34:
400:, who wrote that "a discovery must be, by definition, at variance with existing knowledge", divided scientists into two categories: the Apollonians and the Dionysians. He called scientific dissenters, who explored "the fringes of knowledge", Dionysians. He wrote, "In science the Apollonian tends to develop established lines to perfection, while the Dionysian rather relies on intuition and is more likely to open new, unexpected alleys for research...The future of mankind depends on the progress of science, and the progress of science depends on the support it can find. Support mostly takes the form of grants, and the present methods of distributing grants unduly favor the Apollonian".
25:
2965:
450:". Moreover, Paglia attributes all the progress of human civilization to masculinity revolting against the Chthonic forces of nature, and turning instead to the Apollonian trait of ordered creation. The Dionysian is a force of chaos and destruction, which is the overpowering and alluring chaotic state of wild nature. Rejection of—or combat with—Chthonianism by socially constructed Apollonian virtues accounts for the historical dominance of men (including
182:
2952:
227:, whereas Dionysus represents disorder, intoxication, emotion, ecstasy and unity (hence the omission of the principle of individuation). Nietzsche used these two forces because, for him, the world of mind and order on one side, and passion and chaos on the other, formed principles that were fundamental to the
268:
In this state one enriches everything out of one's own fullness: whatever one sees, whatever wills is seen swelled, taut, strong, overloaded with strength. A man in this state transforms things until they mirror his power—until they are reflections of his perfection. This having to transform into
251:
to the man of action, Nietzsche argues that a
Dionysian figure possesses the knowledge that his actions cannot change the eternal balance of things, and it disgusts him enough not to act at all. Hamlet falls under this category—he glimpsed the supernatural reality through the Ghost; he has gained
434:
and is inadequate for her purposes, declaring that "the
Dionysian is no picnic"). The Chthonic is associated with females, wild/chaotic nature, and unconstrained sex/procreation. In contrast, the Apollonian is associated with males, clarity, celibacy and/or homosexuality, rationality/reason, and
308:
continued along this path in his dialogues, and the modern world eventually inherited reason at the expense of artistic impulses found in the
Apollonian and Dionysian dichotomy. He notes that without the Apollonian, the Dionysian lacks the form and structure to make a coherent piece of art, and
242:
Apollonian and
Dionysian juxtapositions appear in the interplay of tragedy: the tragic hero of the drama, the main protagonist, struggles to make (Apollonian) order of his unjust and chaotic (Dionysian) fate, though he dies unfulfilled. Elaborating on the conception of
421:
The
Apollonian and Dionysian concepts comprise a dichotomy that serves as the basis of Paglia's theory of art and culture. For Paglia, the Apollonian is light and structured while the Dionysian is dark and
362:
Extending the use of the
Apollonian and Dionysian onto an argument on interaction between the mind and physical environment, Abraham Akkerman has pointed to masculine and feminine features of city form.
231:: the Apollonian a dreaming state, full of illusions; and Dionysian a state of intoxication, representing the liberations of instinct and dissolution of boundaries. In this mould, a man appears as the
375:
used the terms to characterize cultures that value restraint and modesty (Apollonian) and ostentatiousness and excess (Dionysian). An example of an
Apollonian culture in Benedict's analysis was the
309:
without the
Dionysian, the Apollonian lacks the necessary vitality and passion. Only the fertile interplay of these two forces brought together as an art represented the best of Greek tragedy.
209:. The Greek spectators, by looking into the abyss of human suffering depicted by characters on stage, passionately and joyously affirmed life, finding it worth living. The main theme in
252:
true knowledge and knows that no action of his has the power to change this. For the audience of such drama, this tragedy allows them to sense what
Nietzsche called the
438:
She argues that there is a biological basis to the
Apollonian/Dionysian dichotomy, writing: "The quarrel between Apollo and Dionysus is the quarrel between the higher
3307:
702:
Thinker on Stage: Nietzsche's Materialism, translation by Jamie Owen Daniel; foreword by Jochen Schulte-Sasse, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1989.
458:
men; and childless and/or lesbian-leaning women) in science, literature, arts, technology and politics. As an example, Paglia states: "The male orientation of
256:, which revives Dionysian nature. He describes primordial unity as the increase of strength, the experience of fullness and plenitude bestowed by
3260:
3002:
418:. The broad outline of her concept has roots in Nietzschean discourse, an admitted influence, although Paglia's ideas diverge significantly.
288:(literally 'going under' or 'downward-way;' meaning decline, deterioration, downfall, death, etc.). Nietzsche objects to Euripides' use of
906:
593:
435:
solidity, along with the goal of oriented progress: "Everything great in western civilization comes from struggle against our origins".
3405:
3037:
1749:
2027:
685:
Postmodernism and the re-reading of modernity By Francis Barker, Peter Hulme, Margaret Iversen, Manchester University Press,1992,
3270:
3255:
219:("artistic impulses") forms dramatic arts or tragedies. He argued that this fusion has not been achieved since the ancient Greek
2664:
3042:
690:
603:
33:
719:
Akkerman, Abraham (2006). "Femininity and Masculinity in City-Form: Philosophical Urbanism as a History of Consciousness".
623:
471:
1233:
2290:
3275:
3265:
3137:
2995:
2315:
846:
707:
670:
3385:
3380:
3370:
3281:
3019:
2847:
194:
3365:
3355:
2877:
899:
535:
2485:
264:
condition that enables the creation of any art. Stimulated by this state, a person's artistic will is enhanced:
3390:
3287:
3122:
2903:
2063:
3319:
1477:
1062:
3087:
2988:
2882:
2787:
2435:
1152:
3395:
3313:
2686:
2400:
1029:
185:
304:
emphasised reason to such a degree that he diffused the value of myth and suffering to human knowledge.
3400:
3334:
3302:
2553:
2222:
1528:
1304:
892:
224:
202:
99:
938:
355:; they are contrasting, but Nietzsche does not mean one to be valued more than the other. Truth being
173:
did not consider the two gods to be opposites or rivals, although they were often entwined by nature.
3204:
2759:
971:
961:
511:
430:
to Dionysian throughout the book, arguing that the latter concept has become all but synonymous with
3297:
3219:
2862:
2425:
1675:
1515:
1512:
1238:
1072:
1057:
3147:
3117:
2440:
2381:
2334:
2192:
2155:
1523:
1438:
1428:
1352:
1218:
1190:
482:
397:
3179:
3077:
3032:
2573:
2505:
1585:
1423:
1001:
976:
966:
462:
was inseparable from its genius. Athens became great not despite but because of its misogyny".
95:
3194:
3164:
3102:
3097:
2810:
2749:
2729:
2563:
2475:
2455:
2445:
2078:
1927:
1560:
1492:
1400:
1367:
1195:
1175:
981:
24:
641:
529:
Adrian Del Caro, " Dionysian Classicism, or Nietzsche's Appropriation of an Aesthetic Norm"
300:
robs tragedy of its foundation, namely the fragile balance of the Dionysian and Apollonian.
3112:
3082:
3057:
3047:
3027:
2827:
2782:
2744:
2691:
2620:
2376:
2172:
2083:
1906:
1876:
1617:
1145:
991:
986:
211:
86:
94:, though the terms had already been in use prior to this, such as in the writings of poet
8:
3324:
3067:
3052:
3011:
2968:
2923:
2913:
2872:
2820:
2805:
2734:
2714:
2696:
2528:
2495:
2356:
2343:
2150:
1947:
1858:
1813:
1719:
1605:
1418:
1266:
385:
91:
1680:
3174:
3092:
2918:
2887:
2867:
2815:
2797:
2772:
2767:
2719:
2706:
2673:
2568:
2470:
2405:
2361:
2305:
2145:
1974:
1868:
1776:
1580:
1459:
1450:
1413:
1408:
1314:
1309:
1286:
1205:
1019:
946:
817:
736:
540:
115:
111:
3375:
3292:
2956:
2857:
2852:
2837:
2777:
2739:
2724:
2681:
2252:
2212:
2130:
2058:
2041:
2019:
1647:
1622:
1433:
1253:
996:
842:
821:
809:
801:
740:
703:
686:
666:
599:
574:
280:
represent the apex of artistic creation, the true realisation of tragedy; it is with
228:
162:
158:
130:
3107:
2908:
2842:
2832:
2533:
2480:
2430:
2410:
2371:
2366:
2207:
2135:
1853:
1764:
1655:
1627:
1612:
1575:
1281:
1261:
1228:
1133:
1095:
797:
793:
763:
728:
504:
459:
348:
336:
767:
3360:
3072:
3062:
2614:
2583:
2548:
2513:
2391:
2242:
2140:
2098:
2009:
1997:
1982:
1957:
1932:
1702:
1570:
1565:
1482:
1467:
1140:
1024:
836:
660:
561:
447:
439:
414:
340:
289:
81:
1754:
3169:
2523:
2518:
2386:
2351:
2283:
2257:
2093:
1942:
1881:
1794:
1637:
1533:
1276:
956:
409:
344:
170:
166:
103:
1964:
1739:
732:
376:
3349:
3329:
3234:
3209:
2578:
2490:
2420:
2162:
1952:
1886:
1843:
1712:
1337:
1123:
1105:
805:
754:
Benedict, Ruth (January 1932). "Configurations of Culture in North America".
372:
359:, our existential being is determined by the Dionysian/Apollonian dialectic.
257:
236:
154:
65:
3229:
3239:
3214:
2609:
2599:
2558:
2538:
2310:
2273:
2232:
2118:
2068:
1729:
1707:
1685:
1632:
1600:
1472:
1332:
1243:
1039:
813:
609:
499:
3184:
2604:
2543:
2415:
2395:
2300:
2237:
2197:
2177:
2103:
2073:
1734:
1670:
1362:
1347:
1223:
1213:
1162:
1128:
1067:
624:"Nietzsche's Apollonianism and Dionysiansism: Meaning and Interpretation"
475:
332:
328:
206:
3224:
2450:
2278:
2227:
2217:
2088:
1992:
1937:
1744:
1724:
1590:
1357:
1271:
1100:
1047:
1011:
915:
544:
451:
261:
248:
220:
2980:
3153:
2465:
2460:
2320:
2247:
2182:
2053:
1987:
1799:
1789:
1784:
1759:
1555:
1115:
1077:
494:
352:
281:
277:
273:
1690:
838:
Sexual Personae: Art and decadence from Nefertiti to Emily Dickinson
129:, is the god of the sun, art, music, poetry, plague and disease, of
3199:
3189:
2295:
2202:
2167:
2125:
2113:
1901:
1695:
1595:
1538:
1342:
1296:
1180:
642:"SparkNotes: Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900): The Birth of Tragedy"
431:
423:
380:
301:
293:
138:
77:
69:
47:
784:
Szent-Györgyi, Albert (1972-06-02). "Dionysians and Apollonians".
1922:
1896:
1891:
1833:
1828:
1660:
1548:
1543:
1502:
1324:
1170:
1052:
455:
412:
writes about the Apollonian and Dionysian in her 1990 bestseller
110:. The concept has since been widely invoked and discussed within
247:
as an intellectual who cannot make up his mind, and is a living
181:
2187:
2108:
1838:
1497:
1487:
1185:
1087:
443:
297:
244:
201:
Nietzsche found in classical Athenian tragedy an art form that
146:
142:
73:
43:
239:
and at the same time someone who delights in its destruction.
223:. Apollo represents harmony, progress, clarity, logic and the
16:
Terms representing a dialectic between rationality and emotion
2003:
1665:
951:
884:
488:
305:
232:
150:
134:
102:, and others. The word Dionysian occurs as early as 1608 in
296:
in his tragedies, claiming that the infusion of ethics and
235:. He is the horror of the annihilation of the principle of
126:
122:
323:
Nietzsche's idea has been interpreted as an expression of
1848:
121:
In Greek mythology, Apollo and Dionysus are both sons of
72:
concepts represented by a duality between the figures of
188:, who popularised the Apollonian and Dionysian dialectic
539:, Vol. 50, No. 4 (October–December 1989), pp. 589–605.
383:. The theme was developed by Benedict in her main work
84:. Its popularization is widely attributed to the work
260:. Frenzy acts as intoxication and is crucial for the
3347:
215:is that the fusion of Dionysian and Apollonian
195:Friedrich Nietzsche § Apollonian and Dionysian
2996:
900:
783:
3038:Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks
3003:
2989:
907:
893:
351:, the Dionysian and the Apollonian form a
318:
753:
718:
180:
3010:
658:
591:
392:
331:instability by a variety of modern and
272:Nietzsche is adamant that the works of
3348:
3043:On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense
2984:
2646:
1388:
926:
888:
779:
777:
205:the pessimism found in the so-called
193:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
3320:Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche (sister)
3261:Influence and reception of Nietzsche
176:
13:
774:
512:Master-morality and slave-morality
14:
3417:
3406:Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche
472:"Cygnus X-1 Book II: Hemispheres"
403:
3282:The Journal of Nietzsche Studies
2964:
2963:
2950:
575:"Nietzsche, Dionysus and Apollo"
366:
32:
23:
873:
864:
855:
828:
747:
712:
536:Journal of the History of Ideas
474:, a song by Canadian rock band
313:
3288:Library of Friedrich Nietzsche
914:
798:10.1126/science.176.4038.966.a
696:
679:
652:
634:
616:
585:
567:
550:
523:
1:
3308:Relationship with Max Stirner
2647:
768:10.1525/aa.1932.34.1.02a00020
592:Desmond, Kathleen K. (2011).
517:
478:based in part on the concept.
3088:On the Genealogy of Morality
2436:Ordinary language philosophy
927:
408:American humanities scholar
379:as opposed to the Dionysian
7:
2486:Contemporary utilitarianism
2401:Internalism and externalism
834:
465:
186:Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche
10:
3422:
3303:Nietzsche-Haus, Sils Maria
3271:Nietzsche's views on women
1750:Svatantrika and Prasangika
1389:
841:. New York: Vintage Book.
284:, that tragedy begins its
225:principle of individuation
192:
141:and purity and stands for
133:and order, and appeals to
100:Johann Joachim Winckelmann
3248:
3136:
3018:
2944:
2896:
2796:
2758:
2705:
2672:
2663:
2659:
2642:
2592:
2504:
2342:
2333:
2266:
2049:
2040:
2018:
1973:
1915:
1867:
1821:
1812:
1775:
1646:
1511:
1458:
1449:
1399:
1395:
1384:
1323:
1295:
1252:
1204:
1161:
1114:
1086:
1038:
1010:
972:Philosophy of mathematics
962:Philosophy of information
937:
933:
922:
733:10.1007/s10746-006-9019-4
598:. John Wiley & Sons.
3298:Nietzsche-Haus, Naumburg
3220:Transvaluation of values
3160:Apollonian and Dionysian
835:Paglia, Camille (1990).
662:The Postmodernism Reader
659:Michael, Drolet (2004).
556:Topsell, Edward (1608).
325:fragmented consciousness
151:wine, dance and pleasure
3386:Greek mythology studies
3381:Existentialist concepts
3371:Conceptual distinctions
3335:Zarathustra's roundelay
3276:Nietzsche and free will
3266:Anarchism and Nietzsche
3123:The Will to Power
3118:Nietzsche contra Wagner
2441:Postanalytic philosophy
2382:Experimental philosophy
756:American Anthropologist
558:The History of Serpents
493:Light and dark side of
483:The Decline of the West
108:The History of Serpents
106:'s zoological treatise
3366:Concepts in aesthetics
3356:Ancient Greece studies
3180:Genealogy (philosophy)
3078:Thus Spoke Zarathustra
3033:On the Pathos of Truth
2574:Social constructionism
1586:Hellenistic philosophy
1002:Theoretical philosophy
977:Philosophy of religion
967:Philosophy of language
879:Paglia (1990), p. 100.
319:Continental philosophy
271:
189:
167:emotions and instincts
3391:History of literature
3256:Works about Nietzsche
3205:Master–slave morality
3195:Immaculate perception
3165:The Four Great Errors
3098:Twilight of the Idols
2957:Philosophy portal
2476:Scientific skepticism
2456:Reformed epistemology
982:Philosophy of science
628:bachelorandmaster.com
266:
184:
46: (left), and of
3113:Dionysian Dithyrambs
3083:Beyond Good and Evil
3058:Human, All Too Human
3048:Untimely Meditations
3028:The Birth of Tragedy
2377:Critical rationalism
2084:Edo neo-Confucianism
1928:Acintya bheda abheda
1907:Renaissance humanism
1618:School of the Sextii
992:Practical philosophy
987:Political philosophy
870:Paglia (1990), p. 96
861:Paglia (1990), p. 40
579:www.historyguide.org
398:Albert Szent-Györgyi
393:Albert Szent-Györgyi
335:writers, especially
290:Socratic rationalism
212:The Birth of Tragedy
145:. Dionysus, son of
87:The Birth of Tragedy
3325:Nietzschean Zionism
3068:Idylls from Messina
3053:Hymnus an das Leben
3012:Friedrich Nietzsche
1948:Nimbarka Sampradaya
1859:Korean Confucianism
1606:Academic Skepticism
386:Patterns of Culture
96:Friedrich Hölderlin
92:Friedrich Nietzsche
3396:Jungian archetypes
3175:Faith in the Earth
3093:The Case of Wagner
2569:Post-structuralism
2471:Scientific realism
2426:Quinean naturalism
2406:Logical positivism
2362:Analytical Marxism
1581:Peripatetic school
1493:Chinese naturalism
1020:Aesthetic response
947:Applied philosophy
269:perfection is—art.
190:
112:Western philosophy
3401:Literary concepts
3343:
3342:
3293:Nietzsche Archive
2978:
2977:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2357:Analytic feminism
2329:
2328:
2291:Kierkegaardianism
2253:Transcendentalism
2213:Neo-scholasticism
2059:Classical Realism
2036:
2035:
1808:
1807:
1623:Neopythagoreanism
1380:
1379:
1376:
1375:
997:Social philosophy
691:978-0-7190-3745-0
605:978-1-4443-9600-3
207:wisdom of Silenus
177:Nietzschean usage
131:rational thinking
125:. Apollo, son of
42:Marble statue of
3413:
3128:
3127:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2982:
2981:
2967:
2966:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2670:
2669:
2661:
2660:
2644:
2643:
2534:Frankfurt School
2481:Transactionalism
2431:Normative ethics
2411:Legal positivism
2387:Falsificationism
2372:Consequentialism
2367:Communitarianism
2340:
2339:
2208:New Confucianism
2047:
2046:
1854:Neo-Confucianism
1819:
1818:
1628:Second Sophistic
1613:Middle Platonism
1456:
1455:
1397:
1396:
1386:
1385:
1229:Epiphenomenalism
1096:Consequentialism
1030:Institutionalism
935:
934:
924:
923:
909:
902:
895:
886:
885:
880:
877:
871:
868:
862:
859:
853:
852:
832:
826:
825:
781:
772:
771:
751:
745:
744:
716:
710:
700:
694:
683:
677:
676:
656:
650:
649:
638:
632:
631:
620:
614:
613:
589:
583:
582:
571:
565:
554:
548:
532:
527:
505:Phallogocentrism
460:classical Athens
448:reptilian brains
349:Peter Sloterdijk
337:Martin Heidegger
254:Primordial Unity
149:, is the god of
36:
27:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3314:My Sister and I
3244:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3124:
3073:The Gay Science
3063:The Dawn of Day
3014:
3009:
2979:
2974:
2951:
2949:
2928:
2892:
2792:
2754:
2701:
2655:
2654:
2626:
2615:Russian cosmism
2588:
2584:Western Marxism
2549:New Historicism
2514:Critical theory
2500:
2496:Wittgensteinian
2392:Foundationalism
2325:
2262:
2243:Social contract
2099:Foundationalism
2032:
2014:
1998:Illuminationism
1983:Aristotelianism
1969:
1958:Vishishtadvaita
1911:
1863:
1804:
1771:
1642:
1571:Megarian school
1566:Eretrian school
1507:
1468:Agriculturalism
1445:
1391:
1372:
1319:
1291:
1248:
1200:
1157:
1141:Incompatibilism
1110:
1082:
1034:
1006:
929:
918:
913:
883:
878:
874:
869:
865:
860:
856:
849:
833:
829:
782:
775:
752:
748:
717:
713:
701:
697:
684:
680:
673:
657:
653:
640:
639:
635:
622:
621:
617:
606:
595:Ideas About Art
590:
586:
573:
572:
568:
562:William Jaggard
560:. Published by
555:
551:
530:
528:
524:
520:
468:
415:Sexual Personae
406:
395:
381:Kwakiutl people
371:Anthropologist
369:
357:primordial pain
347:. According to
341:Michel Foucault
321:
316:
311:
310:
198:
179:
161:, representing
82:Greek mythology
54:
53:
52:
51:
39:
38:
37:
29:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3419:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3170:Eternal return
3167:
3162:
3157:
3150:
3144:
3142:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3103:The Antichrist
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3008:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2985:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2960:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2813:
2808:
2802:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2764:
2762:
2760:Middle Eastern
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2711:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2678:
2676:
2667:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2524:Existentialism
2521:
2519:Deconstruction
2516:
2510:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2352:Applied ethics
2348:
2346:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2316:Nietzscheanism
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2276:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2258:Utilitarianism
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2156:Transcendental
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2094:Existentialism
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2024:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1882:Augustinianism
1879:
1873:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1823:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1795:Zoroastrianism
1792:
1787:
1781:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1652:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1638:Church Fathers
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1520:
1518:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1464:
1462:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1411:
1405:
1403:
1393:
1392:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1329:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1301:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1258:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1210:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1167:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1153:Libertarianism
1150:
1149:
1148:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1126:
1120:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1092:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1044:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1016:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
957:Metaphilosophy
954:
949:
943:
941:
931:
930:
920:
919:
912:
911:
904:
897:
889:
882:
881:
872:
863:
854:
847:
827:
773:
746:
727:(2): 229–256.
711:
695:
678:
671:
651:
646:sparknotes.com
633:
615:
604:
584:
566:
549:
521:
519:
516:
515:
514:
509:
508:
507:
497:
491:
486:
479:
467:
464:
442:and the older
410:Camille Paglia
405:
404:Camille Paglia
402:
394:
391:
368:
365:
345:Gilles Deleuze
320:
317:
315:
312:
199:
191:
178:
175:
171:ancient Greeks
104:Edward Topsell
41:
40:
31:
30:
22:
21:
20:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3418:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3330:Herd instinct
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3235:Will to power
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3210:Perspectivism
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3135:
3129:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3006:
3001:
2999:
2994:
2992:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2971:
2970:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2897:Miscellaneous
2895:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:Miscellaneous
2591:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2579:Structuralism
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2564:Postmodernism
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2554:Phenomenology
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2491:Vienna Circle
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2421:Moral realism
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2223:Phenomenology
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2163:Individualism
2161:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2028:Judeo-Islamic
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2004:ʿIlm al-Kalām
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1953:Shuddhadvaita
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1887:Scholasticism
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1383:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1338:Conceptualism
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1267:Particularism
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1234:Functionalism
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1219:Eliminativism
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1124:Compatibilism
1122:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1063:Particularism
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
944:
942:
940:
936:
932:
925:
921:
917:
910:
905:
903:
898:
896:
891:
890:
887:
876:
867:
858:
850:
848:9780300043969
844:
840:
839:
831:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
792:(4038): 966.
791:
787:
780:
778:
769:
765:
761:
757:
750:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
721:Human Studies
715:
709:
708:0-8166-1765-1
705:
699:
692:
688:
682:
674:
672:9780415160841
668:
665:. Routledge.
664:
663:
655:
647:
643:
637:
629:
625:
619:
611:
607:
601:
597:
596:
588:
580:
576:
570:
563:
559:
553:
546:
542:
538:
537:
526:
522:
513:
510:
506:
503:
502:
501:
498:
496:
492:
490:
487:
485:
484:
480:
477:
473:
470:
469:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
433:
429:
426:(she prefers
425:
419:
417:
416:
411:
401:
399:
390:
388:
387:
382:
378:
374:
373:Ruth Benedict
367:Ruth Benedict
364:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
270:
265:
263:
262:physiological
259:
255:
250:
246:
240:
238:
237:individuality
234:
230:
229:Greek culture
226:
222:
218:
214:
213:
208:
204:
196:
187:
183:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
155:irrationality
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
66:philosophical
63:
59:
50: (right)
49:
45:
35:
26:
3312:
3280:
3240:World riddle
3215:Ressentiment
3159:
3152:
3138:Concepts and
3126:(posthumous)
2962:
2948:
2619:
2610:Postcritique
2600:Kyoto School
2559:Posthumanism
2539:Hermeneutics
2394: /
2335:Contemporary
2311:Newtonianism
2274:Cartesianism
2233:Reductionism
2069:Conservatism
2064:Collectivism
2002:
1730:Sarvāstivadā
1708:Anekantavada
1633:Neoplatonism
1601:Epicureanism
1534:Pythagoreans
1473:Confucianism
1439:Contemporary
1429:Early modern
1333:Anti-realism
1287:Universalism
1244:Subjectivism
1040:Epistemology
875:
866:
857:
837:
830:
789:
785:
759:
755:
749:
724:
720:
714:
698:
681:
661:
654:
645:
636:
627:
618:
610:Google Books
608:– via
594:
587:
578:
569:
557:
552:
534:
531:(in English)
525:
500:Logocentrism
481:
437:
427:
420:
413:
407:
396:
384:
370:
361:
356:
324:
322:
314:Later usages
285:
267:
253:
241:
216:
210:
200:
120:
107:
98:, historian
85:
61:
57:
55:
3185:God is dead
3148:Affirmation
2605:Objectivism
2544:Neo-Marxism
2506:Continental
2416:Meta-ethics
2396:Coherentism
2301:Hegelianism
2238:Rationalism
2198:Natural law
2178:Materialism
2104:Historicism
2074:Determinism
1965:Navya-Nyāya
1740:Sautrāntika
1735:Pudgalavada
1671:Vaisheshika
1524:Presocratic
1424:Renaissance
1363:Physicalism
1348:Materialism
1254:Normativity
1239:Objectivism
1224:Emergentism
1214:Behaviorism
1163:Metaphysics
1129:Determinism
1068:Rationalism
762:(1): 1–27.
377:Zuñi people
333:post-modern
329:existential
217:Kunsttriebe
203:transcended
3350:Categories
3230:Übermensch
3225:Tschandala
3140:philosophy
2904:Amerindian
2811:Australian
2750:Vietnamese
2730:Indonesian
2279:Kantianism
2228:Positivism
2218:Pragmatism
2193:Naturalism
2173:Liberalism
2151:Subjective
2089:Empiricism
1993:Avicennism
1938:Bhedabheda
1822:East Asian
1745:Madhyamaka
1725:Abhidharma
1591:Pyrrhonism
1358:Nominalism
1353:Naturalism
1282:Skepticism
1272:Relativism
1262:Absolutism
1191:Naturalism
1101:Deontology
1073:Skepticism
1058:Naturalism
1048:Empiricism
1012:Aesthetics
916:Philosophy
518:References
456:homosexual
249:antithesis
221:tragedians
116:literature
58:Apollonian
3154:Amor fati
3108:Ecce Homo
2783:Pakistani
2745:Taiwanese
2692:Ethiopian
2665:By region
2651:By region
2466:Scientism
2461:Systemics
2321:Spinozism
2248:Socialism
2183:Modernism
2146:Objective
2054:Anarchism
1988:Averroism
1877:Christian
1829:Neotaoism
1800:Zurvanism
1790:Mithraism
1785:Mazdakism
1556:Cyrenaics
1483:Logicians
1116:Free will
1078:Solipsism
1025:Formalism
822:239854822
806:0036-8075
741:144871101
495:the Force
353:dialectic
286:Untergang
282:Euripides
278:Sophocles
274:Aeschylus
62:Dionysian
3376:Dionysus
3200:Last man
3190:Holy Lie
2969:Category
2924:Yugoslav
2914:Romanian
2821:Scottish
2806:American
2735:Japanese
2715:Buddhist
2697:Africana
2687:Egyptian
2529:Feminist
2451:Rawlsian
2446:Quietism
2344:Analytic
2296:Krausism
2203:Nihilism
2168:Kokugaku
2131:Absolute
2126:Idealism
2114:Humanism
1902:Occamism
1869:European
1814:Medieval
1760:Yogacara
1720:Buddhist
1713:Syādvāda
1596:Stoicism
1561:Cynicism
1549:Sophists
1544:Atomists
1539:Eleatics
1478:Legalism
1419:Medieval
1343:Idealism
1297:Ontology
1277:Nihilism
1181:Idealism
939:Branches
928:Branches
814:17778411
466:See also
432:hedonism
428:Chthonic
424:chthonic
302:Socrates
294:morality
139:prudence
78:Dionysus
70:literary
60:and the
48:Dionysus
3249:Related
2919:Russian
2888:Spanish
2883:Slovene
2873:Maltese
2868:Italian
2848:Finland
2816:British
2798:Western
2788:Turkish
2773:Islamic
2768:Iranian
2720:Chinese
2707:Eastern
2674:African
2621:more...
2306:Marxism
2136:British
2079:Dualism
1975:Islamic
1933:Advaita
1923:Vedanta
1897:Scotism
1892:Thomism
1834:Tiantai
1777:Persian
1765:Tibetan
1755:Śūnyatā
1696:Cārvāka
1686:Ājīvika
1681:Mīmāṃsā
1661:Samkhya
1576:Academy
1529:Ionians
1503:Yangism
1460:Chinese
1451:Ancient
1414:Western
1409:Ancient
1368:Realism
1325:Reality
1315:Process
1196:Realism
1176:Dualism
1171:Atomism
1053:Fideism
786:Science
545:2709799
452:asexual
163:passion
3361:Apollo
2878:Polish
2858:German
2853:French
2838:Danish
2828:Canada
2778:Jewish
2740:Korean
2725:Indian
2267:People
2188:Monism
2141:German
2109:Holism
2042:Modern
2020:Jewish
1943:Dvaita
1916:Indian
1839:Huayan
1691:Ajñana
1648:Indian
1513:Greco-
1498:Taoism
1488:Mohism
1434:Modern
1401:By era
1390:By era
1305:Action
1186:Monism
1106:Virtue
1088:Ethics
845:
820:
812:
804:
739:
706:
693:p. 258
689:
669:
602:
543:
444:limbic
440:cortex
298:reason
258:frenzy
245:Hamlet
169:. The
147:Semele
143:reason
74:Apollo
44:Apollo
3020:Works
2909:Aztec
2863:Greek
2843:Dutch
2833:Czech
2682:Bantu
2119:Anti-
1666:Nyaya
1656:Hindu
1516:Roman
1310:Event
952:Logic
818:S2CID
737:S2CID
541:JSTOR
533:, in
489:Faust
306:Plato
233:satyr
159:chaos
153:, of
135:logic
80:from
2010:Sufi
1844:Chan
1703:Jain
1676:Yoga
1206:Mind
1146:Hard
1134:Hard
843:ISBN
810:PMID
802:ISSN
704:ISBN
687:ISBN
667:ISBN
600:ISBN
476:Rush
454:and
446:and
343:and
292:and
276:and
157:and
127:Leto
123:Zeus
114:and
76:and
68:and
64:are
56:The
2284:Neo
1849:Zen
794:doi
790:176
764:doi
729:doi
327:or
90:by
3352::
816:.
808:.
800:.
788:.
776:^
760:34
758:.
735:.
725:29
723:.
644:.
626:.
577:.
389:.
339:,
165:,
137:,
118:.
3004:e
2997:t
2990:v
908:e
901:t
894:v
851:.
824:.
796::
770:.
766::
743:.
731::
675:.
648:.
630:.
612:.
581:.
564:.
547:.
197:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
