658:
1657:
following a dehydration period, aphids are thought to consume xylem sap to replenish their water balance; the consumption of the dilute sap of xylem permitting aphids to rehydrate. However, recent data showed aphids consume more xylem sap than expected and they notably do so when they are not dehydrated and when their fecundity decreases. This suggests aphids, and potentially, all the phloem-sap feeding species of the order
Hemiptera, consume xylem sap for reasons other than replenishing water balance. Although aphids passively take in phloem sap, which is under pressure, they can also draw fluid at negative or atmospheric pressure using the cibarial-pharyngeal pump mechanism present in their head.
1409:
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122:
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1962:
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1946:. These alarm pheromones cause several behavioral modifications that, depending on the aphid species, can include walking away and dropping off the host plant. Additionally, alarm pheromone perception can induce the aphids to produce winged progeny that can leave the host plant in search of a safer feeding site. Viral infections, which can be extremely harmful to aphids, can also lead to the production of winged offspring. For example,
2753:, have some type of defensive morph. These are gall-creating species, with the colony living and feeding inside a gall that they form in the host's tissues. Among the clonal population of these aphids, there may be several distinct morphs and this lays the foundation for a possible specialization of function, in this case, a defensive caste. The soldier morphs are mostly first and second instars with the third instar being involved in
1466:
941:
109:
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1101:
1664:. High osmotic pressure in the stomach, caused by high sucrose concentration, can lead to water transfer from the hemolymph to the stomach, thus resulting in hyperosmotic stress and eventually to the death of the insect. Aphids avoid this fate by osmoregulating through several processes. Sucrose concentration is directly reduced by assimilating sucrose toward metabolism and by synthesizing
643:
2486:, an abnormal swelling of plant tissue. Aphids can live inside the gall, which provides protection from predators and the elements. A number of galling aphid species are known to produce specialised "soldier" forms, sterile nymphs with defensive features which defend the gall from invasion. For example, Alexander's horned aphids are a type of soldier aphid that has a hard
2055:
1676:, where osmotic pressure has already been reduced, to the stomach to dilute stomach content. Eventually, aphids consume xylem sap to dilute the stomach osmotic pressure. All these processes function synergetically, and enable aphids to feed on high-sucrose-concentration plant sap, as well as to adapt to varying sucrose concentrations.
1640:
is tested. Aphid saliva may inhibit phloem-sealing mechanisms and has pectinases that ease penetration. Non-host plants can be rejected at any stage of the probe, but the transfer of viruses occurs early in the investigation process, at the time of the introduction of the saliva, so non-host plants can become infected.
1756:
2939:
traps. These are yellow containers with water that attract aphids. Aphids respond positively to green and their attraction to yellow may not be a true colour preference but related to brightness. Their visual receptors peak in sensitivity from 440 to 480 nm and are insensitive in the red region.
2724:
A hypothesis that insect feeding may improve plant fitness was floated in the mid-1970s by Owen and
Wiegert. It was felt that the excess honeydew would nourish soil micro-organisms, including nitrogen fixers. In a nitrogen-poor environment, this could provide an advantage to an infested plant over an
856:
and
Adelgidae are also included while others have Aphidoidea with a sister superfamily Phylloxeroidea within which the Adelgidae and Phylloxeridae are placed. Early 21st-century reclassifications substantially rearranged the families within Aphidoidea: some old families were reduced to subfamily rank
794:
have long mouth parts that are suitable for living on bark and it has been suggested that the mid-Cretaceous ancestor fed on the bark of angiosperm trees, switching to leaves of conifer hosts in the late
Cretaceous. The Phylloxeridae may well be the oldest family still extant, but their fossil record
2993:
plants using an Eβf synthase gene in the hope that the approach could protect transgenic crops. Eβ farnesene has however found to be ineffective in crop situations although stabler synthetic forms help improve the effectiveness of control using fungal spores and insecticides through increased uptake
2465:
Aphids can be easily killed by unfavourable weather, such as late spring freezes. Excessive heat kills the symbiotic bacteria that some aphids depend on, which makes the aphids infertile. Rain prevents winged aphids from dispersing, and knocks aphids off plants and thus kills them from the impact or
1639:
A new host plant is chosen by a winged adult by using visual cues, followed by olfaction using the antennae; if the plant smells right, the next action is probing the surface upon landing. The stylus is inserted and saliva secreted, the sap is sampled, the xylem may be tasted and finally, the phloem
2850:
Dispersal can be by walking or flight, appetitive dispersal, or by migration. Winged aphids are weak fliers, lose their wings after a few days and only fly by day. Dispersal by flight is affected by the impact, air currents, gravity, precipitation, and other factors, or dispersal may be accidental,
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are adult soldiers known. The hind legs of soldiers are clawed, heavily sclerotized and the stylets are robust making it possible to rupture and crush small predators. The larval soldiers are altruistic individuals, unable to advance to breeding adults but acting permanently in the interests of the
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Some aphid colonies also harbour secondary or facultative (optional extra) bacterial symbionts. These are vertically transmitted, and sometimes also horizontally (from one lineage to another and possibly from one species to another). So far, the role of only some of the secondary symbionts has been
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When a typical sophisticated reproductive strategy is used, only females are present in the population at the beginning of the seasonal cycle (although a few species of aphids have been found to have both male and female sexes at this time). The overwintering eggs that hatch in the spring result in
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provides its host with essential amino acids, which are present in low concentrations in plant sap. The metabolites from endosymbionts are also excreted in honeydew. The stable intracellular conditions, as well as the bottleneck effect experienced during the transmission of a few bacteria from the
914:
The treatment of the groups especially concerning fossil groups varies greatly due to difficulties in resolving relationships. Most modern treatments include the three superfamilies, the
Adelogidea, the Aphidoidea, and the Phylloxeroidea within the infraorder Aphidomorpha along with several fossil
2613:
Plants mount local and systemic defenses against aphid attack. Young leaves in some plants contain chemicals that discourage attack while the older leaves have lost this resistance, while in other plant species, resistance is acquired by older tissues and the young shoots are vulnerable. Volatile
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Although aphids cannot fly for most of their life cycle, they can escape predators and accidental ingestion by herbivores by dropping off the plant onto the ground. Others species use the soil as a permanent protection, feeding on the vascular systems of roots and remaining underground all their
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sap, which is a more dilute diet than phloem sap as the concentrations of sugars and amino acids are 1% of those in the phloem. Xylem sap is under negative hydrostatic pressure and requires active sucking, suggesting an important role in aphid physiology. As xylem sap ingestion has been observed
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Plants exhibiting aphid damage can have a variety of symptoms, such as decreased growth rates, mottled leaves, yellowing, stunted growth, curled leaves, browning, wilting, low yields, and death. The removal of sap creates a lack of vigor in the plant, and aphid saliva is toxic to plants. Aphids
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of plant viruses. The transmission of these viruses depends on the movements of aphids between different parts of a plant, between nearby plants, and further afield. In this respect, the probing behavior of an aphid tasting a host is more damaging than lengthy aphid feeding and reproduction by
2907:
solution can be an effective household remedy to control aphids, but it only kills aphids on contact and has no residual effect. Soap spray may damage plants, especially at higher concentrations or at temperatures above 32 °C (90 °F); some plant species are sensitive to soap sprays.
1958:) reproduction, but contributes to the development of aphids with wings, which can transmit the virus more easily to new host plants. Additionally, symbiotic bacteria that live inside of the aphids can also alter aphid reproductive strategies based on the exposure to environmental stressors.
2462:. After about three days, the aphid dies and the fungus releases more spores into the air. Infected aphids are covered with a woolly mass that progressively grows thicker until the aphid is obscured. Often, the visible fungus is not the one that killed the aphid, but a secondary infection.
2977:. However, since adult lady beetles tend to fly away within 48 hours after release, without laying eggs, repeated applications of large numbers of lady beetles are needed to be effective. For example, one large, heavily infested rose bush may take two applications of 1500 beetles each.
852:. The infraorder Aphidomorpha within the Sternorrhyncha varies with circumscription with several fossil groups being especially difficult to place but includes the Adelgoidea, the Aphidoidea and the Phylloxeroidea. Some authors use a single superfamily Aphidoidea within which the
2189:" strategy: they have hydrocarbons in their cuticle that mimic those of the ants, and the ants carry them into the brood chamber of the ants' nest and raise them like ant larvae. Once there, the flat morph aphids behave like predators, drinking the body fluids of ant larvae.
1879:. These sexual aphids may lack wings or even mouthparts. Sexual females and males mate, and females lay eggs that develop outside the mother. The eggs survive the winter and hatch into winged (alate) or wingless females the following spring. This occurs in, for example, the
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which deceives the ants into treating them like ants, and carrying the caterpillars into their nest. Once there, the ants feed the caterpillars, which in return produce honeydew for the ants. When the caterpillars reach full size, they crawl to the colony entrance and form
1672:, thus reducing the solute concentration and consequently the osmotic pressure. Oligosaccharides are then excreted through honeydew, explaining its high sugar concentrations, which can then be used by other animals such as ants. Furthermore, water is transferred from the
2162:. After two weeks, the adult butterflies emerge and take flight. At this point, the ants attack the butterflies, but the butterflies have a sticky wool-like substance on their wings that disables the ants' jaws, allowing the butterflies to fly away without being harmed.
2118:) manage large herds of aphids that feed on roots of plants in the ant colony. Queens leaving to start a new colony take an aphid egg to found a new herd of underground aphids in the new colony. These farming ants protect the aphids by fighting off aphid predators. Some
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never being laid (anholocyclic). Some species can have both holocyclic and anholocyclic populations under different circumstances but no known aphid species reproduce solely by sexual means. The alternation of sexual and asexual generations may have evolved repeatedly.
3022:, in August 1774 in "great clouds", covering every plant, while in the unusually hot summer of 1783, White found that honeydew was so abundant as to "deface and destroy the beauties of my garden", though he thought the aphids were consuming rather than producing it.
2059:
1914:) of production of winged or wingless forms. Winged progeny tend to be produced more abundantly under unfavorable or stressful conditions. Some species produce winged progeny in response to low food quality or quantity. e.g. when a host plant is starting to
2058:
2769:" that the soldiers roll out of the gall through small orifices. Aphids that form closed galls use the plant's vascular system for their plumbing: the inner surfaces of the galls are highly absorbent and wastes are absorbed and carried away by the plant.
2062:
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2005:(bird cherry-oat aphid) are serious pests. They overwinter on primary hosts on trees or bushes; in summer, they migrate to their secondary host on a herbaceous plant, often a crop, then the gynoparae return to the tree in autumn. Another example is the
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and is released when the aphids feed on a different plant. These non-circulatory transmitted viruses promotes rapid dispersion of the vector, or aphids. In circulative transmission, the virus is ingested and passes through the gut lining to enter the
8744:
Beale, M. H.; Birkett, M. A.; Bruce, T. J. A.; Chamberlain, K.; Field, L. M.; Huttly, A. K.; Martin, J. L.; Parker, R.; Phillips, A. L.; Pickett, J. A.; Prosser, I. M.; Shewry, P. R.; Smart, L. E.; Wadhams, L. J.; Woodcock, C. M.; Zhang, Y. (2006).
2063:
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are generalists, feeding on large numbers of species. The eggs are laid in batches, each female laying several hundred. Female hoverflies lay several thousand eggs. The adults feed on pollen and nectar but the larvae feed voraciously on aphids;
785:
that survived extinctions in the late
Cretaceous. Organs like the cornicles did not appear until the Cretaceous period. One study alternatively suggests that ancestral aphids may have lived on angiosperm bark and that feeding on leaves may be a
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enables aphids to increase in number with great rapidity. The offspring resemble their parent in every way except size. Thus, a female's diet can affect the body size and birth rate of more than two generations (daughters and granddaughters).
2684:, the virus is then released into the saliva upon transmission sites in plants. Circulatory transmitted viruses allows for long-term feeding by the aphids and increases the chances of being infected with the virus. The green peach aphid,
4066:
Clark, Marta A; Moran, Nancy A.; Baumann, Paul; Wernegreen, Jennifer J. (2000). "Cospeciation
Between Bacterial Endosymbionts (Buchnera) and a Recent Radiation of Aphids (Uroleucon) and Pitfalls of Testing for Phylogenetic Congruence".
4022:
Ortiz-Rivas, BenjamĂn; MartĂnez-Torres, David (2010). "Combination of molecular data support the existence of three main lineages in the phylogeny of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and the basal position of the subfamily
Lachninae".
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female nymphs. As the eggs begin to develop immediately after ovulation, an adult female can house developing female nymphs which already have parthenogenetically developing embryos inside them (i.e. they are born pregnant). This
910:
in the 19th century. Similarly, adelgids or woolly conifer aphids, also feed on plant phloem and are sometimes described as aphids, but are more properly classified as aphid-like insects, because they have no cauda or cornicles.
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vessels in plants, as do many of other hemipterans such as scale insects and cicadas. Once a phloem vessel is punctured, the sap, which is under pressure, is forced into the aphid's food canal. Occasionally, aphids also ingest
2060:
2782:
About 5000 species of aphid have been described and of these, some 450 species have colonized food and fiber crops. As direct feeders on plant sap, they damage crops and reduce yields, but they have a greater impact by being
1814:). The live young are produced by pseudoplacental viviparity, which is the development of eggs, deficient in the yolk, the embryos fed by a tissue acting as a placenta. The young emerge from the mother soon after hatching.
865:), and many old subfamilies were elevated to family rank. The most recent authoritative classifications have three superfamilies Adelgoidea, Phylloxeroidea and Aphidoidea. The Aphidoidea includes a single large family
543:
to several classes of insecticide, and because aphids often feed on the undersides of leaves, and are thus shielded. On a small scale, water jets and soap sprays are quite effective. Natural enemies include predatory
2109:
Some farming ant species gather and store the aphid eggs in their nests over the winter. In the spring, the ants carry the newly hatched aphids back to the plants. Some species of dairying ants (such as the
European
2106:. Although mutualistic, the feeding behaviour of aphids is altered by ant attendance. Aphids attended by ants tend to increase the production of honeydew in smaller drops with a greater concentration of amino acids.
2013:). As fall approaches, the soybean plants begin to senesce from the bottom upwards. The aphids are forced upwards and start to produce winged forms, first females and later males, which fly off to the primary host,
1981:) aphid species produce a special winged generation that flies to different host plants for the sexual part of the life cycle. Flightless female and male sexual forms are produced and lay eggs. Some species such as
2646:
and other wild potato species have a further anti-aphid defence in the form of glandular hairs which, when broken by aphids, discharge a sticky liquid that can immobilise some 30% of the aphids infesting a plant.
2671:. There are two types of virus transmission between plant-aphid interactions: non-circulative transmission and circulative transmission. In non-circulative transmission, the virus attaches itself to the aphids
1569:
Most aphids have soft bodies, which may be green, black, brown, pink, or almost colorless. Aphids have antennae with two short, broad basal segments and up to four slender terminal segments. They have a pair of
2204:
is common in insects, with more than 10% of insect species relying on intracellular bacteria for their development and survival. Aphids harbour a vertically transmitted (from parent to its offspring) obligate
2879:
control of aphids is difficult, as they breed rapidly, so even small areas missed may enable the population to recover promptly. Aphids may occupy the undersides of leaves where spray misses them, while
1871:, or perhaps a lower food quantity or quality, causes females to parthenogenetically produce sexual females and males. The males are genetically identical to their mothers except that, with the aphids'
8443:
2822:) and others, which cause leaf yellowing, distorted leaves, and plant stunting; the excreted honeydew is a growing medium for a number of fungal pathogens including black sooty molds from the genera
4561:
6409:
Perez-Brocal, V.; Gil, R.; Ramos, S.; Lamelas, A.; Postigo, M.; Michelena, J.M.; Silva, F. J.; Moya, A.; Latorre, A. (2006). "A Small
Microbial Genome: The End of a Long Symbiotic Relationship?".
2721:
The coating of plants with honeydew can contribute to the spread of fungi which can damage plants. Honeydew produced by aphids has been observed to reduce the effectiveness of fungicides as well.
2597:, for example, is host to at least 12 species of parasitoid wasps. Parasitoids have been investigated intensively as biological control agents, and many are used commercially for this purpose.
1605:, called cornicle wax. Other defensive compounds can also be produced by some species. Aphids have a tail-like protrusion called a cauda above their rectal apertures. They have lost their
450:
rapidly, females breed profusely so that the number of these insects multiplies quickly. Winged females may develop later in the season, allowing the insects to colonize new plants. In
473:. Some species feed on only one type of plant, while others are generalists, colonizing many plant groups. About 5,000 species of aphid have been described, all included in the family
5716:
Kunert, Grit; Otto, Susanne; Röse, Ursula S. R.; Gershenzon, Jonathan; Weisser, Wolfgang W. (2005-04-28). "Alarm pheromone mediates production of winged dispersal morphs in aphids".
2741:. However, there are differences between these sexual social insects and the clonal aphids, which are all descended from a single female parthenogenetically and share an identical
7398:
890:
which contains the family Adelgidae and the family Phylloxeridae. Like aphids, phylloxera feed on the roots, leaves, and shoots of grape plants, but unlike aphids, do not produce
5452:
2550:. In fact, honeydew secretions are produced from the anus of the aphid, while cornicles mostly produce defensive chemicals such as waxes. There also is evidence of cornicle wax
4693:
4622:
7386:
1926:), after producing many generations of wingless females gives rise to winged forms that fly to other branches or trees of its typical food plant. Aphids that are attacked by
6674:
1186:
through the generations. This assumption is well supported by the evidence, and several phylogenetic relationships have been suggested on the basis of endosymbiont studies.
1842:
This process repeats itself throughout the summer, producing multiple generations that typically live 20 to 40 days. For example, some species of cabbage aphids (like
8474:
2056:
1848:) can produce up to 41 generations of females in a season. Thus, one female hatched in spring can theoretically produce billions of descendants, were they all to survive.
1790:
However, aphid reproduction is often more complex than this and involves migration between different host plants. In about 10% of species, there is an alternation between
4142:
886:
are very closely related within the suborder Sternorrhyncha, the plant-sucking bugs. They are either placed in the insect superfamily Aphidoidea or into the superfamily
2254:, although not well understood, is thought to be regulated by a small number of global transcriptional regulators and/or through nutrient supplies from the aphid host.
8552:
5863:
Reyes, Miguel L.; Laughton, Alice M.; Parker, Benjamin J.; Wichmann, Hannah; Fan, Maretta; Sok, Daniel; HrÄŤek, Jan; Acevedo, Tarik; Gerardo, Nicole M. (2019-01-31).
4790:
Shakesby, A. J.; Wallace, I. S.; Isaacs, H. V.; Pritchard, J.; Roberts, D. M.; Douglas, A. E. (2009). "A water-specific aquaporin involved in aphid osmoregulation".
1632:
Many aphid species are monophagous (that is, they feed on only one plant species). Others, like the green peach aphid, feed on hundreds of plant species across many
6782:
Ferrari, Julia; Scarborough, Claire L.; Godfray, H. Charles J. (2007). "Genetic variation in the effect of a facultative symbiont on host-plant use by pea aphids".
761:, as this allowed aphids to specialise, the speciation of aphids going hand-in-hand with the diversification of flowering plants. The earliest aphids were probably
4610:
3293:
Isard, Scott A.; Irwin, Michael E.; Hollinger, Steven E. (1990-10-01). "Vertical Distribution of Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) in the Planetary Boundary Layer".
1906:
can have genetically identical winged and non-winged female progeny. Control is complex; some aphids alternate during their life-cycles between genetic control (
6727:"Rickettsia Symbiont in the Pea Aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum: Novel Cellular Tropism, Effect on Host Fitness, and Interaction with the Essential Symbiont Buchnera"
5673:
Lees, A. D. (1967-02-01). "The production of the apterous and alate forms in the aphid Megoura viciae Buckton, with special reference to the rĂ´le of crowding".
715:
8447:
2430:
516:
Aphids are among the most destructive insect pests on cultivated plants in temperate regions. In addition to weakening the plant by sucking sap, they act as
7866:
Havelka, Jan; Tomanović, Željko; Kavallieratos, Nickolas G.; Rakhshani, Ehsan; Pons, Xavier; Petrović, Andjeljko; Pike, Keith S.; Starý, Petr (2012-05-01).
5222:
Von Dohlen, Carol; Moran, Nancy A. (2000). "Molecular data support a rapid radiation of aphids in the Cretaceous and multiple origins of host alternation".
1601:, abdominal tubes on the dorsal surface of their fifth abdominal segment, through which they exude droplets of a quick-hardening defensive fluid containing
8167:
Dik, A. J.; van Pelt, J. A. (1992). "Interaction between phyllosphere yeasts, aphid honeydew and fungicide effectiveness in wheat under field conditions".
7076:
4687:
Ashford, D. A.; Smith, W. A.; Douglas, A. E. (2000). "Living on a high sugar diet: the fate of sucrose ingested by a phloem-feeding insect, the pea aphid
2765:
The soldiers of gall-forming aphids also carry out the job of cleaning the gall. The honeydew secreted by the aphids is coated in a powdery wax to form "
612:
by winds. Winged aphids may also rise up in the day as high as 600 m where they are transported by strong winds. For example, the currant-lettuce aphid,
7868:"Review and Key to the World Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) of Aphis ruborum (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Its Role as a Host Reservoir"
6342:
Sabri, Ahmed; Vandermoten, Sophie; Leroy, Pascal D.; Haubruge, Eric; Hance, Thierry; Thonart, Philippe; De Pauw, Edwin; Francis, Frédéric (2013-09-25).
4240:
1938:, or other predators can change the dynamics of their progeny production. When aphids are attacked by these predators, alarm pheromones, in particular
800:
4287:
1739:
pigments in aphids form a layer close to the surface of the cuticle, ideally placed to absorb sunlight. The excited carotenoids seem to reduce NAD to
3907:
3768:
2219:. Five of the bacteria genes have been transferred to the aphid nucleus. The original association is estimated to have occurred in a common ancestor
1574:, with an ocular tubercle behind and above each eye, made up of three lenses (called triommatidia). They feed on sap using sucking mouthparts called
2458:. Aphids brush against the microscopic spores. These stick to the aphid, germinate, and penetrate the aphid's skin. The fungus grows in the aphid's
9905:
8303:
4588:
4454:
1434:
6668:
Tsuchida, T.; Koga, R.; Meng, X. Y.; T. Matsumoto; T. Fukatsu (2005). "Characterization of a facultative endosymbiotic bacterium of the pea aphid
10626:
10367:
10127:
9952:
8501:
6564:
Viñuelas, José; Calevro, Federica; Remond, Didier; Bernillon, Jacques; Rahbé, Yvan; Febvay, Gérard; Fayard, Jean-Michel; Charles, Hubert (2007).
2593:
1727:
with this capability. Using their carotenoids, aphids may well be able to absorb solar energy and convert it to a form that their cells can use,
1165:
The phylogenetic tree, based on Papasotiropoulos 2013 and Kim 2011, with additions from Ortiz-Rivas and Martinez-Torres 2009, shows the internal
3510:
1798:(secondary) host plants, where they reproduce abundantly in the summer. A few species can produce a soldier caste, other species show extensive
10636:
10299:
8103:
7571:
Kazana, Eleanna; Pope, Tom W.; Tibbles, Laurienne; Bridges, Matthew; Pickett, John A.; Bones, Atle M.; Powell, Glen; Rossiter, John T. (2007).
7217:
6148:
7106:
Lamb, K. P. (1961). "Some effects of fluctuating temperatures on metabolism, development, and rate of population growth in the cabbage aphid,
6460:
Mira, A.; Moran, Nancy A. (2002). "Estimating Population Size and Transmission Bottlenecks in Maternally Transmitted Endosymbiotic Bacteria".
10950:
3472:
Johnson, Christine; Agosti, Donat; Delabie, Jocques H.; Dumpert, Klaus; Williams, D. J.; von Tschirnhaus, Michael; Macshwitz, Ulrich (2001).
2510:
lives. They are often attended by ants, for the honeydew they produce and are carried from plant to plant by the ants through their tunnels.
8613:
7248:
7353:
4672:
Kingsolver, J. G.; Daniel, T. L. (1995). "Mechanics of Food Handling by Fluid-Feeding Insects". In Chapman, R. F.; de Boer, Gerrit (eds.).
2569:
to suppress it locally, favouring other ladybird species; the toxicity is in this case narrowly specific to the dominant predator species.
7320:
2622:, while plants neighboring infested plants showed increased root growth at the expense of the extension of aerial parts. The wild potato,
1597:. The majority of aphids are wingless, but winged forms are produced at certain times of year in many species. Most aphids have a pair of
8911:
3451:
8875:
8524:
6088:
Salazar, Adrián; FĂĽrstenau, Benjamin; Quero, Carmen; PĂ©rez-Hidalgo, Nicolás; Carazo, Pau; Font, Enrique; MartĂnez-Torres, David (2015).
5945:
5201:
4392:
Powell, Glen; Tosh, Colin R.; Hardie, Jim (2005). "Host plant selection by aphids: Behavioral, Evolutionary, and Applied Perspectives".
3965:"Macroevolutionary Patterns in the Aphidini Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae): Diversification, Host Association, and Biogeographic Origins"
11031:
11026:
11021:
10988:
8727:
6566:"Conservation of the links between gene transcription and chromosomal organization in the highly reduced genome of Buchnera aphidicola"
1454:
6270:"Genetic Characterization of Plasmids Containing Genes Encoding Enzymes of Leucine Biosynthesis in Endosymbionts (Buchnera) of Aphids"
3606:
2940:
Moericke found that aphids avoided landing on white coverings placed on soil and were repelled even more by shiny aluminium surfaces.
2762:
colony. Another requirement for the development of sociality is provided by the gall, a colonial home to be defended by the soldiers.
11041:
2614:
products from interplanted onions have been shown to prevent aphid attack on adjacent potato plants by encouraging the production of
6321:
2903:
For small backyard infestations, spraying plants thoroughly with a strong water jet every few days may be sufficient protection. An
469:
The life cycle of some species involves an alternation between two species of host plants, for example between an annual crop and a
10911:
8129:
6835:"Host-based divergence in populations of the pea aphid: insights from nuclear markers and the prevalence of facultative symbionts"
10937:
7854:
Aphid parasitoids are very tiny wasps, about 1/10 inch long. They are slender, black or brown, and have a pinched or "wasp waist"
4486:
751:
contributing another forty species. The total number of species was small, but increased considerably with the appearance of the
8470:
8070:
5347:
Hales, Dinah F.; Wilson, Alex C. C.; Sloane, Mathew A.; Simon, Jean-Christophe; Legallic, Jean-François; Sunnucks, Paul (2002).
4427:
Spiller, N. J.; Koenders, L.; Tjallingii, W. F. (1990). "Xylem ingestion by aphids – a strategy for maintaining water balance".
3942:
3193:"Polyphyly of the extinct family Oviparosiphidae and its implications for inferring aphid evolution (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha)"
4769:
4103:
6184:
Douglas, A. E. (1998). "Nutritional Interactions in Insect-Microbial Symbioses: Aphids and Their Symbiotic BacteriaBuchnera".
5349:"Lack of Detectable Genetic Recombination on the X Chromosome During the Parthenogenetic Production of Female and Male Aphids"
2500:, has first instar "soldier" nymphs that protect the aphid colony, killing larvae of ladybirds, hoverflies and the flower bug
2247:
is highly regulated, as shown by the ten-fold variation in expression levels between different genes under normal conditions.
1802:
under different environmental conditions and some can control the sex ratio of their offspring depending on external factors.
8846:
8646:
8380:
8287:
8141:
7842:
7691:
7496:
7054:
7027:
6168:
6072:
6038:
5980:
5939:
5326:
5195:
4897:
4498:
4376:
4249:
3882:
3807:
3600:
3445:
3172:
2235:
mother to each nymph, increase the probability of transmission of mutations and gene deletions. As a result, the size of the
1172:
It has been suggested that the phylogeny of the aphid groups might be revealed by examining the phylogeny of their bacterial
10942:
8852:
7913:
7080:
4957:
Febvay, GĂ©rard; Liadouze, Isabelle; Guillaud, Josette; Bonnot, Guy (1995). "Analysis of energetic amino acid metabolism in
2538:
It was common at one time to suggest that the cornicles were the source of the honeydew, and this was even included in the
657:
4168:"Insect-bacteria parallel evolution in multiple-co-obligate-aphid association: A case in Lachninae (Hemiptera: Aphididae)"
2090:
farm aphids, protecting them on the plants where they are feeding, and consuming the honeydew the aphids release from the
1774:
The simplest reproductive strategy is for an aphid to have a single host all year round. On this it may alternate between
9007:
8099:
5098:
Valmalette, Jean Christophe; Dombrovsky, Aviv; Brat, Pierre; Mertz, Christian; Capovilla, Maria; Robichon, Alain (2012).
4988:
Moran, Nancy A.; Jarvik, Tyler (2010). "Lateral transfer of genes from fungi underlies carotenoid production in aphids".
3823:
Granett, Jeffrey; Walker, M. Andrew; Kocsis, Laszlo; Omer, Amir D. (2001). "Biology and management of grape phylloxera".
7514:"Young Aphids Avoid Erroneous Dropping when Evading Mammalian Herbivores by Combining Input from Two Sensory Modalities"
6882:
Weldon, Stephanie R.; Oliver, Kerry M. (2016). "Diverse Bacteriophage Roles in an Aphid-Bacterial Defensive Mutualism".
5865:"The influence of symbiotic bacteria on reproductive strategies and wing polyphenism in pea aphids responding to stress"
11016:
5493:
4655:
2847:
Aphids, especially during large outbreaks, have been known to trigger allergic inhalant reactions in sensitive humans.
4104:"Reconstructing the phylogeny of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) using DNA of the obligate symbiont Buchnera aphidicola"
3482:
ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with scale insects (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea): 20 million years of intimate symbiosis"
6899:
2540:
1616:) that can disperse to other food sources. The mouthparts or eyes can be small or missing in some species and forms.
2153:
which feed on the aphids. The ants do not defend the aphids from the caterpillars, since the caterpillars produce a
10890:
1183:
10955:
6833:
Simon, J.-C.; Carre, S.; Boutin, M.; Prunier-Leterme, N.; Sabater-Munoz, B.; Latorre, A.; Bournoville, R. (2003).
2181:
ants. Aphids of the round morph cause the ants to farm them, as with many other aphids. The flat morph aphids are
1954:
10903:
6617:"Regulation of Transcription in a Reduced Bacterial Genome: Nutrient-Provisioning Genes of the Obligate Symbiont
8880:
4080:
3928:
3498:
1612:
When host plant quality becomes poor or conditions become crowded, some aphid species produce winged offspring (
7084:
5839:
5406:
3629:"Molecular data support a rapid radiation of aphids in the Cretaceous and multiple origins of host alternation"
2788:
stay-put individuals. The movement of aphids influences the timing of virus epidemics. They are major pests of
4102:
Nováková, Eva; Hypša, Václav; Klein, Joanne; Foottit, Robert G; von Dohlen, Carol D.; Moran, Nancy A. (2013).
3931:"A molecular phylogenetic study of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis"
3250:
Berry, R. E.; Taylor, L. R. (1968). "High-Altitude Migration of Aphids in Maritime and Continental Climates".
3037:) can create "Chinese galls" which are valued as a commercial product. As "Galla Chinensis", they are used in
3535:
2402:
1587:
6151:. In Dworkin, Martin; Falkow, Stanley; Rosenberg, Eugene; Schleifer, Karl-Heinz; Stackebrandt, Erko (eds.).
2523:, sequesters secondary metabolites from its host, stores them and releases chemicals that produce a violent
812:
Late 20th-century reclassification within the Hemiptera reduced the old taxon "Homoptera" to two suborders:
8961:
8953:
4266:
3038:
1408:
532:
and telescopic development, they are a highly successful group of organisms from an ecological standpoint.
3899:
3764:
11046:
10823:
8937:
8929:
7709:
3735:
2421:
2186:
1872:
1583:
7982:
Gibson, R. W. (1971). "Glandular hairs providing resistance to aphids in certain wild potato species".
7939:
Gibson, R. W.; Pickett, J. A. (1983). "Wild potato repels aphids by release of aphid alarm pheromone".
7742:
7157:
2941:
573:
121:
8945:
8804:
Pickett, J. A.; Wadhams, L. J.; Woodcock, C. M.; Hardie, J. (1992). "The Chemical Ecology of Aphids".
8497:
3725:
2482:
Most aphids have little protection from predators. Some species interact with plant tissues forming a
1237:
426:, although individuals within a species can vary widely in color. The group includes the fluffy white
10965:
8969:
8921:
8169:
7276:
3898:
Favret, C.; Eades, D.C. (2020). Miller, G.L.; Qiao, G.; Sano, Masakazu; Stekolshchikov, A.V. (eds.).
3489:
3473:
3033:
2818:
2338:
1438:
631:
593:
8668:
8092:
7736:
Grasswitz, Tessa R.; Paine, Timothy D. (1992). "Kairomonal effect of an aphid cornicle secretion on
208:
8196:
Choudhury, Dhrupad (1985). "Aphid honeydew: a re-appraisal of the hypothesis of Owen and Wiegert".
7201:
6511:
Sakaki, Yoshiyuki; Shigenobu, Shuji; Watanabe, Hidemi; Hattori, Masahira; Ishikawa, Hajime (2000).
5996:
Stadler, Bernhard; Dixon, Anthony F. G. (2005). "Ecology and Evolution of Aphid-Ant Interactions".
5468:
3795:
2984:
to repel and disperse aphids and to attract their predators has been experimentally transferred to
1918:. The winged females migrate to start new colonies on a new host plant. For example, the
1720:
1712:
1606:
903:
5761:"Densovirus induces winged morphs in asexual clones of the rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea"
2944:
of various species of aphids can be achieved using biological insecticides based on fungi such as
2175:(Eriosomatinae), has evolved a complex double strategy involving two morphs of the same clone and
1699:. These symbionts recycle glutamate, a metabolic waste of their host, into essential amino acids.
11036:
9000:
8446:. University of Connecticut College of Agriculture, Health, and Natural Resources. Archived from
7682:
7364:
7238:
5971:
4283:
3731:
3662:"An aphid lineage maintains a bark-feeding niche while switching to and diversifying on conifers"
2966:
2605:
2546:
2171:
1835:
577:
569:
443:
10978:
8574:
7488:
7368:
6268:
Baumann, Linda; Baumann, Paul; Moran, Nancy A.; Sandström, Jonas; Thao, Mylo Ly (January 1999).
3471:
3320:
Hill, L. (2012). "The currant lettuce aphid, Nasonovia ribisnigri arrives in Tasmania: Part 1".
1891:), which may be considered typical of the family. However, in warm environments, such as in the
10763:
8977:
7335:
3929:
Papasotiropoulos, Vassilis; Tsiamis, Georgios; Papaioannou, Charikleia; Kilias, George (2013).
2885:
2806:
2745:. About fifty species of aphid, scattered among the closely related, host-alternating lineages
2448:
2095:
1989:
1970:
1907:
1728:
1291:
557:
20:
8682:
Steinkraus, Donald C. (2006). "Factors affecting transmission of fungal pathogens of aphids".
8370:
8277:
7044:
7017:
4608:
4490:
4476:
4366:
3435:
3339:
Margaritopoulos, John T.; Kasprowicz, Louise; Malloch, Gaynor L.; Fenton, Brian (2009-05-11).
3164:
1319:
10973:
8907:
7570:
6009:
5929:
5185:
4582:
4448:
2519:
2454:
1880:
1844:
517:
447:
268:
8724:
4956:
3822:
3586:
10872:
10810:
10801:
8758:
8747:"Aphid alarm pheromone produced by transgenic plants affects aphid and parasitoid behavior"
8691:
8589:
8022:
7948:
7751:
7646:
7525:
7435:
7285:
7166:
7121:
6791:
6738:
6683:
6528:
6469:
6418:
6355:
6281:
6232:
6101:
6064:
6058:
5876:
5772:
5725:
5682:
5619:
5523:
5231:
5158:
Wang, C. L.; Siang, L. Y.; Chang, G. S.; Chu, H. F. (1962). "Studies on the soybean aphid,
5111:
4999:
4850:
4799:
4702:
4631:
4279:
4179:
4118:
4032:
3976:
3352:
3259:
3204:
3053:
and to stop intestinal and uterine bleeding. Chinese galls are also an important source of
2989:
2881:
2851:
caused by the movement of plant materials, animals, farm machinery, vehicles, or aircraft.
2725:
uninfested plant. However, this does not appear to be supported by observational evidence.
2502:
2326:
2266:
2260:
2240:
2239:
genome is greatly reduced, compared to its putative ancestor. Despite the apparent loss of
2075:
1806:
females, called fundatrices (stem mothers). Reproduction typically does not involve males (
1763:
1680:
1178:
891:
614:
609:
540:
529:
506:
5453:"Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on the intrinsic rate of increase of the rusty plum aphid,
4405:
8:
7635:
Edwards, John S. (1966). "Defence by smear: supercooling in the cornicle wax of aphids".
6886:. Advances in Environmental Microbiology. Vol. 2. Springer, Cham. pp. 173–206.
4735:
4482:
3874:
3087:
2624:
2276:
2211:
2099:
1775:
1767:
1561:
502:
455:
8817:
8762:
8695:
8593:
8428:
8026:
7952:
7755:
7722:
7650:
7529:
7439:
7289:
7170:
7125:
6795:
6742:
6687:
6532:
6473:
6422:
6359:
6285:
6236:
6105:
5880:
5828:
5776:
5729:
5686:
5623:
5527:
5270:
5235:
5115:
5003:
4854:
4803:
4706:
4635:
4183:
4122:
4036:
3980:
3963:
Kim, Hyojoong; Lee, Seunghwan; Jang, Yikweon (September 2011). Moreau, Corrie S. (ed.).
3356:
3263:
3208:
2710:, such as alfalfa, damage by aphids is linked with higher concentrations of coumestrol.
9926:
9803:
9794:
8993:
8781:
8746:
8656:
8605:
8343:
8318:
8297:
8258:
8246:
8215:
8182:
8145:
7995:
7964:
7889:
7811:
7786:
7767:
7662:
7597:
7572:
7548:
7513:
7481:
7456:
7424:"An insect-induced novel plant phenotype for sustaining social life in a closed system"
7423:
7301:
7182:
7137:
6990:
6965:
6941:
6916:
6859:
6834:
6815:
6759:
6726:
6707:
6645:
6616:
6592:
6565:
6493:
6442:
6386:
6344:"Proteomic Investigation of Aphid Honeydew Reveals an Unexpected Diversity of Proteins"
6343:
6313:
6124:
6089:
5905:
5864:
5803:
5760:
5650:
5607:
5583:
5558:
5539:
5485:
5433:
5378:
5300:
5132:
5099:
5075:
5046:
5023:
4914:
4789:
4541:
4337:
4312:
4200:
4167:
3999:
3964:
3691:
3645:
3628:
3502:
3375:
3340:
3275:
3227:
3192:
3157:
3019:
2954:
2812:
2619:
2496:
2442:
2297:
2251:
2182:
2079:
2001:
1044:
524:
and disfigure ornamental plants with deposits of honeydew and the subsequent growth of
116:
8064:
7859:
7155:
Jones, Margaret G. (1979). "Abundance of aphids on cereals from before 1973 to 1977".
5559:"Aphid wing dimorphisms: linking environmental and genetic control of trait variation"
4714:
10859:
9586:
9546:
9308:
8842:
8786:
8707:
8642:
8544:
8376:
8348:
8283:
8250:
8066:
Studies on the Chemical and Biological Properties of Coumestrol and Related Compounds
8038:
7816:
7687:
7602:
7553:
7492:
7461:
7213:
7112:
7050:
7023:
7019:
Insects and Wildlife: Arthropods and their Relationships with Wild Vertebrate Animals
6995:
6946:
6895:
6864:
6807:
6764:
6699:
6650:
6636:
6597:
6546:
6485:
6434:
6391:
6373:
6305:
6297:
6250:
6201:
6164:
6129:
6068:
6034:
6024:
5976:
5935:
5910:
5892:
5845:
5835:
5808:
5790:
5741:
5737:
5698:
5694:
5655:
5637:
5588:
5425:
5370:
5322:
5191:
5137:
5100:"Light-induced electron transfer and ATP synthesis in a carotene synthesizing insect"
5080:
5015:
4990:
4893:
4866:
4862:
4834:
4815:
4761:
4718:
4647:
4536:
4515:
4494:
4472:
4409:
4372:
4342:
4313:"The molecular correlates of organ loss: the case of insect Malpighian tubules - PMC"
4245:
4205:
4134:
4084:
4048:
4004:
3930:
3878:
3840:
3803:
3799:
3683:
3596:
3441:
3380:
3341:"Tracking the global dispersal of a cosmopolitan insect pest, the peach potato aphid"
3232:
3168:
2904:
2672:
2565:
2524:
2345:
2332:
2123:
2111:
2103:
1579:
1551:
451:
290:
8609:
7893:
7771:
7422:
Kutsukake, M.; Meng, X.Y.; Katayama, N.; Nikoh, N.; Shibao, H.; Fukatsu, T. (2012).
6819:
6750:
6711:
6497:
6446:
6317:
5437:
5382:
5027:
4737:
3695:
3660:
Chen, Rui; Favret, Colin; Jiang, Liyun; Wang, Zhe; Qiao, Gexia (29 September 2015).
3506:
1778:
and asexual generations (holocyclic) or alternatively, all young may be produced by
10864:
10815:
10669:
10611:
10606:
10440:
10351:
10114:
9892:
9884:
9811:
9594:
9456:
8813:
8776:
8766:
8699:
8597:
8575:"Visual ecology of aphids—a critical review on the role of colours in host finding"
8536:
8424:
8338:
8330:
8262:
8242:
8207:
8178:
8034:
8030:
7991:
7968:
7956:
7879:
7834:
7806:
7798:
7759:
7718:
7666:
7654:
7637:
7592:
7584:
7543:
7533:
7451:
7443:
7293:
7174:
7129:
6985:
6977:
6936:
6928:
6887:
6854:
6846:
6799:
6754:
6746:
6691:
6640:
6632:
6587:
6577:
6536:
6477:
6426:
6381:
6363:
6289:
6240:
6193:
6156:
6119:
6109:
6005:
5900:
5884:
5798:
5780:
5733:
5690:
5645:
5627:
5578:
5570:
5531:
5489:
5477:
5415:
5360:
5296:
5266:
5239:
5127:
5119:
5070:
5062:
5007:
4970:
4937:
4858:
4807:
4753:
4710:
4643:
4639:
4570:
4531:
4436:
4401:
4332:
4324:
4195:
4187:
4126:
4076:
4040:
3994:
3984:
3832:
3673:
3640:
3592:
3550:
3494:
3411:
3370:
3360:
3302:
3267:
3222:
3212:
2959:
2928:
2923:
2870:
2784:
2559:
2491:
2304:. Insects that attack aphids include the adults and larvae of predatory ladybirds,
2296:
consumed nearly a million aphids per day between them, the top predators being the
2227:
1795:
1732:
1684:
1633:
1575:
996:
627:
10828:
7199:
6614:
4520:
feeds from mature xylem at the full hydraulic tension of the transpiration stream"
3836:
2149:
butterflies lay eggs on plants where ants tend herds of aphids. The eggs hatch as
11011:
10664:
10631:
10570:
10474:
10469:
10406:
10381:
10122:
9975:
9816:
9780:
9770:
9752:
9688:
9343:
9076:
8888:
8836:
8731:
8198:
8010:
7917:
7538:
6368:
6197:
5632:
5450:
5047:"Horizontally transferred fungal carotenoid genes in the two-spotted spider mite
3989:
3217:
2974:
2936:
2893:
2863:
2681:
2588:
2317:
2244:
1935:
1903:
1807:
1779:
1724:
1665:
1602:
968:
825:
647:
435:
279:
6891:
4130:
4044:
1636:. About 10% of species feed on different plants at different times of the year.
10898:
10885:
10690:
10448:
10330:
10093:
10064:
9866:
9775:
9760:
9631:
9618:
9525:
9496:
9376:
9280:
9164:
9123:
7787:"Heritable variation in prey defence provides refuge for subdominant predators"
5481:
5287:
Blackman, Roger L. (2008). "Stability and variation in aphid clonal lineages".
5042:
4942:
4811:
4191:
3116:
3092:
3074:
3027:
2917:
2884:
do not move satisfactorily into flower petals. Finally, some aphid species are
2841:
2800:
2794:
2792:
crops and species often encountered in greenhouses include: green peach aphid (
2766:
2686:
2638:
2379:
2301:
2289:
2270:
provides resistance to parasitoids but only when it is in turn infected by the
2201:
2145:
1995:
1948:
1876:
1661:
1287:
1026:
922:
887:
813:
728:
687:
597:
553:
412:
310:
246:
183:
8703:
8601:
6803:
6695:
6481:
6269:
6245:
6220:
5759:
Ryabov, E. V.; Keane, G.; Naish, N.; Evered, C.; Winstanley, D. (2009-05-13).
5420:
5397:
5365:
5348:
4574:
2713:
608:
than in the temperate zones. They can migrate great distances, mainly through
580:
can work, but is difficult to achieve except in enclosed environments such as
11005:
10786:
10738:
10726:
10698:
10557:
10497:
10479:
10435:
10419:
10304:
10289:
10187:
9936:
9921:
9913:
9647:
9570:
9562:
9472:
9348:
9285:
9250:
9211:
9198:
9133:
9113:
8832:
8548:
7707:
Way, M.J. (1963). "Mutualism between ants and honeydew-producing Homoptera".
7243:
6377:
6301:
6160:
5896:
5849:
5794:
5745:
5702:
5641:
5157:
4609:
Pompon, Julien; Quiring, Dan; Giordanengo, Philippe; Pelletier, Yvan (2010).
3554:
3011:
3007:
2866:
2750:
2746:
2680:, where it is then circulated throughout the entire body. After reaching the
2514:
2436:
2271:
2216:
2197:
2159:
2006:
1927:
1759:
1692:
1594:
1314:
1233:
1039:
862:
853:
796:
787:
782:
778:
709:. With their soft bodies, aphids do not fossilize well, and the oldest known
683:
545:
427:
235:
66:
8985:
8771:
8540:
6582:
6430:
6114:
5888:
5785:
5606:
Weisser, Wolfgang W.; Zytynska, Sharon E.; Mehrparvar, Mohsen (2013-03-05).
5011:
4757:
3749:
Sorensen, J. T. (2009). "Aphids". In Resh, Vincent H.; Cardé, R. T. (eds.).
3014:
described an invading "army" of black aphids that arrived in his village of
2859:
2583:
Aphids are abundant and widespread, and serve as hosts to a large number of
2288:
Aphids are eaten by many bird and insect predators. In a study on a farm in
2127:
1210:
723:. They do however sometimes get stuck in plant exudates which solidify into
10659:
10510:
10335:
10325:
10294:
10256:
10239:
10225:
10213:
10166:
10158:
10004:
9991:
9957:
9765:
9732:
9678:
9554:
9517:
9480:
9435:
9260:
9185:
9177:
9088:
9060:
8790:
8711:
8352:
8334:
8233:
Stern, D. L.; Foster, W. A. (1996). "The evolution of soldiers in aphids".
8042:
7820:
7802:
7606:
7588:
7557:
7465:
6999:
6981:
6966:"Costs and benefits of a superinfection of facultative symbionts in aphids"
6950:
6932:
6868:
6850:
6811:
6768:
6703:
6667:
6654:
6601:
6550:
6489:
6438:
6395:
6254:
6205:
6133:
5914:
5812:
5659:
5592:
5574:
5429:
5374:
5243:
5141:
5084:
5066:
5019:
4974:
4889:
4819:
4722:
4651:
4426:
4413:
4346:
4328:
4209:
4138:
4088:
4052:
4008:
3844:
3687:
3384:
3365:
3306:
3236:
3082:
3003:
2970:
1978:
1744:
1696:
1571:
1404:
1372:
1264:
1260:
1173:
1009:
963:
817:
748:
662:
301:
257:
193:
8254:
6309:
4870:
4765:
3727:
Fundamentals of Paleontology. Volume 9. Arthropoda, Tracheata, Chelicerata
3416:
3399:
2102:, with these dairying ants milking the aphids by stroking them with their
2046:
1683:, which aphids, like all animals, cannot synthesise, and possesses a high
10924:
10838:
10795:
10734:
10677:
10588:
10523:
10505:
10487:
10456:
10284:
10085:
9833:
9725:
9683:
9673:
9668:
9578:
9509:
9501:
9464:
9333:
9328:
9270:
9242:
9225:
8895:
Insect Olfaction of Plant Odour: Colorado Potato Beetle and Aphid Studies
2876:
2734:
2652:
2528:
2487:
2313:
2221:
2177:
2166:
2150:
1983:
1919:
1911:
1868:
1864:
1799:
1791:
1691:
concentration. Essential amino acids are provided to aphids by bacterial
907:
845:
841:
762:
706:
702:
619:
561:
536:
525:
521:
486:
470:
41:
4736:
Wilkinson, T. L.; Ashfors, D. A.; Pritchard, J.; Douglas, A. E. (1997).
4686:
3400:"The oldest aphid insect from the Middle Triassic of the Vosges, France"
2030:
1855:
Aphid giving birth to live young: populations are often entirely female.
1755:
10851:
10621:
10580:
10562:
10343:
10248:
10145:
10137:
10101:
10018:
9660:
9533:
9451:
9338:
9323:
9318:
9295:
9203:
9190:
9128:
9118:
9097:
8368:
8219:
8062:
7763:
7447:
7354:"Spider Mites, Aphids and Rain Complicating Spray Decisions in Soybean"
7186:
7141:
7042:
6293:
5183:
4545:
4440:
4364:
3152:
3112:
2985:
2897:
2789:
2707:
2584:
2578:
2563:
are sufficiently toxic to the invasive and dominant predatory ladybird
2134:
1961:
1931:
1896:
1884:
1811:
1708:
1335:
1182:. The results depend on the assumption that the symbionts are strictly
935:
883:
837:
833:
821:
752:
740:
698:
581:
482:
431:
86:
51:
7865:
7837:. IET Department of the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources.
7478:
7321:"Stable age distributions of lucerne aphid populations in SE-Tasmania"
6725:
Sakurai, M.; Koga, R.; Tsuchida, T.; Meng, X.-Y.; Fukatsu, T. (2005).
5563:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
5123:
4559:
Powell, Glen; Hardie, Jim (2002). "Xylem ingestion by winged aphids".
4166:
Chen, Rui; Wang, Zhe; Chen, Jing; Jiang, Li-Yun; Qiao, Ge-Xia (2017).
3678:
3661:
3338:
1821:
and the offspring are clonal to their mother, so they are all female (
10929:
10641:
10601:
10593:
10533:
10518:
10492:
10390:
10264:
10043:
10035:
9999:
9850:
9701:
9693:
9639:
9538:
9425:
9255:
9048:
9036:
9017:
8899:
7960:
7658:
6541:
6512:
6030:
5608:"Multiple Cues for Winged Morph Production in an Aphid Metacommunity"
3159:
Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals
3050:
2981:
2911:
2889:
2824:
2695:
2677:
2664:
2629:
2615:
2551:
2532:
2517:), excrete a "fluffy wax coating" for protection. The cabbage aphid,
2459:
2293:
2206:
2154:
2014:
1939:
1860:
1851:
1826:
1822:
1391:
1378:
1206:
1166:
1094:
1065:
1060:
991:
866:
849:
791:
770:
769:
developing later. It has been hypothesized that the ancestors of the
766:
756:
692:
679:
474:
439:
224:
173:
153:
133:
91:
10916:
10757:
8211:
7884:
7867:
7735:
7305:
7178:
7133:
5543:
4475:. In Buchanan, Bob B.; Gruissem, Wilhelm; Jones, Russell L. (eds.).
3792:
Aphids on the World's Trees. An Identification and Information Guide
3279:
2330:
is a dietary specialist which only feeds on conifer aphids, whereas
1465:
10846:
10780:
10706:
10649:
10549:
10541:
10461:
10398:
10359:
10272:
10179:
10056:
9983:
9871:
9858:
9610:
9602:
9488:
9396:
9388:
9303:
9290:
9275:
9265:
9054:
5402:(Homoptera: Aphididae): variation in size, color, and reproduction"
4961:: a multidimensional approach to amino acid metabolism in aphids".
3129:
3046:
3015:
2633:
2587:, many of them being very small (c. 0.1 inches (2.5 mm) long)
2413:
2394:
2385:
2368:
2305:
1943:
1736:
1707:
Some species of aphids have acquired the ability to synthesise red
1669:
1598:
1421:
940:
895:
744:
736:
720:
623:
565:
549:
510:
494:
490:
81:
76:
61:
56:
46:
6513:"Genome sequence of the endocellular bacterial symbiont of aphids
6087:
3653:
2636:, a pheromone to ward off attack; it effectively repels the aphid
2038:
108:
10654:
10616:
10317:
10309:
10192:
10072:
9313:
7778:
7297:
6921:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
6917:"Phage loss and the breakdown of a defensive symbiosis in aphids"
5535:
5510:
Hughes, R. D. (1963). "Population Dynamics of the Cabbage Aphid,
4513:
3271:
2836:
2738:
2349:
adjusts the number of eggs laid to the size of the aphid colony.
2139:
1915:
1892:
1818:
1688:
1673:
1339:
774:
605:
96:
71:
8637:
Jaronski, S. T.; Mascarin, G. M. (2017). Lacey, Lawrence (ed.).
7785:
Lenhart, Paul A.; Jackson, Kelly A.; White, Jennifer A. (2018).
7270:
Hughes, R.D. (1963). "Population dynamics of the cabbage aphid,
4015:
2082:
flies in and eats an aphid before being chased away by the ants.
1624:
9159:
9143:
9042:
9030:
8415:
Shulman, Sidney (1967-01-01). "Allergic Responses to Insects".
6832:
6615:
Moran, Nancy A.; Dunbar, Helen E.; Wilcox, Jennifer L. (2005).
3054:
3002:
Aphids are familiar to farmers and gardeners, mainly as pests.
2830:
2742:
2703:
2699:
2668:
2660:
2656:
2362:
2321:
2091:
1830:
1716:
1648:
829:
710:
666:
459:
408:
163:
143:
8636:
8275:
6563:
6510:
5451:
Jahn, Gary C.; Almazan, Liberty P.; Pacia, Jocelyn B. (2005).
5257:
Moran, Nancy A. (1992). "The Evolution of Aphid Life Cycles".
4912:
4671:
3708:
3068:
2690:, is a vector for more than 110 plant viruses. Cotton aphids (
10730:
10212:
9723:
8725:
Lady Beetle Releases for Aphid Control: How to Help Them Work
6341:
6219:
Bodył, Andrzej; Mackiewicz, Paweł; Gagat, Przemysław (2012).
5097:
3789:
3042:
2535:, are thought to provide them with resistance to some fungi.
2474:
2417:
2371:
2133:
An interesting variation in ant–aphid relationships involves
1653:
1613:
1556:
1459:
1100:
735:, about sixty species have been described from the Triassic,
724:
528:. Because of their ability to rapidly increase in numbers by
10877:
8803:
8743:
8675:
8127:
6267:
5316:
4987:
8830:
7852:– via College of Agriculture & Natural Sciences.
7512:
Gish, M.; Dafni, A.; Inbar, M. (2012). Heil, Martin (ed.).
7200:
Krupke, Christian; Obermeyer, John; O'Neil, Robert (2007).
6408:
5862:
4268:
Molecular Studies of the Salivary Glands of the Pea Aphid,
4081:
10.1554/0014-3820(2000)054[0517:CBBEBA]2.0.CO;2
4065:
3709:
Gullan, Penny J.; Martin, Jon H. (2009). "Sternorrhyncha".
3499:
10.1206/0003-0082(2001)335<0001:AAAAHF>2.0.CO;2
3440:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 193–194.
2483:
2425:
2309:
1740:
601:
478:
8316:
8279:
The Evolution of Social Behaviour in Insects and Arachnids
7421:
6915:
Weldon, S. R.; Strand, M. R.; Oliver, K. M. (2013-01-22).
4021:
2466:
by starvation, but cannot be relied on for aphid control.
642:
430:. A typical life cycle involves flightless females giving
8894:
8734:. Clark, J.K., University of California Davis, June 2011.
8317:
Pike, N.; Richard, D.; Foster, W.; Mahadevan, L. (2002).
8235:
Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
8166:
7391:(Homoptera, Pemphigidae), an aphid species with soldiers"
7328:
Thammasat International Journal of Science and Technology
6781:
5605:
4919:, the intracellular bacterial symbionts of the pea aphid
4832:
4311:
Jing, X.; White, T. A.; Yang, X.; Douglas, A. E. (2015).
4101:
3191:Żyła, Dagmara; Homan, Agnieszka; Wegierek, Piotr (2017).
2119:
2087:
2067:
1899:, aphids may go on reproducing asexually for many years.
1783:
1644:
498:
463:
404:
6090:"Aggressive mimicry coexists with mutualism in an aphid"
5830:
Aphid-transmitted viruses and their vectors of the world
5715:
4837:(1965). "Studies on the artificial feeding of the aphid
2840:
which then infect leaves and inhibit growth by reducing
2706:
with viruses. In plants which produce the phytoestrogen
1829:, which then give birth to live (already hatched) first-
1679:
Plant sap is an unbalanced diet for aphids, as it lacks
630:
of infested plant materials, making some species nearly
8323:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
8011:"Plant defense against aphids, the pest extraordinaire"
7791:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
6970:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
6839:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
6724:
6147:
Baumann, Paul; Moran, Nancy A.; Baumann, Linda (2006).
5931:
Pests of Fruit Crops: A Colour Handbook, Second Edition
5040:
4558:
2531:
smell to repel predators. Peptides produced by aphids,
2420:, and fungi. They are affected by the weather, such as
1593:
They have long, thin legs with two-jointed, two-clawed
9557:(cottony cushion scales, giant coccids, ground pearls)
6964:
Oliver, K. M.; Moran, Nancy A.; Hunter, M. S. (2006).
6775:
5758:
5395:
5346:
4841:(Sulzer) – III. Some major nutritional requirements".
2215:, the primary symbiont, inside specialized cells, the
19:
This article is about the insect. For other uses, see
10737:. Heteroptera with Coleorrhyncha were referred to as
5312:
5310:
5215:
4738:"Honeydew sugars and osmoregulation in the pea aphid
2935:
Aphid populations can be sampled using yellow-pan or
2717:
Aphid with honeydew, from the anus, not the cornicles
2618:, a benefit exploited in the traditional practice of
1952:
infection has a negative impact on rosy apple aphid (
626:
around 2004 through easterly winds. Aphids have also
8885:, MetaPathogen – facts, life cycle, life cycle image
6218:
6081:
5998:
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
5968:
4310:
3064:
1702:
382:
371:
360:
349:
338:
327:
316:
298:
287:
276:
265:
254:
243:
232:
7784:
7619:
6557:
6504:
6402:
6221:"Organelle Evolution: Paulinella Breaks a Paradigm"
6146:
3659:
3292:
1794:(primary hosts) on which the aphids overwinter and
8525:"Improved Method of Using Yellow-Pan Aphid Traps1"
8369:van Emden, Helmut F.; Harrington, Richard (2017).
8195:
8090:
7932:
7907:
7905:
7903:
7841:. College Park, Maryland: University of Maryland.
7679:
7480:
7154:
7043:van Emden, Helmut F.; Harrington, Richard (2017).
6914:
6149:"Bacteriocyte-Associated Endosymbionts of Insects"
5827:
5307:
5184:van Emden, Helmut F.; Harrington, Richard (2017).
4886:Endosymbiosis of animals with plant microorganisms
4365:van Emden, Helmut F.; Harrington, Richard (2017).
4241:McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology
3868:
3533:
3156:
2478:Aphid secreting defensive fluid from the cornicles
8128:Reynolds, Hannah T.; Volk, Tom (September 2007).
8069:. US Government Printing Office. pp. 47–67.
7479:Preston-Mafham, Rod; Preston-Mafham, Ken (1993).
7417:
7415:
7413:
6963:
4264:
4237:
4165:
3891:
3723:
3433:
3190:
2513:Some species of aphid, known as "woolly aphids" (
2506:by climbing on them and inserting their stylets.
848:containing a large group of insects known as the
505:relationship with aphids, tending them for their
11003:
8282:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 150–152.
8063:United States Department of Agriculture (2003).
7634:
7074:
6140:
6022:
5927:
4611:"Role of xylem consumption on osmoregulation in
4391:
3543:Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America
539:do not always produce reliable results, because
10346:(assassin bugs, wheel bugs, thread-legged bugs)
8751:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
7900:
7620:Vilcinskas, Andreas (2016). "Aphid Immunity.".
7573:"The cabbage aphid: a walking mustard oil bomb"
7483:The Encyclopedia of Land Invertebrate Behaviour
7011:
7009:
6957:
6884:The Mechanistic Benefits of Microbial Symbionts
6718:
6094:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5765:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5282:
5280:
5256:
5221:
3748:
3626:
3584:
2300:, with aphids forming 83% of its diet, and the
2264:plays a role in defining the host-plant range,
777:while those of the Aphididae fed on the sap of
604:, aphid species diversity is much lower in the
9974:
9751:
8630:
8468:
7872:Annals of the Entomological Society of America
7511:
7410:
7015:
6826:
4963:Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology
4514:Malone, M.; Watson, R.; Pritchard, J. (1999).
3627:Von Dohlen, Carol D.; Moran, Nancy A. (2000).
3429:
3427:
1817:Eggs are parthenogenetically produced without
9015:
9001:
8876:Aphids of southeastern U.S. woody ornamentals
8572:
8489:
8396:Cloyd, Raymond (14 February 2022). "Aphids".
7938:
7318:
6453:
5509:
4883:
4470:
3753:(2 ed.). Academic Press. pp. 27–31.
9074:
8573:Döring, Thomas Felix; Chittka, Lars (2007).
8498:"Insecticidal Soaps for Garden Pest Control"
8364:
8362:
8302:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7269:
7006:
6881:
5995:
5550:
5342:
5340:
5338:
5277:
4587:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
4478:Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants
4453:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
2967:controlled by the release of natural enemies
2230:, feeding on phloem-sap of vascular plants.
1863:. Environmental factors such as a change in
1582:, which is formed from modifications of the
869:that includes all the ~5000 extant species.
9374:
8912:Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences
8522:
8232:
7975:
7911:
7351:
7105:
7077:"Early season aphid and thrips populations"
6177:
5825:
5153:
5151:
3935:Journal of Biological Research-Thessaloniki
3897:
3424:
3249:
3151:
2772:
2628:, produces an aphid alarm pheromone, (E)-β-
2600:
1825:). The embryos develop within the mothers'
535:Large-scale control of aphids is not easy.
9008:
8994:
8737:
8681:
8523:Evans, D. A.; Medler, J. T. (1966-12-01).
6052:
6050:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4219:
3962:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3186:
3184:
3111:The term "black fly" is also used for the
2958:. Fungi are the main pathogens of aphids;
2737:, joining insects such as ants, bees, and
2280:prevents the deleterious effects of heat.
2192:
1965:The life stages of the green apple aphid (
462:, with the insects often overwintering as
107:
8841:. Chatto & Windus. pp. 191–194.
8780:
8770:
8639:Mass Production of Fungal Entomopathogens
8495:
8359:
8342:
8310:
8276:Choe; Jae C.; Crespi, Bernard J. (1997).
7883:
7810:
7706:
7596:
7547:
7537:
7455:
7202:"Soybean aphid, a new beginning for 2007"
6989:
6940:
6858:
6758:
6644:
6591:
6581:
6540:
6459:
6385:
6367:
6244:
6123:
6113:
5964:
5962:
5904:
5802:
5784:
5649:
5631:
5582:
5457:(Thomas) (Homoptera: Aphididae) on rice (
5419:
5364:
5335:
5321:(4th ed.). Wiley. pp. 150–151.
5289:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
5224:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
5179:
5177:
5131:
5074:
4941:
4913:Whitehead, L. F.; Douglas, A. E. (1993).
4792:Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
4604:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4535:
4466:
4464:
4336:
4199:
3998:
3988:
3765:"Superfamily Aphidoidea, Latreille, 1802"
3677:
3644:
3633:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
3415:
3397:
3374:
3364:
3226:
3216:
2980:The ability to produce allomones such as
2962:can quickly cut aphid numbers in nature.
2469:
2017:. Here they mate and overwinter as eggs.
1859:In autumn, aphids reproduce sexually and
1565:, showing the piercing-sucking mouthparts
701:period. They probably fed on plants like
8462:
7472:
7384:
7070:
7068:
7066:
6010:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.091704.175531
5286:
5148:
4360:
4358:
4356:
3906:. Montreal, Canada: Aphid Species File.
3790:Blackman, R. L.; Eastrop, V. F. (1994).
3580:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3319:
2910:
2858:
2712:
2604:
2473:
2053:
2045:
2037:
2029:
1960:
1850:
1754:
1660:Xylem sap consumption may be related to
1623:
1550:
656:
641:
8414:
8109:from the original on September 28, 2011
6183:
6047:
6016:
5834:. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.
5556:
5317:Gullan, P. J.; Cranston, P. S. (2010).
4674:Regulatory mechanisms in insect feeding
4562:Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
4487:American Society of Plant Physiologists
4429:Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
4216:
3956:
3851:
3181:
2886:resistant to common insecticide classes
2733:Some aphids show some of the traits of
1719:. They are the only animals other than
1176:, especially the obligate endosymbiont
11004:
8902:, Center for Invasive Species Research
8471:"Insect Control: Soaps and Detergents"
7981:
7740:(Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae)".
7239:"Why some aphids can't stand the heat"
7022:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 536.
6731:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
5959:
5174:
4595:
4461:
3910:from the original on February 24, 2021
10762:
10761:
9722:
9373:
9073:
8989:
8441:
8395:
8269:
8056:
8008:
7063:
6056:
5398:"Effect of nitrogen fertilization on
5319:The Insects: An Outline of Entomology
4406:10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151107
4353:
4111:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
4025:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3567:
2452:, and entomopathogenic fungi such as
2316:larvae, "aphid lions" (the larvae of
2050:Ant extracting honeydew from an aphid
1762:alternates between hosts and between
10966:89517896-9e03-4eb2-a051-e8c30989a35e
10904:378e39b1-3c3d-4216-b8c9-68c8f4ff88a4
10500:(jewel bugs or metallic shield bugs)
8641:. Academic Press. pp. 141–155.
8504:from the original on 22 January 2018
8477:from the original on 7 February 2018
7680:Martinson, Candace (2008). "Aphid".
7251:from the original on 15 January 2018
7081:University of Maryland, College Park
5969:Hooper-Bui, Linda M. (2008). "Ant".
5672:
3771:from the original on 6 November 2017
2226:and enabled aphids to exploit a new
1731:. This is the only known example of
10312:(plant bugs, leaf bugs, grass bugs)
10259:(minute pirate bugs or flower bugs)
9916:(marsh treaders or water measurers)
8824:
8818:10.1146/annurev.en.37.010192.000435
8444:"Managing Aphids in the Greenhouse"
8429:10.1146/annurev.en.12.010167.001543
8100:University of Massachusetts Amherst
7723:10.1146/annurev.en.08.010163.001515
5271:10.1146/annurev.en.37.010192.001541
4238:Stroyan, Henry G. (1997). "Aphid".
3900:"Aphid Species File - Aphidomorpha"
3757:
2997:
2642:at a range of up to 3 millimetres.
2428:. Fungi that attack aphids include
628:been spread by human transportation
477:. Around 400 of these are found on
446:—without the involvement of males.
13:
8247:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1996.tb00741.x
8183:10.1111/j.1365-3059.1992.tb02550.x
7996:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1971.tb06448.x
7577:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
5301:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1979.tb00038.x
3646:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2000.tb01286.x
3025:Infestation of the Chinese sumac (
2494:-like mouthparts. A woolly aphid,
1628:Woolly Aphids on Apple tree branch
618:, is believed to have spread from
14:
11058:
11032:Insect vectors of plant pathogens
11027:Insect pests of ornamental plants
11022:Insect pests of temperate forests
10451:(giant shield bugs and relatives)
9206:(typical treehoppers, thorn bugs)
8973:, an Asian woolly hackberry aphid
8869:
8684:Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
8142:University of Wisconsin–La Crosse
7075:Brust, Gerald E. (22 June 2006).
5396:Nevo, Ettay; Coll, Moshe (2001).
5187:Aphids as Crop Pests, 2nd Edition
2541:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
1977:In the autumn, host-alternating (
1703:Carotenoids and photoheterotrophy
1643:Aphids usually feed passively on
673:
11042:Extant Permian first appearances
8797:
8718:
8566:
8516:
8435:
8408:
8389:
8226:
8189:
8160:
8121:
8084:
8002:
7827:
7729:
7700:
7673:
7628:
7613:
7564:
7505:
7378:
7345:
6637:10.1128/JB.187.12.4229-4237.2005
5738:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00754.x
4537:10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00448.x
3067:
2393:
2378:
2361:
2025:
1902:Aphids reproducing asexually by
1578:, enclosed in a sheath called a
1464:
1437:
1407:
1338:
1318:
1290:
1263:
1236:
1209:
1099:
1064:
1043:
995:
967:
939:
678:Aphids, and the closely related
485:, and many are serious pests of
442:, an adaptation scientists call
305:Zhang, Zhang, Hou & Ma, 1989
239:Homan, Zyla & Wegierek, 2015
120:
39:
10644:(milkweed bugs, true seed bugs)
10552:(squash bugs, leaf-footed bugs)
9819:(unique-headed bugs, gnat bugs)
8891:, Agricultural Research Service
8855:from the original on 2017-03-14
8619:from the original on 2020-09-19
8555:from the original on 2021-11-13
8319:"How aphids lose their marbles"
8073:from the original on 2015-04-02
7845:from the original on 2018-06-26
7312:
7263:
7231:
7220:from the original on 2021-02-04
7193:
7148:
7099:
7036:
6908:
6875:
6751:10.1128/AEM.71.7.4069-4075.2005
6661:
6608:
6335:
6324:from the original on 2021-11-13
6261:
6212:
5989:
5948:from the original on 2021-06-24
5921:
5856:
5819:
5752:
5709:
5666:
5599:
5503:
5444:
5389:
5250:
5204:from the original on 2021-06-24
5091:
5034:
4981:
4950:
4930:Journal of General Microbiology
4906:
4877:
4826:
4783:
4772:from the original on 2008-08-21
4746:Journal of Experimental Biology
4729:
4680:
4665:
4552:
4507:
4420:
4385:
4304:
4293:from the original on 2012-02-27
4258:
4159:
4148:from the original on 2017-08-10
4095:
4059:
3945:from the original on 2018-01-16
3922:
3816:
3783:
3742:
3724:Rohdendorf, B. B., ed. (1991).
3717:
3702:
3620:
3609:from the original on 2013-02-18
3527:
3516:from the original on 2012-09-27
3465:
3454:from the original on 2020-08-05
3122:
2994:caused by movements of aphids.
2126:collect aphid honeydew to make
1810:) and results in a live birth (
1750:
902:) are insects which caused the
587:
10075:(water scorpions, needle bugs)
8529:Journal of Economic Entomology
8138:Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month
8035:10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.04.027
7399:Japanese Journal of Entomology
6274:Journal of Molecular Evolution
5407:Journal of Economic Entomology
5041:Altincicek, B.; Kovacs, J.L.;
4644:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.12.009
3391:
3332:
3313:
3286:
3243:
3145:
3105:
2777:
2572:
1695:, harboured in special cells,
493:, as well as an annoyance for
1:
8889:Sequenced Genome of Pea Aphid
8469:Cranshaw, W.S. (March 2008).
8134:, the beech aphid poop-eater"
7622:Biology and Ecology of Aphids
7352:Ostlie, Ken (3 August 2006).
5934:. CRC Press. pp. 71–72.
5557:Brisson, Jennifer A. (2010).
4715:10.1016/S0022-1910(99)00186-9
3837:10.1146/annurev.ento.46.1.387
3404:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
3139:
2412:Aphids are often infected by
2403:Propylea quatuordecimpunctata
1910:) and environmental control (
8900:Asian woolly hackberry aphid
8582:Arthropod-Plant Interactions
7539:10.1371/journal.pone.0032706
6369:10.1371/journal.pone.0074656
6198:10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.17
6063:. Time-Life Books. pp.
5695:10.1016/0022-1910(67)90155-2
5675:Journal of Insect Physiology
5633:10.1371/journal.pone.0058323
4863:10.1016/0022-1910(65)90154-X
4843:Journal of Insect Physiology
4694:Journal of Insect Physiology
4623:Journal of Insect Physiology
3990:10.1371/journal.pone.0024749
3398:Szwedo, J.; Nel, A. (2011).
3218:10.1371/journal.pone.0174791
3163:. Greenwood Press. pp.
3039:traditional Chinese medicine
3031:) by Chinese sumac aphids (
2728:
2544:and the 2008 edition of the
2283:
872:
637:
7:
10701:(red bugs, cotton stainers)
8806:Annual Review of Entomology
8417:Annual Review of Entomology
8091:Gillman, Daniel H. (2005).
7710:Annual Review of Entomology
6892:10.1007/978-3-319-28068-4_7
6186:Annual Review of Entomology
5259:Annual Review of Entomology
4676:. Springer. pp. 60–65.
4394:Annual Review of Entomology
4131:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.03.016
4045:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.12.005
3869:McGavin, George C. (1993).
3825:Annual Review of Entomology
3736:National Science Foundation
3534:Russell, Louise M. (1968).
3115:, among them the vector of
3060:
2816:) and chrysanthemum aphid (
2655:to their hosts, such as to
1873:X0 sex-determination system
1160:
877:
807:
10:
11063:
8963:Sarucallis kahawaluokalani
8473:. University of Colorado.
8375:. CABI. pp. 196–198.
7743:Journal of Insect Behavior
7334:(5): 38–43. Archived from
7158:Journal of Applied Ecology
7049:. CABI. pp. 229–230.
5482:10.1603/0046-225X-34.4.938
4943:10.1099/00221287-139-4-821
4812:10.1016/j.ibmb.2008.08.008
4371:. CABI. pp. 189–190.
4265:Mutti, Navdeep S. (2006).
4192:10.1038/s41598-017-10761-9
3902:. Université de Montréal.
3536:"Studies on Fossil Aphids"
3437:Encyclopedia of Entomology
3434:Capinera, John L. (2008).
2942:Integrated pest management
2854:
2798:), cotton or melon aphid (
2576:
2552:attracting aphid predators
2020:
1999:(peach-potato aphid), and
1836:telescoping of generations
1590:of the insect mouthparts.
1546:
938:(jumping plant lice, etc)
844:, etc.) with the suborder
727:. In 1967, when Professor
686:, probably evolved from a
574:integrated pest management
18:
11017:Agricultural pest insects
10770:
10722:
10689:
10579:
10532:
10418:
10389:
10380:
10247:
10238:
10208:
10178:
10157:
10136:
10113:
10084:
10055:
10034:
10017:
9970:
9935:
9904:
9883:
9849:
9832:
9802:
9793:
9747:
9743:
9718:
9659:
9630:
9528:(pupillarial palm scales)
9434:
9408:
9387:
9383:
9369:
9241:
9224:
9176:
9142:
9096:
9087:
9083:
9069:
9025:
8704:10.1016/j.jip.2006.03.009
8602:10.1007/s11829-006-9000-1
7984:Annals of Applied Biology
7912:Flint, M.L. (July 2013).
7624:. CRC Press. p. 131.
7277:Journal of Animal Ecology
6804:10.1007/s00442-007-0730-2
6696:10.1007/s00248-004-0216-2
6482:10.1007/s00248-002-0012-9
6246:10.1016/j.cub.2012.03.020
6023:Wootton, Anthony (1998).
5928:Alford, David V. (2014).
5869:Journal of Animal Ecology
5516:Journal of Animal Ecology
5421:10.1603/0022-0493-94.1.27
5366:10.1017/S0016672302005657
4473:"Long distance transport"
3490:American Museum Novitates
3252:Journal of Animal Ecology
3034:Schlechtendalia chinensis
2819:Macrosiphoniella sanborni
2339:Coccinella septempunctata
2320:), and arachnids such as
1743:which is oxidized in the
1452:
1432:
1425:
1402:
1395:
1369:
1362:
1333:
1312:
1305:
1285:
1278:
1258:
1251:
1231:
1224:
1204:
1197:
1091:
1058:
1037:
1030:
1020:
1013:
989:
982:
961:
954:
933:
926:
906:that devastated European
900:Daktulosphaira vitifoliae
596:, but are most common in
509:and protecting them from
438:—who may also be already
221:
216:
117:Scientific classification
115:
106:
30:
7916:. UC IPM. Archived from
6161:10.1007/0-387-30741-9_16
5469:Environmental Entomology
5190:. CABI. pp. 81–82.
5164:Acta Entomologica Sinica
3585:Dixon, A. F. G. (1998).
3295:Environmental Entomology
3128:Dairying ants also milk
3098:
2773:Interactions with humans
2601:Plant-aphid interactions
2187:wolf in sheep's clothing
2100:mutualistic relationship
2034:An ant guards its aphids
1942:, are released from the
1721:two-spotted spider mites
1713:horizontal gene transfer
1063:(woolly conifer aphids)
904:Great French Wine Blight
898:secretions. Phylloxera (
733:Studies on Fossil Aphids
294:Poinar & Brown, 2006
9642:(woolly conifer aphids)
8925:, melon or cotton aphid
8772:10.1073/pnas.0603998103
8496:Ubl, J.B. (July 2009).
8398:Greenhouse Product News
7738:Lysiphlebus testaceipes
7683:World Book Encyclopedia
7365:University of Minnesota
7016:Capinera, John (2011).
6625:Journal of Bacteriology
6583:10.1186/1471-2164-8-143
6431:10.1126/science.1130441
6115:10.1073/pnas.1414061112
5972:World Book Encyclopedia
5889:10.1111/1365-2656.12942
5786:10.1073/pnas.0901389106
5012:10.1126/science.1187113
4758:10.1242/jeb.200.15.2137
4575:10.1023/A:1021234412475
4284:Kansas State University
3767:. Aphid: species file.
3751:Encyclopedia of Insects
3732:Smithsonian Institution
3711:Encyclopedia of Insects
2921:, killed by the fungus
2547:World Book Encyclopedia
2355:Predators eating aphids
2243:in the reduced genome,
2193:Bacterial endosymbiosis
2172:Paracletus cimiciformis
1619:
759: million years ago
695: million years ago
661:An aphid fossilised in
634:in their distribution.
578:biological pest control
444:telescoping generations
418:. Common names include
342:Plioaphis subhercynica
320:Palaeoforda tajmyrensis
10565:(scentless plant bugs)
9565:(Mediterranean scales)
8500:. Clemson University.
8442:Pundt, Leanne (2011).
8335:10.1098/rspb.2002.1999
7803:10.1098/rspb.2018.0523
7589:10.1098/rspb.2007.0237
7319:Suwanbutr, S. (1996).
6982:10.1098/rspb.2005.3436
6933:10.1098/rspb.2012.2103
6851:10.1098/rspb.2003.2430
5575:10.1098/rstb.2009.0255
5244:10.1006/bijl.2000.0470
5067:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0704
4975:10.1002/arch.940290106
4915:"A metabolic study of
4884:Buchner, Paul (1965).
4613:Macrosiphum euphorbiae
4577:(inactive 2024-07-30).
4471:Fisher, D. B. (2000).
4443:(inactive 2024-07-30).
4329:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0154
3555:10.1093/besa/14.2.139a
3366:10.1186/1472-6785-9-13
3322:Victorian Entomologist
2932:
2873:
2807:Macrosiphum euphorbiae
2718:
2610:
2479:
2470:Anti-predator defences
2449:Metarhizium anisopliae
2083:
2080:wrinkled solder beetle
2051:
2043:
2035:
1990:Metopolophium dirhodum
1974:
1971:Robert Evans Snodgrass
1875:, they have one fewer
1856:
1771:
1629:
1599:cornicles (siphunculi)
1566:
1184:transmitted vertically
882:Aphids, adelgids, and
670:
654:
650:(early Anisian) aphid
646:Forewing of the early
600:. In contrast to many
570:entomopathogenic fungi
272:Zhang & Hong, 1999
21:Aphid (disambiguation)
16:Superfamily of insects
10974:Paleobiology Database
10709:(bordered plant bugs)
10482:(includes ebony bugs)
10148:(creeping water bugs)
8908:University of Florida
8541:10.1093/jee/59.6.1526
8009:Nalam, Vamsi (2019).
7487:. MIT Press. p.
7428:Nature Communications
7374:on 10 September 2008.
7341:on 10 September 2008.
7272:Brevicoryne brassicae
7108:Brevicoryne brassicae
5512:Brevicoryne brassicae
5455:Hysteroneura setariae
3904:aphid.speciesfile.org
3417:10.4202/app.2010.0034
2946:Lecanicillium lecanii
2914:
2882:systemic insecticides
2862:
2716:
2608:
2577:Further information:
2520:Brevicoryne brassicae
2477:
2455:Lecanicillium lecanii
2241:transcription factors
2066:
2049:
2041:
2033:
1964:
1854:
1845:Brevicoryne brassicae
1758:
1681:essential amino acids
1668:from several sucrose
1627:
1554:
816:(aphids, whiteflies,
660:
645:
594:distributed worldwide
497:. So-called dairying
367:Hong & Wang, 1990
269:Drepanochaitophoridae
10899:Fauna Europaea (new)
10680:(ash-grey leaf bugs)
10672:(atypical seed bugs)
10338:(old world bat bugs)
10267:(bed bugs, bat bugs)
10195:(pygmy backswimmers)
10104:(velvety shore bugs)
9696:(jumping plant lice)
8981:, brown citrus aphid
8372:Aphids as Crop Pests
7361:Minnesota Crop eNews
7046:Aphids as Crop Pests
6155:. pp. 403–438.
6057:Neary, John (1977).
6026:Insects of the World
5826:Chan, C. K. (1991).
4368:Aphids as Crop Pests
3307:10.1093/ee/19.5.1473
2990:Arabidopsis thaliana
2651:frequently transmit
2609:Aphids on plant host
2503:Anthocoris nemoralis
2400:The ladybird beetle
2327:Myzia oblongoguttata
2267:Hamiltonella defensa
2261:Regiella insecticola
2222:280 to 160
2135:lycaenid butterflies
1993:(rose-grain aphid),
1987:(black bean aphid),
1955:Dysaphis plantaginea
731:wrote his monograph
716:Triassoaphis cubitus
615:Nasonovia ribisnigri
530:asexual reproduction
454:regions, a phase of
10544:(broad-headed bugs)
9895:(velvet water bugs)
9483:(ornate pit scales)
8979:Toxoptera citricida
8965:, crapemyrtle aphid
8957:, green peach aphid
8939:Hyadaphis coriandri
8882:Acyrthosiphon pisum
8763:2006PNAS..10310509B
8757:(27): 10509–10513.
8696:2006JInvP..92..125S
8594:2007APInt...1....3D
8027:2019PlnSc.279...96N
7953:1983Natur.302..608G
7835:"Aphid Parasitoids"
7756:1992JIBeh...5..447G
7651:1966Natur.211...73E
7583:(1623): 2271–2277.
7530:2012PLoSO...732706G
7440:2012NatCo...3.1187K
7290:1963JAnEc..32..393H
7171:1979JApEc..16....1J
7126:1961Ecol...42..740L
6976:(1591): 1273–1280.
6845:(1525): 1703–1712.
6796:2007Oecol.153..323F
6743:2005ApEnM..71.4069S
6688:2005MicEc..49..126T
6670:Acyrthosiphon pisum
6619:Buchnera aphidicola
6533:2000Natur.407...81S
6474:2002MicEc..44..137M
6423:2006Sci...314..312P
6360:2013PLoSO...874656S
6286:1999JMolE..48...77B
6237:2012CBio...22.R304B
6106:2015PNAS..112.1101S
6060:Insects and Spiders
5881:2019JAnEc..88..601R
5777:2009PNAS..106.8465R
5730:2005EcolL...8..596K
5687:1967JInsP..13..289L
5624:2013PLoSO...858323M
5528:1963JAnEc..32..393H
5236:2000BJLS...71..689V
5116:2012NatSR...2E.579V
5049:Tetranychus urticae
5004:2010Sci...328..624M
4959:Acyrthosiphon pisum
4921:Acyrthosiphon pisum
4855:1965JInsP..11..717D
4804:2009IBMB...39....1S
4740:Acyrthosiphon pisum
4707:2000JInsP..46..335A
4689:Acyrthosiphon pisum
4636:2010JInsP..56..610P
4518:Philaenus spumarius
4483:Rockville, Maryland
4270:Acyrthosiphon pisum
4184:2017NatSR...710204C
4123:2013MolPE..68...42N
4037:2010MolPE..55..305O
3981:2011PLoSO...624749K
3875:Infobase Publishing
3738:. pp. 267–274.
3357:2009BMCE....9...13M
3264:1968JAnEc..37..713B
3209:2017PLoSO..1274791Z
3088:Economic entomology
2965:Aphids may also be
2915:Green peach aphid,
2810:), foxglove aphid (
2755:Eriosoma moriokense
2625:Solanum berthaultii
2431:Neozygites fresenii
2324:. Among ladybirds,
2277:Serratia symbiotica
2249:Buchnera aphidicola
2212:Buchnera aphidicola
2143:ants. For example,
2042:Ants tending aphids
1768:sexual reproduction
1562:Schizaphis graminum
456:sexual reproduction
411:and members of the
11047:Insects in culture
10067:(giant water bugs)
9994:(spiny shore bugs)
9927:Paraphrynoveliidae
9840:(semiaquatic bugs)
9795:Enicocephalomorpha
9589:(phenacoleachiids)
9587:Phenacoleachiidae
9549:(false pit scales)
9547:Lecanodiaspididae
8949:, giant bark aphid
8947:Longistigma caryae
8915:Featured Creatures
8730:2015-04-02 at the
7797:(1879): 20180523.
7764:10.1007/BF01058190
7448:10.1038/ncomms2187
7389:Colophina clematis
6927:(1751): 20122103.
6294:10.1007/PL00006447
5104:Scientific Reports
4441:10.1007/BF00352570
4172:Scientific Reports
3132:and other insects.
3020:Hampshire, England
2955:Isaria fumosorosea
2950:Beauveria bassiana
2933:
2924:Pandora neoaphidis
2874:
2813:Aulacorthum solani
2719:
2620:companion planting
2611:
2497:Colophina clematis
2480:
2443:Beauveria bassiana
2424:, temperature and
2308:larvae, parasitic
2298:American goldfinch
2252:gene transcription
2124:coniferous forests
2084:
2052:
2044:
2036:
2002:Rhopalosiphum padi
1975:
1857:
1772:
1630:
1607:Malpighian tubules
1567:
1169:of the Aphididae.
795:is limited to the
713:is of the species
671:
655:
652:Vosegus triassicus
558:aphid midge larvae
283:Shaposhnikov, 1979
10999:
10998:
10764:Taxon identifiers
10755:
10754:
10751:
10750:
10747:
10746:
10742:
10718:
10717:
10710:
10702:
10681:
10673:
10670:Rhyparochromidae
10645:
10597:
10566:
10553:
10545:
10514:
10501:
10483:
10465:
10452:
10444:
10441:Acanthosomatidae
10428:
10410:
10402:
10376:
10375:
10363:
10355:
10354:(royal palm bugs)
10352:Thaumastocoridae
10347:
10339:
10321:
10313:
10280:
10268:
10260:
10234:
10233:
10204:
10203:
10196:
10170:
10149:
10105:
10097:
10076:
10068:
10047:
10027:
10025:(true water bugs)
10013:
10012:
9995:
9987:
9966:
9965:
9945:
9917:
9896:
9875:
9862:
9842:
9828:
9827:
9820:
9789:
9788:
9738:
9714:
9713:
9710:
9709:
9697:
9651:
9643:
9622:
9614:
9613:(giant mealybugs)
9606:
9598:
9595:Phoenicococcidae
9590:
9582:
9574:
9566:
9558:
9550:
9542:
9529:
9521:
9513:
9505:
9492:
9484:
9476:
9468:
9460:
9457:Asterolecaniidae
9444:
9418:
9400:
9365:
9364:
9361:
9360:
9357:
9356:
9309:Hypochthonellidae
9299:
9234:
9220:
9219:
9207:
9194:
9168:
9152:
9106:
8941:, coriander aphid
8848:978-0-7011-8180-2
8648:978-0-12-803527-6
8382:978-1-78064-709-8
8289:978-0-521-58977-2
8132:Scorias spongiosa
7947:(5909): 608–609.
7839:extension.umd.edu
7693:978-0-7166-0108-1
7498:978-0-262-16137-4
7385:Aoki, S. (1977).
7247:. 23 April 2007.
7214:Purdue University
7056:978-1-78064-709-8
7029:978-1-4443-5784-4
6675:Microbial Ecology
6631:(12): 4229–4237.
6462:Microbial Ecology
6417:(5797): 312–313.
6170:978-0-387-25476-0
6074:978-0-8094-9687-7
6040:978-0-7137-2366-3
5982:978-0-7166-0108-1
5941:978-1-4822-5421-1
5771:(21): 8465–8470.
5569:(1540): 605–616.
5353:Genetics Research
5328:978-1-118-84615-5
5197:978-1-78064-709-8
5124:10.1038/srep00579
4998:(5978): 624–627.
4899:978-0-470-11517-6
4752:(11): 2137–2143.
4500:978-0-943088-39-6
4378:978-1-78064-709-8
4251:978-0-07-911504-1
3884:978-0-8160-2737-8
3871:Bugs of the World
3809:978-0-85198-877-1
3800:CAB International
3679:10.1111/cla.12141
3602:978-0-412-74180-7
3447:978-1-4020-6242-1
3174:978-0-313-33922-6
2905:insecticidal soap
2804:), potato aphid (
2759:Smythurodes betae
2566:Harmonia axyridis
2525:chemical reaction
2346:Eupeodes corollae
2333:Adalia bipunctata
2292:, six species of
2224:million years ago
2183:aggressive mimics
2112:yellow meadow ant
2096:alimentary canals
2064:
1889:Macrosiphum rosae
1733:photoheterotrophy
1540:
1539:
1531:
1530:
1522:
1521:
1513:
1512:
1504:
1503:
1495:
1494:
1486:
1485:
1477:
1476:
1351:
1350:
1157:
1156:
1148:
1147:
1139:
1138:
1130:
1129:
1121:
1120:
1112:
1111:
1077:
1076:
610:passive dispersal
398:
397:
390:
379:
368:
357:
346:
335:
324:
306:
295:
291:Parvaverrucosidae
284:
273:
262:
251:
240:
229:
212:
11054:
10992:
10991:
10982:
10981:
10969:
10968:
10959:
10958:
10946:
10945:
10933:
10932:
10920:
10919:
10907:
10906:
10894:
10893:
10881:
10880:
10868:
10867:
10855:
10854:
10842:
10841:
10832:
10831:
10819:
10818:
10806:
10805:
10804:
10791:
10790:
10789:
10759:
10758:
10729:are a different
10724:
10708:
10700:
10679:
10671:
10643:
10612:Cryptorhamphidae
10607:Colobathristidae
10595:
10564:
10551:
10543:
10512:
10499:
10481:
10464:(burrowing bugs)
10463:
10450:
10442:
10429:
10427:
10424:
10408:
10407:Termitaphididae
10400:
10387:
10386:
10361:
10353:
10345:
10337:
10319:
10311:
10277:Curalium cronini
10274:
10266:
10258:
10245:
10244:
10218:
10210:
10209:
10194:
10168:
10147:
10115:Aphelocheiroidea
10103:
10095:
10074:
10066:
10045:
10032:
10031:
10028:
10026:
10023:
9993:
9985:
9972:
9971:
9946:
9944:
9943:(water treaders)
9941:
9915:
9894:
9873:
9861:(water striders)
9860:
9847:
9846:
9843:
9841:
9838:
9818:
9817:Enicocephalidae
9812:Aenictopecheidae
9804:Enicocephaloidea
9800:
9799:
9749:
9748:
9745:
9744:
9737:
9731:
9728:
9720:
9719:
9695:
9649:
9641:
9620:
9612:
9604:
9596:
9588:
9580:
9572:
9564:
9556:
9548:
9540:
9527:
9519:
9512:(armored scales)
9511:
9503:
9490:
9482:
9474:
9466:
9458:
9445:
9443:
9440:
9419:
9417:
9414:
9398:
9385:
9384:
9371:
9370:
9297:
9239:
9238:
9235:
9233:
9230:
9205:
9192:
9166:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9094:
9093:
9085:
9084:
9071:
9070:
9010:
9003:
8996:
8987:
8986:
8933:, oleander aphid
8864:
8863:
8861:
8860:
8828:
8822:
8821:
8801:
8795:
8794:
8784:
8774:
8741:
8735:
8722:
8716:
8715:
8679:
8673:
8672:
8666:
8662:
8660:
8652:
8634:
8628:
8627:
8625:
8624:
8618:
8579:
8570:
8564:
8563:
8561:
8560:
8535:(6): 1526–1527.
8520:
8514:
8513:
8511:
8509:
8493:
8487:
8486:
8484:
8482:
8466:
8460:
8459:
8457:
8455:
8439:
8433:
8432:
8412:
8406:
8405:
8393:
8387:
8386:
8366:
8357:
8356:
8346:
8329:(1497): 1211–5.
8314:
8308:
8307:
8301:
8293:
8273:
8267:
8266:
8230:
8224:
8223:
8193:
8187:
8186:
8164:
8158:
8157:
8155:
8153:
8148:on July 30, 2010
8144:. Archived from
8125:
8119:
8118:
8116:
8114:
8108:
8097:
8088:
8082:
8081:
8079:
8078:
8060:
8054:
8053:
8051:
8049:
8006:
8000:
7999:
7979:
7973:
7972:
7961:10.1038/302608a0
7936:
7930:
7929:
7927:
7925:
7909:
7898:
7897:
7887:
7863:
7857:
7856:
7851:
7850:
7831:
7825:
7824:
7814:
7782:
7776:
7775:
7733:
7727:
7726:
7704:
7698:
7697:
7677:
7671:
7670:
7659:10.1038/211073a0
7632:
7626:
7625:
7617:
7611:
7610:
7600:
7568:
7562:
7561:
7551:
7541:
7509:
7503:
7502:
7486:
7476:
7470:
7469:
7459:
7419:
7408:
7407:
7395:
7382:
7376:
7375:
7373:
7367:. Archived from
7358:
7349:
7343:
7342:
7340:
7325:
7316:
7310:
7309:
7267:
7261:
7260:
7258:
7256:
7235:
7229:
7228:
7226:
7225:
7197:
7191:
7190:
7152:
7146:
7145:
7103:
7097:
7096:
7094:
7092:
7083:. Archived from
7072:
7061:
7060:
7040:
7034:
7033:
7013:
7004:
7003:
6993:
6961:
6955:
6954:
6944:
6912:
6906:
6905:
6879:
6873:
6872:
6862:
6830:
6824:
6823:
6779:
6773:
6772:
6762:
6737:(7): 4069–4075.
6722:
6716:
6715:
6665:
6659:
6658:
6648:
6612:
6606:
6605:
6595:
6585:
6561:
6555:
6554:
6544:
6542:10.1038/35024074
6508:
6502:
6501:
6457:
6451:
6450:
6406:
6400:
6399:
6389:
6371:
6339:
6333:
6332:
6330:
6329:
6265:
6259:
6258:
6248:
6231:(9): R304–R306.
6216:
6210:
6209:
6181:
6175:
6174:
6144:
6138:
6137:
6127:
6117:
6100:(4): 1101–1106.
6085:
6079:
6078:
6054:
6045:
6044:
6020:
6014:
6013:
5993:
5987:
5986:
5966:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5953:
5925:
5919:
5918:
5908:
5860:
5854:
5853:
5833:
5823:
5817:
5816:
5806:
5788:
5756:
5750:
5749:
5713:
5707:
5706:
5670:
5664:
5663:
5653:
5635:
5603:
5597:
5596:
5586:
5554:
5548:
5547:
5507:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5492:. Archived from
5465:
5448:
5442:
5441:
5423:
5393:
5387:
5386:
5368:
5344:
5333:
5332:
5314:
5305:
5304:
5284:
5275:
5274:
5254:
5248:
5247:
5219:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5209:
5181:
5172:
5171:
5155:
5146:
5145:
5135:
5095:
5089:
5088:
5078:
5038:
5032:
5031:
4985:
4979:
4978:
4954:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4927:
4910:
4904:
4903:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4733:
4727:
4726:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4669:
4663:
4662:
4661:on 16 July 2011.
4660:
4654:. Archived from
4619:
4606:
4593:
4592:
4586:
4578:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4539:
4516:"The spittlebug
4511:
4505:
4504:
4481:(4th ed.).
4468:
4459:
4458:
4452:
4444:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4362:
4351:
4350:
4340:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4292:
4277:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4244:(8th ed.).
4235:
4214:
4213:
4203:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4147:
4108:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4002:
3992:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3866:
3849:
3848:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3681:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3593:Chapman and Hall
3591:(2nd ed.).
3582:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3540:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3515:
3486:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3431:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3378:
3368:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3301:(5): 1473–1484.
3290:
3284:
3283:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3230:
3220:
3188:
3179:
3178:
3162:
3149:
3133:
3126:
3120:
3109:
3077:
3072:
3071:
3049:, night sweats,
2998:In human culture
2975:parasitoid wasps
2969:, in particular
2960:Entomophthorales
2929:Entomophthorales
2894:organophosphates
2871:black bean aphid
2589:parasitoid wasps
2560:Aphis craccivora
2397:
2382:
2365:
2228:ecological niche
2225:
2086:Some species of
2065:
1936:parasitoid wasps
1735:in animals. The
1687:due to its high
1685:osmotic pressure
1666:oligosaccharides
1603:triacylglycerols
1468:
1441:
1428:
1427:
1411:
1398:
1397:
1365:
1364:
1342:
1322:
1317:(woolly aphids)
1308:
1307:
1294:
1281:
1280:
1267:
1254:
1253:
1240:
1227:
1226:
1213:
1200:
1199:
1190:
1189:
1103:
1068:
1047:
1033:
1032:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1015:
999:
994:(scale insects)
985:
984:
971:
957:
956:
943:
929:
928:
919:
918:
801:Palaeophylloxera
760:
696:
388:
384:
377:
373:
366:
362:
355:
351:
344:
340:
333:
329:
322:
318:
304:
300:
293:
289:
282:
278:
271:
267:
260:
256:
249:
245:
238:
234:
227:
207:
125:
124:
111:
101:
38:
34:Temporal range:
28:
27:
11062:
11061:
11057:
11056:
11055:
11053:
11052:
11051:
11002:
11001:
11000:
10995:
10987:
10985:
10977:
10972:
10964:
10962:
10954:
10949:
10941:
10936:
10928:
10923:
10915:
10910:
10902:
10897:
10889:
10884:
10876:
10871:
10863:
10858:
10850:
10845:
10837:
10835:
10827:
10822:
10814:
10809:
10800:
10799:
10794:
10785:
10784:
10779:
10766:
10756:
10743:
10714:
10685:
10665:Pachygronthidae
10632:Heterogastridae
10575:
10571:Stenocephalidae
10528:
10475:Parastrachiidae
10470:Thaumastellidae
10449:Tessaratomidae
10425:
10423:
10422:
10414:
10382:Pentatomomorpha
10372:
10230:
10217:(Coleorrhyncha)
10216:
10215:
10214:Peloridiomorpha
10200:
10174:
10153:
10132:
10123:Aphelocheiridae
10109:
10094:Gelastocoridae
10080:
10065:Belostomatidae
10051:
10046:(water boatmen)
10024:
10022:
10021:
10009:
9976:Leptopodomorpha
9962:
9942:
9940:
9939:
9931:
9900:
9879:
9839:
9837:
9836:
9824:
9785:
9781:Stemmocryptidae
9771:Hypsipterygidae
9753:Dipsocoromorpha
9739:
9735:
9729:
9706:
9689:Phacopteronidae
9655:
9626:
9621:(stictococcids)
9619:Stictococcidae
9603:Pseudococcidae
9581:(ensign scales)
9526:Halimococcidae
9442:(scale insects)
9441:
9439:
9438:
9430:
9415:
9413:
9412:
9404:
9379:
9353:
9344:Tettigometridae
9231:
9229:
9228:
9216:
9172:
9167:(hairy cicadas)
9165:Tettigarctidae
9149:
9147:
9146:
9138:
9103:
9101:
9100:
9079:
9077:Auchenorrhyncha
9065:
9021:
9014:
8971:Shivaphis celti
8872:
8867:
8858:
8856:
8849:
8838:Bugs Britannica
8831:Marren, Peter;
8829:
8825:
8802:
8798:
8742:
8738:
8732:Wayback Machine
8723:
8719:
8680:
8676:
8664:
8663:
8654:
8653:
8649:
8635:
8631:
8622:
8620:
8616:
8577:
8571:
8567:
8558:
8556:
8521:
8517:
8507:
8505:
8494:
8490:
8480:
8478:
8467:
8463:
8453:
8451:
8440:
8436:
8413:
8409:
8394:
8390:
8383:
8367:
8360:
8315:
8311:
8295:
8294:
8290:
8274:
8270:
8231:
8227:
8212:10.2307/3565718
8194:
8190:
8170:Plant Pathology
8165:
8161:
8151:
8149:
8126:
8122:
8112:
8110:
8106:
8095:
8089:
8085:
8076:
8074:
8061:
8057:
8047:
8045:
8007:
8003:
7980:
7976:
7937:
7933:
7923:
7921:
7910:
7901:
7885:10.1603/an11108
7864:
7860:
7848:
7846:
7833:
7832:
7828:
7783:
7779:
7734:
7730:
7705:
7701:
7694:
7678:
7674:
7645:(5044): 73–74.
7633:
7629:
7618:
7614:
7569:
7565:
7510:
7506:
7499:
7477:
7473:
7420:
7411:
7393:
7383:
7379:
7371:
7356:
7350:
7346:
7338:
7323:
7317:
7313:
7268:
7264:
7254:
7252:
7237:
7236:
7232:
7223:
7221:
7198:
7194:
7179:10.2307/2402724
7153:
7149:
7134:10.2307/1933502
7104:
7100:
7090:
7088:
7087:on 19 July 2011
7073:
7064:
7057:
7041:
7037:
7030:
7014:
7007:
6962:
6958:
6913:
6909:
6902:
6880:
6876:
6831:
6827:
6780:
6776:
6723:
6719:
6666:
6662:
6613:
6609:
6562:
6558:
6527:(6800): 81–86.
6509:
6505:
6458:
6454:
6407:
6403:
6340:
6336:
6327:
6325:
6266:
6262:
6225:Current Biology
6217:
6213:
6182:
6178:
6171:
6153:The Prokaryotes
6145:
6141:
6086:
6082:
6075:
6055:
6048:
6041:
6021:
6017:
5994:
5990:
5983:
5967:
5960:
5951:
5949:
5942:
5926:
5922:
5861:
5857:
5842:
5824:
5820:
5757:
5753:
5718:Ecology Letters
5714:
5710:
5671:
5667:
5604:
5600:
5555:
5551:
5508:
5504:
5496:
5463:
5449:
5445:
5394:
5390:
5345:
5336:
5329:
5315:
5308:
5285:
5278:
5255:
5251:
5220:
5216:
5207:
5205:
5198:
5182:
5175:
5156:
5149:
5096:
5092:
5055:Biology Letters
5039:
5035:
4986:
4982:
4955:
4951:
4925:
4911:
4907:
4900:
4882:
4878:
4831:
4827:
4788:
4784:
4775:
4773:
4734:
4730:
4685:
4681:
4670:
4666:
4658:
4617:
4607:
4596:
4580:
4579:
4557:
4553:
4524:New Phytologist
4512:
4508:
4501:
4469:
4462:
4446:
4445:
4425:
4421:
4390:
4386:
4379:
4363:
4354:
4317:Biology Letters
4309:
4305:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4275:
4263:
4259:
4252:
4236:
4217:
4164:
4160:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4106:
4100:
4096:
4064:
4060:
4020:
4016:
3961:
3957:
3948:
3946:
3927:
3923:
3913:
3911:
3896:
3892:
3885:
3867:
3852:
3821:
3817:
3810:
3788:
3784:
3774:
3772:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3747:
3743:
3722:
3718:
3713:(2nd ed.).
3707:
3703:
3658:
3654:
3625:
3621:
3612:
3610:
3603:
3583:
3568:
3559:
3557:
3538:
3532:
3528:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3484:
3470:
3466:
3457:
3455:
3448:
3432:
3425:
3396:
3392:
3337:
3333:
3318:
3314:
3291:
3287:
3248:
3244:
3203:(4): e0174791.
3189:
3182:
3175:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3136:
3127:
3123:
3117:river blindness
3110:
3106:
3101:
3073:
3066:
3063:
3000:
2869:ovipositing in
2857:
2780:
2775:
2731:
2694:) often infect
2682:salivary glands
2603:
2591:. One species,
2581:
2575:
2557:Some clones of
2554:in some cases.
2472:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2398:
2390:
2389:
2383:
2375:
2374:
2366:
2357:
2356:
2318:green lacewings
2286:
2245:gene expression
2220:
2202:micro-organisms
2195:
2074:and collecting
2054:
2028:
2023:
1904:parthenogenesis
1808:parthenogenesis
1780:parthenogenesis
1753:
1725:oriental hornet
1705:
1622:
1549:
1543:
1541:
1532:
1523:
1514:
1505:
1496:
1487:
1478:
1352:
1163:
1158:
1149:
1140:
1131:
1122:
1113:
1078:
1042:(phylloxerans)
880:
875:
826:Auchenorrhyncha
810:
755:
743:and mostly the
691:
688:common ancestor
676:
648:Middle Triassic
640:
598:temperate zones
590:
576:strategy using
554:parasitic wasps
280:Oviparosiphidae
228:Latreille, 1802
206:
119:
102:
100:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
37:Permian–present
36:
35:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
11060:
11050:
11049:
11044:
11039:
11037:Sternorrhyncha
11034:
11029:
11024:
11019:
11014:
10997:
10996:
10994:
10993:
10983:
10970:
10960:
10947:
10934:
10921:
10908:
10895:
10886:Fauna Europaea
10882:
10869:
10856:
10843:
10833:
10820:
10807:
10792:
10776:
10774:
10768:
10767:
10753:
10752:
10749:
10748:
10745:
10744:
10723:
10720:
10719:
10716:
10715:
10713:
10712:
10704:
10699:Pyrrhocoridae
10695:
10693:
10691:Pyrrhocoroidea
10687:
10686:
10684:
10683:
10675:
10667:
10662:
10657:
10652:
10647:
10639:
10634:
10629:
10624:
10619:
10614:
10609:
10604:
10599:
10591:
10585:
10583:
10577:
10576:
10574:
10573:
10568:
10560:
10555:
10547:
10538:
10536:
10530:
10529:
10527:
10526:
10521:
10516:
10508:
10503:
10498:Scutelleridae
10495:
10490:
10485:
10480:Thyreocoridae
10477:
10472:
10467:
10459:
10454:
10446:
10438:
10432:
10430:
10416:
10415:
10413:
10412:
10409:(termite bugs)
10404:
10395:
10393:
10384:
10378:
10377:
10374:
10373:
10371:
10370:
10365:
10357:
10349:
10341:
10333:
10331:Plokiophilidae
10328:
10323:
10315:
10307:
10302:
10297:
10292:
10287:
10282:
10270:
10262:
10253:
10251:
10242:
10236:
10235:
10232:
10231:
10229:
10228:
10222:
10220:
10206:
10205:
10202:
10201:
10199:
10198:
10190:
10184:
10182:
10176:
10175:
10173:
10172:
10169:(backswimmers)
10163:
10161:
10155:
10154:
10152:
10151:
10142:
10140:
10134:
10133:
10131:
10130:
10125:
10119:
10117:
10111:
10110:
10108:
10107:
10099:
10090:
10088:
10082:
10081:
10079:
10078:
10070:
10061:
10059:
10053:
10052:
10050:
10049:
10040:
10038:
10029:
10015:
10014:
10011:
10010:
10008:
10007:
10002:
9997:
9989:
9980:
9978:
9968:
9967:
9964:
9963:
9961:
9960:
9955:
9949:
9947:
9933:
9932:
9930:
9929:
9924:
9919:
9914:Hydrometridae
9910:
9908:
9906:Hydrometroidea
9902:
9901:
9899:
9898:
9889:
9887:
9881:
9880:
9878:
9877:
9869:
9867:Hermatobatidae
9864:
9855:
9853:
9844:
9830:
9829:
9826:
9825:
9823:
9822:
9814:
9808:
9806:
9797:
9791:
9790:
9787:
9786:
9784:
9783:
9778:
9776:Schizopteridae
9773:
9768:
9763:
9761:Ceratocombidae
9757:
9755:
9741:
9740:
9716:
9715:
9712:
9711:
9708:
9707:
9705:
9704:
9699:
9691:
9686:
9681:
9676:
9671:
9665:
9663:
9657:
9656:
9654:
9653:
9650:(phylloxerans)
9648:Phylloxeridae
9645:
9636:
9634:
9632:Phylloxeroidea
9628:
9627:
9625:
9624:
9616:
9608:
9600:
9592:
9584:
9576:
9573:(giant scales)
9571:Monophlebidae
9568:
9563:Micrococcidae
9560:
9552:
9544:
9536:
9531:
9523:
9515:
9507:
9502:Dactylopiidae
9499:
9497:Conchaspididae
9494:
9486:
9478:
9475:(carayonemids)
9473:Carayonemidae
9470:
9462:
9454:
9448:
9446:
9432:
9431:
9429:
9428:
9422:
9420:
9406:
9405:
9403:
9402:
9393:
9391:
9381:
9380:
9377:Sternorrhyncha
9367:
9366:
9363:
9362:
9359:
9358:
9355:
9354:
9352:
9351:
9346:
9341:
9336:
9331:
9326:
9321:
9316:
9311:
9306:
9301:
9298:(lanternflies)
9293:
9288:
9283:
9281:Dictyopharidae
9278:
9273:
9268:
9263:
9258:
9253:
9247:
9245:
9236:
9232:(planthoppers)
9222:
9221:
9218:
9217:
9215:
9214:
9209:
9201:
9196:
9188:
9182:
9180:
9174:
9173:
9171:
9170:
9162:
9156:
9154:
9140:
9139:
9137:
9136:
9131:
9126:
9124:Clastopteridae
9121:
9116:
9110:
9108:
9091:
9081:
9080:
9067:
9066:
9064:
9063:
9057:
9051:
9045:
9039:
9033:
9026:
9023:
9022:
9013:
9012:
9005:
8998:
8990:
8984:
8983:
8975:
8967:
8959:
8955:Myzus persicae
8951:
8943:
8935:
8927:
8923:Aphis gossypii
8904:
8903:
8897:
8892:
8886:
8878:
8871:
8870:External links
8868:
8866:
8865:
8847:
8833:Mabey, Richard
8823:
8796:
8736:
8717:
8690:(3): 125–131.
8674:
8647:
8629:
8565:
8515:
8488:
8461:
8434:
8423:(1): 323–346.
8407:
8388:
8381:
8358:
8309:
8288:
8268:
8225:
8206:(2): 287–290.
8188:
8177:(6): 661–675.
8159:
8120:
8083:
8055:
8001:
7990:(2): 113–119.
7974:
7931:
7899:
7878:(3): 386–394.
7858:
7826:
7777:
7750:(4): 447–457.
7728:
7699:
7692:
7672:
7627:
7612:
7563:
7504:
7497:
7471:
7409:
7377:
7344:
7311:
7284:(3): 393–424.
7262:
7230:
7192:
7147:
7120:(4): 740–745.
7098:
7062:
7055:
7035:
7028:
7005:
6956:
6907:
6900:
6874:
6825:
6790:(2): 323–329.
6774:
6717:
6682:(1): 126–133.
6660:
6607:
6556:
6503:
6468:(2): 137–143.
6452:
6401:
6334:
6260:
6211:
6176:
6169:
6139:
6080:
6073:
6046:
6039:
6015:
6004:(1): 345–372.
5988:
5981:
5958:
5940:
5920:
5875:(4): 601–611.
5855:
5840:
5818:
5751:
5724:(6): 596–603.
5708:
5681:(2): 289–318.
5665:
5598:
5549:
5522:(3): 393–424.
5502:
5499:on 2010-09-09.
5476:(4): 938–943.
5443:
5400:Aphis gossypii
5388:
5359:(3): 203–209.
5334:
5327:
5306:
5295:(3): 259–277.
5276:
5249:
5230:(4): 689–717.
5214:
5196:
5173:
5160:Aphis glycines
5147:
5090:
5061:(2): 253–257.
5033:
4980:
4949:
4936:(4): 821–826.
4905:
4898:
4876:
4849:(6): 717–743.
4839:Myzus persicae
4835:Mittler, T. E.
4825:
4782:
4728:
4701:(3): 335–341.
4679:
4664:
4630:(6): 610–615.
4594:
4569:(1): 103–108.
4551:
4530:(2): 261–271.
4506:
4499:
4460:
4435:(2): 101–104.
4419:
4400:(1): 309–330.
4384:
4377:
4352:
4303:
4257:
4250:
4215:
4158:
4094:
4058:
4031:(1): 305–317.
4014:
3955:
3921:
3890:
3883:
3850:
3815:
3808:
3782:
3756:
3741:
3716:
3701:
3672:(5): 555–572.
3652:
3639:(4): 689–717.
3619:
3601:
3566:
3549:(2): 139–140.
3526:
3493:(3335): 1–18.
3464:
3446:
3423:
3410:(4): 757–766.
3390:
3331:
3312:
3285:
3258:(3): 713–722.
3242:
3180:
3173:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3121:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3093:Pineapple gall
3090:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3075:insects portal
3062:
3059:
3028:Rhus chinensis
2999:
2996:
2918:Myzus persicae
2856:
2853:
2842:photosynthesis
2801:Aphis gossypii
2795:Myzus persicae
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2767:liquid marbles
2730:
2727:
2692:Aphis gossypii
2687:Myzus persicae
2644:S. berthaultii
2639:Myzus persicae
2602:
2599:
2574:
2571:
2471:
2468:
2399:
2392:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2376:
2367:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2302:vesper sparrow
2294:passerine bird
2290:North Carolina
2285:
2282:
2194:
2191:
2146:Niphanda fusca
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2011:Aphis glycines
1996:Myzus persicae
1969:). Drawing by
1940:beta-farnesene
1877:sex chromosome
1752:
1749:
1704:
1701:
1662:osmoregulation
1621:
1618:
1555:Front view of
1548:
1545:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1435:Rhopalosiphina
1431:
1426:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1288:Chaitophorinae
1284:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1188:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1027:Phylloxeroidea
1021:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1001:
988:
983:
981:
978:
977:
974:
973:
960:
955:
953:
950:
949:
946:
945:
932:
927:
925:
923:Sternorrhyncha
917:
888:Phylloxeroidea
879:
876:
874:
871:
814:Sternorrhyncha
809:
806:
747:periods, with
675:
674:Fossil history
672:
639:
636:
589:
586:
458:occurs in the
396:
395:
394:
393:
392:
391:
380:
375:Xilutiancallis
369:
358:
347:
336:
325:
323:Kononova, 1977
311:incertae sedis
307:
296:
285:
274:
263:
252:
250:Richards, 1966
247:Canadaphididae
241:
230:
219:
218:
214:
213:
201:
197:
196:
191:
187:
186:
184:Sternorrhyncha
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
113:
112:
104:
103:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11059:
11048:
11045:
11043:
11040:
11038:
11035:
11033:
11030:
11028:
11025:
11023:
11020:
11018:
11015:
11013:
11010:
11009:
11007:
10990:
10984:
10980:
10975:
10971:
10967:
10961:
10957:
10952:
10948:
10944:
10939:
10935:
10931:
10926:
10922:
10918:
10913:
10909:
10905:
10900:
10896:
10892:
10887:
10883:
10879:
10874:
10870:
10866:
10861:
10857:
10853:
10848:
10844:
10840:
10834:
10830:
10825:
10821:
10817:
10812:
10808:
10803:
10797:
10793:
10788:
10782:
10778:
10777:
10775:
10773:
10769:
10765:
10760:
10740:
10739:Prosorrhyncha
10736:
10732:
10728:
10727:Coleorrhyncha
10721:
10711:
10705:
10703:
10697:
10696:
10694:
10692:
10688:
10682:
10676:
10674:
10668:
10666:
10663:
10661:
10658:
10656:
10653:
10651:
10648:
10646:
10640:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10630:
10628:
10627:Henicocoridae
10625:
10623:
10620:
10618:
10615:
10613:
10610:
10608:
10605:
10603:
10600:
10598:
10592:
10590:
10587:
10586:
10584:
10582:
10578:
10572:
10569:
10567:
10561:
10559:
10558:Hyocephalidae
10556:
10554:
10548:
10546:
10540:
10539:
10537:
10535:
10531:
10525:
10522:
10520:
10517:
10515:
10511:Pentatomidae
10509:
10507:
10504:
10502:
10496:
10494:
10491:
10489:
10486:
10484:
10478:
10476:
10473:
10471:
10468:
10466:
10460:
10458:
10455:
10453:
10447:
10445:
10443:(shield bugs)
10439:
10437:
10436:Urostylididae
10434:
10433:
10431:
10426:(shield bugs)
10421:
10420:Pentatomoidea
10417:
10411:
10405:
10403:
10397:
10396:
10394:
10392:
10388:
10385:
10383:
10379:
10369:
10368:Velocipedidae
10366:
10364:
10358:
10356:
10350:
10348:
10342:
10340:
10336:Polyctenidae
10334:
10332:
10329:
10327:
10324:
10322:
10320:(damsel bugs)
10316:
10314:
10308:
10306:
10305:Microphysidae
10303:
10301:
10298:
10296:
10293:
10291:
10290:Lasiochilidae
10288:
10286:
10283:
10281:
10278:
10271:
10269:
10263:
10261:
10257:Anthocoridae
10255:
10254:
10252:
10250:
10246:
10243:
10241:
10237:
10227:
10224:
10223:
10221:
10219:
10211:
10207:
10197:
10191:
10189:
10188:Helotrephidae
10186:
10185:
10183:
10181:
10177:
10171:
10167:Notonectidae
10165:
10164:
10162:
10160:
10159:Notonectoidea
10156:
10150:
10144:
10143:
10141:
10139:
10135:
10129:
10128:Potamocoridae
10126:
10124:
10121:
10120:
10118:
10116:
10112:
10106:
10100:
10098:
10092:
10091:
10089:
10087:
10083:
10077:
10071:
10069:
10063:
10062:
10060:
10058:
10054:
10048:
10042:
10041:
10039:
10037:
10033:
10030:
10020:
10016:
10006:
10003:
10001:
9998:
9996:
9992:Leptopodidae
9990:
9988:
9982:
9981:
9979:
9977:
9973:
9969:
9959:
9956:
9954:
9953:Madeoveliidae
9951:
9950:
9948:
9938:
9937:Mesovelioidea
9934:
9928:
9925:
9923:
9922:Macroveliidae
9920:
9918:
9912:
9911:
9909:
9907:
9903:
9897:
9891:
9890:
9888:
9886:
9882:
9876:
9874:(riffle bugs)
9870:
9868:
9865:
9863:
9857:
9856:
9854:
9852:
9848:
9845:
9835:
9831:
9821:
9815:
9813:
9810:
9809:
9807:
9805:
9801:
9798:
9796:
9792:
9782:
9779:
9777:
9774:
9772:
9769:
9767:
9764:
9762:
9759:
9758:
9756:
9754:
9750:
9746:
9742:
9734:
9733:Coleorrhyncha
9727:
9721:
9717:
9703:
9700:
9698:
9692:
9690:
9687:
9685:
9682:
9680:
9677:
9675:
9672:
9670:
9667:
9666:
9664:
9662:
9658:
9652:
9646:
9644:
9638:
9637:
9635:
9633:
9629:
9623:
9617:
9615:
9609:
9607:
9601:
9599:
9597:(palm scales)
9593:
9591:
9585:
9583:
9577:
9575:
9569:
9567:
9561:
9559:
9555:Margarodidae
9553:
9551:
9545:
9543:
9537:
9535:
9532:
9530:
9524:
9522:
9520:(felt scales)
9518:Eriococcidae
9516:
9514:
9508:
9506:
9500:
9498:
9495:
9493:
9491:(soft scales)
9487:
9485:
9481:Cerococcidae
9479:
9477:
9471:
9469:
9463:
9461:
9455:
9453:
9450:
9449:
9447:
9437:
9433:
9427:
9424:
9423:
9421:
9411:
9407:
9401:
9395:
9394:
9392:
9390:
9386:
9382:
9378:
9372:
9368:
9350:
9349:Tropiduchidae
9347:
9345:
9342:
9340:
9337:
9335:
9332:
9330:
9327:
9325:
9322:
9320:
9317:
9315:
9312:
9310:
9307:
9305:
9302:
9300:
9294:
9292:
9289:
9287:
9286:Eurybrachidae
9284:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9262:
9259:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9251:Acanaloniidae
9249:
9248:
9246:
9244:
9240:
9237:
9227:
9226:Fulgoromorpha
9223:
9213:
9212:Myerslopiidae
9210:
9208:
9202:
9200:
9199:Melizoderidae
9197:
9195:
9193:(leafhoppers)
9191:Cicadellidae
9189:
9187:
9184:
9183:
9181:
9179:
9175:
9169:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9157:
9155:
9145:
9141:
9135:
9134:Machaerotidae
9132:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9122:
9120:
9117:
9115:
9114:Aphrophoridae
9112:
9111:
9109:
9104:(froghoppers)
9099:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9086:
9082:
9078:
9072:
9068:
9062:
9058:
9056:
9052:
9050:
9046:
9044:
9040:
9038:
9034:
9032:
9028:
9027:
9024:
9019:
9011:
9006:
9004:
8999:
8997:
8992:
8991:
8988:
8982:
8980:
8976:
8974:
8972:
8968:
8966:
8964:
8960:
8958:
8956:
8952:
8950:
8948:
8944:
8942:
8940:
8936:
8934:
8932:
8928:
8926:
8924:
8920:
8919:
8918:
8916:
8913:
8909:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8890:
8887:
8884:
8883:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8873:
8854:
8850:
8844:
8840:
8839:
8834:
8827:
8819:
8815:
8811:
8807:
8800:
8792:
8788:
8783:
8778:
8773:
8768:
8764:
8760:
8756:
8752:
8748:
8740:
8733:
8729:
8726:
8721:
8713:
8709:
8705:
8701:
8697:
8693:
8689:
8685:
8678:
8670:
8658:
8650:
8644:
8640:
8633:
8615:
8611:
8607:
8603:
8599:
8595:
8591:
8587:
8583:
8576:
8569:
8554:
8550:
8546:
8542:
8538:
8534:
8530:
8526:
8519:
8503:
8499:
8492:
8476:
8472:
8465:
8450:on 2018-02-18
8449:
8445:
8438:
8430:
8426:
8422:
8418:
8411:
8403:
8399:
8392:
8384:
8378:
8374:
8373:
8365:
8363:
8354:
8350:
8345:
8340:
8336:
8332:
8328:
8324:
8320:
8313:
8305:
8299:
8291:
8285:
8281:
8280:
8272:
8264:
8260:
8256:
8252:
8248:
8244:
8240:
8236:
8229:
8221:
8217:
8213:
8209:
8205:
8201:
8200:
8192:
8184:
8180:
8176:
8172:
8171:
8163:
8147:
8143:
8139:
8135:
8133:
8124:
8105:
8101:
8094:
8087:
8072:
8068:
8067:
8059:
8044:
8040:
8036:
8032:
8028:
8024:
8020:
8016:
8015:Plant Science
8012:
8005:
7997:
7993:
7989:
7985:
7978:
7970:
7966:
7962:
7958:
7954:
7950:
7946:
7942:
7935:
7920:on 2018-04-09
7919:
7915:
7908:
7906:
7904:
7895:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7877:
7873:
7869:
7862:
7855:
7844:
7840:
7836:
7830:
7822:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7804:
7800:
7796:
7792:
7788:
7781:
7773:
7769:
7765:
7761:
7757:
7753:
7749:
7745:
7744:
7739:
7732:
7724:
7720:
7716:
7712:
7711:
7703:
7695:
7689:
7685:
7684:
7676:
7668:
7664:
7660:
7656:
7652:
7648:
7644:
7640:
7639:
7631:
7623:
7616:
7608:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7590:
7586:
7582:
7578:
7574:
7567:
7559:
7555:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7531:
7527:
7524:(4): e32706.
7523:
7519:
7515:
7508:
7500:
7494:
7490:
7485:
7484:
7475:
7467:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7449:
7445:
7441:
7437:
7434:: 1187–1193.
7433:
7429:
7425:
7418:
7416:
7414:
7406:(2): 276–282.
7405:
7401:
7400:
7392:
7390:
7381:
7370:
7366:
7362:
7355:
7348:
7337:
7333:
7329:
7322:
7315:
7307:
7303:
7299:
7295:
7291:
7287:
7283:
7279:
7278:
7273:
7266:
7250:
7246:
7245:
7244:Science Daily
7240:
7234:
7219:
7215:
7211:
7207:
7206:Pest and Crop
7203:
7196:
7188:
7184:
7180:
7176:
7172:
7168:
7164:
7160:
7159:
7151:
7143:
7139:
7135:
7131:
7127:
7123:
7119:
7115:
7114:
7109:
7102:
7086:
7082:
7078:
7071:
7069:
7067:
7058:
7052:
7048:
7047:
7039:
7031:
7025:
7021:
7020:
7012:
7010:
7001:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6983:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6967:
6960:
6952:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6926:
6922:
6918:
6911:
6903:
6901:9783319280660
6897:
6893:
6889:
6885:
6878:
6870:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6852:
6848:
6844:
6840:
6836:
6829:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6809:
6805:
6801:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6778:
6770:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6752:
6748:
6744:
6740:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6721:
6713:
6709:
6705:
6701:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6676:
6671:
6664:
6656:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6620:
6611:
6603:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6575:
6571:
6567:
6560:
6552:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6516:
6507:
6499:
6495:
6491:
6487:
6483:
6479:
6475:
6471:
6467:
6463:
6456:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6405:
6397:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6354:(9): e74656.
6353:
6349:
6345:
6338:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6264:
6256:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6215:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6180:
6172:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6143:
6135:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6084:
6076:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6061:
6053:
6051:
6042:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6027:
6019:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5992:
5984:
5978:
5974:
5973:
5965:
5963:
5947:
5943:
5937:
5933:
5932:
5924:
5916:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5859:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5837:
5832:
5831:
5822:
5814:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5755:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5712:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5669:
5661:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5618:(3): e58323.
5617:
5613:
5609:
5602:
5594:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5553:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5506:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5470:
5462:
5460:
5456:
5447:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5408:
5403:
5401:
5392:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5343:
5341:
5339:
5330:
5324:
5320:
5313:
5311:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5283:
5281:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5253:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5218:
5203:
5199:
5193:
5189:
5188:
5180:
5178:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5154:
5152:
5143:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5094:
5086:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5050:
5044:
5043:Gerardo, N.M.
5037:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4992:
4984:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4953:
4944:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4909:
4901:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4880:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4833:Dadd, R. H.;
4829:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4786:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4741:
4732:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4683:
4675:
4668:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4624:
4616:
4614:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4599:
4590:
4584:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4563:
4555:
4547:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4519:
4510:
4502:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4479:
4474:
4467:
4465:
4456:
4450:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4423:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4388:
4380:
4374:
4370:
4369:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4348:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4307:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4261:
4253:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4211:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4162:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4105:
4098:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4075:(2): 517–25.
4074:
4070:
4062:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4018:
4010:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3975:(9): e24749.
3974:
3970:
3966:
3959:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3925:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3894:
3886:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3819:
3811:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3786:
3770:
3766:
3760:
3752:
3745:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3728:
3720:
3712:
3705:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3656:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3623:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3589:
3588:Aphid Ecology
3581:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3468:
3453:
3449:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3430:
3428:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3394:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3327:
3323:
3316:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3246:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3187:
3185:
3176:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3160:
3154:
3148:
3144:
3131:
3125:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3104:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3065:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3012:Gilbert White
3009:
3008:Richard Mabey
3005:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2919:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2872:
2868:
2867:braconid wasp
2865:
2861:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2770:
2768:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2751:Hormaphidinae
2748:
2747:Eriosomatinae
2744:
2740:
2736:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2669:citrus plants
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2653:plant viruses
2648:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2594:Aphis ruborum
2590:
2586:
2580:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2561:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2515:Eriosomatinae
2511:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2476:
2467:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2438:
2437:Entomophthora
2433:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2422:precipitation
2419:
2415:
2405:
2404:
2396:
2387:
2381:
2373:
2370:
2364:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2272:bacteriophage
2269:
2268:
2263:
2262:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2237:B. aphidicola
2233:
2232:B. aphidicola
2229:
2223:
2218:
2217:bacteriocytes
2214:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2198:Endosymbiosis
2190:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2167:ant-mimicking
2163:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2116:Lasius flavus
2113:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2048:
2040:
2032:
2026:Ant mutualism
2018:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2007:soybean aphid
2004:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1853:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1840:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1760:Soybean aphid
1757:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1700:
1698:
1697:bacteriocytes
1694:
1693:endosymbionts
1690:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1635:
1626:
1617:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1572:compound eyes
1564:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1544:
1536:
1535:
1527:
1526:
1518:
1517:
1509:
1508:
1500:
1499:
1491:
1490:
1482:
1481:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1367:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1316:
1315:Eriosomatinae
1310:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1234:Hormaphidinae
1229:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1174:endosymbionts
1170:
1168:
1153:
1152:
1144:
1143:
1135:
1134:
1126:
1125:
1117:
1116:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1040:Phylloxeridae
1035:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1000:
998:
993:
987:
986:
980:
979:
976:
975:
972:
970:
966:(whiteflies)
965:
959:
958:
952:
951:
948:
947:
944:
942:
937:
931:
930:
924:
921:
920:
916:
912:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
870:
868:
864:
863:Eriosomatidae
860:
855:
854:Phylloxeridae
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
805:
803:
802:
798:
797:Lower Miocene
793:
789:
788:derived trait
784:
783:Araucariaceae
780:
779:Podocarpaceae
776:
772:
768:
764:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
717:
712:
708:
704:
700:
699:Early Permian
694:
689:
685:
681:
668:
664:
659:
653:
649:
644:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
616:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
542:
538:
533:
531:
527:
523:
522:plant viruses
519:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
428:woolly aphids
425:
421:
417:
414:
410:
406:
402:
387:
381:
376:
370:
365:
359:
356:Scudder, 1890
354:
348:
343:
337:
332:
326:
321:
315:
314:
313:
312:
308:
303:
297:
292:
286:
281:
275:
270:
264:
259:
253:
248:
242:
237:
236:Bajsaphididae
231:
226:
223:
222:
220:
215:
210:
205:
202:
200:Superfamily:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
123:
118:
114:
110:
105:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
29:
26:
22:
10771:
10678:Piesmatidae
10660:Oxycarenidae
10637:Idiostolidae
10596:(stilt bugs)
10513:(stink bugs)
10326:Pachynomidae
10300:Medocostidae
10295:Lyctocoridae
10276:
10240:Cimicomorpha
10226:Peloridiidae
10005:Aepophilidae
9986:(shore bugs)
9958:Mesoveliidae
9766:Dipsocoridae
9679:Carsidaridae
9579:Ortheziidae
9541:(lac scales)
9510:Diaspididae
9504:(cochineals)
9467:(beesoniids)
9465:Beesoniidae
9459:(pit scales)
9409:
9399:(whiteflies)
9397:Aleyrodidae
9389:Aleyrodoidea
9261:Achilixiidae
9204:Membracidae
9186:Aetalionidae
9178:Membracoidea
9089:Cicadomorpha
9061:Paraneoptera
9059:Superorder:
9053:Infraclass:
8978:
8970:
8962:
8954:
8946:
8938:
8930:
8922:
8914:
8905:
8881:
8857:. Retrieved
8837:
8826:
8812:(1): 67–90.
8809:
8805:
8799:
8754:
8750:
8739:
8720:
8687:
8683:
8677:
8638:
8632:
8621:. Retrieved
8585:
8581:
8568:
8557:. Retrieved
8532:
8528:
8518:
8506:. Retrieved
8491:
8479:. Retrieved
8464:
8452:. Retrieved
8448:the original
8437:
8420:
8416:
8410:
8401:
8397:
8391:
8371:
8326:
8322:
8312:
8278:
8271:
8241:(1): 27–79.
8238:
8234:
8228:
8203:
8197:
8191:
8174:
8168:
8162:
8150:. Retrieved
8146:the original
8137:
8131:
8123:
8111:. Retrieved
8093:"Sooty mold"
8086:
8075:. Retrieved
8065:
8058:
8046:. Retrieved
8018:
8014:
8004:
7987:
7983:
7977:
7944:
7940:
7934:
7922:. Retrieved
7918:the original
7875:
7871:
7861:
7853:
7847:. Retrieved
7838:
7829:
7794:
7790:
7780:
7747:
7741:
7737:
7731:
7714:
7708:
7702:
7681:
7675:
7642:
7636:
7630:
7621:
7615:
7580:
7576:
7566:
7521:
7517:
7507:
7482:
7474:
7431:
7427:
7403:
7397:
7388:
7380:
7369:the original
7360:
7347:
7336:the original
7331:
7327:
7314:
7298:10.2307/2600
7281:
7275:
7271:
7265:
7253:. Retrieved
7242:
7233:
7222:. Retrieved
7209:
7205:
7195:
7162:
7156:
7150:
7117:
7111:
7107:
7101:
7089:. Retrieved
7085:the original
7045:
7038:
7018:
6973:
6969:
6959:
6924:
6920:
6910:
6883:
6877:
6842:
6838:
6828:
6787:
6783:
6777:
6734:
6730:
6720:
6679:
6673:
6669:
6663:
6628:
6624:
6618:
6610:
6573:
6570:BMC Genomics
6569:
6559:
6524:
6520:
6514:
6506:
6465:
6461:
6455:
6414:
6410:
6404:
6351:
6347:
6337:
6326:. Retrieved
6280:(1): 77–85.
6277:
6273:
6263:
6228:
6224:
6214:
6192:(1): 17–37.
6189:
6185:
6179:
6152:
6142:
6097:
6093:
6083:
6059:
6025:
6018:
6001:
5997:
5991:
5970:
5950:. Retrieved
5930:
5923:
5872:
5868:
5858:
5829:
5821:
5768:
5764:
5754:
5721:
5717:
5711:
5678:
5674:
5668:
5615:
5611:
5601:
5566:
5562:
5552:
5536:10.2307/2600
5519:
5515:
5511:
5505:
5494:the original
5473:
5467:
5459:Oryza sativa
5458:
5454:
5446:
5414:(1): 27–32.
5411:
5405:
5399:
5391:
5356:
5352:
5318:
5292:
5288:
5262:
5258:
5252:
5227:
5223:
5217:
5206:. Retrieved
5186:
5167:
5163:
5162:Matsumura".
5159:
5107:
5103:
5093:
5058:
5054:
5048:
5036:
4995:
4989:
4983:
4969:(1): 45–69.
4966:
4962:
4958:
4952:
4933:
4929:
4920:
4916:
4908:
4890:Interscience
4885:
4879:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4828:
4795:
4791:
4785:
4774:. Retrieved
4749:
4745:
4739:
4731:
4698:
4692:
4688:
4682:
4673:
4667:
4656:the original
4627:
4621:
4612:
4583:cite journal
4566:
4560:
4554:
4527:
4523:
4517:
4509:
4477:
4449:cite journal
4432:
4428:
4422:
4397:
4393:
4387:
4367:
4320:
4316:
4306:
4295:. Retrieved
4271:
4267:
4260:
4239:
4178:(1): 10204.
4175:
4171:
4161:
4150:. Retrieved
4117:(1): 42–54.
4114:
4110:
4097:
4072:
4068:
4061:
4028:
4024:
4017:
3972:
3968:
3958:
3947:. Retrieved
3938:
3934:
3924:
3914:December 13,
3912:. Retrieved
3903:
3893:
3870:
3828:
3824:
3818:
3791:
3785:
3773:. Retrieved
3759:
3750:
3744:
3726:
3719:
3710:
3704:
3669:
3665:
3655:
3636:
3632:
3622:
3611:. Retrieved
3587:
3558:. Retrieved
3546:
3542:
3529:
3518:. Retrieved
3488:
3479:
3475:
3467:
3456:. Retrieved
3436:
3407:
3403:
3393:
3348:
3344:
3334:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3272:10.2307/3084
3255:
3251:
3245:
3200:
3196:
3158:
3147:
3124:
3107:
3083:Aeroplankton
3032:
3026:
3024:
3010:record that
3004:Peter Marren
3001:
2988:
2979:
2971:lady beetles
2964:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2934:
2922:
2916:
2902:
2875:
2849:
2846:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2781:
2764:
2758:
2757:and only in
2754:
2732:
2723:
2720:
2691:
2685:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2623:
2612:
2592:
2582:
2564:
2558:
2556:
2545:
2539:
2537:
2518:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2495:
2481:
2464:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2411:
2401:
2344:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2287:
2275:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2248:
2236:
2231:
2210:
2196:
2176:
2170:
2169:gall aphid,
2164:
2151:caterpillars
2144:
2138:
2132:
2128:forest honey
2115:
2108:
2098:. This is a
2092:terminations
2085:
2078:secreted. A
2071:
2010:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1979:heteroecious
1976:
1966:
1953:
1947:
1923:
1908:polymorphism
1901:
1888:
1858:
1843:
1841:
1816:
1804:
1789:
1773:
1751:Reproduction
1747:for energy.
1745:mitochondria
1706:
1678:
1659:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1611:
1592:
1568:
1560:
1542:
1458:
1453:
1433:
1405:Macrosiphini
1403:
1377:
1373:Capitophorus
1371:
1370:
1334:
1313:
1286:
1261:Calaphidinae
1259:
1232:
1205:
1193:
1177:
1171:
1164:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1059:
1038:
1010:Aphidomorpha
990:
964:Aleyrodoidea
962:
934:
913:
899:
884:phylloxerids
881:
858:
842:planthoppers
824:, etc.) and
811:
799:
749:Baltic amber
732:
714:
684:phylloxerans
677:
663:Baltic amber
651:
632:cosmopolitan
613:
591:
588:Distribution
568:larvae, and
562:crab spiders
537:Insecticides
534:
526:sooty moulds
515:
468:
423:
419:
415:
400:
399:
385:
374:
363:
352:
341:
330:
319:
309:
302:Sinaphididae
258:Cretamyzidae
203:
194:Aphidomorpha
190:Infraorder:
25:
10925:iNaturalist
10796:Wikispecies
10735:Heteroptera
10589:Artheneidae
10563:Rhopalidae
10524:Megarididae
10506:Plataspidae
10488:Lestoniidae
10457:Dinidoridae
10401:(flat bugs)
10362:(lace bugs)
10344:Reduviidae
10285:Joppeicidae
10273:Curaliidae
10146:Naucoridae
10138:Naucoroidea
10102:Ochteridae
10096:(toad bugs)
10086:Ochteroidea
9834:Gerromorpha
9726:Heteroptera
9684:Homotomidae
9674:Calophyidae
9669:Aphalaridae
9605:(mealybugs)
9334:Nogodinidae
9329:Meenoplidae
9296:Fulgoridae
9271:Delphacidae
9243:Fulgoroidea
9098:Cercopoidea
8931:Aphis nerii
8665:|work=
8588:(1): 3–16.
8454:20 February
8152:October 18,
8113:October 18,
7717:: 307–344.
7255:28 February
7165:(1): 1–22.
5265:: 321–348.
4798:(1): 1–10.
4489:. pp.
3831:: 387–412.
3796:Wallingford
3345:BMC Ecology
3328:(2): 29–31.
3153:Piper, Ross
2898:pyrethroids
2877:Insecticide
2778:Pest status
2735:eusociality
2585:parasitoids
2573:Parasitoids
2529:mustard oil
2527:and strong
2488:exoskeleton
2314:aphid midge
2258:described;
2178:Tetramorium
1984:Aphis fabae
1920:apple aphid
1912:polyphenism
1869:temperature
1865:photoperiod
1800:polyphenism
1709:carotenoids
908:viticulture
846:Heteroptera
838:treehoppers
834:leafhoppers
763:polyphagous
753:angiosperms
707:Cycadophyta
703:Cordaitales
620:New Zealand
592:Aphids are
582:greenhouses
503:mutualistic
487:agriculture
483:fiber crops
471:woody plant
413:superfamily
11006:Categories
10989:aphidoidea
10829:APHIDOIDEA
10816:Aphidoidea
10802:Aphidoidea
10772:Aphidoidea
10642:Lygaeidae
10622:Geocoridae
10594:Berytidae
10581:Lygaeoidea
10265:Cimicidae
10249:Cimicoidea
10044:Corixidae
10036:Corixoidea
10019:Nepomorpha
9694:Psyllidae
9661:Psylloidea
9640:Adelgidae
9539:Kerriidae
9534:Kermesidae
9452:Aclerdidae
9410:Aphidoidea
9339:Ricaniidae
9324:Lophopidae
9319:Kinnaridae
9144:Cicadoidea
9129:Epipygidae
9119:Cercopidae
9047:Subclass:
9037:Arthropoda
8859:2018-02-09
8623:2020-08-27
8559:2020-03-22
8508:6 February
8481:6 February
8077:2015-04-26
8021:: 96–107.
7924:6 February
7849:2018-04-29
7224:2008-07-17
7091:18 October
6576:(1): 143.
6328:2020-11-16
5952:2018-02-03
5841:0662183347
5208:2018-04-29
4776:2010-10-18
4297:2008-07-12
4152:2018-04-27
3949:2018-01-15
3775:3 February
3666:Cladistics
3613:2016-05-24
3560:2018-02-04
3520:2010-10-18
3458:2018-02-04
3140:References
3113:Simuliidae
2986:transgenic
2890:carbamates
2888:including
2864:Parasitoid
2790:greenhouse
2708:coumestrol
2673:mouthparts
2665:sugarbeets
2616:terpenoids
2579:Parasitoid
2533:Thaumatins
2274:APSE, and
1967:Aphis pomi
1949:Densovirus
1924:Aphis pomi
1897:greenhouse
1885:rose aphid
1881:life cycle
1812:viviparity
1796:herbaceous
1336:Anoeciinae
1088:Aphidoidea
936:Psylloidea
741:Cretaceous
541:resistance
434:to female
432:live birth
416:Aphidoidea
403:are small
389:Wang, 1993
378:Wang, 1991
345:Heie, 1968
261:Heie, 1992
204:Aphidoidea
180:Suborder:
154:Arthropoda
10707:Largidae
10602:Blissidae
10550:Coreidae
10542:Alydidae
10534:Coreoidea
10519:Canopidae
10493:Phloeidae
10462:Cydnidae
10399:Aradidae
10391:Aradoidea
10360:Tingidae
10000:Omaniidae
9984:Saldidae
9893:Hebridae
9885:Hebroidea
9872:Veliidae
9859:Gerridae
9851:Gerroidea
9724:Suborder
9702:Triozidae
9611:Putoidae
9489:Coccidae
9436:Coccoidea
9426:Aphididae
9375:Suborder
9256:Achilidae
9160:Cicadidae
9150:(cicadas)
9075:Suborder
9049:Pterygota
9029:Kingdom:
9018:Hemiptera
8917:website:
8667:ignored (
8657:cite book
8549:1938-291X
8298:cite book
6784:Oecologia
6378:1932-6203
6302:0022-2844
6031:Blandford
5897:0021-8790
5850:872604083
5795:0027-8424
5746:1461-023X
5703:0022-1910
5642:1932-6203
4615:(Thomas)"
4282:thesis).
4069:Evolution
3351:(1): 13.
3130:mealybugs
3051:dysentery
3041:to treat
2982:farnesene
2825:Capnodium
2729:Sociality
2696:sugarcane
2678:hemolymph
2630:farnesene
2460:hemolymph
2284:Predators
2207:symbiosis
2155:pheromone
2094:of their
2015:buckthorn
1944:cornicles
1932:lacewings
1827:ovarioles
1823:thelytoky
1670:molecules
1392:Aphidinae
1379:Pterocoma
1207:Lachninae
1194:Aphididae
1167:phylogeny
1098:(aphids)
1095:Aphididae
1061:Adelgidae
992:Coccoidea
873:Phylogeny
867:Aphididae
850:true bugs
792:Lachninae
773:lived on
771:Adelgidae
767:monophagy
719:from the
697:, in the
638:Evolution
511:predators
495:gardeners
475:Aphididae
452:temperate
407:-sucking
353:Sbenaphis
334:Lin, 1980
225:Aphididae
217:Families
174:Hemiptera
140:Kingdom:
134:Eukaryota
10847:BugGuide
10836:BioLib:
10781:Wikidata
10650:Malcidae
10318:Nabidae
10310:Miridae
10193:Pleidae
10180:Pleoidea
10073:Nepidae
10057:Nepoidea
9416:(aphids)
9304:Gengidae
9291:Flatidae
9276:Derbidae
9266:Cixiidae
9055:Neoptera
9035:Phylum:
9031:Animalia
9020:families
8853:Archived
8835:(2010).
8791:16798877
8728:Archived
8712:16780867
8614:Archived
8610:20066025
8553:Archived
8502:Archived
8475:Archived
8353:12065036
8104:Archived
8071:Archived
8048:16 March
8043:30709498
7914:"Aphids"
7894:84348019
7843:Archived
7821:29848647
7772:25298742
7607:17623639
7558:22496734
7518:PLOS ONE
7466:23149732
7249:Archived
7218:Archived
7000:16720402
6951:23193123
6869:12964998
6820:37052892
6812:17415589
6769:16000822
6712:24144752
6704:15690225
6655:15937185
6602:17547756
6551:10993077
6517:sp. APS"
6515:Buchnera
6498:33681686
6490:12087426
6447:40081627
6439:17038625
6396:24086359
6348:PLOS ONE
6322:Archived
6318:24062989
6255:22575468
6206:15012383
6134:25583474
5946:Archived
5915:30629747
5813:19439653
5660:23472179
5612:PLOS ONE
5593:20083636
5438:25758038
5430:11233124
5383:25605477
5375:12220127
5202:Archived
5170:: 31–44.
5142:22900140
5085:21920958
5045:(2012).
5028:14785276
5020:20431015
4917:Buchnera
4820:18983920
4770:Archived
4723:12770238
4652:20036244
4414:16332214
4347:25972400
4288:Archived
4272:(Harris)
4210:28860659
4143:Archived
4139:23542003
4089:10937228
4053:20004730
4009:21935453
3969:PLOS ONE
3943:Archived
3941:: 1–13.
3908:Archived
3845:11112174
3769:Archived
3696:86517289
3688:34740301
3607:Archived
3511:Archived
3507:55067700
3476:Acropyga
3452:Archived
3385:19432979
3237:28445493
3197:PLOS ONE
3155:(2007).
3061:See also
3047:diarrhea
3016:Selborne
2937:Moericke
2739:termites
2657:potatoes
2634:allomone
2632:, as an
2414:bacteria
2386:Hoverfly
2369:Ladybird
2306:hoverfly
2185:with a "
2165:Another
2104:antennae
2076:honeydew
2070:tending
1928:ladybugs
1861:lay eggs
1737:carotene
1723:and the
1634:families
1584:mandible
1455:Aphidina
1422:Aphidini
1179:Buchnera
1161:Internal
915:groups.
896:cornicle
892:honeydew
878:External
822:psyllids
808:Taxonomy
775:conifers
745:Tertiary
737:Jurassic
729:Ole Heie
721:Triassic
680:adelgids
624:Tasmania
566:lacewing
552:larvae,
550:hoverfly
546:ladybugs
507:honeydew
491:forestry
448:Maturing
440:pregnant
424:blackfly
420:greenfly
386:Yueaphis
364:Sunaphis
331:Penaphis
209:Geoffroy
150:Phylum:
144:Animalia
130:Domain:
10787:Q183350
10655:Ninidae
10617:Cymidae
9314:Issidae
9043:Insecta
9041:Class:
9016:Extant
8906:On the
8782:1502488
8759:Bibcode
8692:Bibcode
8590:Bibcode
8344:1691028
8263:8991755
8255:8603120
8220:3565718
8023:Bibcode
7969:4345998
7949:Bibcode
7812:5998095
7752:Bibcode
7667:4295930
7647:Bibcode
7598:2288485
7549:3322135
7526:Bibcode
7457:3514493
7436:Bibcode
7286:Bibcode
7274:(L.)".
7187:2402724
7167:Bibcode
7142:1933502
7122:Bibcode
7113:Ecology
6991:1560284
6942:3574403
6860:1691435
6792:Bibcode
6760:1168972
6739:Bibcode
6684:Bibcode
6646:1151715
6593:1899503
6529:Bibcode
6470:Bibcode
6419:Bibcode
6411:Science
6387:3783439
6356:Bibcode
6310:9873079
6282:Bibcode
6233:Bibcode
6125:4313836
6102:Bibcode
5906:6453707
5877:Bibcode
5804:2688996
5773:Bibcode
5726:Bibcode
5683:Bibcode
5651:3589340
5620:Bibcode
5584:2817143
5524:Bibcode
5514:(L.)".
5490:1941852
5232:Bibcode
5133:3420219
5112:Bibcode
5110:: 579.
5076:3297373
5000:Bibcode
4991:Science
4871:5827534
4851:Bibcode
4800:Bibcode
4766:9320049
4703:Bibcode
4632:Bibcode
4546:2588576
4491:730–784
4338:4455741
4201:5579299
4180:Bibcode
4119:Bibcode
4033:Bibcode
4000:3174202
3977:Bibcode
3376:2687420
3353:Bibcode
3260:Bibcode
3228:5405925
3205:Bibcode
3055:tannins
2855:Control
2837:Scorias
2785:vectors
2704:peanuts
2661:cereals
2418:viruses
2322:spiders
2160:cocoons
2140:Myrmica
2021:Ecology
1916:senesce
1893:tropics
1883:of the
1819:meiosis
1764:asexual
1689:sucrose
1674:hindgut
1588:maxilla
1580:rostrum
1576:stylets
1559:aphid,
1547:Anatomy
830:cicadas
765:, with
606:tropics
518:vectors
501:have a
409:insects
170:Order:
164:Insecta
160:Class:
11012:Aphids
10979:181510
10963:NZOR:
10943:109190
10725:Note:
8845:
8789:
8779:
8710:
8645:
8608:
8547:
8379:
8351:
8341:
8286:
8261:
8253:
8218:
8041:
7967:
7941:Nature
7892:
7819:
7809:
7770:
7690:
7665:
7638:Nature
7605:
7595:
7556:
7546:
7495:
7464:
7454:
7304:
7185:
7140:
7053:
7026:
6998:
6988:
6949:
6939:
6898:
6867:
6857:
6818:
6810:
6767:
6757:
6710:
6702:
6653:
6643:
6600:
6590:
6549:
6521:Nature
6496:
6488:
6445:
6437:
6394:
6384:
6376:
6316:
6308:
6300:
6253:
6204:
6167:
6132:
6122:
6071:
6037:
5979:
5938:
5913:
5903:
5895:
5848:
5838:
5811:
5801:
5793:
5744:
5701:
5658:
5648:
5640:
5591:
5581:
5542:
5488:
5436:
5428:
5381:
5373:
5325:
5194:
5140:
5130:
5083:
5073:
5026:
5018:
4896:
4869:
4818:
4764:
4721:
4650:
4544:
4497:
4412:
4375:
4345:
4335:
4248:
4208:
4198:
4137:
4087:
4051:
4007:
3997:
3881:
3843:
3806:
3694:
3686:
3599:
3505:
3480:Azteca
3444:
3383:
3373:
3278:
3235:
3225:
3171:
3043:coughs
2896:, and
2834:, and
2831:Fumago
2743:genome
2700:papaya
2667:, and
2492:pincer
2072:aphids
1973:, 1930
1831:instar
1776:sexual
1649:phloem
1614:alates
818:scales
790:. The
711:fossil
667:Eocene
460:autumn
436:nymphs
401:Aphids
211:, 1762
31:Aphids
10986:PPE:
10956:33385
10930:52380
10891:12358
10865:8NKG4
10852:12742
10839:16836
10733:from
10731:clade
9730:(with
8617:(PDF)
8606:S2CID
8578:(PDF)
8404:: 14.
8259:S2CID
8216:JSTOR
8199:Oikos
8107:(PDF)
8096:(PDF)
7965:S2CID
7890:S2CID
7768:S2CID
7663:S2CID
7394:(PDF)
7372:(PDF)
7357:(PDF)
7339:(PDF)
7324:(PDF)
7302:JSTOR
7183:JSTOR
7138:JSTOR
6816:S2CID
6708:S2CID
6494:S2CID
6443:S2CID
6314:S2CID
6065:78–79
5540:JSTOR
5497:(PDF)
5486:S2CID
5464:(PDF)
5434:S2CID
5379:S2CID
5024:S2CID
4926:(PDF)
4659:(PDF)
4618:(PDF)
4542:JSTOR
4323:(5).
4291:(PDF)
4280:Ph.D.
4276:(PDF)
4146:(PDF)
4107:(PDF)
3692:S2CID
3539:(PDF)
3514:(PDF)
3503:S2CID
3485:(PDF)
3276:JSTOR
3099:Notes
2388:larva
2372:larva
2310:wasps
2209:with
2200:with
1895:or a
1792:woody
1717:fungi
1715:from
1654:xylem
1595:tarsi
1557:wheat
1463:spp)
1460:Aphis
725:amber
690:some
572:. An
10951:NCBI
10938:ITIS
10917:1729
10912:GBIF
8843:ISBN
8787:PMID
8708:PMID
8669:help
8643:ISBN
8545:ISSN
8510:2018
8483:2018
8456:2018
8377:ISBN
8349:PMID
8304:link
8284:ISBN
8251:PMID
8154:2010
8115:2010
8050:2024
8039:PMID
7926:2018
7817:PMID
7688:ISBN
7603:PMID
7554:PMID
7493:ISBN
7462:PMID
7306:2600
7257:2018
7093:2010
7051:ISBN
7024:ISBN
6996:PMID
6947:PMID
6896:ISBN
6865:PMID
6808:PMID
6765:PMID
6700:PMID
6651:PMID
6598:PMID
6547:PMID
6486:PMID
6435:PMID
6392:PMID
6374:ISSN
6306:PMID
6298:ISSN
6251:PMID
6202:PMID
6165:ISBN
6130:PMID
6069:ISBN
6035:ISBN
5977:ISBN
5936:ISBN
5911:PMID
5893:ISSN
5846:OCLC
5836:ISBN
5809:PMID
5791:ISSN
5742:ISSN
5699:ISSN
5656:PMID
5638:ISSN
5589:PMID
5544:2600
5461:L.)"
5426:PMID
5371:PMID
5323:ISBN
5192:ISBN
5138:PMID
5081:PMID
5016:PMID
4894:ISBN
4867:PMID
4816:PMID
4762:PMID
4719:PMID
4648:PMID
4589:link
4495:ISBN
4455:link
4410:PMID
4373:ISBN
4343:PMID
4246:ISBN
4206:PMID
4135:PMID
4085:PMID
4049:PMID
4005:PMID
3916:2020
3879:ISBN
3841:PMID
3804:ISBN
3777:2018
3734:and
3684:PMID
3597:ISBN
3478:and
3442:ISBN
3381:PMID
3280:3084
3233:PMID
3169:ISBN
3006:and
2973:and
2749:and
2702:and
2490:and
2484:gall
2426:wind
2336:and
2137:and
2120:bees
2088:ants
2068:Ants
1867:and
1784:eggs
1766:and
1741:NADH
1620:Diet
1586:and
859:e.g.
682:and
602:taxa
520:for
499:ants
489:and
481:and
479:food
464:eggs
422:and
42:Preęž’
10878:551
10873:EoL
10860:CoL
10824:AFD
10811:ADW
8814:doi
8777:PMC
8767:doi
8755:103
8700:doi
8598:doi
8537:doi
8425:doi
8339:PMC
8331:doi
8327:269
8243:doi
8208:doi
8179:doi
8031:doi
8019:279
7992:doi
7957:doi
7945:302
7880:doi
7876:105
7807:PMC
7799:doi
7795:285
7760:doi
7719:doi
7655:doi
7643:211
7593:PMC
7585:doi
7581:274
7544:PMC
7534:doi
7489:281
7452:PMC
7444:doi
7294:doi
7175:doi
7130:doi
7110:".
6986:PMC
6978:doi
6974:273
6937:PMC
6929:doi
6925:280
6888:doi
6855:PMC
6847:doi
6843:270
6800:doi
6788:153
6755:PMC
6747:doi
6692:doi
6672:".
6641:PMC
6633:doi
6629:187
6588:PMC
6578:doi
6537:doi
6525:407
6478:doi
6427:doi
6415:314
6382:PMC
6364:doi
6290:doi
6241:doi
6194:doi
6157:doi
6120:PMC
6110:doi
6098:112
6006:doi
5901:PMC
5885:doi
5799:PMC
5781:doi
5769:106
5734:doi
5691:doi
5646:PMC
5628:doi
5579:PMC
5571:doi
5567:365
5532:doi
5478:doi
5416:doi
5361:doi
5297:doi
5267:doi
5240:doi
5128:PMC
5120:doi
5071:PMC
5063:doi
5008:doi
4996:328
4971:doi
4938:doi
4934:139
4859:doi
4808:doi
4754:doi
4750:200
4711:doi
4691:".
4640:doi
4571:doi
4567:104
4532:doi
4528:143
4437:doi
4402:doi
4333:PMC
4325:doi
4196:PMC
4188:doi
4127:doi
4077:doi
4041:doi
3995:PMC
3985:doi
3833:doi
3674:doi
3641:doi
3551:doi
3495:doi
3412:doi
3371:PMC
3361:doi
3303:doi
3268:doi
3223:PMC
3213:doi
3165:6–9
2952:or
2122:in
1729:ATP
1711:by
1647:of
1645:sap
894:or
781:or
757:160
705:or
693:280
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