Apostasy in Islam - Knowledge

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Muhammad Rashid Rida excludes freedom to apostatize expressis verbis with the argument that apostasy infringes on the freedom of others and on the respect due to the religion of the State. Muhammad al-Ghazali does the same, using the reductio ad absurdum as an argument: "Must Islam allow rebellion against itself? No religion of a similar nature will readily answer in the affirmative... 'Abd al-Muta'ali al-Sa'idi and S.A. Rahman, follow the other method of escaping from the contradiction. They state unequivocally that capital punishment for the apostate is not compatible with freedom of religion and... must therefore be abolished

4129:, among scholars of shari'ah "of every century ... available on record", there is unanimous agreement that the punishment for apostate is death, and that "no room whatever remains to suggest" that this penalty has not "been continuously and uninterruptedly operative" through Islamic history; evidence from early texts that Muhammad called for apostates to be killed, and that companions of the Prophet and early caliphs ordered beheadings and crucifixions of apostates and has never been declared invalid over the course of the history of Islamic theology (Christine Schirrmacher). 4682: 3752: 11496:"Freedom of belief is protected and preserved in the Qur'an. Moreover, given that this is the stance of the Qur'an, it is likewise the stance of the Sunnah. The Qur'an makes clear that the punishment for a change in belief is one that will take effect in the life to come, while the Sunnah likewise makes clear that although a change in belief unaccompanied by anything else may have been interpreted to imply hostility against the Ummah and as a threat to its citizens and interests, there is, never-theless, no prescribed punishment for it in this earthly life 11335:...the essential question before us is can a person who is Muslim choose a religion other than Islam? The answer is yes, they can because the Quran says, 'Unto you your religion, and unto me my religion,' , and, 'Whosoever will, let him believe, and whosoever will, let him disbelieve,' , and, 'There is no compulsion in religion. The right direction is distinct from error,' .... the matter is left until the Day of Judgement, and it is not to be dealt with in the life of this world. It is an issue of conscience, and it is between the individual and Allah. 4778:, in "religious polemic" in the "early times" of Islam, "charges of apostasy were not unusual", but the accused were seldom prosecuted, and "some even held high offices in the Muslim state". Later, "as the rules and penalties of the Muslim law were systematized and more regularly enforced, charges of apostasy became rarer." When action was taken against an alleged apostate, it was much more likely to be "quarantine" than execution, unless the innovation was "extreme, persistent and aggressive". Another source, legal historian 2761:) Sunni hadith collection where Muhammad calls for the death of apostates or traitors. The wording of the hadith are almost identical, but in one, the hadith ends with the phrase "one who reverts from Islam and leaves the Muslims", and in the other it ends with "one who goes forth to fight Allah and His Apostle" (in other words, the council argues the hadith were likely reports of the same incident but had different wording because "reverting from Islam" was another way of saying "fighting Allah and His Apostle"): 3181:. According to one source, Jamileh Kadivar, the majority of the "27,947 terrorist deaths" ISIL has been responsible for (as of 2020) have been Muslims it regards "as kafir", as ISIL gives fighting alleged apostates a higher priority than fighting self-professed non-Muslims—Jews, Christians, Hindus, etc. An open letter to ISIL by 126 Islamic scholars includes as one of its points of opposition to ISIL: "It is forbidden in Islam to declare people non-Muslim unless he (or she) openly declares disbelief". 5072:

have been infrequent in recent times, with four cases reported since 1985: one in Sudan in 1985; two in Iran, in 1989 and 1998; and one in Saudi Arabia in 1992. In Mauritania, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Yemen apostasy laws have been used to charge persons for acts other than conversion. In addition, some predominantly Islamic countries without laws specifically addressing apostasy have prosecuted individuals or minorities for apostasy using broadly-defined blasphemy laws. In many nations, the

4422:); it's a man-made rule enacted in the early Islamic community to prevent and punish the equivalent of desertion or treason (John Esposito); it is probable that the punishment was prescribed by Muhammad during early Islam to combat political conspiracies against Islam and Muslims, those who desert Islam out of malice and enmity towards the Muslim community, and is not intended for those who simply change their belief, converting to another religion after investigation and research (Ayatollah 4443:); and every religion "underpinned the political and social order within ... the states they established" (Jonathan Brown); "This was also an era in which religion and the state were one unified entity. ... no Jew, Christian, Zoroastrian, or Muslim of this time would have considered his or her religion to be rooted in the personal confessional experiences of individuals. ... Your religion was your ethnicity, your culture, and your social identity... your religion was your citizenship." 5055: 5190:, sharing tales of the tension and anxieties of "leaving a close-knit belief-based community" and confronting "parental disappointment", "rejection by friends and relatives", and charges of "trying to assimilate into a Western culture that despises them", often using terminology first uttered by the LGBT community – "'coming out,' and leaving 'the closet'". Atheists in the Muslim world maintain a lower profile, but according to the Editor-in-chief of FreeArabs.com: 6302:"Finally the argument is put forward that killing an apostate must be considered as compulsion in religion, which has been forbidden in K 2:256, though this verse was traditionally interpreted in a different way." Footnote 38: "According to some classical scholars this verse had been abrograted by later verses. The current interpretation of this verse, however, was that it forbids compulsion to things that are wrong (batil) but not compulsion to accept the truth" 1629: 16823: 3389:

children, annulment of marriage, loss of inheritance rights. (A subsidiary law, also applied throughout the history of Islam, forbade non-Muslims from proselytizing Muslims to leave Islam and join another religion, because it encouraged Muslims to commit a crime). Starting in the 19th century the legal code of many Muslim states no longer included apostasy as a capital crime, and to compensate some Islamic scholars called for vigilante justice of

4556:, an Egyptian Islamic advisory, justiciary and governmental body, issued a fatwa in the case of an Egyptian Christian convert to Islam but "sought to return to Christianity", stating: "Those who embraced Islam voluntarily and without coercion cannot later deviate from the public order of society by revealing their act of apostasy because such behavior would discourage other people from embracing Islam." (The Egyptian court followed the fatwa.) 15226: 2446: 2252: 16812: 1618: 658: 2733:

kafir after his Islam.' Umar asked, 'What have you done with him?' He said, 'We let him approach and struck off his head.' Umar said, 'Didn't you imprison him for three days and feed him a loaf of bread every day and call on him to tawba that he might turn in tawba and return to the command of Allah?' Then Umar said, 'O Allah! I was not present and I did not order it and I am not pleased since it has come to me!'

15238: 2755:, among others) that the hadiths above – traditionally cited as proof that apostates from Islam should be punished by death – have been misunderstood. In fact (the council argues), the victims were executed for changing their allegiances to the armies fighting the Muslims (i.e. for treason), not for their personal beliefs. As evidence, they point to two hadith, each from a different "authentic" ( 2427:. The verse includes the phrase that "there is no compulsion in religion". Immediately after making this statement, the Quran offers a rationale for it: Since the revelation has, through explanation, clarification, and repetition, clearly distinguished the path of guidance from the path of misguidance, it is now up to people to choose the one or the other path. This verse comes right after the 1931: 4909:(1839–1861), Stratford Canning, led diplomatic representatives from Austria, Russia, Prussia, and France in a "tug of war" with the Ottoman government. In the end (following the execution of the Armenian), the Sublime Porte agreed to allow "complete freedom of Christian missionaries" to try to convert Muslims in the Empire. The death sentence for apostasy from Islam was abolished by the 57: 3674:, the victim was legally executed and the government made clear he was being executed for apostasy, but the technical "legal basis" for his killing was another crime or crimes, namely "heresy, opposing the application of Islamic law, disturbing public security, provoking opposition against the government, and re-establishing a banned political party." When post-modernist professor 6207:, and it is not aimed at one's freedom to choose a religion or one's freedom to leave Islam and embrace another faith, on the contrary, it is more correct to say that the punishment is imposed as a safety precaution when conditions warrant the imposition of it, for example, the punishment is imposed if apostasy becomes a mechanism of public disobedience and disorder ( 2099:, but with a number of options for leniency (such as a waiting period to allow time for repentance or enforcement only in cases involving politics), depending on the era, the legal standards and the school of law. In the late 19th century, the use of legal criminal penalties for apostasy fell into disuse, although civil penalties were still applied. 12784: 4834:(d. 169/785) persecuted Freethinkers, and executed them in large numbers. He was the first Caliph to order composition of polemical works to in refutation of Freethinkers and other heretics; and for years he tried to exterminate them absolutely, hunting them down throughout all provinces and putting accused persons to death on mere suspicion. 3738:

the Muslim community but who are considered unbelievers by other Muslims, there are also "serious forms of ostracism". These include the refusal of other Muslims to pray together with or behind a person accused of kufr, the denial of the prayer for the dead and burial in a Muslim cemetery, boycott of whatever books they have written, etc.

3728:(e) In case the apostate is not executed – such as in case of women apostates in Hanafi school – the person also loses all inheritance rights. Hanafi Sunni school of jurisprudence allows waiting till execution, before children and property are seized; other schools do not consider this wait as mandatory but mandates time for repentance. 3322:, a distinction is made between "fetri" or "innate" apostates who grew up Muslims and remained Muslim after puberty until converting to another religion, and "national apostates" – essentially people who grew up non-Muslim and converted to Islam. "National apostates" are given a chance to repent, but "innate apostates are not. 5093:

brave dissenting voices within Muslim societies, the threat of the application of the apostasy and blasphemy laws against any who criticize its application is an efficient weapon used to intimidate opponents, silence criticism, punish rivals, reject innovations and reform, and keep non-Muslim communities in their place.

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Finally the argument is put forward that killing an apostate must be considered as compulsion in religion, which has been forbidden in K 2:256, though this verse was traditionally interpreted in a different way. Footnote 38: According to some classical scholars this verse had been abrograted by later

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according to one "well known Muslim journalist of the Indo-Pak subcontinent, Maulana Abdul-Majeed Salik", "All great and eminent Muslims in the history of Islam as well as all the sects in the Muslim world are considered to be disbelievers, apostates, and outside the pale of Islam according to one or

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Overall, the figures in the 2012 survey suggest that the percentage of Muslims in the countries surveyed who approve the death penalty for Muslims who leave Islam to become an atheist or convert to another religion varies widely, from 0.4% (in Kazakhstan) to 78.2% (in Afghanistan). The Governments of

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between 2008 and 2012 among thousands of Muslims in many countries, found varied views on the death penalty for those who leave Islam to become an atheist or to convert to another religion. In some countries (especially in Central Asia, Southeast Europe, and Turkey), support for the death penalty for

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Efforts to convert Muslims to other religions were extremely unpopular with the Muslim community. Despite these edicts on apostasy, there was constant pressure on non-Muslims to convert to Islam, and apostates from Islam continued to be persecuted, punished and threatened with execution, particularly

4178:", i.e. according to classical Quranic scholars it has been overruled/cancelled by verses of Quran revealed later, (in other words, compulsion was not allowed in the very earliest days of Islam but this was changed by divine revelation a few years later) (Peters and Vries explaining traditional view). 3388:

From 11th century onwards, apostasy of Muslims from Islam was forbidden by Islamic law, earlier apostasy law was only applicable if a certain number of witnesses testify which for the most past was impossible. Apostasy was punishable by death and also by civil liabilities such as seizure of property,

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there is widespread consensus that apostasy undoubtedly exists where the truth of the Koran is denied, where blasphemy is committed against God, Islam, or Muhammad, and where breaking away from the Islamic faith in word or deed occurs. The lasting, willful non-observance of the five pillars of Islam,

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Allah's Apostle said: "The blood of a Muslim man who testifies that there is no god but Allah and that Muhammad is Allah's Apostle should not lawfully be shed except only for one of three reasons: a man who committed fornication after marriage, in which case he should be stoned; one who goes forth to

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Allah's Apostle said, "The blood of a Muslim who confesses that none has the right to be worshipped but Allah and that I am His Apostle, cannot be shed except in three cases: In Qisas for murder, a married person who commits illegal sexual intercourse and the one who reverts from Islam (apostate) and

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Malik related to me from Abd ar-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abd al-Qari that his father said, "A man came to Umar ibn al-Khattab from Abu Musa al-Ashari. Umar asked after various people, and he informed him. Then Umar inquired, 'Do you have any recent news?' He said, 'Yes. A man has become a

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A bedouin gave the Pledge of allegiance to Allah's Apostle for Islam and the bedouin got a fever where upon he said to the Prophet "Cancel my Pledge." But the Prophet refused. He came to him (again) saying, "Cancel my Pledge.' But the Prophet refused. Then (the bedouin) left (Medina). Allah's Apostle

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Khomeini, Ruhollah (2014). "The Modern Period: Sources. Theological and Philosophical Texts. On Apostasy and Non-Muslims Author: Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini: 1981 Source: J. Borujerdi, trans., A Clarification of Questions: An Unabridged Translation of Resaleh Towzih al-Masael". In Anderson, Matthew;

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that regarding apostasy as a wrongdoing is not a sign of intolerance of other religions, and is not aimed at one's freedom to choose a religion or to leave Islam and embrace another faith, but that on the contrary, it is more correct to say that the punishment is enforced as a safety precaution when

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More than 20 Muslim-majority states have laws that punish apostasy by Muslims to be a crime some de facto other de jure. As of 2014, apostasy was a capital offense in Afghanistan, Brunei, Mauritania, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Executions for religious conversion

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Some (Louay M. Safi), have argued that this situation, with the adoption of "European legal codes ... enforced by state elites without any public debate", created an identification of tolerance with foreign/alien control in the mind of the Muslim public, and rigid literalist interpretations (such as

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also states that after the early period, with some notable exceptions, the practice in Islam regarding atheism or various forms of heresy, grew more tolerant as long as it was a private matter. However heresy and atheism expressed in public may well be considered a scandal and a menace to a society;

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Unlike some other sharia laws, those on how to deal with apostates from Islam are not set in stone but should be adjusted according to circumstances based on what best serves the interests of society. In the past, the death penalty for leaving Islam "protected the integrity of the Muslim community",

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In Islam, apostasy has traditionally had both criminal and civil penalties. In the late 19th century, when the use of criminal penalties for apostasy fell into disuse, civil penalties were still applied. The punishment for the criminal penalties such as murder includes death or prison, while In all

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In contemporary situations where apostates, (or alleged apostates), have ended up being killed, it is usually not be through the formal criminal justice system, especially when "a country's law does not punish apostasy." It is not uncommon in some countries for "vigilante" Muslims to kill or attempt

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One motive for caution is that it is an act of apostasy (in Shafi'i and other fiqh) for a Muslim to accuse or describe another innocent Muslim of being an unbeliever, based on the hadith where Muhammad is reported to have said: "If a man says to his brother, 'You are an infidel,' then one of them is

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movement – disagree with their accusers on an important doctrinal point. (Ahmadi quote a Muslim journalist, Abdul-Majeed Salik, claiming that, "all great and eminent Muslims in the history of Islam as well as all the sects in the Muslim world are considered to be disbelievers, apostates, and outside

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Ali burnt some people and this news reached Ibn 'Abbas, who said, "Had I been in his place I would not have burnt them, as the Prophet said, 'Don't punish (anybody) with Allah's Punishment.' No doubt, I would have killed them, for the Prophet said, 'If somebody (a Muslim) discards his religion, kill

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Afghanistan, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan and Syria voted in favor of the Declaration. The governments of other Muslim-majority countries have responded by criticizing the Declaration as an attempt by the non-Muslim world to impose their values on Muslims, with a presumption of cultural superiority,

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The field of apostasy and blasphemy and related "crimes" is thus obviously a complex syndrome within all Muslim societies which touches a raw nerve and always arouses great emotional outbursts against the perceived acts of treason, betrayal and attacks on Islam and its honour. While there are a few

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The source of most violence or threats of violence against apostate has come from outside of state judicial systems in the Muslim world in recent years, either from extralegal acts by government authorities or from other individuals or groups operating unrestricted by the government. There has also

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In contrast, historian David Cook maintains the issue of apostasy and punishment for it was not uncommon in Islamic history. However, he also states that prior to 11th century execution seems rare he gives an example of a Jew who had converted to Islam and used the threat of reverting to Judaism in

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had to be forgiven" and their punishment delayed until after Judgement Day. This principle was upheld "even in extreme situations", such as when an offender adopted Islam "only for fear of death" and their sincerity seemed highly implausible. It was based on the hadith that Muhammad had upbraided a

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The "premise and reasoning underlying the sunna rule of death penalty for apostasy were valid in the historical context" where 'disbelief is equated with high treason' because citizenship was 'based on belief in Islam', but doesn't apply today (Abdullahi An-Na'im, et al.); the prescription of death

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Another verse condemning apostasy – Q.4:137, "Those who believe then disbelieve, then believe again, then disbelieve and then increase in their disbelief – God will never forgive them nor guide them to the path" – makes no sense if apostasy is punished by death, because killing apostates "would not

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Compulsion in faith is "explicitly" forbidden by the Quran ('Abd al-Muta'ali al-Sa'idi); Quranic statements on freedom of religion – 'There is no compulsion in religion. The right path has been distinguished from error' (Q.2:256) (and also 'Whoever wants, let him believe, and whoever wants, let him

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Still others support a "centrist or moderate position" of executing only those whose apostasy is "unambiguously provable" such as if two just Muslim eyewitnesses testify; and/or reserving the death penalty for those who make their apostacy public. According to Christine Schirrmacher, "a majority of

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From around 1800 up until 1970, there were only a few cases of executions of apostates in the Muslim world, including the strangling of a woman in Egypt (sometime between 1825 and 1835), and the beheading of an Armenian youth in the Ottoman Empire in 1843. Western powers campaigned intensely for a

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The punishment is "rarely invoked" because there are numerous qualifications or ways for the apostate to avoid death (to be found guilty they must openly reject Islam, have made their decision without coercion, be aware of the nature of their statements, be an adult, be completely sane, refused to

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The conversion of a Muslim to another faith is often considered a "disgrace" and "scandal" as well as a sin, so in addition to penal and civil penalties, loss of employment, ostracism and proclamations by family members that they are "dead", is not at all "unusual". For those who wish to remain in

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According to sharia, to be found guilty the accused must at the time of apostasizing be exercising free will, an adult, and of sound mind, and have refused to repent when given a time period to do so (not all schools include this last requirement). The free will requirement excludes from judgement

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Orthodox apostasy fiqh can be problematic for someone who was raised by a non-Muslim (or non-Muslims) but has an absentee Muslim parent, or was raised by an apostate (or apostates) from Islam. A woman born to a Muslim parent is considered an apostate if she marries a non-Muslim, even if her Muslim

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A man from among the Ansar accepted Islam, then he apostatized and went back to Shirk. Then he regretted that, and sent word to his people (saying): 'Ask the Messenger of Allah , is there any repentance for me?' His people came to the Messenger of Allah and said: 'So and so regrets (what he did),

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The situation for apostates from Islam varies markedly between Muslim-minority and Muslim-majority regions. In Muslim-minority countries "any violence against those who abandon Islam is already illegal". But in Muslim-majority countries, violence is sometimes "institutionalised", and (at least in

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Throughout Islamic history the Muslim community, scholars, and schools of fiqh have agreed that scripture prescribes this penalty; scripture must take precedence over reason or modern norms of human rights, as Islam is the one true religion; "no compulsion in religion" (Q.2:256) does not apply to

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can be executed, whether apostasy is a violation of "the rights of God", whether apostates who were born Muslims may be spared if they repent, whether conviction requires the accused be a practicing Muslim, or whether it is enough to simply intend to commit apostasy rather than actually doing it.

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A man embraced Islam and then reverted back to Judaism. Mu'adh bin Jabal came and saw the man with Abu Musa. Mu'adh asked, "What is wrong with this (man)?" Abu Musa replied, "He embraced Islam and then reverted back to Judaism." Mu'adh said, "I will not sit down unless you kill him (as it is) the

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Writing in 2015, Ahmed Benchemsi argued that while Westerners have great difficulty even conceiving of the existence of an Arab atheist, "a generational dynamic" is underway with "large numbers" of young people brought up as Muslims "tilting away from ... rote religiosity" after having "personal

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In the colonial era, the death penalty for apostasy was abolished in Islamic countries that had come under Western rule or in places, such as the Ottoman Empire, Western powers could apply enough pressure to abolish it. Writing in the mid 1970s, Rudolph Peters and Gert J. J. De Vries stated that

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The three types (conversion, blasphemy and heresy) of apostasy may overlap – for example some "heretics" were alleged not to be actual self-professed Muslims, but (secret) members of another religion, seeking to destroy Islam from within. (Abdullah ibn Mayun al-Qaddah, for example, "fathered the

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killings have been directly by ISIL or through affiliated groups, from its inception in 2014 to 2020 according to Jamileh Kadivar based on estimates from Global Terrorism Database, 2020; Herrera, 2019; Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights & United Nations Assistance

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When I recently searched Facebook in both Arabic and English, combining the word ‘atheist’ with names of different Arab countries I turned up over 250 pages or groups, with memberships ranging from a few individuals to more than 11,000. And these numbers only pertain to Arab atheists (or Arabs

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Verse Q.2:217 – "hindering ˹others˺ from the Path of Allah, rejecting Him, and expelling the worshippers from the Sacred Mosque is ˹a˺ greater ˹sin˺ in the sight of Allah" – indicates the punishment for apostasy from Islam is death (Mohammad Iqbal Siddiqi), Quranic verses in general "appear to

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The first method is used by those who are of the opinion that freedom of religion, as guaranteed by Islam, is embodied in the right of unbelievers to practise their religion freely without being forced to give it up or change it, excluding,....the freedom for Moslems to change their religion.

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Arguments against the death penalty include: that some scholars throughout Islamic history have opposed that punishment for apostasy; that it constitutes a form of compulsion in faith, which the Quran explicitly forbids in Q.2.256 and other verses, and that these override any other scriptural

4310:(Q.9:5), and there can be little doubt capital punishment for apostasy is incompatible with this principle – after all, if someone has the threat of death hanging over their head in a matter of faith, it cannot be said that there is "no compulsion or coercion" in their belief (Tariq Ramadan). 4770:

and early Abbasid periods, measures to defend Islam from apostasy "appear to have mostly remained limited to intellectual debates" He also states that "the most common category of apostates" – at least of apostates who converted to another religion – "from the very first days of Islam" were

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of those who refuse to repent of apostasy from Islam, what statements or acts qualify as apostasy and whether and how they should be punished, are disputed among Islamic scholars. The penalty of killing of apostates is in conflict with international human rights norms which provide for the

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points out that the logic of widely accepted claim that anyone helping an apostate is themselves an apostate, is a powerful weapon in spreading fear among those who oppose the killings (in at least the country of Pakistan). It means that a doctor who agrees to treat an apostate wounded by

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In Saheeh al-Bukhaari (6104) and Saheeh Muslim (60) it is narrated from ‘Abd-Allaah ibn ‘Umar ... that the Prophet ... said: “If a man declares his brother to be a kaafir, it will apply to one of them.” According to another report: “Either it is as he said, otherwise it will come back to

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In Islamic history, laws calling for severe penalties against apostasy (and blasphemy) have not been used to protect Islam, but "almost exclusively" to either eliminate "political dissidents" or target "vulnerable religious minorities" (Javaid Rehman), which is hardly something worthy of

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whole complex development of the Ismaili religion and organisation up to Fatimid times," was accused by his different detractors of being (variously) "a Jew, a Bardesanian and most commonly as an Iranian dualist") In Islamic literature, the term "blasphemy" sometimes also overlaps with

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861 AH/1457 CE); these days, the number of apostates is small, and does not politically threaten the Islamic community (Christine Schirrmacher describing the "liberal" position on apostasy); it should be enforced only if apostasy becomes a mechanism of public disobedience and disorder

3306:. As described above, the difference between legitimate Muslim sects and illegitimate apostate groups can be subtle and Muslims have not agreed on where the line dividing them lies. According to Gianluca Parolin, "collective apostasy has always been declared on a case-by-case basis". 2673:

There was a Christian who became Muslim and read the Baqarah and the Al Imran, and he used to write for the Prophet. He then went over to Christianity again, and he used to say, Muhammad does not know anything except what I wrote for him. Then Allah caused him to die and they buried

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Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and

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The hadith(s) "calling for apostates to be killed" are actually referring to "what can be considered in modern terms political treason", not change in personal belief (Mohamed Ghilan), (Adil Salahi), or collective conspiracy and treason against the government (Enayatullah Subhani),

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Miller introduced the term 'Muslim-background believers' (MBBs) to encompass both groups, adding that the latter group are generally regarded as apostates from Islam, but orthodox Muslims' opinions on the former group is more mixed (either that 'Muslim followers of Jesus' are

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and he has told us to ask you if there is any repentance for him?' Then the Verses: 'How shall Allah guide a people who disbelieved after their Belief up to His saying: Verily, Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful' was revealed. So he sent word to him, and he accepted Islam.

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The Prophet Muhammad did not call for the deaths of contemporaries who left Islam (Mohamed Ghilan) – for example, apostates like "Hishâm and 'Ayyash", or converts to Christianity, such as "Ubaydallah ibn Jahsh" – and since what The Prophet did is by definition part of the

2365:) in the context of attitudes associated with impending punishment, divine anger, and the rejection of repentance for individuals who commit this act. Traditionally, these verses are thought to "appear to justify coercion and severe punishment" for apostates (according to 7667:

There is a long-running debate in Islam over whether apostasy is a crime. Some liberal scholars hold the view that it is not (...), Others say that apostasy is (...). The latter is the dominant view in conservative Muslim states such as Sudan, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan

4359:"According to most established juristic schools, a hadith can limit the application of a general Qur'anic statement, but can never negate it", so the hadith calling for execution cannot abrogate the "There is no compulsion in religion" verse (Q.2:256) (Louay M. Safi). 2147:. Those who disagree argue that its punishment should be less than death, should occur in the afterlife, (human punishment being inconsistent with Quranic injunctions against compulsion in belief), or should apply only in cases of public disobedience and disorder ( 10153:

The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said, 'When a person calls his brother (in Islam) a disbeliever, one of them will certainly deserve the title. If the addressee is so as he has asserted, the disbelief of the man is confirmed, but if it is untrue, then it will revert to

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7468: 5028:"apostasy no longer falls under criminal law" in the Muslim world, but that some Muslims (such as 'Adb al-Qadir 'Awdah) were preaching that "the killing of an apostate" had "become a duty of individual Moslems" (rather than a less important collective duty in 4854:

wished to discredit "certain figures who had associated themselves" with al-Hallaj. (Previously al-Hallaj had been punished for talking about being at one with God by being shaved, pilloried and beaten with the flat of a sword. He was not executed because the

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Heresy; or "implicit" apostasy (by a Muslim), where the alleged apostate does not formally renounce Islam, but has (in the eyes of their accusers) verbally denied some principle of belief prescribed by Qur'an or a Hadith; deviated from approved Islamic tenets

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Other hadith give differing statements about the fate of apostates; that they were spared execution by repenting, by dying of natural causes or by leaving their community (the last case sometimes cited as an example of open apostasy that was left unpunished).

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At least some conservative jurists and preachers have attempted to reconcile following the traditional doctrine of death for apostasy while addressing the principle of freedom of religion. Some of whom argue apostasy should have a lesser penalty than death.

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Ayatollah Seyyed Hossein Sadr, a Shi'a cleric based in Iraq, has also stated that Verse 2:256 was revealed to the Prophet Mohammad regarding Muslims who had converted to Christianity, and that the Prophet Mohammad advised against forcing them to return to

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another reason not to use the hadith(s) stating “whoever changes his religion kill him” as the basis for law is that it is not among the class of hadith eligible to be used as the basis for "legal rulings binding upon all Muslims for all times" (Muhammad

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While identifying someone who publicly converted to another religion as an apostate was straightforward, determining whether a diversion from orthodox doctrine qualified as heresy, blasphemy, or something permitted by God could be less so. Traditionally,

2369:), including the traditional capital punishment. Other scholars, by contrast, have pointed to a lack of any Quranic passage requiring the implementation of force to return apostates to Islam, nor any specific corporal punishment to apply to apostates in 11200:...participants generally refer to the established Saudi scholars. In this case, the most common source of reference was Muhammad Salih al-Munajid's well-known website: Islam Question and Answer which provides normative Saudi Arabian Salafi responses. 3446:, there are numerous doctrinal fine points outlined in fiqh manuals whose violation should render the violator an apostate, but there are also hurdles and exacting requirements that spare (self-proclaimed) Muslims conviction for apostasy in classical 8008:, 8, Tome 37, pp. 187–210, Mofid University (Iran), quote: "Shi'a jurisprudence makes a distinction between an apostate who is born to Muslim parents (murtad-i fitri) and an apostate who is born to non-Muslim parents (murtad-i milli)." (section 1.3) 4505:

Executing apostates is a violation of the human right to freedom of religion, and somewhat hypocritical for a religion that enthusiastically encourages non-Muslims to apostatize from their current faith and convert to Islam (Non-Muslims and liberal

6177:

From 1985 to 2006, only four individuals were officially executed for apostasy from Islam by governments, "one in Sudan in 1985; two in Iran, in 1989 and 1998; and one in Saudi Arabia in 1992." These were sometimes charged with unrelated political

5051:, particularly if the apostate is vocal. In some countries, it is not uncommon for "vigilante" Muslims to kill or attempt to kill apostates or alleged apostates, in the belief they are enforcing sharia law that the government has failed to. 10498: 10902:

No.9 Sheikh Dr Yusuf al Qaradawi, Head of the International Union of Muslim Scholars – "The 500 most influential Muslims in the world 2009", Prof John Esposito and Prof Ibrahim Kalin – Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown

14143: 3836:

channel, reaches a reported 100 million viewers, and whose debates and talks are widely distributed, supports the death penalty only for those apostates who "propagate the non-Islamic faith and speak against Islam" as he considers it

3800:− as well as a valuable ally of the Egyptian government in its struggle against the "growing tide of Islamic fundamentalism", was "widely credited" with contributing to the 20th century Islamic revival in the largest Arabic country, 2132:). Another thirteen countries have penal or civil penalties for apostates – such as imprisonment, the annulment of their marriages, the loss of their rights of inheritance and the loss of custody of their children. 8799: 5038:

the execution of apostates), with authenticity and legitimacy. Autocratic rulers "often align themselves with traditional religious scholars" to deflect grassroots discontent, which took the form of angry pious traditionalists.

3783:"The vast majority of Muslim scholars both past as well as present" consider apostasy "a crime deserving the death penalty", according to Abdul Rashided Omar, writing circa 2007. Some notable contemporary proponents include: 8504:, pp. 23–24. New Delhi, India: Global Media Publications. Quote: "This was an open case of apostasy. But the Prophet neither punished the Bedouin nor asked anyone to do it. He allowed him to leave Madina. Nobody harmed him." 3025:

did not formulate general rules for establishing unbelief, instead, compiled sometimes lengthy lists of statements and actions which in their view implied apostasy or were incompatible with Islamic "theological consensus".

6342:

Muhammad had been unimpressed by claims that the dead man had adopted Islam only for fear of death. 'Who will absolve you, Usama,` he asked the killer repeatedly, for ignoring the confession of faith?`" source: ibn Ishaq,

4185:

Apostasy is usually "a psychological pretext for rebellion against worship, traditions and laws and even against the foundations of the state", and so "is often synonymous with the crime of high treason ... " (Muhammad

3771:: "Since he left Islam, he will be invited to express his regret. If he does not regret, he will be killed according to rights and obligations of the Islamic law." The Fatwa also mentions that the same applies to his 3282:. Some jurists believe that blasphemy automatically implies a Muslim has left the fold of Islam. A Muslim may find himself accused of being a blasphemer, and thus an apostate on the basis of one action or utterance. 14634: 3161:

writes that "used wrongly or unrestrainedly, this sanction would quickly lead to discord and sedition in the ranks of the faithful. Muslims might resort to mutually excommunicating one another and thus propel the

4339:) (e.g. "If they do not withdraw from you, and offer you peace, and restrain their hands, take them and kill them wherever ye come upon them" Q.4:90), (Peters and Vries describing argument of Islamic Modernists). 3721:(d) In case the entire family has left Islam, or there are no surviving Muslim relatives recognized by Sharia, the apostate's inheritance rights are lost and property is liquidated by the Islamic state (part of 11662: 8728: 6472: 3137:

writes that in "religious polemic" of early Islamic times, it was common for one scholar to accuse another of apostasy, but attempts to bring an alleged apostate to justice (have them executed) were very rare.

6776: 9739:"Blasphemy against the Prophet Muhammad and his companions (sabb al-rasul, sabb al-sahabah): The introduction of the topic into shafi'i legal literature and its relevance for legal practice under Mamluk rule" 2837:

secondly, there had to follow unbelief (meaning the public declaration of a breaking-away from Islam), (having done these two the Muslim is now an unbeliever but not yet an apostate and thus not eligible for

3404:, (according to Abdul Rashied Omar), although "a growing body of Islamic jurists" oppose this, (according to Javaid Rehman) as inconsistent with "freedom of religion" as expressed in the Quranic injunctions 3859:, one of the most popular Islamic websites, and (as of November 2015 and according to Alexa.com) the world's most popular website on the topic of Islam generally (apart from the website of an Islamic bank). 3149:, "that takfir is not a fruitful path and that utmost caution is to taken in applying it", but in other writing, he made sure to condemn as beyond the pale of Islam "philosophers and Ismaili esotericists". 4181:

Because "the social order of every Moslem society is Islam", apostasy constitutes "an offense" against that social order, "that may lead in the end to the destruction of this order" (Muhammad Muhiy al-Din

5149:), who continue to self-identify as 'Muslims', or at least say Islam is (part of) their 'culture' rather than religion, but "understand themselves to be following Jesus as he is portrayed in the Bible". 5046:

While as of 2004 apostasy from Islam is a capital offence in only eight majority-Muslim states, in other states that do not directly execute apostates, apostate killing is sometimes facilitated through

13204: 10774: 2534:, Heffening holds that contrary to the Quran, "in traditions , there is little echo of these punishments in the next world... and instead, we have in many traditions a new element, the death penalty." 3678:

was found to be an apostate by an Egyptian court, it meant only an involuntary divorce from his wife (who did not want to divorce), but it put the proverbial target on his back and he fled to Europe.

10495: 3335:; and whether or not they know anything about Islam, by simply practicing the (new) religion of their parent(s) they become apostates (according to the committee of fatwa scholars at Islamweb.net). 11473: 4636:) after the death of Muhammad. From their essentially political position, the Kharijites developed extreme doctrines that set them apart from both mainstream Sunni and Shia Muslims. Shias believe 11115: 14129: 10981: 4164:

It "does not merit discussion" because apostasy from Islam is so rare (Ali Kettani), (Mahmud Brelvi); before the modern era, there was virtually no apostasy from Islam (Syed Barakat Ahmad).

3278:(apostasy). Because blasphemy in Islam included rejection of fundamental doctrines, blasphemy has historically been seen as an evidence of rejection of Islam, that is, the religious crime of 3117:, this act was automatically deemed to be proof of apostasy—because Islam teaches Muhammad was the last prophet, there could be no more after him. This view is alleged to be the basis of the 4549:

takes a less strict line (mentioned above), stating that only those Muslims who "propagate the non-Islamic faith and speak against Islam" after converting from Islam should be put to death.

9243:

Siddiq & Ahmad (1995), Enforced Apostasy: Zaheeruddin v. State and the Official Persecution of the Ahmadiyya Community in Pakistan, Law & Inequality, Volume 14, pp. 275–289, 321–324

12483:, (Amarko Book Agency, New Delhi: 1975. First edn. published by Marshall Bros. Ltd., London: 1924) p. 9. Zwemer cites from 'Apostasy and its Consequences under Islam and Christianity' in 7300: 14886:

Monshipouri (1998), "Muslim World Half a Century after the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Progress and Obstacles", The Netherlands Quarterly Hum. Rts., 16(3), pp. 289–290, 287–314

13964: 13515: 11011: 10594: 10107: 8647: 7890: 8078: 3458:

those who embraced Islam under conditions of duress and then went back to their old religion, or Muslims who converted to another religion involuntarily, either force or as concealment (

10914:

Product Description: The Global Mufti: The Phenomenon of Yusuf Al-Qaradawi (Paperback)by Bettina Graf (Author, Editor), Jakob Skovgaard-Petersen (Editor) C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd

8992:

But, added al-Ghazali, that applies only to Muslim apostates, and one commits apostasy only when one denies the essential dogmas: monotheism, Muhammad's prophecy, and the Last Judgment.

3526:) agree on some issues—that male apostates should be executed, and that most but not all perpetrators should not be given a chance to repent; among the excluded are those who practice 10808: 5128:

have suffered from accusations of apostasy and demands to execute them, issued by Islamic clerics such as Mahmoud Ashur, Mustafa Al-Shak'a, Mohammed Ra'fat Othman and Yusif Al-Badri.

4475:

Transcending tribalism with religious (Islamic) unity could mean prevention of civil war in Muhammad's era, so to violate religious unity meant violating civil peace (Mohamed Ghilan).

4387:) and were not widely known amongst the Companions of the Prophet," and so ought not abrogate Quranic verses of tolerance (Peters and Vries describing argument of Islamic Modernists). 10743: 2376:– let alone commands to kill apostates – either explicitly or implicitly. Some verses have been cited as emphasizing mercy and a lack of compulsion with respect to religious belief ( 13181: 11295: 4940:(d. 1996), on the other hand, asserted that public, explicit apostasy automatically tened public order and hence; punishable by death. These scholars reconciled the Qur'anic verse 4569:

The charge of apostasy has often been used by religious authorities to condemn and punish skeptics, dissidents, and minorities in their communities. From the earliest times of the

7629: 6589:

By the murtadd or apostate is understood as the Moslem by birth or by conversion, who renounces his religion, irrespective of whether or not he subsequently embraces another faith

4171:

The verse only forbids compulsion to believe "things that are wrong", when it comes to accepting the truth, compulsion is allowed (Peters and Vries explaining a traditional view).

14417: 14329: 14310: 12766: 5631:(Saudi Arabia, UAE, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain and Kuwait) did not permit Pew Research to survey nationwide public opinion on apostasy in 2010 or 2012. The survey also did not include 2868:

in particular the duty to pray, clearly count as apostasy for most theologians. Additional distinguishing features are a change of religion, confessing atheism, nullifying the

2081: 13036:

Silverman, A. L. (2002), "Just War, jihad, and terrorism: a comparison of Western and Islamic norms for the use of political violence", Journal Ch. & State, 44, pp. 73–89

4478:

Capital punishment for apostasy is a time-bound command, applying only to those Arabs who denied the truth even after having Muhammad himself explain and clarify it to them (

10858: 4766:

caliphs al-Mu'taṣim (218–28 AH/833–42 CE) and al-Mutawakkil (233–47 /847–61) that we find detailed accounts" of apostates and what was done with them. Prior to that, in the

1085: 793: 11927:

verses. The current interpretation of this verse, however, was that it forbids compulsion to things that are wrong (batil) but not compulsion to accept the truth" (p. 15).

5178:

doubts" about the "illogicalities" of the Quran and Sunnah. Immigrant apostates from Islam in Western countries "converting" to Atheism have often gathered for comfort in

19:

This article is about a general description and examination of apostasy from Islam. For the situation of those accused of apostasy from Islam (ex-Muslims) by country, see

12823: 11447: 10557: 7008: 12931: 4723:. Notable Christian converts to Islam who reportedly reverted to Christianity and were executed under the Islamic death penalty for this reason include "Kyros", who was 8250:. Quote: "He notes that the Qur'ān itself does not mandate any this-worldly punishment for religious apostasy but defers punishment until the next (cf. Qur'ān 2:217)." 4846:

pilgrimage was not required of a pure Muslim (i.e. killed for heresy which made him an apostate), but it is thought he would have been spared execution except that the

11656: 8720: 6464: 2909:) (by a Muslim) against God, Islam, its laws or its prophet, which can be defined, in practice, as any objection to the authenticity of Islam, its laws or its prophet. 12309:), circa late 1950s, English Translation entitled Murder in the Name of Allah, translated by Syed Barakat Ahmad (Lutterworth Press, Cambridge: 1989) p. 75; quoted in 6765: 5001:. The Edict of Toleration ultimately failed when Sultan Abdul Hamid II assumed power, re-asserted pan-Islamism with sharia as Ottoman state philosophy, and initiated 4410:

The punishment or lack for apostasy should reflect the circumstances of the Muslim community which is very different now then when the death penalty was established;

2106:

where apostasy from Islam was punishable by death, but legal executions are rare. Most punishment is extra-judicial/vigilante, and most executions are perpetrated by

14188: 12190: 9945: 4266: 13698:| Compiled by Dr. G.F. Haddad| (Hadith 26, Narrated by Bukhari, Muslim, Ahmad, Tayalisi, Abu Dawud, Nasa'i, al-'Adni, Abu 'Awana, al-Tahawi, al-Hakim, and Bayhaqi.) 13272: 12705: 5209:

apostasy was confined to a tiny fringe; in other countries (especially in the Arab world and South Asia) majorities and large minorities support the death penalty.

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Burhani A. N. (2013), Treating minorities with fatwas: a study of the Ahmadiyya community in Indonesia, Contemporary Islam, Volume 8, Issue 3, pp. 286–288, 285–301

9129: 8948: 10889: 5216:

the law of the land were asked for their views on the death penalty for apostasy from Islam. The results are summarized in the table below. (Note that values for

5076:

doctrine of Islam has traditionally allowed any Muslim to accuse another Muslim or ex-Muslim for beliefs that may harm Islamic society, i.e. violate the norms of

4878:

were captured and executed on charges of apostasy from Islam by his brother Aurangzeb although historians agree it was more political than a religious execution.

3568:

crime. Unlike in other schools, it is not obligatory to call on the apostate to repent. Apostate males are to be killed, while apostate females are to be held in

1941: 16444: 10954: 4895: 4715:

for defending their Christian faith through dramatic acts of resistance such as refusing to convert to Islam, repudiation of the Islamic religion and subsequent

15812: 14531: 11421: 11215: 7415: 4198:

arguments; and especially that the death penalty in hadith and applied by Muhammad was for treasonous/seditious behavior, not for a change in personal belief.

3991: 13215: 10766: 5152:'Christians from a Muslim background' (abbreviated CMBs), also known as 'ex-Muslim Christians', who have completely abandoned Islam in favour of Christianity. 3192:'s jihadis were wrong, but there is less unanimity in other cases, such as what to do in a situation where self-professed Muslim(s) – post-modernist academic 14661: 4932:(d. 1905) argued that to be executed, it was not enough to be an apostate, the perpetrator had to pose a real threat to public safety. Islamic scholars like 3604:, according to the traditional view of the Mālikī school. Unlike other schools, the apostates must have a history of being "good" (i.e., practicing) Muslims. 2038:

or heresy by those who consider themselves Muslims, through any action or utterance which implies unbelief, including those who deny a "fundamental tenet or

15297: 10703: 9543:(Musalmanon ki Takfir ka Mas‘alah, by Maulana Abdul-Majeed Salik, pp. 7–8, printed by Naqoosh Press Lahore, Anjuman Tahaffuz-e-Pakistan Lahore); quoted in 2077: 9598: 9519: 7064: 6442: 4944:

by arguing that freedom of religion in Islam doesn't extend for Muslims who seek to change their religion. Other authors like 'Abd al-Muta'ali al-Sa'idi,

3141:

The tension between desire to cleanse Islam of heresy and fear of inaccurate takfir is suggested in the writings of some of the leading Islamic scholars.

3133:, based on the hadith where Muhammad is reported to have said: "If a man says to his brother, 'You are an infidel,' then one of them is right." Historian 16429: 11480: 9390: 8915: 8698: 6618: 5058:

Penalties for apostasy in Muslim-majority countries as of 2020. Many other Muslim countries impose a prison term for apostasy or they prosecute it under

2744: 1912: 1080: 788: 13503:

Khoury, Adel Theodoro. 1994. Christen unterm Halbmond. Religiöse Minderheiten unter der Herrschaft des Islams. Freiburg: Herder, pp. 101–192; quoted in

2855:), should not be given a chance to repent, eliminating Al-Shafi'i's third condition for them although his view was not accepted by his Shafi'i madhhab. 2786:

fight Allah and His Apostle, in which case he should be killed or crucified or exiled from the land; or one who commits murder for which he is killed."

2777: 2705: 2685: 2646: 2626: 2617: 2608: 2599: 2590: 2550: 12743: 11112: 4263:(707–774 CE), all distinguished between non-seditious religious apostasy on the one hand and treason on the other, with execution reserved for treason. 10977: 8039: 5666:

2007) "hundreds and thousands of closet apostates" live in fear of violence and are compelled to live lives of "extreme duplicity and mental stress."

3652:

crime. The "mere intention of unbelief" without expression qualifies as apostasy. Unlike the other schools, repentance will not save a defendant from

2797: 10342: 8020: 6807:

Poljarevic, Emin (2021). "Theology of Violence-oriented Takfirism as a Political Theory: The Case of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS)". In

2809:

Scholars of Islam differ as to what constitutes apostasy in that religion and under what circumstances an apostate is subject to the death penalty.

12583: 9640: 9565: 2570: 2560: 16528: 14626: 14107: 12481:

The Law of Apostasy in Islam: Answering the Question Why There are so Few Moslem Converts, and Giving Examples of Their Moral Courage and Martyrdom

10700:"English: This Fatawa describes how an Egyptian man turned apostate and the subsequent punishment prescribed for him by the Al-Azhr Fatawa council" 6333:

the prescription of death penalty for apostasy found in hadith was aimed at prevention of aggression against Muslims and sedition against the state

3290:

In collective apostasy, a self-proclaimed Islamic group/sect are declared to be heretics/apostates. Groups treated as collective apostates include

3222: 1202: 1169: 12285: 10677: 9219: 9034: 8589: 8469:

Sherazad Hamit (2006), "Apostasy and the Notion of Religious Freedom in Islam", Macalester Islam Journal, Volume 1, Spring 2006 Issue 2, pp. 32–38

7767: 7292: 4917:

in 1844. The implementation of this ban was resisted by religious officials and proved difficult. A series of edicts followed during the Ottoman

1214: 13955: 13506: 11091: 11063: 11007: 10585: 10098: 8638: 7881: 7338: 1952: 14930: 11728: 11699: 8060: 1504: 14185: 9885: 5622:

Visualisation of the total % of Muslims per country who support the death penalty for apostasy according to the 2013 Pew report's values.

5106:

attacker(s), or a police officer who has agreed to protect that doctor after they have been threatened is also an apostate – "and on and on".

4802:

in some societies they are punishable, at least to the extent the perpetrator is silenced. In particular, blasphemy against God and insulting

16867: 10227:

Muslims who were forced to choose between recanting Islam or suffering persecution were, and still are, permitted to lie by feigning apostasy

8390: 3656:, unless they are "national apostates" who were not born Muslims but converted to Islam before apostasizing, although it is disputed by some 3343:

In the 19th, 20th and 21 century issues affecting shariʿah on apostasy include modern norms of freedom of religion, the status of members of

3184:

There is general agreement among Muslims that the takfir and mass killings of alleged apostates perpetrated not only by ISIL but also by the

2834:"first, the apostate had to once have had faith (which, according to Al-Shafi'i's definition, means publicly professing all tenets of Islam); 1154: 4751:, and Eulogius' hagiography describes in detail the executions of the martyrs for capital violations of Islamic law, including apostasy and 3808:

law to be apostates who should ideally be punished by the state, but "when the state fails to punish apostates, somebody else has to do it".

2872:

as well as judging what is allowed to be forbidden and judging what is forbidden to be allowed. Fighting against Muslims and Islam (Arabic:

14956: 11528: 10727: 10402: 9836: 1239: 1164: 13173: 8832: 7371: 7235:. associate editors Patricia Crone, Wadid Kadi, Devin J. Stewart and Muhammad Qasim Zaman; assistant editor Mahan Mirza. Princeton, N.J.: 5080:(Islamic law). This principle has been used in countries such as Egypt, Pakistan and others to bring blasphemy charges against apostates. 16459: 11292: 10833: 9289:

Nuh Ha Mim Keller (1997), Umdat as-Salik by Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri, Reliance of the Traveller: A Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law,

7625: 4887: 3660:. "Innate" apostates, who grew up Muslims and remained Muslim after puberty and until converting to another religion, should be executed. 1190: 14326: 14307: 13691: 9080: 7960: 4727:

in 769 CE, “Holy Elias” in 795 CE, and “Holy Bacchus” in 806 CE. The martyrdoms of forty-eight Christian martyrs that took place in the

4573:, the crime of apostasy and execution for apostasy has driven major events in the development of the Islamic religion. For example, the 4281:(d. 1090), believed that an apostate should be asked to repent indefinitely (which would be incompatible with being sentenced to death). 3237:) have killed hundreds of Ahmadis in that country. Whether this is unjust takfir or applying sharia to collective apostasy is disputed. 3185: 2129: 2125: 15160: 14600: 14425: 13150: 5703: 5679: 4822:, atheist or heretic who conceal their religion), experienced a wave of persecutions from 779 to 786. A history of those times states: 3421: 3413: 3409: 2173:, which means 'one who turns back' from Islam. (Another source – Oxford Islamic Studies Online – defines 1657: 10800: 16533: 16449: 7423: 5675: 5110: 4014: 3385:

There are differences of opinion among Islamic scholars about whether, when and especially how apostasy in Islam should be punished.

1824: 1494: 882: 8873: 16550: 14452: 12921:"Freedom of expression, apostasy, and blasphemy within Islam: Sharia, criminal justice systems, and modern Islamic state practices" 12666: 12151: 11356: 6962: 5730:, etc. Islamic scholars such as Muhammad Rashid Rida in Tafsir al-Minar, argue that the "freedom to apostatize", is different from 5098: 1159: 12126:

Wood, Asmi (2012). "8. Apostasy in Islam and the Freedom of Religion in International Law". In Paul Babie; Neville Rochow (eds.).

10850: 6937:

Wood, Asmi (2012). "8. Apostasy in Islam and the Freedom of Religion in International Law". In Paul Babie; Neville Rochow (eds.).

16857: 16513: 16434: 14711: 13550: 11318: 4535:) noted, this "freedom" has the advantage that "state officials could not punish an unmanifested belief even if they wanted to". 3610:

school – waiting period of three days is required to allow the apostates time to repent and return to Islam. Failing repentance,

1905: 1499: 431: 15230: 7038: 6792:, that is the conscious abandonment of allegiance or ... renunciation of a religious faith or abandonment of a previous loyalty. 4313:

Neither verse Q.2:217, (Mirza Tahir Ahmad), nor any other Quranic verse say anything to indicate an apostate should be punished

3670:

to kill apostates or alleged apostates (or force them to flee the country). In at least one case, the high profile execution of

16454: 15344: 14275: 12807: 11443: 10881: 10541: 7591: 6992: 6886: 5798: 5707: 5618: 3815: 3790:(1903–1979), who "by the time of his death had become the most widely read Muslim author of our time", according to one source. 3030:, for example, devoting "chapters to dealing with takfir and the reasons for which one can be accused of unbelief" in his work 12920: 11661:. The Religious Freedom Project Berkley Center for Religion, Peace & World Affairs Georgetown University. pp. 69–70. 3594:

school – allows up to ten days for recantation, after which the apostates must be killed. Apostasy from Islam is considered a

3351:

faiths (considered appostates from Islam in Pakistan and elsewhere), those who "refuse to judge or be judged according to the

16872: 16464: 16421: 12549: 11838: 11048: 10917: 9866:. The Religious Freedom Project Berkley Center for Religion, Peace & World Affairs Georgetown University. pp. 77–78. 5689: 2073: 318: 13886: 13725: 12973: 12867: 4101:

The question of whether apostates should be killed, has been "a matter for contentious dispute throughout Islamic history".

16852: 13567: 9915: 7662: 6293:

More recently, a growing body of Islamic jurists have relied on Quranic verses which advocate absolute freedom of religion.

4951: 4418:

penalty for apostasy found in hadith was aimed at prevention of aggression against Muslims and sedition against the state (

3906:, Director of Department of Philosophy and Theology - Center of Scientific and Cultural Publishing, Tehran (1998–2003) and 3424:("there is no compulsion in religion"); and a relic of the early Islamic community when apostasy was desertion or treason. 3170: 13805: 13664: 13623: 12893: 11805: 11759: 10635: 9937: 3796:(1917–1996), considered an Islamic "moderate" and "preeminent" faculty member of Egypt's preeminent Islamic institution – 11556: 4782:, argues execution was rare because "it was widely believed" that any accused apostate "who repented by articulating the 4110:

this punishment; apostasy is "spiritual and cultural" treason; it hardly ever happens and so is not worth talking about.

14375: 13371:"Decapitation of Christians and Muslims in the Medieval Iberian Peninsula: Narratives, Images, Contemporary Perceptions" 9118: 8940: 3174: 3157:

also "warned against unbridled takfir" while takfiring "specific categories" of theological opponents as "unbelievers".

15242: 15208: 15187: 15168: 15134: 15032: 15003: 14905: 14874: 14854: 14830: 14802: 14742: 14691: 14572: 14405: 14354: 14173: 14028: 13996: 13938: 13916: 13850: 13773: 13719: 13453: 13326: 13266: 13094: 13074: 13054: 12967: 12861: 12817: 12699: 12429: 12402: 12378: 12264: 12184: 12137: 12110: 12080: 12055: 12030: 11587: 11522: 11192: 11139: 10671: 10551: 10524: 10468: 10444: 10396: 10363: 10247: 10220: 10049: 10021: 9985: 9830: 9724: 9634: 9559: 9384: 9357: 9294: 9262: 9213: 9028: 8985: 8909: 8772: 8692: 8583: 8427: 8322: 8276: 8216: 8184: 8072: 7943: 7834: 7799: 7700: 7276: 7244: 7187: 7160: 7133: 7097: 7002: 6948: 6921: 6846: 6751: 6730: 6706: 6612: 6428: 6079: 6069: 6055: 6036: 6014: 5992: 5970: 5948: 5926: 5905: 5881: 5859: 4527:, stated that "if an individual doubts Islam, he does not become the subject of punishment, but if the doubt is openly 1898: 12071:

Saeed, Abdullah (2005). "Ridda and the case for decriminalization of apostasy". In Oliver Leaman; et al. (eds.).

10951: 9315: 5874:

Nieuwe Vrijdenkers: 12 voormalige moslims vertellen hun verhaal (New Freethinkers: 12 Former Muslims Tell Their Story)

4429:

The concept of apostasy as treason is not so much part of Islam, as part of the pre-modern era when classical Islamic

16316: 16270: 15930: 15924: 13880: 12652: 11409: 11387: 11151: 9738: 8109:

Other verses nonetheless appear to justify coercion and severe punishment for apostates, renegades and unbelievers...

6142: 4899: 4070: 4032: 3983: 2489: 2295: 1970: 1773: 1351: 1139: 496: 14539: 11602:

Mohammad Iqbal Siddiqi, The Penal Law of Islam (International Islamic Publishers, New Delhi: 1991) p. 96; quoted in

11212: 10268: 10140: 4870:

declared Central Asian Turko-Mongol Muslims as apostates due to the invasion of Ghazan Khan; in 17th-century India,

2471: 2277: 16862: 16187: 16043: 15520: 15416: 12518: 12340: 11633: 10187: 8150: 6681: 5187: 4948:, etc assert that capital punishment for apostasy is contradictory to freedom of religion and need to be banished. 3106: 96: 14657: 11040: 9694: 4231:(though a minority) over the centuries who argued against the death penalty for apostasy in some way, such as ... 16681: 16487: 15301: 14081: 13954:

Schirrmacher, Christine (2020). "Leaving Islam". In Enstedt, Daniel; Larsson, Göran; Mantsinen, Teemu T. (eds.).

13505:

Schirrmacher, Christine (2020). "Leaving Islam". In Enstedt, Daniel; Larsson, Göran; Mantsinen, Teemu T. (eds.).

10584:

Schirrmacher, Christine (2020). "Leaving Islam". In Enstedt, Daniel; Larsson, Göran; Mantsinen, Teemu T. (eds.).

10097:

Schirrmacher, Christine (2020). "Leaving Islam". In Enstedt, Daniel; Larsson, Göran; Mantsinen, Teemu T. (eds.).

8637:

Schirrmacher, Christine (2020). "Leaving Islam". In Enstedt, Daniel; Larsson, Göran; Mantsinen, Teemu T. (eds.).

7880:

Schirrmacher, Christine (2020). "Leaving Islam". In Enstedt, Daniel; Larsson, Göran; Mantsinen, Teemu T. (eds.).

6132: 5831: 5179: 5034:

doctrine) and giving advice on how to plead in court after being arrested for such a murder to avoid punishment.

5006: 4981: 4891: 3234: 3125:

While there are numerous requirements for a Muslim to avoid being an apostate, it is also an act of apostasy, in

688: 28: 11182: 8537: 4866:

along with followers of Ismaili sect of Islam were killed on charges of being apostates; in 14th-century Syria,

4774:

Some sources emphasize that executions of apostates have been "rare in Islamic history". According to historian

3095:

Though disputed to express uncertainty such as "'I do not know why God mentioned this or that in the Quran'...";

3041:

and other scholarly works (i.e. works written by Islamic scholars) that allegedly demonstrate apostasy include:

2694:

said: "Medina is like a pair of bellows (furnace): It expels its impurities and brightens and clears its good."

16746: 16294: 16192: 15104: 14209: 13466: 13375: 13144: 12778: 12419: 10737: 9590: 9509:"Open Letter to 'Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi', To the fighters and followers of the self-declared 'Islamic State' ..." 9508: 8349: 8247: 7218: 7060: 6394: 6311:

See for example al-Shatibi, al-Muafaqat (Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Ma'rifah, n.d.), vol. 3, pp. 15–26; quoted in

6137: 3987: 3079:

According to some to ridicule Islamic scholars or address them in a derisive manner, to reject the validity of

2456: 2262: 1763: 1650: 633: 14483: 9374: 8899: 8682: 6602: 5141:

Regarding Muslim converts to Christianity, Duane Alexander Miller (2016) identified two different categories:

4470:); Jews who abandoned the God of Israel to worship other deities "were condemned to stoning" (Jonathan Brown). 3344: 2818: 2095:

jurists held the view that for adult men, apostasy from Islam was a crime as well as a sin, punishable by the

1693: 16104: 15863: 15540: 10077: 8541: 8514: 4597:, and numerous deaths on both sides. Sunni and Shia sects of Islam have long accused each other of apostasy. 3941: 2752: 1361: 367: 12735: 11655:

Ali, Cheragh (December 2014). "The Modern Period: Sources". In Anderson, Matthew; Taliaferro, Karen (eds.).

10289:

Frank Griffel (2001), "Toleration and exclusion: al-Shafi 'i and al-Ghazali on the treatment of apostates",

8478:

David Forte (1994), "Apostasy and Blasphemy in Pakistan", Conn. Journal Int'l Law, Vol. 10, pp. 43–45, 27–47

3562:, although the delay before killing the apostates is not mandatory. Apostasy from Islam is not considered a 2964: 1401: 16666: 16643: 16253: 16109: 16099: 16005: 15658: 14448: 8036: 5916: 5660: 4922: 4485:

Now the only reason to kill an apostate is to eliminate the danger of war, not because of their disbelief (

1722: 1551: 399: 20: 12491:"The Interpretation of Qur'anic Text to Promote or Negate the Death Penalty for Apostates and Blasphemers" 12313:"The Interpretation of Qur'anic Text to Promote or Negate the Death Penalty for Apostates and Blasphemers" 11606:"The Interpretation of Qur'anic Text to Promote or Negate the Death Penalty for Apostates and Blasphemers" 10496:

Professor Nasr Hamed Abu Zaid: Modernist islamic philosopher who was forced into exile by fundamentalists

10339: 8789: 8123:"The Interpretation of Qur'anic Text to Promote or Negate the Death Penalty for Apostates and Blasphemers" 8017: 16768: 16633: 16439: 16207: 16000: 15377: 13392: 12579: 9621: 9546: 6117: 5183: 4771:"Christians and Jews who converted to Islam and after some time" reconverted back to their former faith. 4712: 4671: 4306:), "general, overriding principle(s)" (Khaled Abou El Fadl) of Islam, and not abrogated by hadith or the 3653: 3633: 3611: 3601: 3577: 3559: 3490: 3401: 2144: 2096: 2064: 2026:, in thought, word, or through deed. It includes not only explicit renunciations of the Islamic faith by 1778: 1748: 826: 446: 273: 5084:

been social persecution for Muslims converting to Christianity. For example, the Christian organisation

4403:

should be defined as "the public act of political secession from the Muslim community" (Jonathan Brown).

3437: 2895:, an Afghan who was arrested in February 2006 and threatened with the death penalty in a lower court in 16847: 16518: 16401: 15918: 15337: 13688: 13388: 13318: 13258: 12282: 10661: 9743: 9203: 9018: 8573: 7718:

Forte, D. F. (1994), Apostasy and Blasphemy in Pakistan, Conn. Journal of Int'l Law, Vol. 10, pp. 27–41

7268: 7236: 6320:"The sunnah, which is consistent with the Qur’an, reserves the death penalty for those who apostatised 6226:

writes that "nothing in the law governing apostates and apostasy derives from the letter" of the Quran.

4716: 4260: 3768: 3477:

Some of these requirements have served as "loopholes" to exonerate apostates (apostasy charges against

3332: 2728:

admonishes a Muslim leader for not giving an apostate the opportunity to repent before being executed:

1841: 1471: 1134: 948: 750: 486: 13991:

Selim Deringi (2012), Conversion and Apostasy in the Late Ottoman Empire, Cambridge University Press,

5941:

The Blasphemer: The Price I Paid for Rejecting Islam (Blasphémateur ! : les prisons d'Allah)

4905:

prohibition on the execution of apostates in the Ottoman Empire. British envoy to the court of Sultan

3355:" and more recently the status of Muslims authorities and governments that do not implement classical 16611: 16598: 16299: 16128: 15824: 15546: 15509: 13835:

Freethinkers of Medieval Islam: Ibn Al-Rāwandī, Abū Bakr Al-Rāzī, and Their Impact on Islamic Thought

13250:

A History of the Crusades, Volume 1: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem

13249: 11863:, 2nd imprint al-Qahirah: 'Isa al-Babi al-Halabi, 1387–88/1967–68, 4 volumes; v. 1 p. 233; quoted in 11087: 11060: 5719: 4708: 4700: 4060: 3400:

In contemporary times the majority of Islamic jurists still regard apostasy as a crime deserving the

3367: 3230: 2143:; among Islamic jurists, the majority of them continue to regard apostasy as a crime which should be 2103: 1703: 1673: 1643: 1598: 913: 581: 293: 14922: 4830:) had once said, "except in matters dangerous to religious beliefs, or to the Sovereign's dignity." 4066: 16763: 16482: 16306: 16079: 15559: 15060: 14016: 11070:'s response to Mohamed Nazim; Location: Maafaanu stadium, Male', 10:30 pm Friday 28 May 2010, p. 4. 9877: 9469:"Exploring Takfir, Its Origins and Contemporary Use: The Case of Takfiri Approach in Daesh's Media" 9427:"Exploring Takfir, Its Origins and Contemporary Use: The Case of Takfiri Approach in Daesh's Media" 9110: 9061: 7692: 7492:"The Centrality of Anti-Semitism in the Islamic State's Ideology and Its Connection to Anti-Shiism" 6107: 5772: 5628: 4910: 4863: 4586: 4553: 3848: 3639: 1880: 1846: 1743: 513: 313: 14506:"Anti-al Qaeda base envisioned; Exiled Egyptian cleric seeking to reclaim Islam in 'war of ideas'" 10699: 10436: 8382: 4748: 3319: 1945:

that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

16621: 15432: 14130:"Then Came the Chance the Turks Have Been Waiting For: To Get Rid of Christians Once and for All" 10963: 8239: 7330: 7210: 5847: 5263: 4084: 4040: 4018: 3927: 3206: 3201:

the pale of Islam according to one or the other group of religious leaders".) In the case of the

2841:"third, there had to be the omission or failure to repent after the apostate was asked to do so." 2467: 2273: 1708: 1541: 108: 15586: 14952: 11512: 10386: 9820: 8764: 8491:, in Encyclopedia of Islam, 3rd Edition, Leiden: Brill, Eds: Gudrun Kramer et al, Vol. 1, p. 132 8314: 8308: 8004:

Mousavian, S. A. A. (2005), "A Discussion on the Apostate's Repentance in Shi'a Jurisprudence",

5220:

have been derived from the values for the other two groups and are not part of the Pew report.)

3065:

belief that things in themselves or by their nature have a cause independent of the will of God;

1283: 16778: 16707: 16676: 16606: 15530: 15525: 15443: 14020: 14010: 13559: 13314: 11243: 10013: 8821: 7926: 7360: 6127: 6097: 4759: 4696: 4648:(the first Islamic Civil War); they were particularly noted for adopting a radical approach to 4644:

to hold that position. The Kharijites broke away from both the Shias and the Sunnis during the

4625: 4601: 4288:

There are problems with the scriptural basis for sharia commanding the execution of apostates.

3921: 3883: 3873: 3626:

school – waiting period not necessary, but may be granted. Apostasy from Islam is considered a

3478: 3467: 3348: 3118: 3110: 2892: 1996: 1698: 1416: 832: 562: 328: 13759: 12174: 12100: 12020: 10830: 7087: 4736: 3614:

for both male and female apostates for leaving Islam. Apostasy from Islam is not considered a

16724: 16702: 15453: 15330: 14562: 14101: 13563: 13310: 13244: 12689: 12641:

Wood, Asimi (2012). "8. Apostasy in Islam and the Freedom of Religion in International Law".

10210: 9977: 9971: 9069: 8977: 8971: 8264: 8172: 7968: 7824: 7177: 7150: 6676: 6204: 4958: 4542: 4486: 4423: 4332: 4022: 4010: 3913: 3825: 2924: 2826:

listed three necessary conditions to pass capital punishment on a Muslim for apostasy in his

2757: 2530: 2515: 2189:

in a political context. A person born to a Muslim father who later rejects Islam is called a

1819: 1794: 1489: 1318: 1124: 557: 382: 166: 121: 14795:

Human rights: universality and diversity: Volume 66 of International studies in human rights

14592: 13302: 13120: 10428: 7684: 7121: 6909: 6029:

Leaving Faith Behind: The journeys and perspectives of people who have chosen to leave Islam

4818:(often a "blanket phrase" for "intellectuals" under suspicion of having abandoned Islam" or 4740: 4728: 4689: 16381: 16288: 16233: 9465:

This is our aqidah and this is our methodology . (2015). Al-Himmah Publications; cited in

8342:

La 'ikraha fi al-din: 'ichkaliyat al-riddah wa al-murtaddin min sadr al-Islam hatta al-yawm

6356:

examples of countries where the government does not facilitate extra-judicial killings are

5803: 5792: 5685: 4681: 4299:

disbelieve,' (Q.18:29) – are "absolute and universal" statement(s) (Jonathan A.C. Brown), (

4235: 4114: 3840: 3787: 3671: 3643: 3569: 3225:, that Ahmadis are non-Muslims and deprived them of religious rights. Several large riots ( 3189: 2940: 2884: 2463: 2269: 2135:

In the contemporary Muslim world, public support for capital punishment varies from 78% in

2027: 1948: 1856: 1406: 1323: 1195: 755: 11658:

Islam and Religious Freedom : A Sourcebook of Scriptural, Theological and Legal Texts

5145:'Muslims followers of Jesus Christ', 'Jesus Muslims' or 'Messianic Muslims' (analogous to 3751: 3695:(a) the property of the apostate is seized and distributed to his or her Muslim relatives; 3642:

or Imāmī school – Male apostates must be executed, while female apostates must be held in

3303: 2880:

Kamran Hashemi classifies apostasy or unbelief in Islam into three different "phenomena":

2216: 8: 16616: 16492: 16386: 16202: 15641: 15438: 15152: 13462: 12889: 12252: 11304: 11246:(1998). "Punishment in Islamic Law: a Critique of The Hudud Bill of Kelantan, Malaysia". 10429: 8858: 8337: 7787: 7685: 7496: 6266:

Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) Human Rights Office, 2014; Ibrahim, 2017; Obeidallah, 2014; 2015

6187: 6122: 6112: 5731: 5205: 5166: 5117: 5021: 4937: 4752: 4720: 4577:(civil wars of apostasy) shook the Muslim community in 632–633 AD, immediately after the 4479: 4078: 4046: 4006: 4002: 3954: 3937: 3797: 3793: 3760: 3573: 3246: 3069: 2902: 2507: 2069: 2035: 1851: 1829: 1809: 1713: 1682: 1586: 1536: 735: 681: 567: 201: 101: 12662: 12642: 12147: 12127: 11348: 6958: 6938: 16783: 16697: 16628: 16538: 16474: 16282: 16258: 15935: 15913: 15873: 15715: 15618: 15569: 15535: 15426: 15091: 15083: 14775: 14707: 14244: 14073: 13589: 13486: 13422: 13414: 13019: 12658: 12622: 12510: 12462: 12332: 12234: 12143: 12001: 11961: 11917: 11882: 11722: 11693: 11625: 11265: 11248: 10179: 10006: 9686: 9490: 9448: 9181: 8794: 8757: 8142: 7558: 7460: 6954: 6657: 6580: 5936: 5787: 5533: 5002: 4704: 4367:

of Islam, this indicates "that one who changes her/his religion should not be killed" (

4074: 4050: 3948: 3772: 2739: 2713: 2664: 2503: 1861: 1511: 1356: 1341: 1129: 1104: 1014: 862: 591: 548: 518: 501: 476: 421: 377: 89: 15781: 14985: 11322: 11113:

Al Jazeera Studies: "Arab World Journalism in a Post-Beheading Era" by Thembisa Fakude

7921: 7030: 5195:

concerned with the topic of atheism) who are committed enough to leave a trace online.

3818:, who as of 2009 was "considered one of the most influential" Islamic scholars living. 16758: 16753: 16648: 16638: 16311: 16149: 15992: 15903: 15606: 15596: 15591: 15581: 15576: 15409: 15204: 15183: 15164: 15140: 15130: 15095: 15028: 15009: 14999: 14995: 14981: 14901: 14870: 14850: 14826: 14798: 14738: 14687: 14568: 14401: 14350: 14272: 14205: 14169: 14034: 14024: 13992: 13934: 13912: 13876: 13846: 13769: 13715: 13593: 13581: 13490: 13478: 13426: 13406: 13401: 13370: 13332: 13322: 13262: 13140: 13090: 13070: 13050: 13023: 12994:

Administrative court, judicial year 61, case 1318, decision 8 January 2008; cited in

12963: 12857: 12813: 12774: 12695: 12648: 12425: 12398: 12374: 12260: 12180: 12133: 12106: 12076: 12051: 12026: 11583: 11518: 11414:[Grand Ayatollah Hossein-Ali Montazeri: 'Not Every Conversion is Apostasy']. 11383: 11188: 11135: 10733: 10667: 10547: 10520: 10464: 10440: 10392: 10359: 10312: 10243: 10216: 10045: 10017: 9981: 9864:

Islam and Religious Freedom: A Sourcebook of Scriptural, Theological, and Legal Texts

9826: 9720: 9630: 9555: 9494: 9452: 9380: 9353: 9290: 9258: 9209: 9114: 9065: 9024: 8981: 8905: 8768: 8688: 8579: 8423: 8345: 8318: 8272: 8243: 8212: 8180: 8068: 7939: 7935: 7830: 7795: 7744: 7696: 7583: 7527: 7464: 7452: 7272: 7240: 7214: 7183: 7156: 7129: 7093: 6998: 6944: 6917: 6852: 6842: 6747: 6726: 6702: 6698: 6608: 6434: 6424: 6284:, not a single sect or a single family has been spared the accusations of apostasy." 6075: 6051: 6032: 6010: 5988: 5966: 5944: 5922: 5901: 5877: 5869: 5855: 5821: 5146: 5125: 5017: 5009: 4970: 4578: 4447: 4221: 4145: 4137: 4028: 3811: 3804:. (Al-Ghazali was on record as declaring all those who opposed the implementation of 3500: 3315: 3226: 3114: 2988:("The Teacher of Children") in his hand. Two men, respectively Tatar and Azerbaijani 2973: 2511: 2366: 1834: 1814: 1768: 1753: 1591: 1521: 1456: 1421: 1396: 1376: 1288: 1249: 1225: 974: 926: 887: 872: 805: 800: 745: 707: 642: 628: 596: 456: 416: 278: 13307:

Christian Martyrs under Islam: Religious Violence and the Making of the Muslim World

13067:

The Heirs of Muhammad: Islam's First Century and the Origins of the Sunni-Shia Split

11124:"Al-Munajjid is considered one of the respected scholars of the Salafist movement)." 10461:

Islam and International Law: Engaging Self-Centrism from a Plurality of Perspectives

8515:"Sunan an-Nasa'i 4068 – The Book of Fighting [The Prohibition of Bloodshed]" 7546: 6878: 4096: 3607: 16788: 16773: 16523: 16228: 15950: 15888: 15878: 15868: 15853: 15601: 15504: 15476: 15364: 15120: 15116: 15075: 14767: 14236: 14065: 13838: 13571: 13470: 13396: 13116: 13009: 12614: 12502: 12454: 12324: 12226: 11993: 11953: 11909: 11874: 11617: 11257: 9752: 9678: 9480: 9438: 9173: 8310:

Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy

8134: 7931: 7575: 7571: 7517: 7442: 7432: 6832: 6828: 6808: 6694: 6690: 6649: 6572: 6414: 6410: 5980: 5895: 5734:

on the grounds that apostasy from Islam infringes on the freedom of others and the

5714:, Egypt. The Cairo Declaration differs from the Universal Declaration in affirming 4744: 4724: 4570: 4344: 4335:); the verses only indicate that dangerous, aggressive apostates should be killed ( 4274: 3379: 3055: 3013: 2792: 2772: 2700: 2680: 2641: 2621: 2612: 2603: 2594: 2585: 2545: 1461: 1411: 1004: 902: 897: 877: 441: 436: 387: 372: 357: 266: 145: 15275: 13449:

The Martyrs of Córdoba: Community and Family Conflict in an Age of Mass Conversion

12541: 11830: 11785:

The Islamic World from Classical to Modern Times: Essays in honor of Bernard Lewis

11580:

After Saturday Comes Sunday: Understanding the Christian Crisis in the Middle East

8046:Расширенный исламский словарь английского языка (2012), see entry for Milli Murtad 8027:Расширенный исламский словарь английского языка (2012), see entry for Fitri Murtad 4654:(excommunication), whereby they declared both Sunni and Shia Muslims to be either 2849:

wrote that one group, known as "secret apostates" or "permanent unbelievers" (aka

16714: 16411: 16356: 16156: 15842: 15802: 15691: 15647: 15421: 15316: 15198: 15022: 14865:

Denny F. M. (2005)," Muslim ethical trajectories in the contemporary period", in

14333: 14314: 14279: 14192: 13872:

Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia

13870: 13765: 13711:

Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia

13709: 13695: 13240: 13136: 12959:

Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia

12957: 12851: 12366: 12289: 11299: 11219: 11119: 11083: 11067: 11044: 10958: 10837: 10502: 10346: 9907: 8612:

Toleration and exclusion: al-Shāfi'ī and al-Ghazālī on the treatment of apostates

8231: 8043: 8024: 7654: 7202: 7031:"UN rights office deeply concerned over Sudanese woman facing death for apostasy" 6236: 5891: 4451: 3931: 3917: 2932: 2208: 2193:, and a person who converted to Islam and later rejects the religion is called a 1987: 1633: 1566: 1371: 1278: 1109: 1019: 943: 783: 778: 740: 623: 576: 392: 352: 341: 323: 226: 171: 84: 13129:

The Concept of Belief in Islamic Theology: A Semantic Analysis of Imān and Islām

11008:"Why a Saudi award for televangelist Zakir Naik is bad news for India's Muslims" 10080:(2000), "Islamic Da 'wa and Christian Mission: Towards a comparative analysis", 4450:

had its officially sanctioned and legally enforced version of Christianity; the

16826: 16543: 16396: 16238: 15940: 14125: 13830: 13790: 13649: 13608: 12905: 11940:

al-Nuzum allati yaqum 'alayha kiyan al-mudhtama' al-Islami. Madjallat al-Azhar,

11790: 11744: 11261: 10620: 10358:

Mohamed El-Awa (1993), Punishment in Islamic Law, American Trust Publications,

10133:"The Book of the Prohibited actions. Sunnah.com reference: Book 18, Hadith 222" 9308:"The Book of the Prohibited actions. Sunnah.com reference: Book 18, Hadith 222" 8453: 7857:

warranted if apostasy becomes a mechanism of public disobedience and disorder (

5757: 5723: 5013: 4998: 4985: 4974: 4929: 4914: 4685: 4455: 4419: 4392: 4336: 4175: 3903: 3879: 3869: 3713:(1) if they were not married at the time of apostasy they could not get married 3543: 2969: 2717: 1579: 1526: 1436: 1386: 1346: 1313: 1273: 1207: 1119: 1099: 1070: 1045: 999: 674: 536: 523: 481: 426: 40: 15125: 14564:

Living among the Breakage: Contextual Theology-Making and Ex-Muslim Christians

14347:

Apostasy, Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures: Family, Law and Politics

14294:

Living among the Breakage: Contextual Theology-Making and Ex-Muslim Christians

14225:, Bayrut: Dar al-Kitab al-'Arabi, n.d. 2 volumes; v. 1 pp. 535–538; quoted in 13576: 13541: 13014: 12997: 11550: 7579: 6837: 6419: 4208:) from the beginning of Islam in favor of capital punishment when a number of 4202:

How can it be claimed that there was a consensus among scholars or community (

3971: 3098:

Some also say include for the wife of an Islamic scholar to curse her husband;

2936: 16841: 16729: 16556: 16406: 15945: 15908: 15883: 15720: 15271: 15144: 15013: 14505: 14421: 14367: 13585: 13482: 13410: 12998:"Law and Moral Regulation in Modern Egypt: Hisba from Tradition to Modernity" 12853:

No god but God (Updated Edition): The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam

10316: 9485: 9468: 9443: 9426: 8103:

Dale F. Eickelman (2005). "Social sciences". In Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.).

7820: 7748: 7587: 7531: 7456: 7437: 6914:

Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition

6856: 6438: 6102: 6024: 5727: 5085: 5059: 5048: 4941: 4867: 4779: 4775: 4532: 4368: 4242:) held that apostasy was liable only to a discretionary punishment (known as 3979: 3707: 3675: 3205:– who are accused by mainstream Sunni and Shia of denying the basic tenet of 3193: 3154: 3134: 3037:

Some heretical or blasphemous acts or beliefs listed in classical manuals of

2935:– but can involve the collective takfir of a large group and mass killings – 2928: 2823: 2405: 2121: 1866: 1804: 1727: 1531: 1446: 1431: 1381: 1366: 1308: 1293: 1219: 1114: 955: 892: 601: 506: 466: 15079: 14038: 12506: 12328: 11621: 9756: 9376:

Religious Legal Traditions, International Human Rights Law and Muslim States

8901:

Religious Legal Traditions, International Human Rights Law and Muslim States

8684:

Religious Legal Traditions, International Human Rights Law and Muslim States

8519:

Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)

8138: 6604:

Religious Legal Traditions, International Human Rights Law and Muslim States

4414:

but today this goal is no longer met by punishing apostasy (Jonathan Brown).

16816: 16741: 16391: 16243: 16121: 15837: 15686: 15671: 15385: 15280: 14121: 13755: 13474: 12362: 9307: 9109: 9060: 7859: 6249: 6209: 6002: 5735: 5204:

A survey based on face-to-face interviews conducted in 80 languages by the

5102: 4945: 4906: 4524: 4492: 4324: 4056: 3856: 3646:

until they repent and return to Islam. Apostasy from Islam is considered a

3555: 3471: 3218: 3158: 2565: 2555: 2428: 2149: 1885: 1622: 1603: 1561: 1556: 1466: 1451: 1391: 1268: 1065: 1050: 1009: 938: 909: 662: 608: 345: 77: 66: 14758:

Said, Abdul Aziz (1979). "Precept and Practice of Human Rights in Islam".

13842: 11159: 9805:. Vol. 2. Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale. 2005. pp. 974–976. 7402:

Silenced. How Apostasy & Blasphemy Codes are Choking Freedom Worldwide

5054: 2937:

takfir of Algerians who did not support the Armed Islamic Group of Algeria

16368: 15858: 15766: 15666: 15553: 14204:

William Cleveland (2000), A History of the Modern Middle East (2nd ed.),

12215:, 2nd imprint al-Qahirah: Dar al-Fikr al-Arabi, , pp. 158–160; quoted in 11982:

al-Qahirah: al-Maktabah al-Tidjariyyah. 1383/1963, 272 p. 102; quoted in

11552:

Yusuf al-Qaradawi: Killing Of Apostates Is Essential For Islam To Survive

11416: 11285: 10921: 10260: 10132: 9667:"Some Observations on the Significance of Heresy in the History of Islam" 8859:"Fundamentally Danish? The Muhammad Cartoon Crisis as Transitional Drama" 7260: 7126:

Peace-Building by, between, and beyond Muslims and Evangelical Christians

7122:"The Right to religious conversion: Between apostasy and proselytization" 6223: 5777: 5644: 5366: 5121: 4962: 4933: 4871: 4851: 4819: 4732: 4695:

Modern historians recognize that the Christian populations living in the

4645: 4613: 4590: 4582: 4380: 4376: 4328: 4307: 4300: 4252: 4036: 3897: 3887: 3373: 3102: 3034:("The Criterion of Distinction between Islam and Clandestine Unbelief"). 2888: 2136: 2088: 1546: 1441: 1426: 1303: 1232: 404: 362: 286: 15257:"Why should a person who disbelieves after becoming Muslim be executed?" 14627:"Leaving Islam for Atheism, and Finding a Much-Needed Place Among Peers" 14398:

Silenced: How Apostasy and Blasphemy codes are choking freedom worldwide

13418: 12514: 12490: 12336: 12312: 11629: 11605: 10978:"Saudi Arabia gives top prize to cleric who blames George Bush for 9/11" 10183: 10167: 8442: 8146: 8122: 7522: 7491: 5827:

Becoming Ex-Muslim: The secret group for Aussies who've left their faith

5718:

as the sole source of rights, and in limits of equality and behavior in

3431: 2891:), also described as "explicit" apostasy. (Hashemi gives the example of 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2362: 2338: 2326: 2318: 1628: 16671: 15753: 15710: 15681: 15256: 15249:

Apostasy, Freedom and Da'wah: Full Disclosure in a Business-Like Manner

15087: 14684:

Sharia, Muslim States and International Human Rights Treaty Obligations

14296:, Edinburg, UK: PhD Thesis, School of Divinity, University of Edingburg 14248: 14077: 12626: 12466: 12238: 12005: 11965: 11921: 11886: 11444:"REPORT – Definition of Islamic Law and the Crime of Apostasy in Islam" 11269: 11134:

Richard Gauvain, Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God, p. 355.

11037: 10168:"The Danger of Takfir (Excommunication): Exposing IS' Takfiri Ideology" 9690: 9666: 9185: 7924:. In C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs; et al. (eds.). 7447: 6812: 6661: 6584: 6065: 5958: 5597: 5517: 5501: 5414: 5158: 4875: 4856: 4842:

was officially executed for possessing a heretical document suggesting

4617: 4609: 4605: 4594: 4574: 4538: 4467: 4440: 4270: 4256: 4239: 4122: 3996: 3821: 3527: 3142: 3126: 3045:

to deny the obligatory character of something considered obligatory by

3027: 2846: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2334: 2330: 2322: 2140: 2092: 2031: 1516: 1298: 1060: 817: 409: 24: 14779: 14186:

Fifty Thousand Orphans – Made So by the Turkish Massacres of Armenians

14053: 7293:"Death sentence for apostasy in nearly a dozen countries, report says" 4711:

multiple times at the hands of Arab Muslim officials and rulers; many

4151:

If this doctrine is called into question, what's next? Ritual prayer (

4126: 16376: 15807: 15749: 15696: 15564: 14991: 14649: 14620: 14618: 14164:

Angold, Michael (2006), "Eastern Christianity", in Editor: O'Mahony,

13254: 12639:

Adil Salahi, Muhammad: Man and the Prophet (2002) 603–632.;quoted in

11288: 8545: 8419: 6675:

Adang, Camilla (2001). "Belief and Unbelief: choice or destiny?". In

5852:

Seeking Allah, Finding Jesus: A Devout Muslim Encounters Christianity

5812: 5446: 4839: 4827: 4303: 4213: 3907: 3893: 3699: 3202: 3197: 2416: 1075: 867: 308: 15043: 14240: 14069: 12771:

Religious Human Rights in global perspective: religious perspectives

12618: 12487:, November 1916, pp. 485ff, in his own Bibliography p.163. cited in 12458: 12230: 11997: 11980:

Huquq al-Insan bayn ta'alim al-ISlam wa-i'lan al-Umam al-Muttahidah.

11957: 11913: 11878: 11213:

Deutsche Welle: "Women in Islam: Behind the veil and in front of it"

10663:

Accusations of Unbelief in Islam: A Diachronic Perspective on Takfīr

9682: 9591:"The Promised Messiah – Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (peace be on him)" 9177: 9020:

Accusations of Unbelief in Islam: A Diachronic Perspective on Takfīr

8575:

Accusations of Unbelief in Islam: A Diachronic Perspective on Takfīr

6653: 6576: 4814: 4399:

as simply "apostasy" – a standard practice – is really an error, as

2863:

Describing what qualifies as apostasy Christine Schirrmacher writes

2474:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 2280:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 16719: 16215: 16073: 16025: 15819: 15725: 15676: 15404: 15248: 14771: 14532:"علماء أزهريون: القرآنيون مرتدون.. والأدلة من الكتاب المقدس تدينهم" 14479: 14227:

Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam".

14139: 12605:

Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam".

12445:

Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam".

12217:

Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam".

11984:

Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam".

11944:

Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam".

11900:

Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam".

11865:

Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam".

11783:

Syed Barakat Ahmad, "Conversion from Islam," in C.E. Bosworth, ed.

10008:

Essential Islam : a comprehensive guide to belief and practice

9164:

Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam".

8759:

Essential Islam : a comprehensive guide to belief and practice

8236:

Striving in the Path of God: Jihad and Martyrdom in Islamic Thought

7207:

Striving in the Path of God: Jihad and Martyrdom in Islamic Thought

6640:

Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam".

6563:

Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam".

6252:

wrote "not everyone who falls into unbelief becomes an unbeliever"

5766: 5430: 5398: 5382: 5114: 4918: 4831: 4803: 4641: 4459: 4278: 3958: 3833: 3279: 3178: 3150: 3059: 2721: 2117: 2107: 1055: 931: 773: 715: 618: 586: 300: 234: 15107:. In Enstedt, Daniel; Larsson, Göran; Mantsinen, Teemu T. (eds.). 14615: 13336: 13087:

After the Prophet: The Epic Story of the Shia-Sunni Split in Islam

9938:"The child of an apostate Muslim remains Muslim. Fatwa No: 272422" 8433: 7361:"Countries where apostasy and blasphemy laws in Islam are applied" 6397:. In Enstedt, Daniel; Larsson, Göran; Mantsinen, Teemu T. (eds.). 6239:

or the six most important collections of hadith for Sunni Muslims)

4564: 3843:, a Syrian Islamic scholar, considered a respected scholar in the 3718:(c) any children removed and considered ward of the Islamic state. 3173:(ISIL), for example, takfired all those who opposed its policy of 3131:

to accuse or describe another devout Muslim of being an unbeliever

2178: 16734: 16330: 16018: 15898: 15776: 15771: 15758: 15742: 15735: 15730: 15462: 15225: 14134: 11038:"Maldivian renounces Islam, gets attacked by Zakir Naik audience" 7416:"Conspiratorial Narratives in Violent Political Actors' Language" 6152: 5648: 5581: 5327: 5311: 4966: 4791: 4784: 4767: 4763: 4663: 4621: 4546: 4209: 4118: 4097:

Rationale, arguments, criticism for and against killing apostates

3829: 3688: 3623: 3581: 3535: 3519: 3214: 3009: 2959: 2851: 2112: 1758: 1040: 812: 451: 128: 14456: 11088:"10 Times Zakir Naik Proved That He Promoted Anything But Peace" 8522: 6721:

Frank Griffel, "Apostasy", in (Editor: Gerhard Bowering et al.)

4383:); the hadith are in a category relying "on only one authority ( 4343:

permit repeated conversion from and to Islam" (Louay M. Safi), (

4049:, Omar and Azmeralda Alfi Distinguished Professor of Law at the 3947:

Intisar Rabb, faculty director of the Program in Islamic Law at

16248: 16222: 16181: 16142: 16059: 15972: 15893: 15795: 15705: 15636: 15631: 15398: 15322: 15237: 15112: 15044:"Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census" 14797:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 241–242, 259, 260–263. 11380:

Blasphemy and apostasy in Islam: debates on Shi'a jurisprudence

8355: 8285: 8271:. Vol. 1. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. p. 122. 7567: 7396: 7394: 7392: 6824: 6820: 6686: 6406: 6402: 6361: 6357: 6147: 5715: 5565: 5549: 5485: 5279: 5213: 5162: 5077: 5073: 5030: 4994: 4955: 4859:

judge had ruled that his words were not "proof of disbelief.")

4847: 4650: 4463: 4364: 4133: 3999:, an Iranian-American scholar of religious studies and writer. 3961: 3844: 3805: 3776: 3591: 3551: 3463: 3459: 3390: 3299: 3291: 3130: 3089: 3081: 3073: 3000: 2994: 2953: 2919: 2869: 2525: 2223: 2199: 2039: 2023: 961: 854: 471: 461: 250: 218: 210: 195: 189: 73: 10349:, Revue des Sciences Politiques, No. 29, pp. 93, 97–98, 92–101 9271: 8866:

Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-knowledge

7545:

Badara, Mohamed; Nagata, Masaki; Tueni, Tiphanie (June 2017).

4454:

had its officially sanctioned and legally enforced version of

3588:) after leaving Islam, not for converting to another religion. 3542:), and "recidivists". They disagree on issues such as whether 3145:"is often credited with having persuaded theologians", in his 2082:

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

16497: 16322: 16276: 16264: 16066: 16052: 16011: 15788: 15626: 15483: 15469: 15390: 15353: 15203:. Burlington VT: Ashgate Publishing Company. pp. 38–39. 13132: 12278: 12276: 10068:, Theologische Bibliothek Topelmann, Walter de Gruyter, p. 66 9501: 8439: 7509: 6744:

Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice

6365: 5963:

Het recht om ex-moslim te zijn (The Right to Be an Ex-Muslim)

5781: 5711: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5247: 4978: 4655: 4629: 4319: 4244: 4228: 4152: 4136:", not just "one or two", call for the killing of apostates ( 3965: 3852: 3801: 3764: 3756: 3657: 3648: 3628: 3616: 3596: 3564: 3496: 3417: 3405: 3255: 3210: 3163: 2989: 2977: 2896: 2521: 2424: 2420: 2370: 2314: 2019: 980: 968: 920: 730: 613: 491: 182: 140: 133: 56: 48: 12102:

The Truth about the Alleged Punishment for Apostasy in Islam

12022:

The Truth about the Alleged Punishment for Apostasy in Islam

9770: 9255:

Ethnic groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia

8935: 8933: 8098: 8096: 7930:. Vol. 7. Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 635–636. 7389: 4277:(97 AH/716 CE – 161 AH/778 CE) as well as the Hanafi jurist 3741: 2819:

Takfir § Characteristics of apostasy in classical Islam

2812: 16163: 16135: 16085: 16032: 15977: 15490: 15276:"Lives torn apart in battle for the soul of the Arab world" 14051: 13600: 10159: 8410: 8408: 7513: 7490:

Rickenbacher, Daniel (August 2019). Jikeli, Gunther (ed.).

6773:

Department of Law, School of Humanities and Social Sciences

5477:

Group B: Support death for apostasy as a % of Group A

5358:

Group B: Support death for apostasy as a % of Group A

5295: 5239:

Group B: Support death for apostasy as a % of Group A

4843: 4431: 4204: 4156: 3511: 3447: 3295: 3047: 3038: 3022: 2725: 2412: 2060: 1942:

personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

242: 150: 15111:. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 18. 14825:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 254, 258. 13047:

The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate

12273: 9239: 9237: 6819:. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 21. 6401:. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 18. 6276:

the other group of religious leaders. In the realm of the

3088:

Some also say to pay respect to non-Muslims, to celebrate

2072:, as demonstrated in human rights instruments such as the 14793:

Brems, E (2001). "Islamic Declarations of Human Rights".

14223:

al-tashri al-djina'i al-Islam muqaran bi-al-qanun al-wadi

12773:. The Hague: Kluwer Law International. pp. 356–357. 10801:"Mohammed al-Ghazali, 78, An Egyptian Cleric and Scholar" 10209:

Ibrahim, R. (2009). Gallagher, J.; Patterson, E. (eds.).

9794: 9782: 8930: 8822:"Countries where apostasy and blasphemy laws are applied" 8093: 6203:

that regarding apostasy as a wrongdoing is not a sign of

5049:

extrajudicial killings performed by the apostate's family

4640:

is the true successor to Muhammad, while Sunnis consider

4637: 4520: 4519:

At a 2009-human rights conference at Mofid University in

4212:

and early Islamic scholars (Ibn al-Humam, al-Marghinani,

3129:

and other schools of Islamic jurisprudence, for a Muslim

3072:

and/or to translate the Quran in any language other than

2520:

The classical shariah punishment for apostasy comes from

14418:"The Application of the Apostasy Law in the World Today" 13753: 10660:

Adang, Camilla; Ansari, Hassan; Fierro, Maribel (2015).

10579: 10577: 10575: 10092: 10090: 9202:

Adang, Camilla; Ansari, Hassan; Fierro, Maribel (2015).

9017:

Adang, Camilla; Ansari, Hassan; Fierro, Maribel (2015).

8572:

Adang, Camilla; Ansari, Hassan; Fierro, Maribel (2015).

8405: 7414:

Baele, Stephane J. (October 2019). Giles, Howard (ed.).

5669: 5024:

apostates from Islam in Turkey (Stavriotes, Kromlides).

4913:, and substituted with other forms of punishment by the 4552:

While not speaking to the issue of executing apostates,

4216:, Sarakhsi, Ibrahim al-Nakh'i) opposed the execution of 3814:(b. 1926), another "moderate" Islamist, chairman of the 3481:, were dropped on the grounds he was "mentally unfit"). 15157:

Apostasy in Islam: A Historical and Scriptural Analysis

13544:

The Martyrs of Cordoba, 850–859. A Study of the Sources

13135:: Keio Institute of Cultural and Linguistic Studies at 10967:. 22 June 2010. Retrieved 16 April 2011. 7 August 2011. 9350:

The Middle East: a Brief History of the Last 2000 Years

9234: 7875: 7873: 7687:

The Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought

7233:

The Princeton encyclopedia of Islamic political thought

7089:

The Middle East, a Brief History of the Last 2000 Years

6723:

The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought

5985:

From Al Qaeda to Atheism: The Girl Who Would Not Submit

4896:

Conversion of non-Muslim places of worship into mosques

4379:(1759–1834 CE)); as their authenticity is not certain ( 4144:

justify coercion and severe punishment" for apostates (

3054:

revile, question, wonder, doubt, mock, and/or deny the

23:. For the sociological perspectives of ex-Muslims, see 15300:. Understanding Islam. 6 December 1998. Archived from 14686:, British Institute of International Comparative Law, 14586: 14584: 13689:

Forty Hadiths on the Merit of Saying La Ilaha Illallah

10435:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 10291:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

9856: 9854: 9373:

Hashemi, Kamran (2008). "Part A. Apostasy (IRTIDAD)".

8898:

Hashemi, Kamran (2008). "Part A. Apostasy (IRTIDAD)".

8681:

Hashemi, Kamran (2008). "Part A. Apostasy (IRTIDAD)".

8630: 7148: 6775:. The American University in Cairo, Egypt. p. 2. 6601:

Hashemi, Kamran (2008). "Part A. Apostasy (IRTIDAD)".

4735:

written by the Iberian Christian and Latinist scholar

3992:

Faculty of Theology and Religion, University of Oxford

3438:

Takfir § Exemptions_and_extenuating_circumstances

16:

Islamic views on the renunciation of Islam by a Muslim

14898:

Yearbook of Islamic and Middle Eastern law, Volume 10

13947: 13497: 12694:(1st ed.). New Delhi: Global Media. p. 65. 10829:

Middle East Review of International Affairs (MERIA),

10572: 10519:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 229–231. 10087: 9965: 9963: 9930: 9814: 9812: 9730: 9128:. p. Chapter O8.0: Apostasy from Islam (Ridda). 7683:

Ibrahim, Hassan (2006). Abu-Rabi', Ibrahim M. (ed.).

6007:

The Atheist Muslim: A Journey from Religion to Reason

3636:

for both male and female apostates for leaving Islam.

3505: 3432:

Who qualifies for judgement for the crime of apostasy

3217:) – the Islamic Republic of Pakistan has declared in 2181:(non-believer)", but "a particularly heinous type".) 15042:

Johnstone, Patrick; Miller, Duane Alexander (2015).

14327:

Which countries still outlaw apostasy and blasphemy?

14308:

Which countries still outlaw apostasy and blasphemy?

12257:

The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists

11543: 11506: 11504: 8941:"Zarqawi's Anti-Shi'a Legacy: Original or Borrowed?" 8750: 8748: 8746: 7870: 7792:

The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists

7547:"The Radical Application of the Islamist Concept of 7324: 7322: 7320: 7318: 4928:

This was also the time that Islamic modernists like

3273: 3267: 3261: 3253: 3209:(Ahmadis state they believe Mirza Ghulam Ahmad is a 2078:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

2013: 2001: 14581: 14052:Peters, J. J. De Vries, Rudolph, Gert (1976–1977). 13641: 12598: 12438: 12012: 10831:"Faraj Fawda, or the cost of Freedom of Expression" 10612: 10380: 10378: 10376: 10374: 10372: 9851: 8976:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 7848: 7846: 7353: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6031:. London: Darton, Longman & Todd. p. 192. 4608:in the 7th century CE. The original schism between 3775:if they entered Islam and left it after they reach 3634:

Death penalty is the traditional form of punishment

3612:

death penalty is the recommended form of punishment

3119:

rejection of Ahmadi Muslims as apostates from Islam

3004:decrees (on the left). From the satirical magazine 14215: 12647:. University of Adelaide Press. pp. 152–171. 12094: 12092: 10005: 9960: 9809: 9257:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. pp. 6, 8. 8756: 8676: 8674: 8672: 8670: 8668: 8179:. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. p. 120. 7538: 7224: 7124:. In Mohammed Abu-Nimer; David Augsburger (eds.). 6802: 6800: 5688:run contrary to Article 18 of the United Nations' 4789:follower for killing a raider who had uttered the 4255:(d. 483 AH/ 1090 CE) and Imam Ibnul Humam (d. 681 4227:In addition there have been a number of prominent 3600:crime. Both male and female apostates deserve the 2923:, often involve public thinkers and theologians – 2804: 15161:International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) 15048:Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion 14900:. Boston: Brill Academic Publishers. p. 17. 14390: 13442: 13440: 13438: 13436: 12172: 12098: 12045: 12018: 11861:Ahkam al-Qura'an. Tahqiq 'Ali Muhammad al-Badjawi 11501: 10882:"Qatar-based cleric calls for Egypt vote boycott" 10879: 10659: 10232: 9583: 9201: 9016: 8743: 8571: 8567: 8565: 8563: 8460:, p.63, note v.256, éditions Albin Michel, Paris. 8102: 8054: 8052: 7544: 7483: 7315: 6986: 6984: 6982: 6980: 6872: 6870: 6868: 6866: 5706:—a joint declaration of the member states of the 5041: 4826:"Tolerance is laudable", the Spiller (the Caliph 4559: 3747:Support among contemporary preachers and scholars 16839: 15317:Apostasy: Oxford Bibliographies, Islamic Studies 14449:"The Fate of Infidels and Apostates under Islam" 14320: 14120: 13987: 13985: 13791:"Apostasy from Islam – A Historical Perspective" 13650:"Apostasy from Islam – A Historical Perspective" 13609:"Apostasy from Islam – A Historical Perspective" 13125:): The Khārijites and the origin of the problem" 12912: 12769:. In John Witte; Johan D. Van Der Vyver (eds.). 12473: 12418:McAuliffe, Jane Dammen, ed. (2001). "Apostasy". 11859:Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn 'Abd Allah Ibn al-'Arabi, 11791:"Apostasy from Islam – A Historical Perspective" 11745:"Apostasy from Islam – A Historical Perspective" 10980:. Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 1 March 2015. 10896: 10621:"Apostasy from Islam – A Historical Perspective" 10505:|By Adel Darwish | 14 July 2010 |The Independent 10369: 10253: 10202: 10035: 10033: 9976:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 9197: 9195: 7843: 7678: 7676: 7230: 7175: 6916:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 121–159. 6558: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6534: 6532: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6381: 5097:Similar views are expressed by the non-theistic 4159:)? Even Muhammad's mission? (Abul A'la Maududi). 3940:(1935–2016), founder and former chairman of the 14847:Philosophy of Human Rights: Theory and Practice 14816: 14814: 13782: 13364: 13362: 13360: 13358: 13296: 13294: 13292: 13290: 13205:"The Balance of Islam in Challenging Extremism" 13111: 13109: 13107: 13105: 13103: 12799: 12767:"Islamic Foundations of Religious Human Rights" 12729: 12727: 12725: 12723: 12573: 12571: 12569: 12567: 12089: 11578:Kendal, Elizabeth (2016). "Hasten to Success". 11082: 10936:Islam Without Fear: Egypt and the New Islamists 10842: 10533: 10422: 10420: 10066:Christians and Muslims: The Dialogue Activities 10012:. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger. pp. 9366: 8891: 8814: 8790:"Afghan Case Against Christian Convert Falters" 8763:. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger. pp. 8665: 8114: 6797: 6633: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6490: 5480:Group C: Group B as % of all Muslims 5361:Group C: Group B as % of all Muslims 5242:Group C: Group B as % of all Muslims 4699:between the 7th and 10th centuries AD suffered 4565:From the Middle Ages to the early modern period 3105:; i.e., for someone to declare that they are a 27:. For organisations by and for ex-Muslims, see 15151: 15059:Peters, Rudolph; De Vries, Gert J. J. (1976). 13433: 13233: 13174:"Another battle with Islam's 'true believers'" 12488: 12310: 12119: 11603: 10794: 10792: 10729:Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought 10653: 10517:Islamic law and international human rights law 10508: 9825:. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 52–53. 9658: 9154: 9152: 9150: 9010: 8560: 8361: 8291: 8120: 8049: 7079: 6994:Human Rights : Universality and Diversity 6977: 6863: 6594: 4810:order to gain better treatment and privilege. 3443: 3347:(considered unbeliever/apostates in Iran) and 15338: 14923:"Conversions From Islam in Europe and Beyond" 14567:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 49–52. 14349:, Editors: Suad Joseph and Afsāna Naǧmābādī, 14336:Pew Research Center, United States (May 2014) 14317:Pew Research Center, United States (May 2014) 13982: 13864: 13862: 13303:"Introduction: Christian Martyrs under Islam" 12542:"Arguments for and against the death penalty" 12132:. University of Adelaide Press. p. 169. 11831:"Arguments for and against the death penalty" 10489: 10030: 9418: 9192: 9105: 9103: 9101: 9056: 9054: 9052: 8463: 7919: 7915: 7913: 7911: 7819: 7673: 7620: 7618: 7616: 7614: 7612: 7265:Sharī'a: Theory, Practice and Transformations 6943:. University of Adelaide Press. p. 164. 5005:in 1894 against Christians, particularly the 4838:The famous Sufi mystic of 10th-century Iraq, 4713:were executed under the Islamic death penalty 4531:, this is not permissible." As one observer ( 4395:); and in fact, translating the Islamic term 4174:Others maintain that verse Q.2:256 has been " 2830:. (In the words of Frank Griffel) these are: 2169:in Islamic literature. An apostate is called 2087:Until the late 19th century, the majority of 1906: 1651: 682: 15319:Andrew March (2010), Oxford University Press 15102: 14920: 14811: 14106:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 13953: 13533: 13504: 13355: 13287: 13100: 13002:International Journal of Middle East Studies 12845: 12843: 12841: 12764: 12720: 12564: 12539: 12361: 12251: 11648: 11184:Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God 11033: 11031: 11029: 11001: 10999: 10798: 10758: 10583: 10474: 10417: 10096: 9343: 9341: 9339: 9005:Faysal al-Tafriqa bayn al-Islam wa-l-Zandaqa 8636: 8625:Fayasl al-tafriqa bayn al-Islam wa-l-zandaqa 8376: 8374: 8372: 8370: 8202: 8200: 8198: 8196: 7879: 7786: 7489: 7169: 6487: 6392: 6347:, p. 667; al-Bukhari, 5.59.568; Muslim 1.176 5474:Group A: % Muslims support sharia 5355:Group A: % Muslims support sharia 5236:Group A: % Muslims support sharia 4168:repent, etc.) (Religious Tolerance website). 3032:Faysal al-Tafriqa bayn al-Islam wa-l-Zandaqa 2947: 2156: 2051: 2018:) is commonly defined as the abandonment of 2007: 1203:Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam 14867:The Blackwell companion to religious ethics 14708:"The Universal Declaration of Human Rights" 14624: 14226: 12988: 12604: 12444: 12424:. Vol. 1. Leiden: Brill. p. 120. 12216: 11983: 11943: 11899: 11864: 11517:. Amsterdam University Press. p. 121. 11411:آيت الله منتظری: هر تغيير مذهبی ارتداد نيست 10970: 10789: 10732:. Cambridge University Press. p. 108. 9405: 9163: 9147: 8262: 7649: 7647: 7196: 7061:"Saudi Arabia: Writer Faces Apostasy Trial" 6766:"Rights of Muslim Converts to Christianity" 6639: 6562: 4888:Anti-Christian sentiment in the Middle East 4731:between 850 and 859 CE are recorded in the 4688:is venerated in Christianity as one of the 3394: 15345: 15331: 15196: 14702: 14700: 14268: 14266: 14264: 14262: 14260: 14258: 13859: 13749: 13747: 13745: 13743: 13701: 12949: 12355: 11727:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 11698:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 11238: 11236: 11234: 11232: 11230: 11228: 10946: 10944: 10719: 10391:. 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Walsh School of Foreign Service 3742:Supporters and opponents of death penalty 3333:she has always practiced another religion 2885:Converting from Islam to another religion 2813:Conditions of apostasy in classical Islam 2490:Learn how and when to remove this message 2296:Learn how and when to remove this message 1971:Learn how and when to remove this message 1495:Liberal and reform movements within Islam 14732: 14453:International Humanist and Ethical Union 14446: 13829: 13446: 13239: 12882: 12809:Human Rights: Universality and Diversity 12179:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 122. 12075:(1st ed.). Routledge. p. 551. 11893: 11403: 11401: 11399: 11206: 11174: 11078: 11076: 10543:Human Rights: Universality and Diversity 10483:Sacred Rage: The Wrath of Militant Islam 10352: 10125: 9969: 9860: 9629:. Islam International Publications Ltd. 9554:. 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Simon & Schuster UK. 5765:(2015) – Benjamin Zand for 5763:Ex-Muslim: Leaving Religion 5184:Ex-Muslims of North America 4353: 3988:St Antony's College, Oxford 3841:Muhammad Saalih Al-Munajjid 3491:Capital punishment in Islam 3326:Children raised in apostasy 3274: 3268: 3262: 3254: 3207:the Finality of Prophethood 3175:exterminating and enslaving 2992:, are threatening him with 2939:in 1997, takfir of Shia by 2470:the claims made and adding 2276:the claims made and adding 2217: 2102:As of 2021, there were ten 2014: 2002: 1151:Militant Islamism based in 230:("Stories of the Prophets") 10: 16889: 16584: 15105:"Chapter 7: Leaving Islam" 14282:Library of Congress (2014) 13875:. Macmillan. p. 237. 13714:. Macmillan. p. 239. 13389:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 13319:Princeton University Press 13259:Cambridge University Press 12962:. Macmillan. p. 249. 12688:Subhani, M E Asad (2005). 12099:Mirza Tahir Ahmad (2005). 12019:Mirza Tahir Ahmad (2005). 11262:10.1163/026805598125826102 11187:. Routledge. p. 335. 10040:Hackett, Rosalind (2008). 9862:Taliaferro, Karen (eds.). 9744:Journal of Semitic Studies 9717:Religion: Beyond a Concept 8500:Dr. M. E. Subhani (2005), 7794:. HarperOne. p. 158. 7269:Cambridge University Press 7237:Princeton University Press 6395:"Chapter 7: Leaving Islam" 5987:. Free Hearts Free Minds. 5820:(2017) – Mobeen Azhar for 5673: 5658: 5596: 5580: 5564: 5548: 5532: 5516: 5500: 5484: 5445: 5429: 5413: 5397: 5381: 5365: 5326: 5310: 5294: 5278: 5262: 5246: 4885: 4604:with the emergence of the 4292: 3494: 3488: 3435: 3244: 2972:educator and intellectual 2957: 2951: 2816: 2501: 2403: 1472:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 1135:Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan 794:Salafism by country/region 18: 16805: 16690: 16657: 16597: 16593: 16579: 16506: 16473: 16445:Geography and cartography 16420: 16367: 16363: 16347: 16173: 16095: 16042: 15991: 15987: 15963: 15833: 15657: 15617: 15500: 15452: 15376: 15372: 15361: 15298:"Punishment for Apostasy" 15126:10.1163/9789004331471_008 13577:10.1215/00182168-44.4.644 13245:"The Reign of Antichrist" 13065:Barnaby Rogerson (2007), 13015:10.1017/S002074382000080X 12812:. Springer. p. 212. 12395:Punishment in Islamic Law 12367:"Summary and Conclusions" 12283:Tariq Ramadan on Apostasy 11181:Gauvain, Richard (2012). 10726:Brown, Daniel W. (1996). 10546:. Springer. p. 209. 10501:25 September 2015 at the 10212:Debating the War of Ideas 10042:Proselytization revisited 8646:. Brill. pp. 81–82. 7852:Ahmet Albayrak writes in 7580:10.1163/15730255-31020044 7176:John L. Esposito (2004). 7155:. Routledge. p. 10. 6997:. Springer. p. 210. 6838:10.1163/9789004435544_026 6420:10.1163/9789004331471_008 6199:Ahmet Albayrak writes in 6190:taken from 2008 and 2012. 5915:Hirsi Ali, Ayaan (2011). 5811:(2016) – Poppy Begum for 5347:South and Southeast Asia 5111:reformist/liberal Muslims 4458:; in China at that time, 4435:was developed, and when " 3769:converted to Christianity 3359:law in its completeness. 3231:1974 Anti-Ahmadiyya riots 3101:to make a declaration of 2948:Issues in defining heresy 2435: 2157:Etymology and terminology 2104:Muslim-majority countries 1599:Islam and other religions 1552:Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawi 1081:International propagation 789:International propagation 16764:Islamic view of miracles 14345:Nancy Gallagher (2005), 14017:Walnut Creek, California 13694:4 September 2015 at the 12663:10.20851/j.ctt1t3051j.13 12148:10.20851/j.ctt1t3051j.13 11410: 11378:Kadīvar, Moḥsen (2021). 11298:24 December 2008 at the 11066:8 September 2013 at the 10427:Peters, Rudolph (2005). 10345:3 September 2014 at the 10215:. Springer. p. 68. 9803:Encyclopedia of Religion 9486:10.1177/2347798920921706 9444:10.1177/2347798920921706 9111:Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri 9062:Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri 8721:"No God, not even Allah" 8059:McAuliffe, Jane (2020). 7438:10.1177/0261927X19868494 7297:National Secular Society 6959:10.20851/j.ctt1t3051j.13 6465:"No God, not even Allah" 6164: 6108:Apostasy in Christianity 6027:; Mughal, Fiyaz (2018). 5629:Gulf Cooperation Council 4984:were perpetrated by the 4554:Dar al-Ifta al-Misriyyah 3910:Duke University (2009–). 3698:(b) his or her marriage 3070:createdness of the Quran 3008:, N. 17, 28 April 1908, 2308: 1243:Governance of the Jurist 319:Medieval Islamic science 16863:Persecution of atheists 16519:Creationism (evolution) 15080:10.1163/157006076X00017 14896:Cotran, Eugene (2006). 14278:11 October 2017 at the 14191:9 November 2012 at the 13869:Kadri, Sadakat (2012). 13708:Kadri, Sadakat (2012). 12956:Kadri, Sadakat (2012). 12507:10.3366/jqs.2001.3.2.63 12329:10.3366/jqs.2001.3.2.63 12303:Mazhab ke Nam per Khoon 11713:Brelvi, Mahmud (1968). 11622:10.3366/jqs.2001.3.2.63 11244:Kamali, Mohammad Hashim 10964:Daily News and Analysis 10957:13 January 2012 at the 10934:Raymond William Baker, 10311:(4): 41–42, Chapter 2. 9970:Esposito, John (1996). 9665:Lewis, Bernard (1953). 9348:Lewis, Bernard (1995). 9253:Minahan, James (2012). 8240:Oxford University Press 8139:10.3366/jqs.2001.3.2.63 8042:22 October 2013 at the 8006:Modarres Human Sciences 7992:The Islamic Middle East 7743:(4): 36–37, chapter 2. 7211:Oxford University Press 7152:Islam: the key concepts 7086:Lewis, Bernard (1995). 6046:Sultan, Harris (2018). 5747:Films and documentaries 4733:hagiographical treatise 4628:to the guidance of the 4352:Hadith and Sunnah (see 4261:Abd al-Rahman al-Awza'i 4041:University of Amsterdam 3928:Hussein Esmaeel al-Sadr 3847:movement (according to 3574:beaten every three days 3518:) and their respective 3166:to complete disaster." 2845:Three centuries later, 2724:(rightly guide) Caliph 1352:Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī 16779:Persecution of Muslims 16677:List of former Muslims 15526:Succession to Muhammad 15229:Quotations related to 15027:. Hurst. p. 288. 15021:Cottee, Simon (2015). 14821:Cismas, Ioana (2014). 14760:Universal Human Rights 14735:Ethics of human rights 14682:Nisrine Abiad (2008), 14332:6 October 2014 at the 14221:'Abd al-Qadir 'Awdah, 14009:Glassé, Cyril (2001). 13798:J Studies Arabic Islam 13560:Durham, North Carolina 13475:10.1353/earl.1996.0079 13315:Woodstock, Oxfordshire 11717:. Karachi. p. ix. 11043:27 August 2013 at the 10338:David F Forte (2011), 10004:Morgan, Diane (2010). 9789:Saeed & Saeed 2004 9777:Saeed & Saeed 2004 9023:. Brill. p. 220. 8755:Morgan, Diane (2010). 8487:Frank Griffel (2007), 8414:Mustansir Mir (2008), 8173:McAuliffe, Jane Dammen 8023:22 August 2013 at the 7927:Encyclopaedia of Islam 7920:Heffening, W. (1993). 7626:"Beliefs about Sharia" 6677:McAuliffe, Jane Dammen 6128:List of former Muslims 6098:List of former Muslims 5699: 5623: 5197: 5095: 5063: 4989: 4882:Colonial era and after 4862:In 12th-century Iran, 4836: 4692: 4624:was disputed over the 4602:early history of Islam 4210:companions of Muhammad 3890:of Egypt (2002–2003). 3884:Grand Imam of Al-Azhar 3874:Grand Imam of Al-Azhar 3851:); and founder of the 3780: 3382: 3241:Overlap with blasphemy 3111:early history of Islam 3017: 2878: 2802: 2782: 2749: 2710: 2690: 2670: 2651: 2631: 2575: 1951:by rewriting it in an 1417:Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani 833:Islamic fundamentalism 329:Succession to Muhammad 16563:Conversion to mosques 16430:Alchemy and chemistry 13963:. Brill. p. 83. 13931:Encyclopedia of Islam 13907:Robert Burns (2011), 13843:10.1163/9789004452848 13564:Duke University Press 13514:. Brill. p. 82. 13311:Princeton, New Jersey 13203:Hasan, Usama (2012). 11978:Muhammad al-Ghazali, 11684:Kettani, Ali (1986). 11118:23 March 2019 at the 10855:Oxford Bibliographies 10836:14 March 2009 at the 10666:. Brill. p. 14. 10593:. Brill. p. 85. 10293:, 64(03), pp. 348–349 10240:Hispano-Arabic Poetry 10106:. Brill. p. 86. 9757:10.1093/jss/XLII.1.39 9208:. Brill. p. 10. 8904:. Brill. p. 26. 8687:. Brill. p. 23. 8578:. Brill. p. 11. 8265:Jane Dammen McAuliffe 8209:Encyclopedia of Islam 7889:. Brill. p. 81. 6991:Brems, Evams (2001). 6910:"Chapter 4: Apostasy" 6742:Diane Morgan (2009), 6607:. Brill. p. 21. 5773:Islam's Non-Believers 5694: 5621: 5192: 5090: 5057: 4954: 4824: 4701:religious persecution 4684: 4543:Islamic televangelist 4487:Al-Kamal ibn al-Humam 4424:Hussein-Ali Montazeri 4333:Hussein-Ali Montazeri 4315:in the temporal world 4193:Against death penalty 4105:For the death penalty 4023:Georgetown University 4011:Georgetown University 3914:Hossein-Ali Montazeri 3900:of Egypt (2003–2013). 3826:Islamic televangelist 3754: 3706:) (as in the case of 3665:Vigilante application 3512:Islamic jurisprudence 3495:Further information: 3436:Further information: 3370: 3092:the Iranian New Year; 3039:Islamic jurisprudence 2967: 2958:Further information: 2925:Mahmoud Mohammed Taha 2865: 2817:Further information: 2783: 2766:leaves the Muslims." 2763: 2730: 2691: 2671: 2656: 2632: 2576: 2539:leaves the Muslims." 2536: 2531:Encyclopedia of Islam 2516:Ubayd-Allah ibn Jahsh 2317:references apostasy ( 2242:Scriptural references 2061:Islamic jurisprudence 1490:Criticism of Islamism 1484:Criticism of Islamism 1402:Necip Fazıl Kısakürek 1319:Hibatullah Akhundzada 16289:Ma malakat aymanukum 15864:Association football 15763:Moderate Kharijites 15245:at Wikimedia Commons 15153:Jabir Alalwani, Taha 14733:Monteiro, A (2014). 14593:"Invisible Atheists" 14510:The Washington Times 14459:on 27 September 2011 14313:25 July 2016 at the 14019:: AltaMira. p. 13911:, University Press, 13789:Cook, David (2006). 13648:Cook, David (2006). 13607:Cook, David (2006). 12904:(11). Archived from 12890:Ghamidi, Javed Ahmad 12850:Aslan, Reza (2011). 12479:1 Samuel M. Zwemer, 12288:15 June 2015 at the 12253:Abou El Fadl, Khaled 11873:(1/4): 15, note 38. 11789:Cook, David (2006). 11743:Cook, David (2006). 10619:Cook, David (2006). 10515:Emon, Anver (2012). 10238:J.T. Munroe (2004), 9379:. Brill. p. 8. 8727:. 24 November 2012. 7788:Abou El Fadl, Khaled 7299:. 16 November 2021. 6831:. pp. 485–512. 6471:. 24 November 2012. 5686:religious conversion 5132:Apostate communities 4938:Muhammad al Ghazzali 4934:Muhammad Rashid Rida 4921:period, such as the 4331:), (Grand Ayatollah 4327:), (W. Heffening), ( 4236:Abu al-Walid al-Baji 3672:Mahmud Muhammad Taha 3644:solitary confinement 3570:solitary confinement 3536:treacherous heretics 3298:, and more recently 3190:Abu Musab al-Zarqawi 3107:prophet or messenger 2941:Abu Musab al-Zarqawi 2222:) is the act of one 2070:freedom of religions 1852:Religious conversion 1324:Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi 1284:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 1241:Islamic Government: 368:Association football 15274:(20 October 1999). 15068:Die Welt des Islams 15061:"Apostasy in Islam" 14542:on 12 November 2013 14512:. 26 September 2007 14229:Die Welt des Islams 14128:(4 November 2021). 14092:– via JSTOR. 14058:Die Welt des Islams 14054:"Apostasy in Islam" 13463:Baltimore, Maryland 12806:Brems, Eva (2001). 12607:Die Welt des Islams 12546:religious tolerance 12447:Die Welt des Islams 12301:Mirza Tahir Ahmad, 12219:Die Welt des Islams 11986:Die Welt des Islams 11946:Die Welt des Islams 11902:Die Welt des Islams 11867:Die Welt des Islams 11835:Religious Tolerance 11486:on 8 September 2017 11474:"Apostasy in Islam" 11353:Kadivar.com English 11325:on 8 September 2017 11305:The Washington Post 10851:"Yusuf al-Qaradawi" 10771:The Washington Post 10716:Description Section 10540:Brems, Eva (2001). 10064:J. Sperber (2000), 9973:Islam and democracy 9944:. 8 November 2014. 9620:Musa, A.S. (2016). 9545:Musa, A.S. (2016). 9166:Die Welt des Islams 8970:Ess, Josef (2006). 8947:. 1 November 2006. 8536:Badawi, Dr. Jamal. 8525:on 15 January 2018. 8362:Jabir Alalwani 2011 8338:Taha Jabir Alalwani 8292:Jabir Alalwani 2011 7990:Lindholm, Charles. 7523:10.3390/rel10080483 6642:Die Welt des Islams 6565:Die Welt des Islams 6188:Pew Research Center 6123:Islam and blasphemy 6113:Apostasy in Judaism 5937:Al-Husseini, Waleed 5840:Books by ex-Muslims 5742:Literature and film 5732:freedom of religion 5702:and by issuing the 5467: 5348: 5229: 5206:Pew Research Center 5118:Ahmed Subhy Mansour 4911:Edict of Toleration 4737:Eulogius of Córdoba 4725:executed by burning 4496:) (Ahmet Albayrak). 4480:Javed Ahmad Ghamidi 4079:Istanbul University 4047:Khaled Abou El Fadl 4007:Associate professor 4003:Jonathan A.C. Brown 3955:Javed Ahmad Ghamidi 3938:Taha Jabir Alalwani 3886:(2010–Present) and 3798:Al Azhar University 3794:Mohammed al-Ghazali 3761:Al-Azhar University 3286:Collective apostasy 3247:Islam and blasphemy 3127:Shāfiʿī te doctrine 2720:offers a case were 2508:Criticism of Hadith 2161:Apostasy is called 2145:punishable by death 2139:to less than 1% in 2044:apostate from Islam 2032:abandoning religion 1684:Abrahamic religions 1676:and other religions 1634:Politics portal 1587:Islam and modernity 1245:("Velayat-e faqih") 1227:Ma'alim fi al-Tariq 129:Profession of Faith 102:Day of Resurrection 16784:Quran and miracles 16698:Criticism of Islam 16402:Geometric patterns 16254:Gender segregation 15825:Non-denominational 15119:. pp. 81–95. 14982:Ahmad, Mirza Tahir 14927:The New York Times 14849:, Westview Press, 14710:. United Nations. 14633:. New York Times. 14631:The New York Times 14480:"Fear and silence" 14428:on 28 October 2010 13261:. pp. 20–37. 13212:Quiliam Foundation 13178:The Globe and Mail 13045:Wilferd Madelung, 12540:Sisters in Islam. 11715:Islam on the March 11249:Arab Law Quarterly 11218:5 May 2016 at the 10950:Shukla, Ashutosh. 10805:The New York Times 10340:Islam’s Trajectory 9884:. September 2016. 9516:operation pakistan 9077:Amana Publications 8829:Set My People Free 8795:The New York Times 7863:). Oliver Leaman, 7766:Kazemi F. (2000), 7559:Arab Law Quarterly 7368:Set My People Free 7335:The New York Times 6413:. pp. 81–95. 5870:Ham, Boris van der 5788:Among Nonbelievers 5647:countries such as 5624: 5465: 5346: 5227: 5064: 5003:Hamidian massacres 4997:parts of the then 4990: 4915:Ottoman government 4874:and other sons of 4806:are major crimes. 4741:Martyrs of Córdoba 4729:Emirate of Córdoba 4705:religious violence 4693: 4690:Martyrs of Córdoba 4638:ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 4523:, Iran, Ayatollah 4267:Ibrahim al-Nakhaʿī 4251:The Hanafi jurist 4234:The Maliki jurist 4086:Allah ile Aldatmak 4075:Islamic Philosophy 4051:UCLA School of Law 4019:Alwaleed bin Talal 3949:Harvard Law School 3781: 3733:Social liabilities 3383: 3018: 2968:Caricature of the 2665:Al-Sunan al-Sughra 2504:Malik ibn Nuwayrah 2455:possibly contains 2261:possibly contains 2185:can also refer to 1953:encyclopedic style 1940:is written like a 1512:Khaled Abu al-Fadl 1357:Qazi Hussain Ahmad 1342:Abu Hamza al-Masri 1170:Sub-Saharan Africa 1130:Muslim Brotherhood 1105:Iranian Revolution 1015:Islamic Golden Age 883:Islamic liberalism 863:Islamic governance 16848:Apostasy in Islam 16835: 16834: 16801: 16800: 16797: 16796: 16769:Domestic violence 16759:Islamic terrorism 16754:Islamic extremism 16575: 16574: 16571: 16570: 16343: 16342: 16339: 16338: 16129:Marriage contract 15959: 15958: 15919:Political aspects 15648:Story of Prophets 15417:Prophets of Islam 15304:on 1 January 2009 15243:Apostasy in Islam 15241:Media related to 15231:Apostasy in Islam 15180:Apostasy in Islam 14996:Lutterworth Press 13999:, Chapter 1 and 2 13837:. Leiden: Brill. 13566:on behalf of the 13321:. pp. 1–28. 13139:. pp. 1–20. 13117:Izutsu, Toshihiko 13085:Lesley Hazleton, 12892:(November 1996). 12691:apostasy in islam 11347:Kadivar, Mohsen. 10366:, pp. 53–54, 1–68 10267:. 28 March 2006. 10242:, Gorgias Press, 9779:, pp. 38–39. 9115:Nuh Ha Mim Keller 9066:Nuh Ha Mim Keller 8502:Apostasy in Islam 8364:, pp. 35–39. 8294:, pp. 32–33. 6809:Cusack, Carole M. 6786:apostate (murtad) 5981:Mohammed, Yasmine 5822:BBC World Service 5684:Laws prohibiting 5616: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5461: 5460: 5342: 5341: 5126:Mohammed Shahrour 4923:1856 Reform Edict 4579:death of Muhammad 4448:Holy Roman Empire 4446:For example, the 4222:Mirza Tahir Ahmad 4146:Dale F. Eickelman 4138:Yusuf al-Qaradawi 4115:Abul A'la Maududi 4067:Yaşar Nuri Öztürk 4029:Rudolph F. Peters 3812:Yusuf al-Qaradawi 3788:Abul A'la Maududi 3682:Civil liabilities 3501:Violence in Islam 3466:) out of fear of 3316:Ruhollah Khomeini 3233:) and a bombing ( 3227:1953 Lahore riots 2974:Ismail Gasprinsky 2512:Abdullah ibn Saad 2500: 2499: 2492: 2457:original research 2367:Dale F. Eickelman 2306: 2305: 2298: 2263:original research 2177:as "not just any 2000: 1984:Apostasy in Islam 1981: 1980: 1973: 1923: 1922: 1668: 1667: 1522:Abdelwahab Meddeb 1457:Haji Shariatullah 1422:Yusuf al-Qaradawi 1407:Abul A'la Maududi 1397:Ruhollah Khomeini 1377:Rached Ghannouchi 1289:Ruhollah Khomeini 1196:Rashīd Rīďha 1922 1086:by country/region 975:Two-nation theory 927:Islamic terrorism 888:Islamic socialism 873:Islamic democracy 849:Apostasy in Islam 806:Deobandi jihadism 801:Deobandi movement 699: 698: 629:Deobandi jihadism 16880: 16825: 16824: 16817:Islam portal 16815: 16814: 16813: 16595: 16594: 16587: 16581: 16580: 16422:Medieval science 16365: 16364: 16355: 16349: 16348: 16006:Economic history 15989: 15988: 15965: 15964: 15951:Islam by country 15736:Bektashi Alevism 15374: 15373: 15365:Outline of Islam 15347: 15340: 15333: 15324: 15323: 15313: 15311: 15309: 15293: 15291: 15289: 15267: 15265: 15263: 15240: 15228: 15214: 15193: 15174: 15148: 15128: 15117:Brill Publishers 15099: 15065: 15055: 15038: 15017: 14969: 14968: 14966: 14964: 14949: 14943: 14942: 14940: 14938: 14918: 14912: 14911: 14893: 14887: 14884: 14878: 14863: 14857: 14845:David Boersema, 14843: 14837: 14836: 14818: 14809: 14808: 14790: 14784: 14783: 14755: 14749: 14748: 14730: 14724: 14723: 14721: 14719: 14704: 14695: 14680: 14674: 14673: 14671: 14669: 14660:. The Guardian. 14653: 14647: 14646: 14644: 14642: 14622: 14613: 14612: 14610: 14608: 14597:The New Republic 14588: 14579: 14578: 14558: 14552: 14551: 14549: 14547: 14538:. Archived from 14528: 14522: 14521: 14519: 14517: 14502: 14496: 14495: 14493: 14491: 14475: 14469: 14468: 14466: 14464: 14455:. 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Archived from 11478: 11470: 11464: 11463: 11457: 11455: 11440: 11434: 11433: 11431: 11429: 11405: 11394: 11393: 11375: 11369: 11368: 11366: 11364: 11344: 11338: 11337: 11332: 11330: 11321:. Archived from 11315: 11309: 11283: 11274: 11273: 11240: 11223: 11210: 11204: 11203: 11178: 11172: 11171: 11169: 11167: 11158:. Archived from 11148: 11142: 11132: 11126: 11110: 11104: 11103: 11101: 11099: 11080: 11071: 11058: 11052: 11035: 11024: 11023: 11021: 11019: 11003: 10994: 10993: 10991: 10989: 10974: 10968: 10948: 10939: 10932: 10926: 10925: 10910: 10904: 10900: 10894: 10893: 10877: 10871: 10870: 10868: 10866: 10846: 10840: 10827: 10821: 10820: 10818: 10816: 10796: 10787: 10786: 10784: 10782: 10762: 10756: 10755: 10753: 10751: 10723: 10717: 10715: 10713: 10711: 10696: 10690: 10689: 10687: 10685: 10657: 10651: 10650: 10648: 10646: 10640: 10625: 10616: 10610: 10609: 10607: 10605: 10599: 10592: 10581: 10570: 10569: 10567: 10565: 10537: 10531: 10530: 10512: 10506: 10493: 10487: 10486: 10478: 10472: 10457: 10451: 10450: 10434: 10424: 10415: 10414: 10412: 10410: 10382: 10367: 10356: 10350: 10336: 10321: 10320: 10305:The Muslim World 10300: 10294: 10287: 10281: 10280: 10278: 10276: 10257: 10251: 10236: 10230: 10229: 10206: 10200: 10199: 10197: 10195: 10163: 10157: 10156: 10150: 10148: 10129: 10123: 10122: 10120: 10118: 10112: 10105: 10094: 10085: 10075: 10069: 10062: 10056: 10055: 10037: 10028: 10027: 10011: 10001: 9992: 9991: 9967: 9958: 9957: 9955: 9953: 9934: 9928: 9927: 9925: 9923: 9904: 9898: 9897: 9895: 9893: 9874: 9868: 9867: 9858: 9849: 9848: 9846: 9844: 9816: 9807: 9806: 9798: 9792: 9786: 9780: 9774: 9768: 9767: 9765: 9763: 9734: 9728: 9713: 9707: 9706: 9704: 9702: 9662: 9656: 9655: 9653: 9651: 9645: 9628: 9617: 9611: 9610: 9608: 9606: 9587: 9581: 9580: 9578: 9576: 9570: 9553: 9541: 9535: 9534: 9532: 9530: 9524: 9513: 9505: 9499: 9498: 9488: 9463: 9457: 9456: 9446: 9422: 9416: 9409: 9403: 9402: 9400: 9398: 9370: 9364: 9363: 9345: 9334: 9330: 9324: 9323: 9304: 9298: 9287: 9278: 9275: 9269: 9268: 9250: 9244: 9241: 9232: 9231: 9229: 9227: 9199: 9190: 9189: 9160:Madjma' al-anhur 9156: 9145: 9144: 9142: 9140: 9134: 9123: 9107: 9096: 9095: 9093: 9091: 9085: 9074: 9058: 9047: 9046: 9044: 9042: 9014: 9008: 9001: 8995: 8994: 8967: 8961: 8960: 8958: 8956: 8945:Hudson Institute 8937: 8928: 8927: 8925: 8923: 8895: 8889: 8888: 8886: 8884: 8878: 8863: 8854: 8848: 8847: 8845: 8843: 8837: 8826: 8818: 8812: 8811: 8809: 8807: 8785: 8779: 8778: 8762: 8752: 8741: 8740: 8738: 8736: 8717: 8711: 8710: 8708: 8706: 8678: 8663: 8662: 8660: 8658: 8652: 8645: 8634: 8628: 8621: 8615: 8610:Griffel, Frank, 8608: 8602: 8601: 8599: 8597: 8569: 8558: 8557: 8555: 8553: 8548:on 22 March 2017 8544:. Archived from 8533: 8527: 8526: 8521:. Archived from 8511: 8505: 8498: 8492: 8485: 8479: 8476: 8470: 8467: 8461: 8451: 8445: 8437: 8431: 8412: 8403: 8402: 8400: 8398: 8378: 8365: 8359: 8353: 8335: 8329: 8328: 8304: 8295: 8289: 8283: 8282: 8260: 8251: 8229: 8223: 8222: 8204: 8191: 8190: 8169: 8163: 8162: 8160: 8158: 8118: 8112: 8111: 8100: 8091: 8090: 8088: 8086: 8056: 8047: 8034: 8028: 8015: 8009: 8002: 7996: 7995: 7987: 7981: 7980: 7978: 7976: 7971:on 22 March 2019 7967:. Archived from 7956: 7950: 7949: 7917: 7906: 7905: 7903: 7901: 7895: 7888: 7877: 7868: 7850: 7841: 7840: 7817: 7806: 7805: 7784: 7775: 7764: 7753: 7752: 7737:The Muslim World 7732: 7719: 7716: 7707: 7706: 7690: 7680: 7671: 7670: 7651: 7642: 7641: 7639: 7637: 7622: 7607: 7606: 7604: 7602: 7596: 7572:Brill Publishers 7555: 7542: 7536: 7535: 7525: 7487: 7481: 7480: 7478: 7476: 7450: 7440: 7420: 7411: 7405: 7398: 7387: 7386: 7384: 7382: 7376: 7365: 7357: 7351: 7350: 7348: 7346: 7326: 7313: 7312: 7310: 7308: 7289: 7283: 7282: 7257: 7251: 7250: 7228: 7222: 7200: 7194: 7193: 7173: 7167: 7166: 7146: 7140: 7139: 7117: 7104: 7103: 7083: 7077: 7076: 7074: 7072: 7057: 7051: 7050: 7048: 7046: 7027: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7016: 6988: 6975: 6974: 6972: 6970: 6934: 6928: 6927: 6905: 6899: 6898: 6896: 6894: 6874: 6861: 6860: 6840: 6829:Brill Publishers 6804: 6795: 6794: 6781: 6770: 6761: 6755: 6740: 6734: 6719: 6713: 6712: 6691:Brill Publishers 6672: 6666: 6665: 6637: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6626: 6598: 6592: 6591: 6560: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6461: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6422: 6411:Brill Publishers 6390: 6369: 6354: 6348: 6345:Life of Muhammad 6340: 6334: 6331: 6325: 6318: 6312: 6309: 6303: 6300: 6294: 6291: 6285: 6273: 6267: 6263: 6257: 6246: 6240: 6233: 6227: 6222:Legal historian 6220: 6214: 6197: 6191: 6185: 6179: 6175: 6085: 6061: 6042: 6020: 6003:Rizvi, Ali Amjad 5998: 5976: 5954: 5932: 5911: 5892:Hirsi Ali, Ayaan 5887: 5865: 5710:made in 1990 in 5468: 5464: 5349: 5345: 5230: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5167:crypto-Christian 5022:crypto-Christian 4840:Mansur Al-Hallaj 4745:Abd al-Rahman II 4630:Muslim community 4571:history of Islam 4345:Sisters in Islam 4275:Sufyan al-Thawri 4092: 4091: 3976: 3380:Alfred Dehodencq 3314:Among Ayatollah 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3147:Fayal al-tafriqa 3115:Muhammad's death 3056:existence of God 3014:Oskar Schmerling 2800: 2793:Sunan Abu Dawood 2780: 2773:Sahih al-Bukhari 2747: 2708: 2701:Sahih al-Bukhari 2688: 2681:Sahih al-Bukhari 2668: 2649: 2642:Sahih al-Bukhari 2629: 2622:Sahih al-Bukhari 2613:Sahih al-Bukhari 2604:Sahih al-Bukhari 2595:Sahih al-Bukhari 2586:Sahih al-Bukhari 2573: 2546:Sahih al-Bukhari 2495: 2488: 2484: 2481: 2475: 2472:inline citations 2448: 2447: 2440: 2301: 2294: 2290: 2287: 2281: 2278:inline citations 2254: 2253: 2246: 2220: 2214: 2055: 2054: 2017: 2011: 2010: 2005: 1995: 1993: 1976: 1969: 1965: 1962: 1956: 1933: 1932: 1925: 1915: 1908: 1901: 1685: 1670: 1669: 1660: 1653: 1646: 1632: 1631: 1623:Islam portal 1621: 1620: 1619: 1505:in North America 1462:Hassan Al-Turabi 1412:Abul Hasan Nadwi 1005:Anti-imperialism 903:Islamic republic 898:Islamic monarchy 878:Islamic feminism 718: 712: 711: 701: 700: 691: 684: 677: 663:Islam portal 661: 660: 659: 59: 36: 35: 16888: 16887: 16883: 16882: 16881: 16879: 16878: 16877: 16838: 16837: 16836: 16831: 16811: 16809: 16793: 16715:Cultural Muslim 16686: 16653: 16599:Other religions 16589: 16585: 16567: 16502: 16469: 16416: 16359: 16357:Islamic studies 16353: 16335: 16169: 16114: 16091: 16038: 15983: 15982: 15955: 15904:Moral teachings 15847: 15829: 15803:Nation of Islam 15716:Twelver Shi'ism 15653: 15619:Religious texts 15613: 15531:Early conquests 15514: 15496: 15448: 15368: 15357: 15351: 15307: 15305: 15296: 15287: 15285: 15270: 15261: 15259: 15254: 15221: 15211: 15190: 15177: 15171: 15137: 15063: 15058: 15041: 15035: 15020: 15006: 14980: 14977: 14975:Further reading 14972: 14962: 14960: 14955:. 3 June 2021. 14951: 14950: 14946: 14936: 14934: 14919: 14915: 14908: 14894: 14890: 14885: 14881: 14864: 14860: 14844: 14840: 14833: 14819: 14812: 14805: 14791: 14787: 14756: 14752: 14745: 14731: 14727: 14717: 14715: 14706: 14705: 14698: 14681: 14677: 14667: 14665: 14654: 14650: 14640: 14638: 14623: 14616: 14606: 14604: 14589: 14582: 14575: 14559: 14555: 14545: 14543: 14536:Asharq Al-Awsat 14530: 14529: 14525: 14515: 14513: 14504: 14503: 14499: 14489: 14487: 14476: 14472: 14462: 14460: 14445: 14441: 14431: 14429: 14416: 14415: 14411: 14395: 14391: 14381: 14379: 14366: 14365: 14361: 14344: 14340: 14334:Wayback Machine 14325: 14321: 14315:Wayback Machine 14306: 14302: 14290: 14286: 14280:Wayback Machine 14271: 14256: 14241:10.2307/1570336 14220: 14216: 14203: 14199: 14193:Wayback Machine 14184: 14180: 14163: 14159: 14149: 14147: 14119: 14115: 14099: 14098: 14087: 14085: 14070:10.2307/1570336 14050: 14046: 14031: 14007: 14003: 13990: 13983: 13973: 13971: 13967: 13960: 13952: 13948: 13941: 13927: 13923: 13906: 13902: 13892: 13890: 13883: 13867: 13860: 13853: 13831:Stroumsa, Sarah 13828: 13824: 13814: 13812: 13808: 13793: 13787: 13783: 13776: 13768:. p. 492. 13766:Rowman Altamira 13752: 13741: 13731: 13729: 13722: 13706: 13702: 13696:Wayback Machine 13687: 13683: 13673: 13671: 13667: 13652: 13646: 13642: 13632: 13630: 13626: 13611: 13605: 13601: 13538: 13534: 13524: 13522: 13518: 13511: 13502: 13498: 13445: 13434: 13367: 13356: 13346: 13344: 13329: 13299: 13288: 13278: 13276: 13269: 13238: 13234: 13224: 13222: 13218: 13207: 13201: 13197: 13187: 13185: 13170: 13166: 13156: 13154: 13147: 13137:Keio University 13114: 13101: 13084: 13080: 13064: 13060: 13044: 13040: 13035: 13031: 12993: 12989: 12979: 12977: 12970: 12954: 12950: 12940: 12938: 12934: 12923: 12917: 12913: 12908:on 5 July 2008. 12887: 12883: 12873: 12871: 12864: 12848: 12839: 12829: 12827: 12820: 12804: 12800: 12790: 12788: 12781: 12763: 12759: 12749: 12747: 12732: 12721: 12711: 12709: 12702: 12686: 12682: 12672: 12670: 12655: 12638: 12634: 12619:10.2307/1570336 12603: 12599: 12589: 12587: 12576: 12565: 12555: 12553: 12538: 12534: 12524: 12522: 12478: 12474: 12459:10.2307/1570336 12443: 12439: 12432: 12416: 12409: 12392: 12388: 12381: 12360: 12356: 12346: 12344: 12300: 12296: 12290:Wayback Machine 12281: 12274: 12267: 12250: 12246: 12231:10.2307/1570336 12210: 12206: 12196: 12194: 12187: 12171: 12167: 12157: 12155: 12140: 12124: 12120: 12113: 12097: 12090: 12083: 12069: 12065: 12058: 12044: 12040: 12033: 12017: 12013: 11998:10.2307/1570336 11977: 11973: 11958:10.2307/1570336 11937: 11933: 11914:10.2307/1570336 11898: 11894: 11879:10.2307/1570336 11858: 11854: 11844: 11842: 11829: 11828: 11824: 11814: 11812: 11808: 11793: 11782: 11778: 11768: 11766: 11762: 11747: 11740: 11736: 11720: 11719: 11711: 11707: 11691: 11690: 11682: 11678: 11668: 11666: 11653: 11649: 11639: 11637: 11601: 11597: 11590: 11576: 11572: 11562: 11560: 11549: 11548: 11544: 11534: 11532: 11525: 11509: 11502: 11489: 11487: 11483: 11476: 11472: 11471: 11467: 11453: 11451: 11446:. 19 May 2015. 11442: 11441: 11437: 11427: 11425: 11412: 11406: 11397: 11390: 11376: 11372: 11362: 11360: 11345: 11341: 11328: 11326: 11317: 11316: 11312: 11308:, 25 July 2007. 11300:Wayback Machine 11284: 11277: 11241: 11226: 11220:Wayback Machine 11211: 11207: 11195: 11179: 11175: 11165: 11163: 11162:on 3 March 2009 11150: 11149: 11145: 11133: 11129: 11120:Wayback Machine 11111: 11107: 11097: 11095: 11086:(7 July 2016). 11084:Huffington Post 11081: 11074: 11068:Wayback Machine 11059: 11055: 11045:Wayback Machine 11036: 11027: 11017: 11015: 11004: 10997: 10987: 10985: 10976: 10975: 10971: 10959:Wayback Machine 10949: 10942: 10933: 10929: 10912: 10911: 10907: 10901: 10897: 10878: 10874: 10864: 10862: 10847: 10843: 10838:Wayback Machine 10828: 10824: 10814: 10812: 10797: 10790: 10780: 10778: 10763: 10759: 10749: 10747: 10740: 10724: 10720: 10709: 10707: 10698: 10697: 10693: 10683: 10681: 10674: 10658: 10654: 10644: 10642: 10638: 10623: 10617: 10613: 10603: 10601: 10597: 10590: 10582: 10573: 10563: 10561: 10554: 10538: 10534: 10527: 10513: 10509: 10503:Wayback Machine 10494: 10490: 10481:Wright, Robin. 10479: 10475: 10458: 10454: 10447: 10425: 10418: 10408: 10406: 10399: 10383: 10370: 10357: 10353: 10347:Wayback Machine 10337: 10324: 10301: 10297: 10288: 10284: 10274: 10272: 10259: 10258: 10254: 10237: 10233: 10223: 10207: 10203: 10193: 10191: 10164: 10160: 10146: 10144: 10131: 10130: 10126: 10116: 10114: 10110: 10103: 10095: 10088: 10076: 10072: 10063: 10059: 10052: 10038: 10031: 10024: 10002: 9995: 9988: 9968: 9961: 9951: 9949: 9936: 9935: 9931: 9921: 9919: 9914:. 15 May 2014. 9906: 9905: 9901: 9891: 9889: 9876: 9875: 9871: 9859: 9852: 9842: 9840: 9833: 9817: 9810: 9800: 9799: 9795: 9787: 9783: 9775: 9771: 9761: 9759: 9735: 9731: 9714: 9710: 9700: 9698: 9683:10.2307/1595009 9671:Studia Islamica 9663: 9659: 9649: 9647: 9643: 9637: 9626: 9618: 9614: 9604: 9602: 9589: 9588: 9584: 9574: 9572: 9568: 9562: 9551: 9542: 9538: 9528: 9526: 9522: 9518:. 4 July 2014. 9511: 9507: 9506: 9502: 9464: 9460: 9423: 9419: 9411:Kepel, Gilles; 9410: 9406: 9396: 9394: 9387: 9371: 9367: 9360: 9346: 9337: 9331: 9327: 9306: 9305: 9301: 9288: 9281: 9276: 9272: 9265: 9251: 9247: 9242: 9235: 9225: 9223: 9216: 9200: 9193: 9178:10.2307/1570336 9157: 9148: 9138: 9136: 9132: 9121: 9108: 9099: 9089: 9087: 9083: 9072: 9059: 9050: 9040: 9038: 9031: 9015: 9011: 9002: 8998: 8988: 8968: 8964: 8954: 8952: 8939: 8938: 8931: 8921: 8919: 8912: 8896: 8892: 8882: 8880: 8876: 8861: 8855: 8851: 8841: 8839: 8835: 8824: 8820: 8819: 8815: 8805: 8803: 8786: 8782: 8775: 8753: 8744: 8734: 8732: 8719: 8718: 8714: 8704: 8702: 8695: 8679: 8666: 8656: 8654: 8650: 8643: 8635: 8631: 8622: 8618: 8609: 8605: 8595: 8593: 8586: 8570: 8561: 8551: 8549: 8534: 8530: 8513: 8512: 8508: 8499: 8495: 8486: 8482: 8477: 8473: 8468: 8464: 8452: 8448: 8438: 8434: 8413: 8406: 8396: 8394: 8379: 8368: 8360: 8356: 8336: 8332: 8325: 8305: 8298: 8290: 8286: 8279: 8261: 8254: 8232:Asma Afsaruddin 8230: 8226: 8219: 8205: 8194: 8187: 8170: 8166: 8156: 8154: 8119: 8115: 8101: 8094: 8084: 8082: 8075: 8057: 8050: 8044:Wayback Machine 8035: 8031: 8025:Wayback Machine 8016: 8012: 8003: 7999: 7994:. p. xxvi. 7988: 7984: 7974: 7972: 7957: 7953: 7946: 7918: 7909: 7899: 7897: 7893: 7886: 7878: 7871: 7851: 7844: 7837: 7818: 7809: 7802: 7785: 7778: 7772:Social Research 7765: 7756: 7733: 7722: 7717: 7710: 7703: 7681: 7674: 7661:. 15 May 2014. 7653: 7652: 7645: 7635: 7633: 7624: 7623: 7610: 7600: 7598: 7594: 7553: 7543: 7539: 7488: 7484: 7474: 7472: 7418: 7412: 7408: 7399: 7390: 7380: 7378: 7374: 7363: 7359: 7358: 7354: 7344: 7342: 7327: 7316: 7306: 7304: 7291: 7290: 7286: 7279: 7271:. p. 319. 7261:B. Hallaq, Wael 7258: 7254: 7247: 7229: 7225: 7203:Asma Afsaruddin 7201: 7197: 7190: 7174: 7170: 7163: 7147: 7143: 7136: 7118: 7107: 7100: 7084: 7080: 7070: 7068: 7059: 7058: 7054: 7044: 7042: 7037:. 16 May 2014. 7029: 7028: 7024: 7014: 7012: 7005: 6989: 6978: 6968: 6966: 6951: 6935: 6931: 6924: 6906: 6902: 6892: 6890: 6875: 6864: 6849: 6805: 6798: 6779: 6768: 6762: 6758: 6741: 6737: 6720: 6716: 6709: 6685:. Vol. I. 6673: 6669: 6654:10.2307/1570336 6638: 6634: 6624: 6622: 6615: 6599: 6595: 6577:10.2307/1570336 6561: 6488: 6478: 6476: 6463: 6462: 6458: 6448: 6446: 6431: 6391: 6382: 6378: 6373: 6372: 6364:, and parts of 6355: 6351: 6341: 6337: 6332: 6328: 6319: 6315: 6310: 6306: 6301: 6297: 6292: 6288: 6274: 6270: 6264: 6260: 6247: 6243: 6237:Kutub al-Sittah 6234: 6230: 6221: 6217: 6198: 6194: 6186: 6182: 6176: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6093: 6088: 6082: 6064: 6058: 6045: 6039: 6023: 6017: 6001: 5995: 5979: 5973: 5957: 5951: 5935: 5929: 5914: 5908: 5890: 5884: 5868: 5862: 5848:Qureshi, Nabeel 5846: 5842: 5837: 5749: 5744: 5682: 5674:Main articles: 5672: 5663: 5657: 5202: 5134: 5069: 5044: 4993:in eastern and 4902: 4884: 4672:worthy of death 4567: 4562: 4513: 4452:Sasanian Empire 4259:/ 1388 CE) and 4119:schools of fiqh 4099: 4089: 3932:Grand Ayatollah 3918:Grand Ayatollah 3744: 3684: 3667: 3658:Muslim scholars 3508: 3503: 3493: 3487: 3440: 3434: 3365: 3249: 3179:Yazidi religion 3177:members of the 3023:Islamic jurists 3006:Molla Nasreddin 2962: 2956: 2950: 2933:Hashem Aghajari 2861: 2859:Characteristics 2821: 2815: 2807: 2801: 2790: 2781: 2770: 2748: 2737: 2709: 2698: 2689: 2678: 2669: 2663: 2650: 2639: 2630: 2583: 2574: 2543: 2518: 2496: 2485: 2479: 2476: 2461: 2449: 2445: 2438: 2433: 2432: 2423:scripture, the 2409: 2311: 2302: 2291: 2285: 2282: 2267: 2255: 2251: 2244: 2159: 2042:" of Islam. An 1977: 1966: 1960: 1957: 1949:help improve it 1946: 1934: 1930: 1919: 1890: 1759:Pagan Sabianism 1736:Other religions 1683: 1675: 1664: 1626: 1617: 1615: 1609: 1608: 1582: 1572: 1571: 1567:Magnus Ranstorp 1485: 1477: 1476: 1372:Hassan al-Banna 1337: 1329: 1328: 1279:Muammar Gaddafi 1264: 1256: 1255: 1242: 1185: 1177: 1176: 1110:Jamaat-e-Islami 1033: 1025: 1024: 1020:Islamic revival 995: 987: 986: 944:Political Islam 844: 836: 835: 829: 784:Salafi jihadism 779:Salafi movement 769: 761: 760: 726: 714: 713: 705: 704: 695: 657: 655: 648: 647: 624:Salafi jihadism 582:Other religions 577:Arabic language 539: 529: 528: 457:Moral teachings 348: 334: 333: 324:Spread of Islam 269: 259: 258: 246:(jurisprudence) 228:Qisas al-Anbiya 177: 176: 156: 155: 124: 114: 113: 69: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 16886: 16876: 16875: 16870: 16865: 16860: 16855: 16850: 16833: 16832: 16830: 16829: 16819: 16806: 16803: 16802: 16799: 16798: 16795: 16794: 16792: 16791: 16786: 16781: 16776: 16771: 16766: 16761: 16756: 16751: 16750: 16749: 16739: 16738: 16737: 16732: 16727: 16717: 16712: 16711: 16710: 16705: 16694: 16692: 16691:Related topics 16688: 16687: 16685: 16684: 16679: 16674: 16669: 16663: 16661: 16655: 16654: 16652: 16651: 16646: 16641: 16636: 16631: 16626: 16625: 16624: 16619: 16614: 16603: 16601: 16591: 16590: 16577: 16576: 16573: 16572: 16569: 16568: 16566: 16565: 16560: 16553: 16548: 16547: 16546: 16536: 16531: 16526: 16521: 16516: 16510: 16508: 16504: 16503: 16501: 16500: 16495: 16490: 16485: 16479: 16477: 16471: 16470: 16468: 16467: 16462: 16457: 16452: 16447: 16442: 16437: 16432: 16426: 16424: 16418: 16417: 16415: 16414: 16409: 16404: 16399: 16394: 16389: 16384: 16379: 16373: 16371: 16361: 16360: 16345: 16344: 16341: 16340: 16337: 16336: 16334: 16333: 16328: 16327: 16326: 16314: 16312:Sources of law 16309: 16304: 16303: 16302: 16292: 16285: 16280: 16273: 16268: 16261: 16256: 16251: 16246: 16241: 16236: 16231: 16226: 16219: 16212: 16211: 16210: 16205: 16200: 16190: 16185: 16177: 16175: 16171: 16170: 16168: 16167: 16160: 16153: 16146: 16139: 16132: 16125: 16117: 16115: 16113: 16112: 16107: 16102: 16096: 16093: 16092: 16090: 16089: 16082: 16077: 16070: 16063: 16056: 16048: 16046: 16040: 16039: 16037: 16036: 16029: 16022: 16015: 16008: 16003: 15997: 15995: 15985: 15984: 15981: 15980: 15975: 15969: 15961: 15960: 15957: 15956: 15954: 15953: 15948: 15943: 15938: 15936:Social welfare 15933: 15928: 15921: 15916: 15911: 15906: 15901: 15896: 15891: 15886: 15881: 15876: 15871: 15866: 15861: 15856: 15850: 15848: 15846: 15845: 15840: 15834: 15831: 15830: 15828: 15827: 15822: 15817: 15816: 15815: 15805: 15800: 15799: 15798: 15793: 15792: 15791: 15786: 15785: 15784: 15779: 15774: 15761: 15747: 15746: 15745: 15740: 15739: 15738: 15728: 15723: 15718: 15708: 15703: 15702: 15701: 15700: 15699: 15689: 15684: 15679: 15674: 15663: 15661: 15655: 15654: 15652: 15651: 15644: 15639: 15634: 15629: 15623: 15621: 15615: 15614: 15612: 15611: 15610: 15609: 15604: 15599: 15594: 15589: 15584: 15579: 15574: 15562: 15557: 15550: 15543: 15541:Historiography 15538: 15533: 15528: 15523: 15517: 15515: 15513: 15512: 15507: 15501: 15498: 15497: 15495: 15494: 15487: 15480: 15473: 15466: 15458: 15456: 15450: 15449: 15447: 15446: 15441: 15436: 15429: 15424: 15419: 15414: 15413: 15412: 15402: 15395: 15394: 15393: 15382: 15380: 15370: 15369: 15362: 15359: 15358: 15350: 15349: 15342: 15335: 15327: 15321: 15320: 15314: 15294: 15272:Eltahawy, Mona 15268: 15252: 15246: 15234: 15220: 15219:External links 15217: 15216: 15215: 15210:978-0754630838 15209: 15194: 15189:978-8188869114 15188: 15175: 15170:978-1565643635 15169: 15149: 15136:978-9004330924 15135: 15100: 15056: 15039: 15034:978-1849044691 15033: 15018: 15005:978-0718828059 15004: 14976: 14973: 14971: 14970: 14944: 14913: 14907:978-9004144446 14906: 14888: 14879: 14875:978-1405177580 14858: 14855:978-0813344928 14838: 14832:978-0198712824 14831: 14810: 14804:978-9041116185 14803: 14785: 14772:10.2307/761831 14750: 14744:978-3319035666 14743: 14725: 14696: 14692:978-1905221417 14675: 14648: 14614: 14580: 14574:978-1498284165 14573: 14553: 14523: 14497: 14470: 14439: 14409: 14406:978-0199812288 14389: 14359: 14355:978-9004128187 14338: 14319: 14300: 14284: 14254: 14214: 14197: 14178: 14174:978-0521811132 14157: 14113: 14044: 14030:978-0759101890 14029: 14001: 13997:978-1107004559 13981: 13946: 13940:978-0816054541 13939: 13921: 13917:978-0761855590 13900: 13881: 13858: 13852:978-9004315471 13851: 13822: 13781: 13775:978-0759101906 13774: 13754:Cyril Glassé; 13739: 13721:978-0099523277 13720: 13700: 13681: 13640: 13599: 13532: 13496: 13432: 13354: 13328:978-0691179100 13327: 13286: 13268:978-0521347709 13267: 13232: 13195: 13164: 13145: 13121:"The Infidel ( 13099: 13095:978-0385523943 13078: 13075:978-1585678969 13058: 13055:978-0521646963 13038: 13029: 13008:(4): 665–684. 12987: 12969:978-0099523277 12968: 12948: 12911: 12881: 12863:978-0679643777 12862: 12837: 12819:978-9041116185 12818: 12798: 12779: 12757: 12719: 12701:978-8188869114 12700: 12680: 12653: 12632: 12597: 12563: 12532: 12485:Islamic Review 12472: 12437: 12431:978-9004114654 12430: 12407: 12403:978-0892591428 12386: 12380:978-9839541496 12379: 12354: 12294: 12292:(25 July 2007) 12272: 12266:978-0061189036 12265: 12244: 12204: 12186:978-0754630838 12185: 12165: 12139:978-0987171801 12138: 12118: 12112:978-1853728501 12111: 12088: 12082:978-0415775298 12081: 12063: 12057:978-0754630838 12056: 12038: 12032:978-1853728501 12031: 12011: 11971: 11931: 11892: 11852: 11822: 11776: 11734: 11705: 11676: 11647: 11595: 11589:978-1498239868 11588: 11570: 11542: 11524:978-9089640451 11523: 11500: 11465: 11435: 11420:(in Persian). 11395: 11388: 11370: 11339: 11310: 11275: 11256:(3): 203–234. 11224: 11205: 11194:978-0710313560 11193: 11173: 11143: 11140:978-0710313560 11127: 11105: 11072: 11053: 11051:7 August 2011. 11025: 10995: 10969: 10940: 10927: 10905: 10895: 10872: 10841: 10822: 10788: 10757: 10738: 10718: 10691: 10673:978-9004307834 10672: 10652: 10611: 10571: 10553:978-9041116185 10552: 10532: 10526:978-0199641444 10525: 10507: 10488: 10485:. p. 203. 10473: 10469:978-9004233362 10452: 10446:978-0521796705 10445: 10416: 10398:978-9089640451 10397: 10368: 10364:978-0892591428 10351: 10322: 10295: 10282: 10252: 10248:978-1593331153 10231: 10222:978-0230101982 10221: 10201: 10158: 10124: 10086: 10070: 10057: 10051:978-1845532284 10050: 10029: 10023:978-0313360251 10022: 9993: 9987:978-0195108163 9986: 9959: 9929: 9899: 9869: 9850: 9832:978-9089640451 9831: 9808: 9793: 9781: 9769: 9729: 9725:978-0823227242 9708: 9657: 9636:978-1848800700 9635: 9612: 9582: 9561:978-1848800700 9560: 9536: 9500: 9479:(3): 259–285. 9458: 9437:(3): 259–285. 9417: 9404: 9386:978-9047431534 9385: 9365: 9359:978-0684832807 9358: 9335: 9325: 9299: 9295:978-0915957729 9279: 9270: 9264:978-1598846591 9263: 9245: 9233: 9215:978-9004307834 9214: 9191: 9146: 9126:Shafiifiqh.com 9097: 9048: 9030:978-9004307834 9029: 9009: 8996: 8987:978-0674022089 8986: 8962: 8929: 8911:978-9047431534 8910: 8890: 8849: 8813: 8780: 8774:978-0313360251 8773: 8742: 8712: 8694:978-9047431534 8693: 8664: 8629: 8616: 8603: 8585:978-9004307834 8584: 8559: 8528: 8506: 8493: 8480: 8471: 8462: 8454:Jacques Berque 8446: 8432: 8428:978-0321355737 8404: 8366: 8354: 8330: 8324:978-1780744209 8323: 8296: 8284: 8278:978-9004123557 8277: 8252: 8224: 8218:978-0816054541 8217: 8192: 8186:978-9004123557 8185: 8164: 8113: 8092: 8074:978-0190867706 8073: 8048: 8029: 8010: 7997: 7982: 7951: 7945:978-9004094192 7944: 7907: 7869: 7867:, pp. 526–527. 7842: 7836:978-0199794133 7835: 7807: 7801:978-0061189036 7800: 7776: 7754: 7720: 7708: 7702:978-1405121743 7701: 7672: 7643: 7608: 7537: 7482: 7406: 7388: 7352: 7314: 7284: 7278:978-0521861472 7277: 7252: 7246:978-0691134840 7245: 7239:. p. 40. 7223: 7195: 7189:978-0195125597 7188: 7168: 7162:978-0415396387 7161: 7141: 7135:978-0739135235 7134: 7105: 7099:978-0684807126 7098: 7078: 7052: 7035:UN News Centre 7022: 7004:978-9041116185 7003: 6976: 6950:978-0987171801 6949: 6929: 6923:978-1139440790 6922: 6900: 6862: 6848:978-9004435544 6847: 6813:Upal, M. Afzal 6796: 6756: 6752:978-0313360251 6735: 6731:978-0691134840 6714: 6708:978-9004147430 6707: 6667: 6632: 6614:978-9047431534 6613: 6593: 6486: 6456: 6430:978-9004330924 6429: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6371: 6370: 6349: 6335: 6326: 6313: 6304: 6295: 6286: 6268: 6258: 6241: 6228: 6215: 6192: 6180: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6086: 6081:978-1591020684 6080: 6062: 6057:978-1984502124 6056: 6043: 6038:978-0232533644 6037: 6025:Saleem, Aliyah 6021: 6016:978-1250094445 6015: 5999: 5994:978-1724790804 5993: 5977: 5972:978-9025958367 5971: 5955: 5950:978-1628726756 5949: 5933: 5928:978-1847398185 5927: 5912: 5907:978-0743295031 5906: 5888: 5883:978-9044636840 5882: 5866: 5861:978-0310515029 5860: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5835: 5824: 5815: 5806: 5795: 5784: 5769: 5760: 5758:Deutsche Welle 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5671: 5668: 5659:Main article: 5656: 5653: 5614: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5606: 5603: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5590: 5587: 5584: 5578: 5577: 5574: 5571: 5568: 5562: 5561: 5558: 5555: 5552: 5546: 5545: 5542: 5539: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5526: 5523: 5520: 5514: 5513: 5510: 5507: 5504: 5498: 5497: 5494: 5491: 5488: 5482: 5481: 5478: 5475: 5472: 5462: 5459: 5458: 5455: 5452: 5449: 5443: 5442: 5439: 5436: 5433: 5427: 5426: 5423: 5420: 5417: 5411: 5410: 5407: 5404: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5391: 5388: 5385: 5379: 5378: 5375: 5372: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5359: 5356: 5353: 5343: 5340: 5339: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5320: 5317: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5304: 5301: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5288: 5285: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5272: 5269: 5266: 5260: 5259: 5256: 5253: 5250: 5244: 5243: 5240: 5237: 5234: 5201: 5200:Public opinion 5198: 5175: 5174: 5154: 5153: 5150: 5147:Messianic Jews 5139: 5138: 5133: 5130: 5068: 5065: 5062:or other laws. 5043: 5040: 4999:Ottoman Empire 4986:Ottoman Empire 4936:(d. 1935) and 4930:Muhammad Abduh 4883: 4880: 4583:sectarian wars 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4512: 4509: 4508: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4498: 4497: 4483: 4476: 4473: 4472: 4471: 4462:rulers fought 4456:Zoroastrianism 4427: 4420:Mahmud Shaltut 4415: 4408: 4407: 4406: 4405: 4404: 4393:Mahmud Shaltut 4388: 4385:khadar al-ahad 4372: 4360: 4350: 4349: 4348: 4340: 4337:Mahmud Shaltut 4311: 4286: 4285: 4284: 4283: 4282: 4264: 4249: 4195: 4194: 4190: 4189: 4188: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4172: 4169: 4162: 4161: 4160: 4149: 4141: 4107: 4106: 4098: 4095: 4094: 4093: 4064: 4054: 4044: 4026: 4000: 3994: 3977: 3952: 3945: 3935: 3925: 3911: 3904:Mohsen Kadivar 3901: 3891: 3880:Ahmed el-Tayeb 3877: 3870:Mahmud Shaltut 3866: 3865: 3861: 3860: 3838: 3819: 3809: 3791: 3749: 3748: 3743: 3740: 3735: 3734: 3730: 3729: 3726: 3719: 3716: 3715: 3714: 3696: 3683: 3680: 3666: 3663: 3662: 3661: 3637: 3621: 3605: 3589: 3507: 3504: 3489:Main article: 3486: 3483: 3433: 3430: 3378:a painting by 3364: 3361: 3341: 3340: 3328: 3327: 3318:and others in 3312: 3311: 3288: 3287: 3272:(insult), and 3260:("unbelief"), 3245:Main article: 3243: 3242: 3123: 3122: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3086: 3077: 3068:to assert the 3066: 3063: 3052: 3012:(illustrator: 2990:Muslim clerics 2986:Khoja-i-Sübyan 2978:Jadid movement 2952:Main article: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2944: 2910: 2900: 2860: 2857: 2843: 2842: 2839: 2835: 2814: 2811: 2806: 2803: 2788: 2768: 2735: 2696: 2676: 2661: 2637: 2581: 2541: 2524:("authentic") 2498: 2497: 2452: 2450: 2443: 2437: 2434: 2410: 2402: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2303: 2258: 2256: 2249: 2243: 2240: 2158: 2155: 2116:" insurgents ( 2063:calls for the 2046:is known as a 1979: 1978: 1937: 1935: 1928: 1921: 1920: 1918: 1917: 1910: 1903: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1889: 1888: 1883: 1877: 1874: 1873: 1872: 1871: 1870: 1869: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1838: 1837: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1789: 1788: 1784: 1783: 1782: 1781: 1779:Zoroastrianism 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1738: 1737: 1733: 1732: 1731: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1719: 1718: 1717: 1716: 1706: 1696: 1688: 1687: 1679: 1678: 1666: 1665: 1663: 1662: 1655: 1648: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1611: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1595: 1594: 1583: 1580:Related topics 1578: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1527:Maryam Namazie 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1508: 1507: 1502: 1492: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1437:Ata Abu Rashta 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1387:Muhammad Iqbal 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1347:Muhammad Abduh 1344: 1338: 1336:Key ideologues 1335: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1314:House of Thani 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1274:Omar al-Bashir 1271: 1265: 1263:Heads of state 1262: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1236: 1229:("Milestones") 1223: 1211: 1199: 1186: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1172: 1167: 1165:Southeast Asia 1162: 1157: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1120:Salafist Front 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1100:Hizb ut-Tahrir 1091: 1090: 1089: 1088: 1083: 1073: 1071:Sahwa movement 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1046:Dawat-e-Islami 1043: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 1000:Anti-communism 996: 993: 992: 989: 988: 985: 984: 977: 972: 965: 958: 953: 952: 951: 941: 936: 935: 934: 929: 917: 907: 906: 905: 900: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 859: 858: 845: 842: 841: 838: 837: 831: 830: 823: 822: 821: 820: 810: 809: 808: 798: 797: 796: 791: 786: 776: 770: 767: 766: 763: 762: 759: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 727: 724: 723: 720: 719: 697: 696: 694: 693: 686: 679: 671: 668: 667: 666: 665: 650: 649: 646: 645: 639: 638: 637: 636: 631: 626: 621: 611: 606: 605: 604: 599: 589: 584: 579: 573: 572: 571: 570: 565: 560: 552: 551: 546: 540: 537:Related topics 535: 534: 531: 530: 527: 526: 521: 519:Social welfare 516: 511: 510: 509: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 413: 412: 407: 397: 396: 395: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 349: 340: 339: 336: 335: 332: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 305: 304: 297: 290: 282: 281: 276: 270: 265: 264: 261: 260: 257: 256: 248: 239: 238: 232: 224: 216: 207: 206: 186: 178: 175: 174: 169: 163: 162: 161: 158: 157: 154: 153: 148: 143: 137: 136: 131: 125: 120: 119: 116: 115: 112: 111: 109:Predestination 105: 104: 99: 93: 92: 90:Revealed Books 87: 81: 80: 70: 65: 64: 61: 60: 52: 51: 45: 44: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16885: 16874: 16871: 16869: 16866: 16864: 16861: 16859: 16856: 16854: 16851: 16849: 16846: 16845: 16843: 16828: 16820: 16818: 16808: 16807: 16804: 16790: 16787: 16785: 16782: 16780: 16777: 16775: 16772: 16770: 16767: 16765: 16762: 16760: 16757: 16755: 16752: 16748: 16745: 16744: 16743: 16740: 16736: 16733: 16731: 16730:Post-Islamism 16728: 16726: 16723: 16722: 16721: 16718: 16716: 16713: 16709: 16706: 16704: 16701: 16700: 16699: 16696: 16695: 16693: 16689: 16683: 16680: 16678: 16675: 16673: 16670: 16668: 16665: 16664: 16662: 16660: 16656: 16650: 16647: 16645: 16642: 16640: 16637: 16635: 16632: 16630: 16627: 16623: 16622:Protestantism 16620: 16618: 16615: 16613: 16610: 16609: 16608: 16605: 16604: 16602: 16600: 16596: 16592: 16582: 16578: 16564: 16561: 16559: 16558: 16554: 16552: 16549: 16545: 16542: 16541: 16540: 16537: 16535: 16532: 16530: 16527: 16525: 16522: 16520: 16517: 16515: 16512: 16511: 16509: 16505: 16499: 16496: 16494: 16491: 16489: 16486: 16484: 16481: 16480: 16478: 16476: 16472: 16466: 16463: 16461: 16460:Ophthalmology 16458: 16456: 16453: 16451: 16448: 16446: 16443: 16441: 16438: 16436: 16433: 16431: 16428: 16427: 16425: 16423: 16419: 16413: 16410: 16408: 16405: 16403: 16400: 16398: 16395: 16393: 16390: 16388: 16385: 16383: 16380: 16378: 16375: 16374: 16372: 16370: 16366: 16362: 16358: 16350: 16346: 16332: 16329: 16325: 16324: 16320: 16319: 16318: 16315: 16313: 16310: 16308: 16305: 16301: 16298: 16297: 16296: 16293: 16291: 16290: 16286: 16284: 16281: 16279: 16278: 16274: 16272: 16269: 16267: 16266: 16262: 16260: 16257: 16255: 16252: 16250: 16247: 16245: 16242: 16240: 16237: 16235: 16232: 16230: 16227: 16225: 16224: 16220: 16218: 16217: 16213: 16209: 16208:Death penalty 16206: 16204: 16201: 16199: 16196: 16195: 16194: 16191: 16189: 16186: 16184: 16183: 16179: 16178: 16176: 16174:Other aspects 16172: 16166: 16165: 16161: 16159: 16158: 16154: 16152: 16151: 16147: 16145: 16144: 16140: 16138: 16137: 16133: 16131: 16130: 16126: 16124: 16123: 16119: 16118: 16116: 16111: 16108: 16106: 16103: 16101: 16098: 16097: 16094: 16088: 16087: 16083: 16081: 16078: 16076: 16075: 16071: 16069: 16068: 16064: 16062: 16061: 16057: 16055: 16054: 16050: 16049: 16047: 16045: 16041: 16035: 16034: 16030: 16028: 16027: 16023: 16021: 16020: 16016: 16014: 16013: 16009: 16007: 16004: 16002: 15999: 15998: 15996: 15994: 15990: 15986: 15979: 15978:Jurisprudence 15976: 15974: 15971: 15970: 15966: 15962: 15952: 15949: 15947: 15944: 15942: 15939: 15937: 15934: 15932: 15929: 15927: 15926: 15922: 15920: 15917: 15915: 15912: 15910: 15907: 15905: 15902: 15900: 15897: 15895: 15892: 15890: 15887: 15885: 15882: 15880: 15877: 15875: 15872: 15870: 15867: 15865: 15862: 15860: 15857: 15855: 15852: 15851: 15849: 15844: 15841: 15839: 15836: 15835: 15832: 15826: 15823: 15821: 15818: 15814: 15811: 15810: 15809: 15806: 15804: 15801: 15797: 15794: 15790: 15787: 15783: 15780: 15778: 15775: 15773: 15770: 15769: 15768: 15765: 15764: 15762: 15760: 15757: 15756: 15755: 15751: 15748: 15744: 15741: 15737: 15734: 15733: 15732: 15729: 15727: 15724: 15722: 15719: 15717: 15714: 15713: 15712: 15709: 15707: 15704: 15698: 15695: 15694: 15693: 15690: 15688: 15685: 15683: 15680: 15678: 15675: 15673: 15670: 15669: 15668: 15665: 15664: 15662: 15660: 15659:Denominations 15656: 15650: 15649: 15645: 15643: 15640: 15638: 15635: 15633: 15630: 15628: 15625: 15624: 15622: 15620: 15616: 15608: 15605: 15603: 15600: 15598: 15595: 15593: 15590: 15588: 15585: 15583: 15580: 15578: 15575: 15573: 15572: 15568: 15567: 15566: 15563: 15561: 15558: 15556: 15555: 15551: 15549: 15548: 15544: 15542: 15539: 15537: 15534: 15532: 15529: 15527: 15524: 15522: 15519: 15518: 15516: 15511: 15508: 15506: 15503: 15502: 15499: 15493: 15492: 15488: 15486: 15485: 15481: 15479: 15478: 15474: 15472: 15471: 15467: 15465: 15464: 15460: 15459: 15457: 15455: 15451: 15445: 15444:Holiest sites 15442: 15440: 15439:Judgement Day 15437: 15435: 15434: 15430: 15428: 15425: 15423: 15420: 15418: 15415: 15411: 15408: 15407: 15406: 15403: 15401: 15400: 15396: 15392: 15389: 15388: 15387: 15384: 15383: 15381: 15379: 15375: 15371: 15367: 15366: 15360: 15355: 15348: 15343: 15341: 15336: 15334: 15329: 15328: 15325: 15318: 15315: 15303: 15299: 15295: 15283: 15282: 15277: 15273: 15269: 15258: 15253: 15250: 15247: 15244: 15239: 15235: 15232: 15227: 15223: 15222: 15212: 15206: 15202: 15201: 15195: 15191: 15185: 15181: 15176: 15172: 15166: 15162: 15158: 15154: 15150: 15146: 15142: 15138: 15132: 15127: 15122: 15118: 15114: 15110: 15106: 15101: 15097: 15093: 15089: 15085: 15081: 15077: 15074:(1/4): 1–25. 15073: 15069: 15062: 15057: 15053: 15049: 15045: 15040: 15036: 15030: 15026: 15025: 15019: 15015: 15011: 15007: 15001: 14997: 14993: 14989: 14988: 14983: 14979: 14978: 14958: 14954: 14948: 14932: 14928: 14924: 14917: 14909: 14903: 14899: 14892: 14883: 14876: 14872: 14868: 14862: 14856: 14852: 14848: 14842: 14834: 14828: 14824: 14817: 14815: 14806: 14800: 14796: 14789: 14781: 14777: 14773: 14769: 14765: 14761: 14754: 14746: 14740: 14736: 14729: 14713: 14709: 14703: 14701: 14693: 14689: 14685: 14679: 14663: 14659: 14652: 14636: 14632: 14628: 14621: 14619: 14602: 14598: 14594: 14587: 14585: 14576: 14570: 14566: 14565: 14557: 14541: 14537: 14533: 14527: 14511: 14507: 14501: 14485: 14481: 14474: 14458: 14454: 14450: 14443: 14427: 14423: 14422:Barnabas Fund 14419: 14413: 14407: 14403: 14399: 14393: 14377: 14373: 14369: 14363: 14356: 14352: 14348: 14342: 14335: 14331: 14328: 14323: 14316: 14312: 14309: 14304: 14295: 14288: 14281: 14277: 14274: 14269: 14267: 14265: 14263: 14261: 14259: 14250: 14246: 14242: 14238: 14234: 14230: 14224: 14218: 14212:, pp. 108–127 14211: 14207: 14201: 14194: 14190: 14187: 14182: 14176:, pp. 510–517 14175: 14171: 14167: 14161: 14145: 14141: 14137: 14136: 14131: 14127: 14123: 14122:Morris, Benny 14117: 14109: 14103: 14096: 14083: 14079: 14075: 14071: 14067: 14063: 14059: 14055: 14048: 14040: 14036: 14032: 14026: 14022: 14018: 14014: 14013: 14005: 13998: 13994: 13988: 13986: 13966: 13959: 13958: 13950: 13942: 13936: 13932: 13925: 13918: 13914: 13910: 13904: 13888: 13884: 13882:9780099523277 13878: 13874: 13873: 13865: 13863: 13854: 13848: 13844: 13840: 13836: 13832: 13826: 13807: 13803: 13799: 13792: 13785: 13777: 13771: 13767: 13763: 13762: 13757: 13750: 13748: 13746: 13744: 13727: 13723: 13717: 13713: 13712: 13704: 13697: 13693: 13690: 13685: 13666: 13662: 13658: 13651: 13644: 13625: 13621: 13617: 13610: 13603: 13595: 13591: 13587: 13583: 13578: 13573: 13569: 13565: 13561: 13557: 13553: 13552: 13547: 13545: 13536: 13517: 13510: 13509: 13500: 13492: 13488: 13484: 13480: 13476: 13472: 13468: 13464: 13460: 13456: 13455: 13450: 13443: 13441: 13439: 13437: 13428: 13424: 13420: 13416: 13412: 13408: 13403: 13398: 13394: 13390: 13386: 13382: 13378: 13377: 13372: 13365: 13363: 13361: 13359: 13342: 13338: 13334: 13330: 13324: 13320: 13316: 13312: 13308: 13304: 13297: 13295: 13293: 13291: 13274: 13270: 13264: 13260: 13256: 13252: 13251: 13246: 13242: 13236: 13217: 13213: 13206: 13199: 13183: 13179: 13175: 13168: 13152: 13148: 13142: 13138: 13134: 13130: 13126: 13124: 13118: 13112: 13110: 13108: 13106: 13104: 13096: 13092: 13088: 13082: 13076: 13072: 13068: 13062: 13056: 13052: 13048: 13042: 13033: 13025: 13021: 13016: 13011: 13007: 13003: 12999: 12991: 12975: 12971: 12965: 12961: 12960: 12952: 12933: 12929: 12922: 12915: 12907: 12903: 12899: 12895: 12891: 12885: 12869: 12865: 12859: 12855: 12854: 12846: 12844: 12842: 12825: 12821: 12815: 12811: 12810: 12802: 12786: 12782: 12776: 12772: 12768: 12761: 12745: 12741: 12737: 12730: 12728: 12726: 12724: 12707: 12703: 12697: 12693: 12692: 12684: 12668: 12664: 12660: 12656: 12654:9780987171801 12650: 12646: 12645: 12636: 12628: 12624: 12620: 12616: 12612: 12608: 12601: 12585: 12582:. aljazeera. 12581: 12574: 12572: 12570: 12568: 12551: 12547: 12543: 12536: 12520: 12516: 12512: 12508: 12504: 12500: 12496: 12492: 12486: 12482: 12476: 12468: 12464: 12460: 12456: 12452: 12448: 12441: 12433: 12427: 12423: 12422: 12414: 12412: 12404: 12400: 12396: 12390: 12382: 12376: 12372: 12368: 12364: 12358: 12342: 12338: 12334: 12330: 12326: 12322: 12318: 12314: 12308: 12304: 12298: 12291: 12287: 12284: 12279: 12277: 12268: 12262: 12258: 12254: 12248: 12240: 12236: 12232: 12228: 12224: 12220: 12214: 12208: 12192: 12188: 12182: 12178: 12177: 12169: 12153: 12149: 12145: 12141: 12135: 12131: 12130: 12122: 12114: 12108: 12104: 12103: 12095: 12093: 12084: 12078: 12074: 12067: 12059: 12053: 12049: 12042: 12034: 12028: 12024: 12023: 12015: 12007: 12003: 11999: 11995: 11991: 11987: 11981: 11975: 11967: 11963: 11959: 11955: 11951: 11947: 11941: 11935: 11928: 11923: 11919: 11915: 11911: 11908:(1/4): 1–25. 11907: 11903: 11896: 11888: 11884: 11880: 11876: 11872: 11868: 11862: 11856: 11840: 11836: 11832: 11826: 11807: 11803: 11799: 11792: 11786: 11780: 11761: 11757: 11753: 11746: 11738: 11730: 11724: 11716: 11709: 11701: 11695: 11687: 11680: 11664: 11660: 11659: 11651: 11635: 11631: 11627: 11623: 11619: 11615: 11611: 11607: 11599: 11591: 11585: 11581: 11574: 11558: 11555:(in Arabic). 11554: 11553: 11546: 11530: 11526: 11520: 11516: 11515: 11507: 11505: 11497: 11482: 11475: 11469: 11462: 11449: 11445: 11439: 11423: 11419: 11418: 11413: 11404: 11402: 11400: 11391: 11389:9781474457576 11385: 11381: 11374: 11358: 11354: 11350: 11343: 11336: 11324: 11320: 11314: 11307: 11306: 11301: 11297: 11294: 11290: 11287: 11282: 11280: 11271: 11267: 11263: 11259: 11255: 11251: 11250: 11245: 11239: 11237: 11235: 11233: 11231: 11229: 11221: 11217: 11214: 11209: 11202: 11201: 11196: 11190: 11186: 11185: 11177: 11161: 11157: 11156:www.alexa.com 11153: 11147: 11141: 11137: 11131: 11125: 11121: 11117: 11114: 11109: 11093: 11089: 11085: 11079: 11077: 11069: 11065: 11062: 11057: 11050: 11046: 11042: 11039: 11034: 11032: 11030: 11013: 11009: 11002: 11000: 10983: 10979: 10973: 10966: 10965: 10960: 10956: 10953: 10947: 10945: 10937: 10931: 10923: 10919: 10915: 10909: 10899: 10891: 10887: 10883: 10876: 10860: 10856: 10852: 10845: 10839: 10835: 10832: 10826: 10810: 10806: 10802: 10795: 10793: 10776: 10772: 10768: 10761: 10745: 10741: 10735: 10731: 10730: 10722: 10705: 10701: 10695: 10679: 10675: 10669: 10665: 10664: 10656: 10637: 10633: 10629: 10622: 10615: 10596: 10589: 10588: 10580: 10578: 10576: 10559: 10555: 10549: 10545: 10544: 10536: 10528: 10522: 10518: 10511: 10504: 10500: 10497: 10492: 10484: 10477: 10470: 10466: 10462: 10456: 10448: 10442: 10438: 10433: 10432: 10423: 10421: 10404: 10400: 10394: 10390: 10389: 10381: 10379: 10377: 10375: 10373: 10365: 10361: 10355: 10348: 10344: 10341: 10335: 10333: 10331: 10329: 10327: 10318: 10314: 10310: 10306: 10299: 10292: 10286: 10270: 10266: 10262: 10256: 10249: 10245: 10241: 10235: 10228: 10224: 10218: 10214: 10213: 10205: 10189: 10185: 10181: 10177: 10173: 10169: 10162: 10155: 10142: 10138: 10134: 10128: 10109: 10102: 10101: 10093: 10091: 10083: 10079: 10074: 10067: 10061: 10053: 10047: 10043: 10036: 10034: 10025: 10019: 10015: 10010: 10009: 10000: 9998: 9989: 9983: 9979: 9975: 9974: 9966: 9964: 9947: 9943: 9939: 9933: 9917: 9913: 9909: 9903: 9887: 9883: 9879: 9873: 9865: 9857: 9855: 9838: 9834: 9828: 9824: 9823: 9815: 9813: 9804: 9797: 9791:, p. 48. 9790: 9785: 9778: 9773: 9758: 9754: 9750: 9746: 9745: 9740: 9733: 9727:. pp. 589–592 9726: 9722: 9718: 9712: 9696: 9692: 9688: 9684: 9680: 9676: 9672: 9668: 9661: 9642: 9638: 9632: 9625: 9624: 9616: 9600: 9596: 9592: 9586: 9567: 9563: 9557: 9550: 9549: 9540: 9521: 9517: 9510: 9504: 9496: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9478: 9474: 9470: 9462: 9454: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9436: 9432: 9428: 9421: 9414: 9408: 9392: 9388: 9382: 9378: 9377: 9369: 9361: 9355: 9351: 9344: 9342: 9340: 9329: 9322: 9317: 9313: 9309: 9303: 9296: 9292: 9286: 9284: 9274: 9266: 9260: 9256: 9249: 9240: 9238: 9221: 9217: 9211: 9207: 9206: 9198: 9196: 9187: 9183: 9179: 9175: 9172:(1/4): 1–25. 9171: 9167: 9161: 9158:Shaykhzadeh, 9155: 9153: 9151: 9131: 9127: 9120: 9116: 9112: 9106: 9104: 9102: 9082: 9078: 9071: 9067: 9063: 9057: 9055: 9053: 9036: 9032: 9026: 9022: 9021: 9013: 9006: 9000: 8993: 8989: 8983: 8979: 8975: 8974: 8966: 8950: 8946: 8942: 8936: 8934: 8917: 8913: 8907: 8903: 8902: 8894: 8875: 8871: 8867: 8860: 8853: 8834: 8830: 8823: 8817: 8801: 8797: 8796: 8791: 8784: 8776: 8770: 8766: 8761: 8760: 8751: 8749: 8747: 8730: 8726: 8725:The Economist 8722: 8716: 8700: 8696: 8690: 8686: 8685: 8677: 8675: 8673: 8671: 8669: 8649: 8642: 8641: 8633: 8626: 8620: 8613: 8607: 8591: 8587: 8581: 8577: 8576: 8568: 8566: 8564: 8547: 8543: 8539: 8532: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8510: 8503: 8497: 8490: 8484: 8475: 8466: 8459: 8455: 8450: 8444: 8441: 8436: 8429: 8425: 8421: 8417: 8411: 8409: 8392: 8388: 8384: 8377: 8375: 8373: 8371: 8363: 8358: 8351: 8347: 8344:, pp. 93–94. 8343: 8339: 8334: 8326: 8320: 8316: 8312: 8311: 8303: 8301: 8293: 8288: 8280: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8259: 8257: 8249: 8245: 8241: 8237: 8233: 8228: 8220: 8214: 8210: 8203: 8201: 8199: 8197: 8188: 8182: 8178: 8174: 8168: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8117: 8110: 8106: 8099: 8097: 8080: 8076: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8055: 8053: 8045: 8041: 8038: 8033: 8026: 8022: 8019: 8014: 8007: 8001: 7993: 7986: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7955: 7947: 7941: 7937: 7933: 7929: 7928: 7923: 7916: 7914: 7912: 7892: 7885: 7884: 7876: 7874: 7866: 7862: 7861: 7855: 7849: 7847: 7838: 7832: 7828: 7827: 7822: 7821:John Esposito 7816: 7814: 7812: 7803: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7783: 7781: 7773: 7769: 7763: 7761: 7759: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7731: 7729: 7727: 7725: 7715: 7713: 7704: 7698: 7694: 7689: 7688: 7679: 7677: 7669: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7650: 7648: 7631: 7627: 7621: 7619: 7617: 7615: 7613: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7560: 7552: 7550: 7541: 7533: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7498: 7493: 7486: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7425: 7417: 7410: 7403: 7397: 7395: 7393: 7373: 7369: 7362: 7356: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7325: 7323: 7321: 7319: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7288: 7280: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7256: 7248: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7227: 7220: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7199: 7191: 7185: 7181: 7180: 7172: 7164: 7158: 7154: 7153: 7145: 7137: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7116: 7114: 7112: 7110: 7101: 7095: 7091: 7090: 7082: 7066: 7062: 7056: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7026: 7010: 7006: 7000: 6996: 6995: 6987: 6985: 6983: 6981: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6946: 6942: 6941: 6933: 6925: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6904: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6873: 6871: 6869: 6867: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6803: 6801: 6793: 6791: 6787: 6778: 6774: 6767: 6760: 6754:, pp. 182–183 6753: 6749: 6745: 6739: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6718: 6710: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6683: 6678: 6671: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6636: 6620: 6616: 6610: 6606: 6605: 6597: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6571:(1/4): 1–25. 6570: 6566: 6559: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6509: 6507: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6493: 6491: 6474: 6470: 6469:The Economist 6466: 6460: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6380: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6353: 6346: 6339: 6330: 6323: 6317: 6308: 6299: 6290: 6283: 6279: 6272: 6262: 6255: 6251: 6245: 6238: 6232: 6225: 6219: 6212: 6211: 6206: 6202: 6196: 6189: 6184: 6174: 6170: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6103:Al-Baqara 256 6101: 6099: 6096: 6095: 6083: 6077: 6073: 6072: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6053: 6049: 6044: 6040: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6012: 6008: 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Zondervan. 5853: 5849: 5845: 5844: 5834: 5833: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5801: 5800: 5796: 5794: 5790: 5789: 5785: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5774: 5770: 5768: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756:(2014) – for 5755: 5752: 5751: 5739: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5698: 5693: 5691: 5687: 5681: 5677: 5667: 5662: 5652: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5620: 5607: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5476: 5473: 5470: 5469: 5463: 5456: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5357: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5344: 5337: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5238: 5235: 5232: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5215: 5210: 5207: 5196: 5191: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5172: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5165:Muslims' or ' 5164: 5160: 5151: 5148: 5144: 5143: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5129: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5116: 5112: 5109:Contemporary 5107: 5104: 5100: 5094: 5089: 5087: 5086:Barnabas Fund 5081: 5079: 5075: 5061: 5056: 5052: 5050: 5039: 5035: 5033: 5032: 5025: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4987: 4983: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4926: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4879: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4868:Ibn Taymiyyah 4865: 4864:al-Suhrawardi 4860: 4858: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4835: 4833: 4829: 4823: 4821: 4817: 4816: 4811: 4807: 4805: 4800: 4796: 4794: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4781: 4780:Sadakat Kadri 4777: 4776:Bernard Lewis 4772: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4756: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4664:false Muslims 4661: 4657: 4653: 4652: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4598: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4557: 4555: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4541:, the Indian 4540: 4536: 4534: 4533:Sadakat Kadri 4530: 4526: 4522: 4517: 4504: 4500: 4495: 4494: 4488: 4484: 4481: 4477: 4474: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4433: 4428: 4425: 4421: 4416: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4389: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4373: 4370: 4369:Tariq Ramadan 4366: 4361: 4358: 4357: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4321: 4316: 4312: 4309: 4305: 4302: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4265: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4206: 4201: 4200: 4199: 4192: 4191: 4184: 4180: 4177: 4173: 4170: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4147: 4142: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4113: 4112: 4111: 4104: 4103: 4102: 4088: 4087: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4065: 4062: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4027: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3980:Tariq Ramadan 3978: 3975: 3974: 3967: 3963: 3960: 3956: 3953: 3950: 3946: 3943: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3912: 3909: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3871: 3868: 3867: 3863: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3785: 3784: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3759:committee at 3758: 3753: 3746: 3745: 3739: 3732: 3731: 3727: 3724: 3720: 3717: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3708:Nasr Abu Zayd 3705: 3701: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3679: 3677: 3676:Nasr Abu Zayd 3673: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3650: 3645: 3641: 3638: 3635: 3631: 3630: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3599: 3598: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3566: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3550: 3549: 3548: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3502: 3498: 3492: 3485:Death penalty 3482: 3480: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3455: 3451: 3449: 3445: 3442:As mentioned 3439: 3429: 3425: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3402:death penalty 3398: 3396: 3392: 3386: 3381: 3377: 3375: 3369: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3338: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3325: 3324: 3323: 3321: 3317: 3309: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3285: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3276: 3270: 3266:(depravity), 3264: 3258: 3257: 3248: 3240: 3239: 3238: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3199: 3195: 3194:Nasr Abu Zayd 3191: 3187: 3182: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3155:Ibn Taymiyyah 3152: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3136: 3135:Bernard Lewis 3132: 3128: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3087: 3084: 3083: 3078: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3044: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3035: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 3002: 2997: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2970:Crimean Tatar 2966: 2961: 2955: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2929:Nasr Abu Zayd 2926: 2922: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2908: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2883: 2882: 2881: 2877: 2875: 2871: 2864: 2856: 2854: 2853: 2848: 2840: 2836: 2833: 2832: 2831: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2810: 2799: 2795: 2794: 2787: 2779: 2775: 2774: 2767: 2762: 2760: 2759: 2754: 2746: 2742: 2741: 2734: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2707: 2703: 2702: 2695: 2687: 2683: 2682: 2675: 2666: 2660: 2655: 2648: 2644: 2643: 2636: 2628: 2624: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2587: 2580: 2572: 2568: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2557: 2552: 2548: 2547: 2540: 2535: 2533: 2532: 2527: 2523: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2494: 2491: 2483: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2453:This section 2451: 2442: 2441: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2407: 2406:Al-Baqara 256 2401: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2373: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2300: 2297: 2289: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2265: 2264: 2259:This section 2257: 2248: 2247: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2219: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2201: 2196: 2195:murtadd milli 2192: 2191:murtadd fitri 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2154: 2152: 2151: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2122:Islamic State 2119: 2115: 2114: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2098: 2097:death penalty 2094: 2090: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2065:death penalty 2062: 2057: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2016: 2004: 1998: 1989: 1985: 1975: 1972: 1964: 1954: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1938:This article 1936: 1927: 1926: 1916: 1911: 1909: 1904: 1902: 1897: 1896: 1894: 1893: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1878: 1876: 1875: 1868: 1865: 1864: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1805:No Compulsion 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1791: 1790: 1786: 1785: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1734: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1710: 1709:Protestantism 1707: 1705: 1702: 1701: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1690: 1689: 1686: 1681: 1680: 1677: 1672: 1671: 1661: 1656: 1654: 1649: 1647: 1642: 1641: 1639: 1638: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1624: 1613: 1612: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1581: 1576: 1575: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1532:Maajid Nawaaz 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1481: 1480: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1447:Navvab Safavi 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1432:Tariq Ramadan 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1382:Safwat Hegazi 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1367:Muhammad Asad 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1333: 1332: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1309:House of Saud 1307: 1305: 1304:Mohammed Omar 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1294:Mohamed Morsi 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1260: 1259: 1251: 1250:Khomeini 1970 1247: 1246: 1244: 1237: 1234: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1221: 1217: 1216: 1212: 1209: 1205: 1204: 1200: 1197: 1193: 1192: 1188: 1187: 1181: 1180: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1150: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1115:Salafist Call 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1096: 1095: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1078: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1029: 1028: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 997: 991: 990: 983: 982: 978: 976: 973: 971: 970: 966: 964: 963: 959: 957: 956:Post-Islamism 954: 950: 947: 946: 945: 942: 940: 937: 933: 930: 928: 925: 924: 923: 922: 918: 915: 911: 908: 904: 901: 899: 896: 895: 894: 893:Islamic state 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 857: 856: 852: 851: 850: 847: 846: 840: 839: 834: 828: 827:Shia Islamism 825: 824: 819: 816: 815: 814: 811: 807: 804: 803: 802: 799: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 781: 780: 777: 775: 772: 771: 765: 764: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 728: 722: 721: 717: 709: 703: 702: 692: 687: 685: 680: 678: 673: 672: 670: 669: 664: 654: 653: 652: 651: 644: 641: 640: 635: 634:Military laws 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 616: 615: 612: 610: 607: 603: 600: 598: 595: 594: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 574: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 555: 554: 553: 550: 547: 545: 542: 541: 538: 533: 532: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 508: 505: 504: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 492:Proselytizing 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 411: 408: 406: 403: 402: 401: 400:Denominations 398: 394: 391: 390: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 350: 347: 343: 338: 337: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 306: 303: 302: 298: 296: 295: 291: 289: 288: 284: 283: 280: 277: 275: 272: 271: 268: 263: 262: 255: 253: 249: 247: 245: 241: 240: 236: 233: 231: 229: 225: 223: 221: 217: 215: 213: 209: 208: 204: 203: 198: 197: 192: 191: 187: 185: 184: 180: 179: 173: 170: 168: 165: 164: 160: 159: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 138: 135: 132: 130: 127: 126: 123: 118: 117: 110: 107: 106: 103: 100: 98: 95: 94: 91: 88: 86: 83: 82: 79: 75: 72: 71: 68: 63: 62: 58: 54: 53: 50: 47: 46: 42: 38: 37: 34: 30: 26: 22: 16742:Islamophobia 16658: 16607:Christianity 16555: 16488:Contemporary 16382:Architecture 16321: 16287: 16275: 16263: 16221: 16214: 16197: 16180: 16162: 16157:Nikah mut'ah 16155: 16148: 16141: 16134: 16127: 16120: 16084: 16072: 16065: 16058: 16051: 16031: 16024: 16017: 16010: 15923: 15646: 15570: 15552: 15545: 15489: 15482: 15475: 15468: 15461: 15454:Five Pillars 15431: 15397: 15386:God in Islam 15363: 15306:. Retrieved 15302:the original 15286:. Retrieved 15281:The Guardian 15279: 15260:. Retrieved 15233:at Wikiquote 15199: 15179: 15156: 15108: 15071: 15067: 15051: 15047: 15023: 14986: 14961:. Retrieved 14947: 14937:12 September 14935:. Retrieved 14926: 14916: 14897: 14891: 14882: 14866: 14861: 14846: 14841: 14822: 14794: 14788: 14766:(1): 63–79. 14763: 14759: 14753: 14734: 14728: 14716:. Retrieved 14683: 14678: 14666:. Retrieved 14651: 14639:. Retrieved 14630: 14605:. Retrieved 14596: 14563: 14556: 14544:. Retrieved 14540:the original 14535: 14526: 14514:. Retrieved 14509: 14500: 14488:. Retrieved 14473: 14461:. Retrieved 14457:the original 14442: 14430:. Retrieved 14426:the original 14412: 14397: 14392: 14380:. Retrieved 14371: 14362: 14346: 14341: 14322: 14303: 14293: 14287: 14232: 14228: 14222: 14217: 14200: 14181: 14165: 14160: 14148:. Retrieved 14133: 14126:Ze'evi, Dror 14116: 14102:cite journal 14093: 14086:. Retrieved 14061: 14057: 14047: 14011: 14004: 13972:. 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Retrieved 12498: 12494: 12484: 12480: 12475: 12450: 12446: 12440: 12420: 12394: 12389: 12370: 12363:S. A. Rahman 12357: 12345:. Retrieved 12320: 12316: 12306: 12302: 12297: 12256: 12247: 12222: 12218: 12212: 12207: 12195:. Retrieved 12175: 12168: 12156:. Retrieved 12128: 12121: 12101: 12072: 12066: 12047: 12041: 12021: 12014: 11989: 11985: 11979: 11974: 11949: 11945: 11939: 11934: 11925: 11905: 11901: 11895: 11870: 11866: 11860: 11855: 11843:. Retrieved 11834: 11825: 11813:. Retrieved 11801: 11797: 11784: 11779: 11767:. Retrieved 11755: 11751: 11737: 11714: 11708: 11685: 11679: 11667:. Retrieved 11657: 11650: 11638:. Retrieved 11613: 11609: 11598: 11579: 11573: 11561:. Retrieved 11551: 11545: 11533:. Retrieved 11513: 11495: 11488:. Retrieved 11481:the original 11468: 11459: 11452:. Retrieved 11438: 11426:. Retrieved 11415: 11379: 11373: 11361:. Retrieved 11352: 11342: 11334: 11327:. Retrieved 11323:the original 11313: 11303: 11253: 11247: 11208: 11199: 11198: 11183: 11176: 11164:. Retrieved 11160:the original 11155: 11146: 11130: 11123: 11108: 11096:. Retrieved 11061:Minivan News 11056: 11016:. Retrieved 10986:. Retrieved 10972: 10962: 10938:(2003), p. 4 10935: 10930: 10913: 10908: 10898: 10885: 10875: 10863:. Retrieved 10854: 10844: 10825: 10813:. Retrieved 10804: 10779:. Retrieved 10770: 10760: 10748:. Retrieved 10728: 10721: 10708:. Retrieved 10694: 10682:. Retrieved 10662: 10655: 10643:. Retrieved 10631: 10627: 10614: 10602:. Retrieved 10586: 10562:. Retrieved 10542: 10535: 10516: 10510: 10491: 10482: 10476: 10460: 10455: 10430: 10407:. Retrieved 10387: 10354: 10308: 10304: 10298: 10290: 10285: 10273:. Retrieved 10264: 10255: 10239: 10234: 10226: 10211: 10204: 10192:. Retrieved 10175: 10171: 10161: 10152: 10145:. Retrieved 10136: 10127: 10115:. Retrieved 10099: 10081: 10073: 10065: 10060: 10041: 10007: 9972: 9950:. Retrieved 9942:Islamweb.net 9941: 9932: 9920:. Retrieved 9911: 9902: 9890:. Retrieved 9881: 9872: 9863: 9841:. 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Retrieved 6398: 6352: 6344: 6338: 6329: 6321: 6316: 6307: 6298: 6289: 6281: 6277: 6271: 6261: 6253: 6250:Ibn Taymiyya 6248:for example 6244: 6235:(two of the 6231: 6218: 6208: 6200: 6195: 6183: 6173: 6138:Anwar Shaikh 6070: 6047: 6028: 6006: 5984: 5962: 5940: 5917: 5896: 5873: 5851: 5830: 5826: 5817: 5808: 5797: 5786: 5771: 5762: 5753: 5700: 5695: 5683: 5664: 5645:West African 5625: 5217: 5211: 5203: 5193: 5176: 5155: 5140: 5108: 5103:Mohsin Hamid 5096: 5091: 5082: 5070: 5045: 5036: 5029: 5026: 5007:Genocides of 4991: 4927: 4907:Abdulmejid I 4903: 4861: 4850:at the time 4837: 4828:Abu al-Abbās 4825: 4813: 4812: 4808: 4798: 4797: 4790: 4783: 4773: 4757: 4694: 4675: 4667: 4659: 4649: 4633: 4599: 4568: 4551: 4537: 4528: 4525:Mohsen Araki 4518: 4514: 4491: 4436: 4430: 4400: 4396: 4384: 4354:hadith above 4325:S. A. Rahman 4318: 4314: 4243: 4217: 4203: 4196: 4186:al-Ghazali). 4155:)? Fasting ( 4108: 4100: 4085: 4057:S. A. Rahman 3972: 3964:theologian, 3924:(1985-1989). 3876:(1958–1963). 3782: 3736: 3722: 3703: 3685: 3668: 3647: 3627: 3615: 3595: 3585: 3563: 3556:imprisonment 3539: 3531: 3523: 3515: 3509: 3479:Abdul Rahman 3476: 3456: 3452: 3441: 3426: 3399: 3387: 3384: 3371: 3356: 3352: 3342: 3329: 3320:Ja'fari fiqh 3313: 3294:, sometimes 3289: 3250: 3219:Ordinance XX 3183: 3168: 3159:Gilles Kepel 3146: 3140: 3124: 3113:, following 3080: 3046: 3036: 3031: 3019: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2985: 2981: 2918: 2914: 2906: 2893:Abdul Rahman 2879: 2873: 2866: 2862: 2850: 2844: 2838:punishment); 2828:Kitab al-Umm 2827: 2822: 2808: 2791: 2784: 2771: 2764: 2756: 2750: 2738: 2731: 2711: 2699: 2692: 2679: 2672: 2657: 2652: 2640: 2633: 2620: 2611: 2602: 2593: 2584: 2577: 2566:Sahih Muslim 2564: 2556:Sahih Muslim 2554: 2544: 2537: 2529: 2519: 2486: 2477: 2454: 2429:Throne Verse 2371: 2312: 2292: 2283: 2260: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2215: 2204: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2160: 2148: 2134: 2111: 2101: 2086: 2058: 2047: 2043: 1983: 1982: 1967: 1958: 1939: 1799: 1795:Antisemitism 1787:Islam and... 1699:Christianity 1694:Baháʼí Faith 1614: 1604:Islamophobia 1562:Shiraz Maher 1557:Gilles Kepel 1467:Ahmed Yassin 1452:Ali Shariati 1392:Ali Khamenei 1269:Ali Khamenei 1240: 1238: 1226: 1213: 1201: 1189: 1145: 1144: 1093: 1092: 1051:Ahl-i Hadith 1035: 1010:Anti-Zionism 979: 967: 960: 939:Pan-Islamism 919: 914:of knowledge 910:Islamization 853: 848: 725:Fundamentals 609:Islamophobia 543: 388:Demographics 383:Circumcision 299: 292: 285: 251: 243: 227: 219: 211: 200: 194: 188: 181: 33: 16612:Catholicism 16507:Other areas 16498:Theological 16493:Eschatology 16450:Mathematics 16387:Calligraphy 16317:Theological 16271:Inheritance 16188:Cleanliness 15560:Shi'a Imams 15554:Ahl al-Bayt 14718:29 November 14694:, pp. 25–31 14668:13 February 14641:16 February 14607:15 February 14546:12 November 14490:10 December 14235:(1/4): 17. 13919:, pp. 61–67 13893:27 November 13732:27 November 13469:: 581–582. 13451:(review)". 13395:: 137–164. 13225:17 November 13097:, pp. 76–78 12980:27 November 12898:Renaissance 12874:25 November 12830:12 December 12791:21 February 12613:(1/4): 15. 12590:14 December 12556:10 December 12453:(1/4): 14. 12225:(1/4): 14. 11992:(1/4): 17. 11952:(1/4): 17. 11845:10 February 11490:7 September 11454:7 September 11417:BBC Persian 11349:"Biography" 11329:7 September 11286:Grand Mufti 10710:16 November 10684:25 December 10564:12 December 10194:10 February 10178:(4): 3–12. 10147:10 February 10016:, 182–184. 9701:12 February 9650:12 February 9605:15 February 9575:12 February 9226:25 December 9041:25 December 9007:, pp. 53–67 8955:12 February 8883:25 November 8806:12 February 8596:25 December 8397:13 December 7574:: 134–162. 7448:10871/37355 7345:28 November 7307:16 December 7015:11 December 6784:Whereas an 6733:, pp. 40–41 6224:Wael Hallaq 6066:Warraq, Ibn 5959:Jami, Ehsan 5778:Deeyah Khan 5697:observance. 5367:Afghanistan 5161:Muslims', ' 5122:Edip Yuksel 4946:S.A. Rahman 4872:Dara Shikoh 4852:Al-Muqtadir 4820:freethinker 4646:First Fitna 4585:caused the 4381:Wael Hallaq 4377:al-Shawkani 4329:Wael Hallaq 4308:Sword Verse 4301:Grand Mufti 4293:Quran above 4291:Quran (see 4253:Al-Sarakhsi 4182:al-Masiri). 4037:Islamic Law 3898:Grand Mufti 3888:Grand Mufti 3558:before the 3468:persecution 3374:Sol Hachuel 3103:prophethood 2903:Blaspheming 2553:, see also 2411:The verse ( 2137:Afghanistan 2034:, but also 1704:Catholicism 1547:Bassam Tibi 1542:Olivier Roy 1442:Rashid Rida 1427:Sayyid Qutb 1208:Iqbal 1930s 1155:MENA region 1125:Millî Görüş 287:Ahl al-Bayt 172:Foundations 16842:Categories 16672:Ex-Muslims 16557:Shu'ubiyya 16551:Psychology 16539:Literature 16529:Inventions 16475:Philosophy 16283:Leadership 16259:Honorifics 15914:Philosophy 15721:Isma'ilism 15682:Maturidism 15565:Caliphates 15536:Golden Age 15427:Revelation 15308:15 October 15288:15 October 15262:15 October 14963:28 October 14516:6 February 14463:15 October 14432:15 October 14210:0813334896 14150:5 November 13337:2017956010 13146:9839154702 12780:9041116184 12750:8 December 12525:21 January 12347:21 January 11669:2 February 11640:21 January 11535:16 January 11428:14 October 11363:27 October 11018:3 December 10922:1850659397 10903:University 10886:Yahoo News 10865:6 December 10815:9 December 10739:0521570778 10409:16 January 10275:13 October 10137:Sunnah.com 10078:David Kerr 9952:1 February 9843:16 January 9397:15 January 9312:Sunnah.com 8922:15 January 8705:15 January 8552:30 October 8387:Islamicity 8350:9770909963 8248:0199730938 8238:, p. 242. 8157:21 January 7601:25 October 7219:0199730938 7209:, p. 242. 6893:14 October 6625:15 January 6160:References 5655:By country 5598:Kazakhstan 5518:Kyrgyzstan 5502:Tajikistan 5415:Bangladesh 5067:Background 4959:Christians 4886:See also: 4876:Shah Jahan 4760:David Cook 4758:Historian 4749:Muhammad I 4610:Kharijites 4606:Kharijites 4575:Ridda wars 4539:Zakir Naik 4511:Middle way 4502:imitating. 4468:Reza Aslan 4441:Reza Aslan 3997:Reza Aslan 3849:Al Jazeera 3822:Zakir Naik 3725:, الْفيء). 3470:or during 3363:Punishment 3143:Al-Ghazali 3028:Al-Ghazali 2847:Al-Ghazali 2824:Al-Shafi'i 2740:Al-Muwatta 2718:Imam Malik 2502:See also: 2464:improve it 2270:improve it 2234:is termed 2141:Kazakhstan 2128:, and the 2080:, and the 1857:Secularism 1847:Shia–Sunni 1825:Liberalism 1537:Sam Harris 1517:Farag Foda 1299:Zia ul-Haq 1160:South Asia 1061:Madkhalism 1036:Scholastic 994:Influences 818:Khomeinism 768:Ideologies 756:Secularism 477:Philosophy 214:(exegesis) 151:Pilgrimage 141:Almsgiving 25:Ex-Muslims 16789:Symbolism 16747:Incidents 16725:Criticism 16617:Mormonism 16514:Astrology 16440:Cosmology 16435:Astronomy 16377:Arabesque 16244:Etiquette 16203:Blasphemy 15993:Economics 15808:Ahmadiyya 15750:Muhakkima 15697:Wahhabism 15687:Mu'tazili 15672:Ash'arism 15145:1874-6691 15096:162376591 15014:243438689 14992:Guildford 14357:, pp. 7–9 14088:29 August 13974:6 January 13815:6 January 13674:6 January 13633:6 January 13594:227325750 13586:1527-1900 13546:(review)" 13525:6 January 13491:170001371 13483:1086-3184 13427:161217907 13411:1528-4212 13255:Cambridge 13243:(1987) . 13119:(2006) . 13024:224988970 12941:8 January 12673:6 January 12501:(2): 63. 12323:(2): 63. 12197:19 August 12158:9 January 11815:6 January 11769:6 January 11741:cited in 11723:cite book 11694:cite book 11616:(2): 63. 11563:8 January 11289:Ali Gomaa 10645:6 January 10604:6 January 10317:0027-4909 10117:6 January 9529:2 January 9495:219460446 9453:219460446 8735:9 January 8657:6 January 8420:Routledge 8418:, p. 54. 8085:2 January 7975:2 January 7922:"Murtadd" 7900:6 January 7749:0027-4909 7636:30 August 7588:1573-0255 7532:2077-1444 7497:Religions 7475:3 January 7465:195448888 7457:1552-6526 6969:9 January 6857:1874-6691 6790:('rtidad) 6479:9 January 6439:1874-6691 6376:Citations 5813:Vice News 5776:(2016) – 5728:sexuality 5447:Indonesia 5264:Palestine 5169:liars'). 5163:heretical 5159:heterodox 5101:. Author 5088:reports: 5060:blasphemy 5018:Assyrians 5010:Armenians 4982:genocides 4967:Trebizond 4857:Shafi'ite 4753:blasphemy 4709:martyrdom 4668:munāfiḳūn 4529:expressed 4506:Muslims). 4304:Ali Gomaa 4214:Ibn Abbas 4176:abrogated 4071:Professor 4033:Professor 3984:Professor 3968:scholar. 3959:Pakistani 3908:Professor 3894:Ali Gomaa 3824:, Indian 3654:execution 3560:execution 3353:shariʿah, 3203:Ahmadiyya 3198:Ahmadiyya 3109:. In the 2943:in 2005). 2468:verifying 2417:Al-Baqara 2415:) 256 of 2274:verifying 2187:secession 2036:blasphemy 1997:romanized 1835:Modernism 1830:Modernity 1815:Democracy 1810:Blasphemy 1728:Mandaeism 1714:Mormonism 1592:Modernism 1500:in Europe 1233:Qutb 1965 1220:Asad 1961 1184:Key texts 1094:Political 1076:Wahhabism 1032:Movements 868:Caliphate 746:Economics 597:terrorism 549:Criticism 502:Sexuality 472:Mysticism 442:Festivals 422:Education 417:Economics 353:Academics 309:Caliphate 122:Practices 16827:Category 16720:Islamism 16703:Muhammad 16659:Apostasy 16634:Hinduism 16524:Feminism 16455:Medicine 16295:Military 16249:Gambling 16198:Apostasy 16193:Criminal 16105:Marriage 16074:Tayammum 16026:Murabaha 15899:Madrasas 15889:Holidays 15879:Clothing 15874:Children 15869:Calendar 15820:Quranism 15754:Khawarij 15726:Alawites 15677:Atharism 15571:Rashidun 15410:In Islam 15405:Muhammad 15284:. London 15155:(2011). 14984:(1968). 14957:Archived 14931:Archived 14712:Archived 14662:Archived 14635:Archived 14601:Archived 14484:Archived 14482:. 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