
7919:
7915:
7912:
7909:
7904:
7900:
7896:
7891:
7887:
7877:
7855:
7854:
7853:
7852:
7850:
7848:
7844:
7833:
7832:
7825:
7823:
7822:
7818:
7816:
7815:
7808:
7806:
7805:
7798:
7796:
7795:
7794:Cephalopachus
7791:
7789:
7788:
7784:
7783:
7781:
7779:
7775:
7768:
7766:
7758:
7755:
7754:
7753:Afrotarsiidae
7747:
7745:
7744:
7737:
7736:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7724:
7720:
7710:
7709:
7705:
7703:
7702:
7698:
7696:
7695:
7691:
7690:
7688:
7686:
7685:Tarkadectinae
7682:
7676:
7675:
7671:
7669:
7668:
7664:
7662:
7661:
7657:
7655:
7654:
7650:
7648:
7647:
7643:
7641:
7640:
7636:
7634:
7633:
7629:
7627:
7626:
7622:
7620:
7619:
7615:
7613:
7612:
7608:
7606:
7605:
7601:
7599:
7598:
7594:
7592:
7591:
7587:
7585:
7584:
7580:
7578:
7577:
7573:
7571:
7570:
7566:
7564:
7563:
7559:
7557:
7556:
7555:Ekwiiyemakius
7552:
7550:
7549:
7545:
7543:
7542:
7538:
7536:
7535:
7531:
7529:
7528:
7524:
7522:
7521:
7517:
7515:
7514:
7510:
7508:
7507:
7506:Ageitodendron
7503:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7492:
7486:
7485:
7481:
7479:
7478:
7474:
7472:
7471:
7467:
7465:
7464:
7460:
7458:
7457:
7453:
7451:
7450:
7446:
7444:
7443:
7439:
7437:
7436:
7432:
7430:
7429:
7425:
7423:
7422:
7418:
7416:
7415:
7411:
7409:
7408:
7404:
7402:
7401:
7397:
7395:
7394:
7390:
7388:
7387:
7386:Anaptomorphus
7383:
7381:
7380:
7376:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7365:
7359:
7358:
7354:
7352:
7351:
7347:
7345:
7344:
7340:
7338:
7337:
7333:
7331:
7330:
7326:
7324:
7323:
7319:
7317:
7316:
7312:
7310:
7309:
7305:
7303:
7302:
7298:
7297:
7295:
7293:
7289:
7283:
7282:
7278:
7276:
7275:
7271:
7268:
7267:
7263:
7260:
7259:
7255:
7254:
7251:
7248:
7244:
7235:
7231:
7227:
7222:
7218:
7212:
7208:
7206:
7202:
7200:
7196:
7194:
7190:
7189:
7186:
7182:
7175:
7170:
7168:
7163:
7161:
7156:
7155:
7152:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7119:
7117:
7115:
7111:
7105:
7102:
7101:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7089:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7059:
7057:
7055:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7042:
7036:
7033:
7032:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7020:
7006:
7003:
7001:
7000:Lepilemuridae
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6987:
6984:
6978:
6975:
6974:
6972:
6970:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6957:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6942:
6940:
6938:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6928:Strepsirrhini
6925:
6919:
6915:
6913:
6909:
6907:
6903:
6901:
6897:
6895:
6891:
6890:
6887:
6882:
6874:
6869:
6867:
6862:
6860:
6855:
6854:
6851:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6760:
6758:
6756:
6752:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6572:
6570:
6568:
6564:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6502:J. Fred Muggs
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6364:
6362:
6360:
6356:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6332:
6328:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6298:
6294:
6286:
6281:
6279:
6274:
6272:
6267:
6266:
6263:
6251:
6243:
6242:
6239:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6161:
6160:Apes in space
6158:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6140:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6096:
6095:social status
6090:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6008:
6006:Study of apes
6004:
5999:
5988:
5984:
5981:
5976:
5972:
5969:
5966:
5962:
5959:
5956:
5952:
5949:
5948:
5947:
5946:
5942:
5937:
5933:
5930:
5927:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5917:
5913:
5908:
5904:
5901:
5898:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5889:
5888:
5884:
5879:
5875:
5872:
5871:
5870:
5869:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5860:
5854:
5850:
5843:
5838:
5836:
5831:
5829:
5824:
5823:
5820:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5802:
5797:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5731:
5726:
5722:
5721:
5710:
5705:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5640:
5636:
5630:
5626:
5621:
5617:
5611:
5607:
5602:
5601:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5558:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5527:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5496:
5488:
5481:
5465:
5461:
5460:
5459:Science Daily
5455:
5449:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5422:M., Michael.
5418:
5402:
5398:
5397:
5396:New Scientist
5392:
5385:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5348:
5343:
5336:
5320:
5316:
5315:
5314:New Scientist
5310:
5303:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5254:
5249:
5242:
5226:
5222:
5221:
5216:
5212:
5206:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5167:
5159:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5118:
5110:
5103:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5052:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5025:
5017:
5010:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4988:
4980:
4974:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4958:
4942:
4938:
4932:
4923:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4902:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4867:
4865:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4838:
4831:
4829:
4812:
4808:
4807:
4802:
4795:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4777:0-801-88221-4
4773:
4769:
4768:
4763:
4762:Wilson, D. E.
4759:
4758:Groves, C. P.
4753:
4751:
4749:
4742:, p. 16.
4741:
4736:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4670:
4663:
4647:
4643:
4637:
4629:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4572:
4564:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4511:Anoiapithecus
4503:
4495:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4444:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4397:
4381:
4377:
4371:
4364:
4360:
4354:
4350:
4343:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4308:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4273:
4265:
4264:
4256:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4230:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4195:
4187:
4186:
4180:
4175:
4169:
4167:
4159:
4154:
4148:, pp. 3.
4147:
4142:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4111:
4094:
4090:
4084:
4080:
4079:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4056:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4011:
4009:
4007:
3990:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3973:
3964:
3959:
3951:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3916:
3912:
3898:
3894:
3888:
3881:
3877:
3871:
3864:
3859:
3852:
3848:
3842:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3786:
3780:
3776:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3702:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3618:
3616:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3581:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3497:urate oxidase
3493:
3491:
3487:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3471:Cladistically
3467:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3386:
3381:
3371:
3368:
3360:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3326:This section
3324:
3320:
3315:
3314:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3007:
3003:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2971:Accordingly,
2968:
2963:
2961:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2913:Simia satyrus
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2885:Carl Linnaeus
2881:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2805:DNA sequences
2799:
2781:
2780:N. gabriellae
2777:
2774:
2772:
2771:N. leucogenys
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2727:N. annamensis
2724:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2680:H. leuconedys
2677:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2589:H. albibarbis
2586:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2448:: orangutans
2447:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2391:
2390:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2308:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2277:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2246:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2224:
2217:
2216:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2152:
2151:
2143:
2142:
2134:
2133:
2125:
2124:
2116:
2115:
2107:
2106:
2098:
2097:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2059:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1947:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1899:Proconsulidae
1894:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1816:
1815:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1645:
1642:
1634:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1600:This section
1598:
1594:
1589:
1588:
1580:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1498:cladistically
1495:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1394:
1380:
1378:
1362:
1361:Modern humans
1356:
1351:
1350:
1340:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1318:
1312:
1307:
1306:
1297:
1293:
1292:Earliest fire
1288:
1283:
1282:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1242:
1233:
1232:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1166:
1165:
1158:
1153:
1152:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1132:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1103:
1102:Gorilla split
1098:
1093:
1092:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1055:
1040:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1012:
1010:
996:
994:
988:
986:
980:
978:
977:H. antecessor
971:
970:
968:
955:
953:
947:
945:
938:
937:
935:
922:
920:
919:Au. anamensis
914:
912:
911:Au. afarensis
906:
904:
903:Au. africanus
897:
896:
894:
881:
879:
866:
864:
852:
851:
849:
836:
834:
833:O. tugenensis
828:
826:
814:
812:
801:
799:
788:
786:
775:
773:
762:
760:
749:
747:
735:
733:
727:
725:
718:
716:
705:
703:
692:
690:
678:
677:
666:
664:
653:
651:
640:
638:
520:
514:
509:
507:
502:
500:
495:
494:
488:
484:
477:
469:
467:
463:
459:
454:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
387:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
326:
322:
316:
275:
271:
263:
262:
259:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
239:
237:
233:
231:
227:
225:
224:Proconsulidae
221:
220:
218:
213:
209:
205:
200:
199:
194:
191:
187:
182:
177:
174:
172:Superfamily:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
85:
80:
76:
72:
68:
63:
59:
54:
50:
46:
36:
33:
29:
22:
10422:
10362:Paranthropus
10360:
10349:
10338:
10328:
10318:
10310:
10300:
10291:Ardipithecus
10289:
10266:
10241:
10231:
10223:
10202:Rudapithecus
10200:
10192:
10184:
10179:Dryopithecus
10177:
10170:
10163:
10127:Sivapithecus
10125:
10115:
10110:Meganthropus
10108:
10098:
10088:
10080:Indopithecus
10078:
10068:
10058:
10035:
10025:
10015:
10005:
9968:
9960:Symphalangus
9958:
9951:
9944:
9934:
9927:
9922:Bunopithecus
9920:
9897:
9890:
9883:
9876:
9870:Oreopithecus
9868:
9861:
9853:
9846:
9823:
9813:
9803:
9793:
9783:
9773:
9762:
9752:
9742:
9732:
9724:Afropithecus
9722:
9702:
9689:
9639:
9615:
9608:
9598:
9591:
9581:
9571:
9561:
9551:
9541:
9534:
9527:
9520:
9513:
9505:Dinopithecus
9503:
9493:
9475:Nanopithecus
9473:
9463:
9458:Erythrocebus
9456:
9449:
9442:
9435:
9428:
9399:
9392:
9385:
9378:
9368:
9363:Rhinocolobus
9361:
9351:
9344:
9337:
9332:Piliocolobus
9330:
9323:
9313:
9303:
9298:Microcolobus
9296:
9288:Mesopithecus
9286:
9278:Libypithecus
9276:
9266:
9256:
9246:
9239:
9216:
9209:
9203:Prohylobates
9201:
9193:
9188:Noropithecus
9186:
9163:
9126:
9119:
9112:
9105:
9098:
9091:
9084:
9077:
9070:Crouzeliidae
9057:
9050:
9032:Pliopithecus
9030:
9023:
9003:
8993:
8986:
8959:
8952:
8929:
8922:
8917:Catopithecus
8915:
8892:
8882:
8779:
8772:
8762:
8755:
8748:
8741:
8734:
8727:
8707:
8700:
8693:
8683:
8673:
8665:Dolichocebus
8663:
8653:
8646:
8623:
8613:
8603:
8593:
8583:
8576:
8566:
8559:
8549:
8539:
8529:
8522:
8515:
8495:
8485:
8475:
8465:
8458:
8451:
8441:
8433:Mazzonicebus
8431:
8421:
8411:
8401:
8394:
8389:Cebupithecia
8387:
8377:
8367:
8360:
8355:Antillothrix
8353:
8330:
8320:
8300:
8290:
8280:
8270:
8262:Perupithecus
8260:
8250:
8213:
8206:
8201:Parapithecus
8199:
8192:
8185:
8165:
8158:
8138:
8131:
8104:
8097:
8090:
8083:
8076:
8068:
8061:
8038:
8031:
8024:
8001:
7994:
7971:Phileosimias
7969:
7958:
7948:
7938:
7929:Altiatlasius
7927:
7831:Xanthorhysis
7829:
7819:
7814:Oligotarsius
7812:
7802:
7792:
7785:
7762:
7751:
7741:
7727:Tarsiiformes
7706:
7699:
7692:
7672:
7665:
7658:
7651:
7644:
7637:
7630:
7623:
7616:
7609:
7602:
7595:
7590:Macrotarsius
7588:
7581:
7574:
7567:
7560:
7553:
7546:
7539:
7532:
7525:
7518:
7511:
7504:
7482:
7475:
7468:
7461:
7454:
7447:
7442:Strigorhysis
7440:
7435:Sphacorhysis
7433:
7426:
7419:
7414:Chlororhysis
7412:
7405:
7398:
7391:
7384:
7377:
7355:
7348:
7341:
7334:
7327:
7320:
7315:Microchoerus
7313:
7306:
7299:
7279:
7272:
7266:Altiatlasius
7264:
7256:
6507:Nim Chimpsky
6292:
6108:Research ban
6068:Elgin Center
6053:Willie Smits
6028:Jane Goodall
5974:
5964:
5954:
5943:
5935:
5925:
5914:
5906:
5896:
5885:
5877:
5866:
5848:
5759:
5755:
5743:at Wikibooks
5708:
5696:. Retrieved
5689:the original
5684:
5680:
5670:Stace, C. A.
5643:
5624:
5605:
5584:19 September
5582:. Retrieved
5570:
5566:
5557:
5545:. Retrieved
5541:the original
5536:
5526:
5514:. Retrieved
5510:the original
5505:
5495:
5486:
5480:
5468:. Retrieved
5457:
5448:
5436:. Retrieved
5417:
5405:. Retrieved
5394:
5384:
5372:. Retrieved
5345:
5335:
5323:. Retrieved
5312:
5302:
5290:. Retrieved
5257:
5251:
5241:
5229:. Retrieved
5218:
5211:Zimmer, Carl
5205:
5183:(4): 64–69.
5180:
5176:
5166:
5131:
5127:
5117:
5108:
5102:
5061:
5057:
5051:
5034:
5030:
5024:
5015:
5009:
5000:
4996:
4987:
4967:
4957:
4945:. Retrieved
4931:
4907:
4901:
4876:
4872:
4836:
4815:. Retrieved
4804:
4794:
4766:
4735:
4723:. Retrieved
4716:the original
4679:
4675:
4662:
4650:. Retrieved
4636:
4585:
4581:
4571:
4528:
4524:
4519:Dryopithecus
4518:
4514:
4510:
4502:
4457:
4453:
4443:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4396:
4384:. Retrieved
4370:
4362:
4348:
4342:
4317:
4313:
4307:
4295:. Retrieved
4286:
4282:
4272:
4262:
4255:
4238:
4229:
4217:. Retrieved
4208:
4204:
4194:
4183:
4153:
4141:
4129:. Retrieved
4125:the original
4120:
4110:
4097:. Retrieved
4077:
4036:
4032:
4022:
3993:. Retrieved
3982:
3972:
3950:
3938:. Retrieved
3929:
3925:
3920:Gray, J. E.
3915:
3897:Mishler 2009
3887:
3870:
3863:Dawkins 2005
3858:
3846:
3841:
3829:
3821:
3817:
3809:
3808:"; V. Orel,
3801:
3797:
3792:
3785:Dawkins 2005
3779:
3716:
3682:
3643:
3631:habitat loss
3624:
3602:use of tools
3586:
3550:
3534:
3514:Jane Goodall
3511:
3494:
3484:Unlike most
3483:
3469:
3435:
3413:
3390:
3363:
3354:
3339:Please help
3327:
3293:as of 2022.
3291:investigated
3286:Symphalangus
3284:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3221:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3155:
3151:
3134:
3130:
3118:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3086:trichotomies
3072:
3043:
3011:
2999:
2997:
2976:
2970:
2965:
2956:
2945:
2941:
2933:
2931:
2926:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2877:
2873:Bunopithecus
2871:
2863:Symphalangus
2861:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2801:
2779:
2770:
2761:
2753:
2744:
2735:
2726:
2715:
2707:
2698:Symphalangus
2696:
2688:
2679:
2670:
2659:
2651:
2642:
2633:
2624:
2615:
2606:
2597:
2594:Agile gibbon
2588:
2579:
2568:
2551:
2542:
2530:
2522:
2510:
2502:
2493:
2481:
2473:
2464:
2455:
2443:
2430:
2425:
2403:
2368:
2335:
2306:
2304:
2275:
2273:
2244:
2242:
2222:
2220:
2080:
2079:
2063:
2062:
2050:
2028:Afropithecus
2026:
2025:
2008:
2007:
1984:
1974:(†11.6 Mya)
1969:
1968:
1951:
1950:
1938:
1914:
1913:
1897:
1866:
1865:
1842:
1830:
1798:
1797:
1781:
1766:
1754:Saadanioidea
1752:
1740:
1727:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1689:
1669:Ramapithecus
1668:
1660:Ramapithecus
1658:
1652:
1637:
1628:
1613:Please help
1601:
1574:
1553:monophyletic
1550:
1543:
1537:
1532:
1529:paraphyletic
1516:
1511:
1505:
1487:
1472:
1461:
1457:
1455:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1421:
1419:
1389:
1374:
1230:
1186:
1164:Ardipithecus
1163:
1082:Earlier apes
1039:Neanderthals
1023:Homo sapiens
1020:
1019:
1006:
990:
982:
974:
964:
963:
949:
941:
931:
930:
916:
908:
900:
890:
889:
875:
860:
848:Ardipithecus
845:
844:
830:
822:
808:
795:
782:
772:Sivapithecus
769:
759:Oreopithecus
756:
743:
729:
721:
712:
699:
686:
674:
660:
647:
632:
462:habitat loss
455:
451:
417:
358:
273:
269:
268:
257:
256:
198:Homo sapiens
196:
190:Type species
175:
152:Infraorder:
70:
32:
10511:iNaturalist
10447:Wikispecies
9910:Hylobatidae
9600:Rungwecebus
9465:Miopithecus
9451:Chlorocebus
9380:Sawecolobus
9315:Paracolobus
9079:Anapithecus
8995:Paidopithex
8750:Leontocebus
8685:Panamacebus
8595:Paralouatta
8531:Brachyteles
8423:Insulacebus
8343:Pitheciidae
8282:Canaanimico
8235:Platyrrhini
8187:Abuqatrania
8003:Afrotarsius
7908:Simiiformes
7895:Simiiformes
7847:Simiiformes
7701:Tarkadectes
7541:Diablomomys
7520:Brontomomys
7456:Teilhardina
7400:Arapahovius
7393:Anemorhysis
7357:Vectipithex
7350:Quercyloris
7343:Pseudoloris
7322:Nannopithex
7308:Melaneremia
7122:Hylobatidae
7092:Catharrhini
7077:Pitheciidae
7054:Platyrrhini
6916:Superorder
6910:Infraclass
6645:John Daniel
6482:Macaco Tião
6467:Little Mama
6442:Jo Mendi II
6359:Chimpanzees
6198:(non-human)
6162:(non-human)
6156:(non-human)
6063:Ian Redmond
6018:Dian Fossey
5965:P. pygmaeus
5926:G. beringei
5897:P. paniscus
5859:ape species
5808:Smithsonian
5407:26 November
5374:26 November
5292:17 November
5231:17 November
4740:Dixson 1981
4211:: 337–344.
4179:"Ape"
4015:Dixson 1981
3932:: 337–344.
3800:(F. Kluge,
3674:Ebola virus
3639:Ebola virus
3553:frugivorous
3518:Dian Fossey
3495:The enzyme
3442:brachiation
3431:bilophodont
3385:brachiation
3082:Hylobatidae
2950:in 1799 by
2934:troglodytes
2891:along with
2754:N. hainanus
2736:N. concolor
2689:H. tianxing
2643:H. pileatus
2625:H. muelleri
2616:H. funereus
2562:Hylobatidae
2552:P. paniscus
2503:G. beringei
2486:: gorillas
2456:P. pygmaeus
2412:Hylobatidae
2082:Hylobatidae
1997: (28)
1575:See below,
1494:catarrhines
985:H. ergaster
878:Ar. ramidus
863:Ar. kadabba
825:O. praegens
663:Pleistocene
492:This box:
466:Ebola virus
442:chimpanzees
412:The family
391:Hylobatidae
389:The family
363:Barbary ape
247:Hylobatidae
236:Pliobatidae
162:Parvorder:
156:Simiiformes
10598:Categories
10467:Hominoidea
10453:Hominoidea
10423:Hominoidea
9744:Equatorius
9703:Hominoidea
9690:Hominoidea
9649:see below↓
9640:Hominoidea
9536:Mandrillus
9522:Lophocebus
9495:Cercocebus
9346:Procolobus
9107:Fanchangia
8863:Catarrhini
8850:Catarrhini
8809:see below↓
8800:Catarrhini
8736:Callithrix
8675:Killikaike
8578:Mohanamico
8561:Chilecebus
8487:Soriacebus
8453:Nuciruptor
8413:Homunculus
8403:Chiropotes
8396:Cheracebus
8379:Carlocebus
8369:Callicebus
8332:Tremacebus
8302:Lagonimico
8292:Branisella
8272:Szalatavus
8099:Pondaungia
8017:Eosimiidae
7856:see below↓
7743:Archicebus
7625:Shoshonius
7569:Hemiacodon
7548:Dyseolemur
7534:Chumashius
7477:Trogolemur
7470:Tetonoides
7379:Absarokius
7329:Necrolemur
7274:Bownomomys
7226:Haplorhini
7181:Haplorhini
7114:Hominoidea
7023:Haplorhini
6960:Lemuroidea
6937:Lorisoidea
6793:Joe Martin
6755:Orangutans
6457:Kokomo Jr.
6349:Panbanisha
6212:Monkey Day
6202:Great apes
6103:Personhood
5936:G. gorilla
5903:Chimpanzee
5878:H. sapiens
5748:Pilbeam D.
5741:Hominoidea
5730:Hominoidea
5698:7 February
4963:Darwin, C.
4947:4 February
4855:1222638259
4817:3 November
4652:29 October
4588:(1): 880.
4199:Gray, JE.
4158:Terry 1977
4146:Terry 1977
3907:References
3880:Stace 2010
3685:great apes
3666:rainforest
3662:endangered
3654:vulnerable
3646:extinction
3627:extinction
3557:folivorous
3530:frugivores
3526:foliovores
3464:See also:
3419:Catarrhini
3199:and genus
3160:orangutans
3030:See also:
2981:Quadrumana
2938:Blumenbach
2893:H. sapiens
2809:cladistics
2745:N. nasutus
2671:H. hoolock
2652:H. klossii
2607:H. abbotti
2576:Lar gibbon
2539:Chimpanzee
2523:H. sapiens
2494:G. gorilla
2404:Hominoidea
2164:Catarrhini
1953:Equatorius
1919:(†17 Mya)
1901:(†18 Mya)
1871:(†17 Mya)
1770: (24)
1731: (31)
1702:), 7 mya (
1469:great apes
1440:other than
1054:Denisovans
993:Au. sediba
967:H. erectus
934:H. habilis
724:Ou. turkae
458:extinction
426:orangutans
422:great apes
395:lar gibbon
383:great apes
344:catarrhine
330:native to
274:Hominoidea
176:Hominoidea
166:Catarrhini
146:Haplorhini
142:Suborder:
67:Chimpanzee
10213:Gorillini
10143:Homininae
9986:Hominidae
9936:Hylobates
9815:Proconsul
9573:Pliopapio
9563:Parapapio
9486:Papionini
9353:Pygathrix
9339:Presbytis
9229:Colobinae
9128:Pliobates
9093:Crouzelia
8894:Saadanius
8729:Callimico
8648:Acrecebus
8625:Stirtonia
8568:Lagothrix
8551:Cartelles
8497:Xenothrix
8252:Parvimico
7778:Tarsiidae
7765:Omomyidae
7660:Washakius
7646:Uintanius
7597:Nesomomys
7527:Chipetaia
7513:Asiomomys
7496:Omomyinae
7449:Tatmanius
7407:Aycrossia
7336:Paraloris
7301:Indusomys
7243:Omomyidae
7191:Kingdom:
7127:Hominidae
7035:Tarsiidae
7005:Indriidae
6995:Lemuridae
6950:Galagidae
6945:Lorisidae
6808:Ken Allen
6745:Willie B.
6720:Snowflake
6700:Pattycake
6615:Gargantua
6585:Binti Jua
6522:Panpanzee
6093:Legal and
5955:P. abelii
5945:Orangutan
5428:BBC Earth
5364:183143537
5325:27 August
4610:2041-1723
4545:0962-8452
4413:: 50–58.
4334:1422-6405
4247:500576914
3893:monophyly
3876:paraphyly
3816:" or as *
3763:from the
3606:Imitation
3575:Cognition
3508:Behaviour
3433:pattern.
3425:on their
3416:parvorder
3393:brachiate
3357:July 2011
3328:does not
3268:Hylobates
3263:Hylobates
3131:Hylobates
3102:speciated
3052:Hominidae
3032:Hominidae
2883:In 1758,
2845:Hylobates
2634:H. moloch
2598:H. agilis
2570:Hylobates
2515:: humans
2465:P. abelii
2437:Hominidae
2408:Hominidae
2196:Homininae
2184:Hominidae
2065:Hominidae
1971:Pliobates
1846:(†7 Mya)
1676:(CHLCA).
1602:does not
1583:Evolution
1490:paraphyly
1451:including
952:Au. garhi
414:Hominidae
367:black ape
355:TBXT gene
342:form the
325:Old World
252:Hominidae
215:Families
102:Kingdom:
96:Eukaryota
38:Hominoids
10542:12100751
10474:BioLib:
10432:Wikidata
10279:Hominina
10255:Hominini
10172:Danuvius
10048:Ponginae
10007:Buronius
9953:Nomascus
9892:Simiolus
8781:Saguinus
8743:Cebuella
8695:Patasola
8615:Solimoea
8517:Alouatta
8508:Atelidae
8460:Pithecia
8208:Qatrania
8133:Arsinoea
8033:Eosimias
7667:Wyomomys
7632:Steinius
7618:Rooneyia
7576:Jemezius
7484:Walshina
7463:Tetonius
7421:Gazinius
7281:Kohatius
7258:Altanius
7211:Primates
7205:Mammalia
7199:Chordata
7197:Phylum:
7193:Animalia
7082:Atelidae
6912:Eutheria
6906:Mammalia
6900:Chordata
6894:Animalia
6892:Kingdom
6883:families
6567:Gorillas
6412:Gregoire
6250:Category
6171:Bushmeat
5796:10995486
5681:Watsonia
5672:(2010).
5547:26 March
5516:26 March
5464:Archived
5432:Archived
5401:Archived
5368:Archived
5319:Archived
5286:Archived
5282:37972165
5225:Archived
5158:22000645
5003:: 1–350.
4965:(1871).
4941:Archived
4926:, p. 166
4811:Archived
4786:62265494
4760:(2005).
4704:28796200
4646:Archived
4628:29026075
4563:20335211
4494:30858323
4435:54625375
4427:30502897
4403:Simiolus
4380:Archived
4291:Archived
4237:(1953).
4219:27 April
4213:Archived
4131:26 March
4105:, p. 371
4093:Archived
4055:16865704
3995:24 March
3989:Archived
3940:27 April
3934:Archived
3847:ape-ward
3699:See also
3670:bushmeat
3635:bushmeat
3537:primates
3401:arboreal
3280:Nomascus
3226:gorillas
3193:Hominins
3164:outgroup
3127:outgroup
3056:Pongidae
3048:outgroup
3015:Bischoff
2952:Lacépède
2857:Nomascus
2717:Nomascus
2208:Hominini
1665:hominins
1474:hominins
1463:hominids
1458:hominoid
1453:humans.
1448:hominoid
676:Hominini
650:Pliocene
430:gorillas
418:hominids
397:and the
379:hominids
319:) are a
204:Linnaeus
136:Primates
126:Mammalia
116:Chordata
112:Phylum:
106:Animalia
92:Domain:
49:Holocene
10516:1036675
10503:4529848
10438:Q102470
10340:Orrorin
10233:Gorilla
9929:Hoolock
9305:Nasalis
9248:Colobus
8774:Micodon
8709:Sapajus
8702:Saimiri
8636:Cebidae
8585:Oreonax
8541:Caipora
8362:Cacajao
8313:Aotidae
8194:Apidium
8167:Serapia
8140:Biretia
8026:Bahinia
7996:Afrasia
7960:Nosmips
7940:Amamria
7821:Tarsius
7787:Carlito
7708:Tarkops
7674:Yaquius
7639:Stockia
7611:Ourayia
7583:Loveina
7209:Order:
7203:Class:
7072:Aotidae
7062:Cebidae
6898:Phylum
6881:primate
6879:Extant
6783:Chantek
6768:Ah Meng
6715:Shabani
6680:Michael
6625:Harambe
6532:Santino
6392:Bubbles
6331:Bonobos
6166:Bigfoot
6149:Primate
6142:Related
5916:Gorilla
5764:Bibcode
5262:Bibcode
5253:Science
5185:Bibcode
5149:3203212
5094:2112935
5086:2109087
5066:Bibcode
4893:8394136
4725:15 July
4712:4397839
4684:Bibcode
4619:5638852
4590:Bibcode
4554:2880156
4485:6442627
4462:Bibcode
4386:30 June
4297:16 July
4099:10 July
3958:bioRxiv
3598:insight
3569:legumes
3541:bonobos
3501:primate
3490:gibbons
3486:monkeys
3446:bipedal
3438:scapula
3405:siamang
3349:removed
3334:sources
3274:Hoolock
3201:Gorilla
3176:Gorilla
3123:gibbons
3094:Gorilla
3008:wrote:
2909:simians
2878:Hoolock
2851:Hoolock
2833:Gorilla
2762:N. siki
2704:Siamang
2661:Hoolock
2560:Family
2483:Gorilla
2435:Family
2276:Gorilla
1704:Gorilla
1623:removed
1608:sources
1568:". See
1566:hominid
1558:hominin
1520:species
1353:←
1331:←
1309:←
1296:cooking
1285:←
1265:←
1245:←
1221:←
1201:←
1178:←
1155:←
1135:←
1115:←
1095:←
1075:←
811:Orrorin
636:Miocene
619:–
609:–
599:–
589:–
579:–
569:–
559:–
549:–
539:–
529:–
438:bonobos
420:), the
407:bipedal
399:siamang
375:gibbons
351:monkeys
328:simians
258:sister:
132:Order:
122:Class:
45:Miocene
21:Hominid
10568:386191
10555:314295
10529:943782
9734:Ekembo
9529:Macaca
9394:Simias
9165:Alophe
8524:Ateles
8085:Krabia
8078:Ganlea
7653:Utahia
7604:Omomys
7045:Simian
6904:Class
6833:Sandra
6778:Bonnie
6710:Samson
6660:Kokomo
6650:Jumoke
6595:Bokito
6557:Washoe
6547:Travis
6542:Sultan
6517:Pankun
6512:Oliver
6472:Loulis
6447:Julius
6397:Cheeta
6377:Azalea
5987:family
5983:Gibbon
5893:Bonobo
5857:Extant
5794:
5784:
5658:
5631:
5612:
5470:28 May
5438:28 May
5362:
5347:Nature
5280:
5156:
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5092:
5084:
4975:
4918:
4891:
4853:
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4676:Nature
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3960:
3818:apa(n)
3648:. The
3600:. The
3561:tubers
3427:molars
3409:bonobo
3283:, and
3174:, and
3096:, and
2985:Bimana
2836:, and
2816:genera
2714:Genus
2695:Genus
2658:Genus
2580:H. lar
2567:Genus
2548:Bonobo
2529:Genus
2509:Genus
2480:Genus
2442:Genus
2206:
2194:
2182:
2031:(†16)
2013:(†20)
1956:(†16)
1785:(†19)
1756:(†28)
1710:&
1522:. Sir
1426:monkey
1064:
446:humans
434:panins
183:, 1825
10581:40883
10477:32324
10117:Pongo
9946:Junzi
9543:Papio
8655:Cebus
8322:Aotus
7694:Tarka
6838:Tonda
6813:Manis
6803:Karta
6798:Karen
6788:Jenny
6763:Abang
6735:Trudy
6730:Titus
6725:Timmy
6695:Ozzie
6690:Ndume
6670:Massa
6665:Louis
6640:Jenny
6635:Jambo
6610:Fatou
6580:Babec
6537:Sarah
6432:Jimmy
6427:Jiggs
6402:Congo
6382:Bonzo
6372:Ayumu
6344:Nyota
6339:Kanzi
6232:Yowie
6222:Yeren
5874:Human
5787:34045
5692:(PDF)
5677:(PDF)
5360:S2CID
5090:S2CID
4889:S2CID
4719:(PDF)
4708:S2CID
4672:(PDF)
4431:S2CID
3814:*apōn
3798:*apōn
3771:Notes
3678:Ebola
3567:) or
3565:roots
3423:cusps
3238:after
3156:Pongo
3135:et al
3098:Pongo
2993:order
2947:Pongo
2942:Simia
2927:Lemur
2922:Simia
2839:Pongo
2519:Human
2445:Pongo
2307:Pongo
1700:Pongo
381:, or
371:taxon
347:clade
321:clade
65:Male
10604:Apes
10550:NCBI
10524:ITIS
10320:Homo
9005:Kapi
8764:Mico
6740:Toto
6705:Pogo
6685:Nico
6655:Koko
6630:Ivan
6605:Colo
6590:Bobo
6552:Viki
6527:Sami
6497:Moja
6477:Lucy
6462:Lana
6437:Jinx
6407:Enos
6293:apes
6227:Yeti
5868:Homo
5849:Apes
5792:PMID
5700:2010
5656:ISBN
5629:ISBN
5610:ISBN
5586:2024
5549:2015
5518:2015
5472:2018
5440:2018
5409:2014
5376:2014
5327:2021
5294:2023
5278:PMID
5233:2023
5154:PMID
5082:PMID
4973:ISBN
4949:2009
4916:ISBN
4851:OCLC
4841:ISBN
4819:2017
4782:OCLC
4772:ISBN
4727:2019
4700:PMID
4654:2015
4624:PMID
4606:ISSN
4559:PMID
4541:ISSN
4517:and
4490:PMID
4423:PMID
4388:2022
4353:ISBN
4330:ISSN
4299:2019
4243:OCLC
4221:2022
4133:2015
4101:2011
4083:ISBN
4051:PMID
4037:289B
3997:2024
3942:2022
3806:Affe
3547:Diet
3520:and
3477:and
3332:any
3330:cite
3234:Homo
3230:Homo
3205:Homo
3168:Homo
3034:and
3019:Aeby
2932:The
2925:and
2917:Homo
2889:Homo
2860:and
2821:Homo
2512:Homo
2223:Homo
1985:(29)
1939:(29)
1741:(29)
1708:Homo
1606:any
1604:cite
1545:Homo
1231:Homo
512:edit
505:talk
498:view
440:and
403:Asia
365:and
334:and
270:Apes
208:1758
181:Gray
40:Apes
10537:MSW
10498:EoL
10490:58L
10485:CoL
10462:ADW
10268:Pan
6828:Sam
6773:Azy
6675:Max
6422:Ham
6417:Gua
5887:Pan
5782:PMC
5772:doi
5648:doi
5575:doi
5352:doi
5270:doi
5258:382
5193:doi
5181:313
5144:PMC
5136:doi
5074:doi
5039:doi
4881:doi
4692:doi
4680:548
4614:PMC
4598:doi
4549:PMC
4533:doi
4529:277
4480:PMC
4470:doi
4458:116
4415:doi
4411:125
4322:doi
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3984:CNN
3853:").
3851:ape
3834:aap
3826:ape
3343:by
3197:Pan
3172:Pan
3090:Pan
2827:Pan
2532:Pan
2245:Pan
1712:Pan
1617:by
1533:not
1485:).
1444:all
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359:ape
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