638:. Engine number two had performance problems from 225 seconds after liftoff, abruptly worsening at T+319 seconds. At T+412 seconds the Instrument Unit shut it down altogether, and two seconds later, engine number three also shut down. The fault was in engine two, but due to cross-connection of wires, the command from the Instrument Unit also shut down engine three, which had been running normally. The Instrument Unit was able to compensate, and the remaining three engines burned for 58 seconds longer than planned. The S-IVB third stage also had to burn for 29 seconds longer than usual. The S-IVB also experienced a slight performance loss.
78:
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and not available for tests on Apollo 6. The S-II second stage arrived on May 25 and was erected in one of the VAB's low bays, but work on Apollo 6 continued to be plagued by delays, many occasioned by work on Apollo 4. The vehicle was erected on Mobile
Service Launcher 2, but work on the launcher's arms, which would swing back at launch, proceeded slowly. Also slow to arrive was the CSM itself; the planned late-September arrival was pushed back two months.
830:
separation and the other two were to film the liquid oxygen tank; the one that was recovered had filmed separation. The failure to eject was attributed to a lack of nitrogen pressure in the bottles that were to cause the ejection. The command module carried a motion picture camera, intended to be activated during launch and during re-entry. Because the mission took about ten minutes longer than planned, re-entry events were not filmed.
822:
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second and third stages longer, although the resulting parking orbit was more elliptical than planned. The damaged third-stage engine failed to restart for trans-lunar injection. Flight controllers elected to repeat the flight profile of the previous Apollo 4 test, achieving a high orbit and high-speed return. Despite the engine failures, the flight provided
683:
with a second SPS engine burn, and the spacecraft only entered the atmosphere at a speed of 10,000 meters per second (33,000 ft/s) instead of the planned 11,000 meters per second (37,000 ft/s) that would simulate a lunar return. While at high altitudes, the CM was able to return data on the
449:
to 22,204 kilometers (11,989 nmi) and causing the CSM to return to Earth, simulating a "direct-return" abort. On the return leg, the engine was to fire once more to accelerate the craft to simulate conditions that the Apollo spacecraft would encounter on its return from the Moon, with a re-entry
722:
The phenomenon of pogo, experienced during the first stage of the flight, was well known. However, NASA thought that the Saturn V had been "detuned"—that is, prevented from vibrating at its natural frequencies. Soon after the Apollo 6 flight, NASA and its contractors sought to eliminate the problems
546:
Apollo 6 saw the first use of the High Bay 3 of the VAB, and it was quickly discovered that its air conditioning facilities were inadequate. Portable high-capacity units were brought in to keep equipment and workers cool. There were delays in April as personnel and equipment were busy with Apollo 4,
542:
second stage was not yet ready and so the dumbbell-shaped spacer, used in preparation for Apollo 4 (which also had a delayed S-II), was substituted so testing could proceed. The spacer had the same height and mass as the S-II along with all the electrical connections. The S-II arrived May 24 and was
718:
said, "there's no question that it's less than a perfect mission", but that the launch vehicle's reaching orbit despite the loss of two engines was "a major unplanned accomplishment". Mueller called Apollo 6 "a good job all around, an excellent launch, and, in balance, a successful mission ...
837:
still camera operated in the CM during part of the mission, pointed at the Earth through the hatch window. Coverage included parts of the United States, the
Atlantic Ocean, Africa, and the western Pacific Ocean. The camera had haze-penetrating film and filter combination, with better color balance
571:
began on March 24; although it was completed within a week, the launch had to be postponed one more time. On April 3, the final countdown began with liftoff scheduled for the following day. All subsequent problems were fixed during the built-in holds in the countdown and did not delay the mission.
474:
Apollo 6's launch vehicle was designated AS-502, the second flight-capable Saturn V. Its payload included CSM-020, a Block I CSM that had some Block II modifications. The Block I CSM did not have the capability of docking with a Lunar Module, as the Block II did. Among the modifications to CSM-020
621:
Pogo arises fundamentally because you have thrust fluctuations in the engines. Those are normal characteristics of engines. All engines have what you might call noise in their output because the combustion is not quite uniform, so you have this fluctuation in thrust of the first stage as a normal
566:
The flight readiness test concluded on March 8, 1968, and at a review held three days later, Apollo 6 was cleared for launch contingent on the successful completion of testing and some action items identified at the meeting. Launch was set for March 28, 1968, but was postponed to April 1 and then
397:
engines in the second and third stages by rupturing internal fuel lines causing a second-stage engine to shut down early. An additional second-stage engine also shut down early due to cross-wiring with the engine that had shut down. The vehicle's onboard guidance system compensated by burning the
770:
The SLA problem was caused by its honeycomb structure. As the rocket accelerated through the atmosphere, the cells expanded due to trapped air and water, causing the adapter surface to break free. In response, engineers drilled small holes in the surface to allow trapped gases to dissipate, and
762:
line, damping out any vibrations. In the vacuum of space, there was no such protection: the bellows vibrated rapidly and failed at peak flow, causing a burn-through of the propellant lines. The bellows were replaced with rigid bends and the lines strengthened. In Apollo 6's wake, NASA engineers
453:
The mission was intended to test the Saturn V launch vehicle's ability to send the entire Apollo spacecraft to the Moon—in particular, to test the stresses on the LM and the vibration modes of the entire Saturn V with near-full loads. With the spacecraft having been qualified for crewed flight
829:
The Saturn V had several cameras affixed to it, intended to be ejected and later recovered. Three of the four cameras on board the S-IC failed to eject and thus were destroyed, and only one of the two cameras on the S-II was recovered. Two of these cameras were intended to film the S-IC/S-II
625:
Now, in turn, the engine is fed through a pipe that takes the fuel out of the tanks and feeds it into the engine. That pipe's length is something like an organ pipe so it has a certain resonance frequency of its own and it really turns out that it will oscillate just like an organ pipe does.
483:
The service module used was SM-014—the originally-planned SM for Apollo 6, SM-020, was used for Apollo 4 after its SM, SM-017, was damaged in an explosion and had to be scrapped. CM-014 was unavailable for flight as it was being used to aid the Apollo 1 investigation. Not all SM systems were
479:
investigation board as too difficult to open in case of emergency, circumstances that had contributed to the deaths of three astronauts in the Apollo 1 fire of
January 27, 1967. The command module used was CM-020; it carried a mission programmer and other equipment to allow it to be operated
646:
Due to the less-than-nominal launch, the CSM and S-IVB were inserted into a 173.14-kilometer (93.49 nmi) by 360.10-kilometer (194.44 nmi) parking orbit, instead of the planned 190-kilometer (100 nmi) circular parking orbit. This deviation from the flight plan did not preclude
678:
that would result in re-entry, as had been done in Apollo 4. This plan would complete some of the mission objectives. The SPS engine burned for 442 seconds to get to the planned 22,204-kilometer (11,989 nmi) apogee. There was now, however, not enough propellant to speed up the
778:. In late April, the committee reported that the agency had quickly analyzed and diagnosed the abnormalities of Apollo 6, and had taken corrective action. After detailed analysis of the Saturn V's performance, and of the fixes for future launch vehicles, engineers at the
517:
in its oxidizer tanks. Containing no flight systems, its ascent stage was made of ballasted aluminum and instrumented to show vibration, acoustics and structural integrity. LTA-2R remained inside the
Spacecraft-Lunar Module Adapter, numbered SLA-9, throughout the flight.
647:
continuing the mission. During the first orbit, the S-IVB maneuvered, changing its attitude towards the horizon to qualify techniques that future astronauts could use in landmark tracking. Then, after the standard two orbits to assess the vehicle's readiness for
454:
through the Apollo 4 mission (the first flight of the Saturn V), the focus was on fully qualifying the launch vehicle. Nominal completion of planned mission events through attainment of the initial parking orbit, and the restarting of the S-IVB to propel the
550:
After Apollo 4's launch on
November 9, 1967, the pace of the Apollo 6 project picked up, but there remained many problems with flight hardware. The CSM was erected atop the launch vehicle on December 11, 1967, and the spacecraft stack was rolled out to
749:
The problems with the S-II and the S-IVB were traced to the J-2 engines, present in both stages. Tests showed that the propellant lines leading to the spark igniters could fail in low atmospheric pressure or in vacuum. The propellant lines had
629:
The structure of the vehicle is much like a tuning fork, so if you strike it right, it will oscillate up and down longitudinally. In a gross sense it is the interaction between the various frequencies that causes the vehicle to oscillate.
767:. Instead, work began on having a "pogo abort sensor" to allow the flight crew to judge whether to abort, but by August 1968, it had become clear that pogo could be dealt with without such a sensor, and work on it was abandoned.
593:
Apollo 6 launched from Launch
Complex 39A at Kennedy Space Center on April 4, 1968, at 7:00 am (1200 UT). For the first two minutes, the Saturn V launch vehicle behaved normally. Then, as the Saturn V's S-IC first stage burned,
2644:
445:. That trajectory, although passing beyond the orbit of the Moon, would not encounter it. The CSM was to separate from the S-IVB soon after the burn, and the SM engine would then fire to slow the craft, dropping its
723:
for future flights, and about 1,000 government and industry engineers worked on the problem. To damp pressure oscillations in the F-1 and J-2 engines, cavities in valves leading to them were filled with
4510:
509:
Also flown on Apollo 6 was a lunar test article: a simulated lunar module, designated as LTA-2R. It included a flight-type descent stage without landing gear, its fuel tanks filled with a water–
382:—the inaugural launch of the Saturn V. After that uncrewed mission launched in November 1967, there were fewer delays, but enough so that the flight was postponed from March to April 1968.
763:
debated whether to configure the spacecraft's emergency detection system to automatically abort in the event of excessive pogo; this plan was opposed by
Director of Flight Crew Operations
4611:
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775:
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1725:
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activated for the short Apollo 6 mission: the radiators to remove excess heat from the electrical power system and the environmental control system were not connected.
2650:
2672:
706:. The SM was jettisoned just before reaching the atmosphere and burned up. The S-IVB's orbit gradually decayed and it reentered the atmosphere on April 26, 1968.
838:
and higher resolution than photographs taken on previous
American crewed missions. These proved excellent for cartographic, topographic, and geographic studies.
754:
to allow for thermal expansion. In ground testing the cold propellants passing through the propellant lines would form a layer of frost on the LOX line and
4206:
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1080:
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506:. In contrast with Apollo 1's ill-fated CSM, which arrived with hundreds of unresolved issues, CSM-020 had only 23, mostly routine problems.
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610:(2.5 m/s). The vehicle suffered no damage, other than the loss of one of the panels of the Spacecraft-Lunar Module Adapter (SLA).
1168:
1058:
475:
was a new crew hatch, intended to be tested under lunar return conditions. This new hatch replaced the one which was condemned by the
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2011:
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angle of −6.5 degrees and velocity of 11,100 meters per second (36,500 ft/s). The entire mission was to last about 10 hours.
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3617:
1698:
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851:
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had to halt for two hours when communications failed, the vehicle did not arrive at the launch pad until it was dark. The mobile
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in
Alabama concluded that a third uncrewed test flight of the Saturn V was unnecessary. Therefore, the next Saturn V to fly, on
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1688:
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221:
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47:
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towards the planned distance, beyond the Moon's orbit, was deemed sufficient to fulfill Apollo 6's main objectives.
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with enough confidence to use the Saturn V for crewed launches; a potential third uncrewed flight was cancelled.
691:
Ten hours after launch, the CM landed 80 kilometers (43 nmi) from the planned touchdown point in the North
3659:
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3347:
2399:
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859:
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on
February 6, 1968. The rollout was an all-day affair and much of it was conducted in heavy rain. Because the
2590:
33:
Launch of Apollo 6 (identifiable by its white-painted service module) as seen from the top of the launch tower
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1084:
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719:
and we have learned a great deal", but later stated that Apollo 6 "will have to be defined as a failure".
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71:
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2139:
430:
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There was little press coverage of the Apollo 6 mission mainly because on the same day as the launch,
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launch vehicle. It qualified the Saturn V for use on crewed missions, and it was used beginning with
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1280:
1201:
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Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in
634:
After the first stage was jettisoned, the S-II second stage began to experience problems with its
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3199:
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151:
1081:"Part 1 (H): Preparation for Flight, the Accident, and Investigation: March 25 – April 24, 1967"
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3251:
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2479:
2389:
2330:
2204:
1766:
847:
487:
441:, with the boost from orbit to trans-lunar velocity powered by the Saturn V's third stage, the
378:
in early 1967. Testing proceeded slowly, often delayed by testing of the Saturn V intended for
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3929:
3842:
3832:
3774:
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3639:
3480:
3145:
3107:
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2766:
2187:
2134:
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614:
470:
The Lunar Module Test Article (LTA-2R) being moved for mating with the spacecraft–LM adapter.
438:
393:'s main engine with a flight time totaling about 10 hours but vibrations damaged some of the
386:
1552:. NASA History Series. Washington, D.C.: Scientific and Technical Information Office, NASA.
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8:
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244:
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3015:
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2404:
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2121:
2003:
855:
715:
77:
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3324:
3244:
3204:
3071:
3061:
2809:
2197:
1574:
1553:
1102:
1094:
862:
680:
560:
371:
366:
Apollo 6 was intended to demonstrate the ability of the Saturn V's third stage, the
4822:
4595:
3753:
3394:
3005:
2856:
2584:
2563:
2463:
2411:
2314:
2129:
2036:
2016:
1566:
595:
3732:
3702:
3165:
3139:
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2990:
2965:
2960:
2920:
2836:
2394:
2384:
2373:
2335:
685:
567:
April 3 after problems with some guidance system equipment and with fueling. The
466:
3889:
3769:
3526:
3212:
3010:
3000:
2846:
2841:
2699:
1639:
1531:
635:
394:
390:
352:
321:
419:
4915:
3917:
3899:
3794:
3784:
3716:
3561:
3194:
2925:
2704:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1761:
751:
692:
598:
shook the vehicle. The thrust variations caused the Saturn V to experience a
455:
291:
277:
3764:
3331:
2320:
764:
915:
Saturn V Launch Vehicle Flight Evaluation Report - AS-502 Apollo 6 Mission
4440:
4435:
4375:
4093:
4006:
2726:
2602:
2215:
1106:
1329:
502:, the manufacturer, though he was upset it arrived wrapped in flammable
4839:
4827:
4807:
4772:
4636:
4601:
4554:
4410:
4380:
4293:
4266:
4261:
4222:
4190:
4185:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4088:
4083:
4058:
4001:
3457:
3159:
3152:
2667:
2192:
1544:
1346:
1344:
1307:
1305:
1022:
968:
834:
755:
606:(5.9 m/s), though it had only been designed for a maximum of 0.25
530:
first stage arrived by barge on March 13, 1967, and was erected in the
1543:
Brooks, Courtney G.; Grimwood, James M.; Swenson, Loyd S. Jr. (1979).
1012:
1010:
997:
995:
4725:
3874:
3847:
3695:
3607:
3467:
3436:
3429:
3226:
3124:
2878:
2356:
2272:
2091:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1776:
791:
563:
could not be moved to the launch pad for two days due to high winds.
4858:. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).
1424:
1412:
1385:
1373:
1341:
1317:
1302:
1223:
821:
771:
placed a thin layer of cork on the adapter to help absorb moisture.
4833:
4745:
4667:
4524:
4517:
4250:
4243:
4031:
2456:
2451:
2446:
1988:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1864:
1859:
1781:
1771:
1007:
992:
865:
had announced he would not seek reelection only four days earlier.
787:
783:
476:
426:
415:
411:
379:
360:
356:
333:
328:
207:
1482:
1480:
28:
4694:
4688:
4160:
3389:
3379:
3282:
2721:
1608:
806:
790:, the first crewed Apollo mission to fly, would be launched by a
739:
675:
599:
1557:
1098:
351:, was the third and final uncrewed flight in the United States'
4812:
4735:
4574:
4531:
4455:
4400:
4395:
4155:
4150:
4073:
3423:
3354:
2851:
2716:
2441:
2209:
2070:
2065:
2060:
1983:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1477:
825:
Still from footage of Apollo 6's interstage falling away (NASA)
724:
696:
671:
670:(SPS) engine to raise the spacecraft into an orbit with a high
510:
446:
1282:
Moonport: A History of Apollo Launch Facilities and Operations
1203:
Moonport: A History of Apollo Launch Facilities and Operations
730:
684:
extent to which future astronauts would be protected from the
651:(TLI), the S-IVB was ordered to restart, but failed to do so.
589:
This view of the Apollo 6 launch was taken from a chase plane.
4616:
4468:
4450:
3447:
3220:
3184:
3179:
2970:
2041:
2031:
2026:
2021:
1402:
1400:
1079:
Ertel, Ivan D.; Newkirk, Roland W.; et al. (1969–1978).
514:
503:
442:
367:
585:
2542:
2416:
1603:
1535:
1175:
1090:
1065:
953:
714:
In a post-launch press conference, Apollo Program Director
539:
527:
399:
58:
1492:
1397:
1137:
1546:
Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft
1465:
1363:
1361:
1359:
374:
to lunar distances. Its components began arriving at the
3972:
1169:"Apollo/Skylab ASTP and Shuttle Orbiter Major End Items"
1059:"Apollo/Skylab ASTP and Shuttle Orbiter Major End Items"
494:
in Houston, was pleased with CSM-020 when it arrived at
2511:
1078:
437:(LM) with mounted structural vibration sensors, into a
1356:
1247:
1235:
4865:
1564:
1430:
1418:
1391:
1379:
1350:
1335:
1323:
1311:
1275:
Benson, Charles D.; Faherty, William Barnaby (1978).
1229:
1196:
Benson, Charles D.; Faherty, William Barnaby (1978).
1028:
1016:
1001:
974:
613:
NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight
674:(point of furthest distance from Earth), with a low
1149:
1125:
801:. The Apollo 6 command module is on display at the
776:
Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences
433:(CSM) plus a Lunar Test Article (LTA), a simulated
1034:
980:
887:
797:After the mission, CM-020 was transferred to the
727:gas shortly before takeoff as a shock absorber.
654:Deciding on a pre-planned alternate mission, the
534:(VAB) four days later; the S-IVB third stage and
4913:
617:explained the cause to a congressional hearing:
16:Second test flight of the Apollo Saturn V rocket
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
4854:. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in
3958:
2527:
2490:Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings
1624:
1573:. Chichester, UK: Praxis Publishing Company.
1274:
1195:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
543:stacked and mated into the rocket on July 7.
2502:Symbol indicates failure or partial failure
490:, Command and Service Module manager at the
102:9 hours 57 minutes 20 seconds
1259:
1072:
3965:
3951:
2906:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
2534:
2520:
1709:
1631:
1617:
1524:
1486:
1471:
1198:"Apollo 6 - A "Less Than Perfect" Mission"
1182:
774:NASA's efforts were enough to satisfy the
734:Apollo 6 command module on display at the
76:
27:
3800:Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images
425:Apollo 6, the second test flight of the
1161:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
820:
729:
584:
465:
164:Total: 36,930 kilograms (81,420 lb)
3885:NASA International Space Apps Challenge
1542:
1498:
1406:
1367:
1253:
1241:
1143:
538:computer both arrived on March 17. The
429:launch vehicle, was intended to send a
410:For a brief summary of events prior to
4914:
2673:Administrator and Deputy Administrator
1053:
1051:
1049:
921:. NASA. June 25, 1968. MPR-SAT-FE-68-3
908:
906:
904:
902:
622:characteristic of all engine burning.
385:The flight plan called for, following
167:CSM: 25,140 kilograms (55,420 lb)
4942:Spacecraft launched by Saturn rockets
3946:
3463:Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
2515:
1612:
1514:
1155:
1131:
1040:
986:
933:
893:
3925:
2165:50th Anniversary commemorative coins
1442:
1285:. NASA. NASA SP-4204. Archived from
1206:. NASA. NASA SP-4204. Archived from
1277:"Two engines out but still running"
1086:The Apollo Spacecraft: A Chronology
1046:
899:
389:, a direct return abort using the
46:Uncrewed Earth orbital CSM flight (
13:
2579:National Aeronautics and Space Act
1638:
1599:National Space Science Data Center
1450:National Space Science Data Center
1089:. Vol. IV. Washington, D.C.:
14:
4953:
3533:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
3087:Commercial Lunar Payload Services
1588:
1571:Apollo: The Definitive Sourcebook
4899:
4887:
4875:
3924:
3913:
3912:
3828:Apollo 15 postal covers incident
3586:Space Flight Operations Facility
2772:Operations and Checkout Building
841:
3047:Lunar Precursor Robotic Program
2417:Apollo Lunar Sounder Experiment
1520:. Washington, D.C.: NASA. 1968.
1436:
875:Splashdown (spacecraft landing)
688:by the skin of the spacecraft.
347:(April 4, 1968), also known as
2242:"Houston, we've had a problem"
1731:Cape Kennedy Air Force Station
1109:. NASA SP-4009. Archived from
521:
88:
1:
2485:Stolen and missing Moon rocks
2258:Modular Equipment Transporter
1445:"Apollo: Where are they now?"
880:
405:
3865:Space program on U.S. stamps
3790:Gemini and Apollo medallions
3740:Solar System Family Portrait
3516:Joint Polar Satellite System
3385:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
2639:Vision for Space Exploration
2609:Space Exploration Initiative
780:Marshall Space Flight Center
709:
569:countdown demonstration test
461:
7:
4932:Spacecraft launched in 1968
3860:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame
3817:We choose to go to the Moon
3780:Apollo 11 goodwill messages
3338:International Space Station
3318:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
3057:Great Observatories program
2901:International Space Station
2879:Roscosmos State Corporation
2796:Science Mission Directorate
2742:Manned Space Flight Network
2422:Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey
1746:Manned Space Flight Network
868:
370:, to propel itself and the
355:and the second test of the
10:
4958:
3677:NASA cameras on spacecraft
3488:James Webb Space Telescope
3400:Solar Dynamics Observatory
2621:U.S. National Space Policy
1805:Command and Service Module
1707:
1508:
816:
699:, and was lifted on board
431:command and service module
420:Apollo 4 § Background
409:
4927:1968 in the United States
4848:
3997:
3908:
3808:
3685:
3600:
3545:
3508:
3307:
3117:
3104:
3034:
2948:
2938:
2893:
2819:
2808:
2752:Vehicle Assembly Building
2660:
2559:
2549:
2498:
2472:
2430:
2365:
2349:
2281:
2250:
2234:
2180:
2106:
2083:
2050:
2002:
1949:
1878:
1832:
1825:
1792:
1754:
1718:
1671:
1663:List of Apollo astronauts
1646:
1431:Orloff & Harland 2006
1419:Orloff & Harland 2006
1392:Orloff & Harland 2006
1380:Orloff & Harland 2006
1351:Orloff & Harland 2006
1336:Orloff & Harland 2006
1324:Orloff & Harland 2006
1312:Orloff & Harland 2006
1230:Orloff & Harland 2006
1178:. March 1978. p. 10.
1068:. March 1978. p. 15.
1029:Orloff & Harland 2006
1017:Orloff & Harland 2006
1002:Orloff & Harland 2006
975:Orloff & Harland 2006
668:Service Propulsion System
580:
575:
532:Vehicle Assembly Building
492:Manned Spaceflight Center
319:
315:
269:
253:
240:
235:
231:
227:
214:
203:
187:
182:
178:
174:
157:
147:
127:
122:
118:
114:
106:
98:
85:
64:
54:
42:
38:
26:
3823:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
3747:The Day the Earth Smiled
3082:Solar Terrestrial Probes
2541:
950:"The Legacy of Apollo 6"
660:Clifford E. Charlesworth
641:
414:, the first test of the
4922:Apollo program missions
3880:Other primates in space
3592:Deep Space Atomic Clock
3412:Mars Science Laboratory
3200:Spitzer Space Telescope
2789:Lunar Sample Laboratory
2732:Launch Services Program
1604:Fernbank Science Center
1527:Apollo 6 Mission Report
803:Fernbank Science Center
799:Smithsonian Institution
736:Fernbank Science Center
500:North American Aviation
257:April 4, 1968, 21:57:21
191:April 4, 1968, 12:00:01
152:North American Rockwell
3895:National Astronaut Day
3838:The Astronaut Monument
3660:Space Shuttle missions
3360:Mars Exploration Rover
3343:Hubble Space Telescope
3252:Kepler space telescope
3052:Earth Observing System
3026:Mars Exploration Rover
2737:Mercury Control Center
2480:Lunar orbit rendezvous
2341:Postal covers incident
2331:Hadley Rille meteorite
2205:Bench Crater meteorite
1726:Mission Control Center
848:Martin Luther King Jr.
826:
786:, would carry a crew (
746:
666:chose to use the SM's
632:
590:
488:Kenneth S. Kleinknecht
471:
439:trans-lunar trajectory
261:1968-04-04UTC21:57:22Z
195:1968-04-04UTC12:00:01Z
3843:Lunar sample displays
3833:Space Mirror Memorial
3775:Voyager Golden Record
3667:United States rockets
2859: (with the
2767:Launch Control Center
2150:Lunar sample displays
1489:, pp. 5-15–5-19.
824:
733:
649:trans-lunar injection
619:
588:
469:
387:trans-lunar injection
123:Spacecraft properties
3981:Orbital launches in
2861:Soviet space program
2779:Johnson Space Center
2747:Kennedy Space Center
2710:spinoff technologies
2400:Lunar sample display
2390:Nansen-Apollo crater
1817:Lunar Roving Vehicle
1793:Spacecraft and rover
1741:Kennedy Space Center
1565:Orloff, Richard W.;
496:Kennedy Space Center
376:Kennedy Space Center
3870:Apollo 17 Moon mice
3726:Pillars of Creation
3633:Space Shuttle crews
3111:(human and robotic)
3105:Individual featured
2688:Ranks and positions
2263:Fra Mauro formation
2224:Streptococcus mitis
1736:Crawler-transporter
1501:, pp. 250–252.
1443:Williams, David R.
1409:, pp. 251–252.
1338:, pp. 354–356.
1289:on January 23, 2008
1210:on January 23, 2008
1146:, pp. 247–248.
1113:on February 5, 2008
1031:, pp. 112–115.
977:, pp. 204–206.
681:atmospheric reentry
557:crawler-transporter
303:Apollo 6 splashdown
287: /
23:
3672:NASA cancellations
3567:Deep Space Network
3557:Near Earth Network
3042:Living With a Star
3016:Project Prometheus
2996:Planetary Observer
2405:Lunar basalt 70017
2366:Apollo 17 specific
2350:Apollo 16 specific
2282:Apollo 15 specific
2251:Apollo 14 specific
2235:Apollo 13 specific
2181:Apollo 12 specific
2172:In popular culture
2140:Little West crater
2107:Apollo 11 specific
1517:Apollo 6 Press Kit
827:
747:
716:Samuel C. Phillips
591:
553:Launch Complex 39A
472:
363:in December 1968.
292:27.667°N 157.917°W
21:
4937:April 1968 events
4863:
4862:
3940:
3939:
3853:stolen or missing
3650:uncrewed missions
3628:Apollo astronauts
3623:Gemini astronauts
3541:
3540:
3325:2001 Mars Odyssey
3100:
3099:
2976:Mars Surveyor '98
2934:
2933:
2877: (with
2810:Human spaceflight
2804:
2803:
2762:Launch Complex 48
2757:Launch Complex 39
2509:
2508:
2145:Goodwill messages
2084:Apollo 8 specific
2079:
2078:
1800:Apollo spacecraft
1719:Ground facilities
1689:Launch Complex 39
1684:Launch Complex 37
1679:Launch Complex 34
1656:canceled missions
1580:978-0-387-30043-6
1567:Harland, David M.
863:Lyndon B. Johnson
596:pogo oscillations
561:service structure
372:Apollo spacecraft
342:
341:
4949:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4892:
4891:
4890:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4871:
4823:Intelsat III F-2
4596:Intelsat III F-1
3986:
3985:
3984:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3944:
3943:
3928:
3927:
3916:
3915:
3754:Fallen Astronaut
3395:Van Allen Probes
3115:
3114:
3021:Mars Exploration
2946:
2945:
2817:
2816:
2585:Space Task Group
2557:
2556:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2513:
2512:
2412:Troctolite 76535
2315:Fallen Astronaut
2294:Lunar operations
2130:Tranquility Base
2037:Pad Abort Test-2
2017:Pad Abort Test-1
1830:
1829:
1713:
1672:Launch complexes
1651:List of missions
1633:
1626:
1619:
1610:
1609:
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920:
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891:
662:and his team in
311:
310:
308:
307:
306:
304:
299:
298:
297:27.667; -157.917
293:
288:
285:
284:
283:
280:
264:
262:
198:
196:
183:Start of mission
107:Orbits completed
99:Mission duration
90:
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31:
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20:
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4647:Molniya-1 No.14
4386:Molniya-1 No.13
4201:Molniya-1 No.10
3993:
3992:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3971:
3941:
3936:
3904:
3804:
3795:Mission patches
3770:Pioneer plaques
3733:Mystic Mountain
3710:Family Portrait
3703:The Blue Marble
3687:
3681:
3655:Apollo missions
3596:
3548:
3537:
3504:
3309:
3303:
3140:Mercury-Atlas 6
3110:
3106:
3096:
3030:
2966:Mariner Mark II
2930:
2911:Commercial Crew
2889:
2812:
2800:
2784:Mission Control
2683:Astronaut Corps
2678:Chief Scientist
2656:
2561:
2545:
2540:
2510:
2505:
2494:
2468:
2434:
2426:
2374:The Blue Marble
2361:
2345:
2336:Seatbelt basalt
2309:Hadley–Apennine
2304:Return to Earth
2299:Solo operations
2277:
2246:
2230:
2198:Surveyor crater
2188:Statio Cognitum
2176:
2114:Command Module
2102:
2098:Genesis reading
2075:
2046:
1998:
1959:Saturn-Apollo 1
1951:
1945:
1874:
1821:
1788:
1755:Launch vehicles
1750:
1714:
1705:
1667:
1642:
1637:
1591:
1581:
1560:. NASA SP-4205.
1549:
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956:. April 4, 2021
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686:Van Allen Belts
664:Mission Control
656:flight director
644:
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536:Instrument Unit
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3890:Astronauts Day
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3551:
3549:and navigation
3547:Communications
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3527:Europa Clipper
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2981:New Millennium
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1589:External links
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1474:, p. 4-1.
1472:Mission Report
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1423:
1421:, p. 158.
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1372:
1370:, p. 249.
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4345:Strela-2 No.3
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4100:DS-U1-Ya No.1
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1548:
1547:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1500:
1495:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1473:
1468:
1452:
1451:
1446:
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1432:
1427:
1420:
1415:
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1403:
1401:
1393:
1388:
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1376:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1337:
1332:
1325:
1320:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1293:September 27,
1288:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1255:
1250:
1243:
1238:
1231:
1226:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1177:
1170:
1164:
1158:, p. 19.
1157:
1152:
1145:
1140:
1134:, p. 16.
1133:
1128:
1117:September 25,
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1075:
1067:
1060:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1043:, p. 15.
1042:
1037:
1030:
1025:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1003:
998:
996:
988:
983:
976:
971:
960:September 19,
955:
951:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
917:
916:
909:
907:
905:
903:
895:
890:
886:
876:
873:
872:
866:
864:
861:
857:
853:
849:
842:Public impact
839:
836:
831:
823:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
795:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
772:
768:
766:
757:
753:
752:metal bellows
745:
741:
737:
732:
728:
726:
720:
717:
707:
705:
704:
698:
694:
693:Pacific Ocean
689:
687:
682:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
652:
650:
639:
637:
631:
627:
623:
618:
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
587:
573:
570:
564:
562:
558:
554:
548:
544:
541:
537:
533:
529:
519:
516:
512:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
478:
468:
459:
457:
456:space vehicle
451:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
421:
417:
413:
403:
401:
396:
392:
388:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
336: →
335:
330:
327:←
323:
318:
314:
309:
272:
268:
256:
252:
249:
248:
243:
239:
234:
230:
226:
223:
220:
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213:
209:
206:
202:
190:
186:
181:
177:
173:
166:
163:
162:
160:
156:
153:
150:
146:
140:Apollo LTA-2R
139:
136:
133:
132:
130:
126:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
91:
84:
79:
73:
69:
67:
63:
60:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
30:
25:
19:
4882:Solar System
4855:
4851:
4832:
4760:
4693:
4666:
4594:
4537:
4530:
4523:
4516:
4509:
4502:
4497:Gridsphere R
4495:
4490:Gridsphere B
4488:
4483:Gridsphere 2
4481:
4476:Gridsphere 1
4474:
4467:
4460:
4343:
4283:Sfera No.12L
4281:
4249:
4242:
4205:
4145:
4098:
4053:E-6LS No.112
4051:
3930:
3918:
3752:
3745:
3739:
3731:
3724:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3525:
3474:Perseverance
3473:
3435:
3428:
3405:
3365:
3348:
3332:New Horizons
3330:
3323:
3316:
3289:
3281:
3257:
3245:
3238:
3225:
3213:
3205:
3166:
3158:
3151:
3144:
2873:
2857:Apollo–Soyuz
2464:Apollo–Soyuz
2385:Tracy's Rock
2372:
2321:Genesis Rock
2313:
2223:
2214:
2123:
2115:
2090:
1993:
1869:
1810:Lunar Module
1570:
1545:
1526:
1516:
1494:
1467:
1455:. Retrieved
1448:
1438:
1426:
1414:
1387:
1375:
1331:
1319:
1291:. Retrieved
1287:the original
1281:
1249:
1237:
1225:
1212:. Retrieved
1208:the original
1202:
1163:
1151:
1139:
1127:
1115:. Retrieved
1111:the original
1085:
1074:
1036:
1024:
989:, p. 1.
982:
970:
958:. Retrieved
923:. Retrieved
914:
896:, p. 3.
889:
852:assassinated
845:
832:
828:
796:
773:
769:
765:Deke Slayton
748:
721:
713:
702:
690:
653:
645:
633:
628:
624:
620:
612:
607:
603:
592:
565:
549:
545:
525:
513:mixture and
508:
486:
482:
473:
452:
435:lunar module
424:
384:
365:
348:
344:
343:
270:Landing site
254:Landing date
246:
241:Recovered by
148:Manufacturer
43:Mission type
18:
4906:Spaceflight
4894:Outer space
4441:Explorer 40
4436:Explorer 39
4376:Explorer 38
4207:7K-L1 No.7L
4094:Explorer 37
4007:Explorer 36
3760:Deep fields
3688:and artwork
3686:NASA images
3258:Opportunity
2727:NASA Social
2553:and history
2435:capsule use
2432:Post-Apollo
2326:Great Scott
2226:on the Moon
2222:Reports of
2216:Moon Museum
2004:Abort tests
1952:development
1499:Brooks 1979
1407:Brooks 1979
1368:Brooks 1979
1254:Brooks 1979
1242:Brooks 1979
1214:November 3,
1144:Brooks 1979
636:J-2 engines
522:Preparation
295: /
215:Launch site
188:Launch date
158:Launch mass
4916:Categories
4840:Kosmos 262
4828:Kosmos 261
4818:Kosmos 260
4808:Kosmos 259
4793:Kosmos 258
4773:Kosmos 257
4768:Kosmos 256
4756:Kosmos 255
4751:Kosmos 254
4741:Kosmos 253
4711:Kosmos 252
4706:Kosmos 251
4701:Kosmos 250
4679:Kosmos 249
4674:Kosmos 248
4662:Kosmos 247
4657:Kosmos 246
4637:Kosmos 245
4632:Kosmos 244
4607:Kosmos 243
4602:Kosmos 242
4580:Kosmos 241
4570:Kosmos 240
4560:Kosmos 239
4555:Kosmos 238
4550:Kosmos 237
4545:Kosmos 236
4462:Orbiscal 1
4446:Kosmos 235
4416:Kosmos 234
4411:Kosmos 233
4406:Kosmos 232
4391:Kosmos 231
4381:Kosmos 230
4371:Kosmos 229
4366:Kosmos 228
4351:Kosmos 227
4299:Kosmos 226
4294:Kosmos 225
4277:Kosmos 224
4272:Kosmos 223
4267:Kosmos 222
4262:Kosmos 221
4233:Kosmos 220
4223:Kosmos 219
4218:Kosmos 218
4213:Kosmos 217
4196:Kosmos 216
4191:Kosmos 215
4186:Kosmos 214
4176:Kosmos 213
4171:Kosmos 212
4166:Kosmos 211
4141:Kosmos 210
4136:Kosmos 209
4131:Kosmos 208
4126:Kosmos 207
4111:Kosmos 206
4089:Kosmos 205
4084:Kosmos 204
4064:Kosmos 203
4059:Kosmos 202
4047:Kosmos 201
4027:Kosmos 200
4012:Kosmos 199
4002:Surveyor 7
3848:Moon rocks
3608:Astronauts
3601:NASA lists
3458:OSIRIS-REx
3292:helicopter
3160:Pioneer 11
3153:Pioneer 10
2956:Hitchhiker
2831:suborbital
2668:Space Race
2268:Big Bertha
2193:Surveyor 3
1597:at NASA's
1595:"Apollo 6"
881:References
756:liquid air
480:remotely.
406:Objectives
301: (
135:Apollo CSM
128:Spacecraft
4852:underline
4726:Pioneer 9
3875:Moon tree
3696:Earthrise
3571:Goldstone
3468:Mars 2020
3437:Voyager 2
3430:Voyager 1
3366:Curiosity
3310:operating
3308:Currently
3290:Ingenuity
3227:MESSENGER
3206:Sojourner
3135:Mercury 3
3125:Apollo 11
3072:Discovery
3062:Explorers
2651:Augustine
2615:Augustine
2357:Big Muley
2273:Moon tree
2092:Earthrise
1941:Apollo 17
1936:Apollo 16
1931:Apollo 15
1926:Apollo 14
1921:Apollo 13
1916:Apollo 12
1911:Apollo 11
1906:Apollo 10
1777:Saturn IB
1299:Ch. 20-3.
1220:Ch. 20-2.
1156:Press Kit
1132:Press Kit
1041:Press Kit
987:Press Kit
894:Press Kit
860:President
792:Saturn IB
758:on the LH
710:Aftermath
701:USS
695:north of
462:Equipment
265: UTC
245:USS
199: UTC
72:1968-025A
66:COSPAR ID
4834:Apollo 8
4803:OPS 7684
4798:OPS 4740
4778:OPS 6518
4746:Proton 4
4721:OPS 5296
4716:OPS 1315
4684:OPS 4078
4668:Apollo 7
4652:OPS 0964
4590:OPS 8595
4585:OPS 0165
4565:OPS 5247
4525:SECOR 12
4518:SECOR 11
4431:OPS 5955
4426:OPS 5187
4421:OPS 2222
4361:OPS 5259
4356:OPS 5343
4339:IDCSP 27
4334:IDCSP 26
4329:IDCSP 25
4324:IDCSP 24
4319:IDCSP 23
4314:IDCSP 22
4309:IDCSP 21
4304:IDCSP 20
4289:OPS 5138
4257:OPS 7869
4251:SECOR 10
4244:Nimbus B
4228:OPS 1419
4181:OPS 5165
4146:Apollo 6
4121:OPS 7076
4116:OPS 4849
4106:OPS 5057
4069:OPS 7034
4042:OPS 6236
4037:OPS 2243
4032:Apollo 5
4022:OPS 5028
4017:OPS 1965
3919:Category
3581:Canberra
3493:timeline
3481:timeline
3417:timeline
3373:timeline
3270:observed
3265:timeline
3233:Aquarius
3173:timeline
3146:Magellan
3108:missions
3006:Surveyor
2942:programs
2872:Shuttle–
2813:programs
2645:Aldridge
2564:creation
2116:Columbia
1994:Apollo 6
1989:Apollo 4
1901:Apollo 9
1896:Apollo 8
1891:Apollo 7
1886:Apollo 1
1870:Apollo 6
1865:Apollo 5
1860:Apollo 4
1833:Uncrewed
1782:Saturn V
1772:Saturn I
1569:(2006).
1558:79001042
1099:69060008
869:See also
788:Apollo 7
784:Apollo 8
602:of ±0.6
477:Apollo 1
427:Saturn V
416:Saturn V
412:Apollo 4
380:Apollo 4
361:Apollo 8
357:Saturn V
345:Apollo 6
334:Apollo 7
329:Apollo 5
282:157°55′W
208:Saturn V
55:Operator
22:Apollo 6
4868:Portals
4856:italics
4695:Soyuz 3
4689:Soyuz 2
4642:ESRO-1A
4238:ESRO-2B
4161:Luna 14
3931:Commons
3809:Related
3618:by year
3613:by name
3390:GOES 15
3380:GOES 14
3297:flights
3283:InSight
3239:Cassini
3167:Galileo
3092:SIMPLEx
3067:Voyager
3035:Current
2991:Pioneer
2961:Mariner
2940:Robotic
2921:Artemis
2894:Current
2837:Mercury
2829: (
2722:NASA TV
2661:General
2560:History
2473:Related
2289:Journey
2054:flights
2052:Pegasus
1826:Flights
1538:. 1968.
1509:Sources
1457:July 7,
925:July 7,
856:Memphis
817:Cameras
811:Georgia
807:Atlanta
744:Georgia
740:Atlanta
703:Okinawa
676:perigee
600:g-force
279:27°40′N
259: (
247:Okinawa
219:Kennedy
193: (
87:SATCAT
4813:ESSA-8
4783:HEOS-1
4736:Zond 6
4731:ERS-31
4627:ERS-28
4622:ERS-21
4575:Zond 5
4532:Radcat
4456:ESSA-7
4401:OV1-16
4396:OV1-15
4156:OV1-14
4151:OV1-13
4074:Zond 4
3990:1969 →
3975:← 1967
3576:Madrid
3509:Future
3424:NuSTAR
3355:THEMIS
3277:RHESSI
3214:Spirit
3011:Viking
3001:Ranger
2852:Skylab
2847:Apollo
2842:Gemini
2700:Budget
2653:(2009)
2647:(2004)
2641:(2004)
2635:(2003)
2629:(2002)
2627:CFUSAI
2623:(1996)
2617:(1990)
2611:(1989)
2605:(1987)
2599:(1986)
2597:Rogers
2593:(1986)
2587:(1958)
2581:(1958)
2575:(1915)
2551:Policy
2442:Skylab
2210:J002E3
2071:AS-105
2066:AS-104
2061:AS-103
1984:AS-203
1950:Saturn
1879:Crewed
1855:AS-202
1850:AS-201
1845:AS-102
1840:AS-101
1767:Saturn
1577:
1556:
1453:. NASA
1105:
1097:
858:, and
725:helium
697:Hawaii
672:apogee
581:Launch
576:Flight
511:glycol
447:apogee
418:, see
349:AS-502
222:LC-39A
210:SA-502
204:Rocket
4788:OAO-2
4762:STV-1
4617:OV2-5
4612:LES-6
4539:P68-1
4511:LIDOS
4504:LCS-3
4469:OV5-8
4451:ATS-4
4079:OGO-5
3521:NISAR
3476:rover
3448:MAVEN
3368:rover
3349:Swift
3260:rover
3221:LADEE
3216:rover
3208:rover
3185:GRAIL
3180:GALEX
2971:MESUR
2916:Orion
2717:NASA+
2693:Chief
2591:Paine
2124:Eagle
2042:A-004
2032:A-003
2027:A-002
2022:A-001
1550:(PDF)
1172:(PDF)
1107:23818
1062:(PDF)
919:(PDF)
835:70 mm
642:Orbit
515:freon
504:mylar
498:from
443:S-IVB
368:S-IVB
3983:1968
3500:PACE
3443:WISE
3406:Juno
3246:Dawn
3190:WMAP
3130:COBE
3118:Past
2949:Past
2827:X-15
2820:Past
2633:CAIB
2603:Ride
2573:NACA
2543:NASA
1979:SA-5
1974:SA-4
1969:SA-3
1964:SA-2
1575:ISBN
1554:LCCN
1536:NASA
1459:2013
1295:2021
1216:2022
1176:NASA
1119:2021
1103:OCLC
1095:LCCN
1091:NASA
1066:NASA
962:2021
954:NASA
927:2013
850:was
540:S-II
528:S-IC
526:The
400:NASA
137:-020
94:3170
59:NASA
3453:MMS
2874:Mir
2012:QTV
854:in
805:in
794:).
738:in
89:no.
4918::
1534::
1530:.
1479:^
1447:.
1399:^
1358:^
1343:^
1304:^
1279:.
1261:^
1200:.
1184:^
1174:.
1101:.
1093:.
1083:.
1064:.
1048:^
1009:^
994:^
952:.
935:^
901:^
833:A
813:.
809:,
742:,
658:,
4870::
3966:e
3959:t
3952:v
3819:"
3815:"
3588:)
3569:(
2881:)
2863:)
2833:)
2566:)
2562:(
2535:e
2528:t
2521:v
2457:4
2452:3
2447:2
1699:B
1694:A
1632:e
1625:t
1618:v
1583:.
1461:.
1297:.
1218:.
1121:.
964:.
929:.
760:2
608:g
604:g
422:.
305:)
263:)
197:)
110:3
50:)
48:A
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