Apple–FBI encryption dispute

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far-reaching – both in terms of what it would allow today and what it implies about Congressional intent in 1789 – as to produce impermissibly absurd results." Orenstein went on to criticize the government's stance, writing, "It would be absurd to posit that the authority the government sought was anything other than obnoxious to the law." The Justice Department appealed the ruling to District Court Judge Margot Brodie. Apple requested a delay while the FBI attempted to access the San Bernardino iPhone without Apple's help. On April 8, after the FBI succeeded, the Justice Department told the Brooklyn court it intended to press forward with its demand for assistance there, but on April 22, the government withdrew its request, telling the court "an individual" (the suspect, according to press reports) had provided the correct passcode.

527: 153: 111:, killed 14 people and injured 22. The two attackers later died in a shootout with police, having first destroyed their personal phones. The work phone was recovered intact but was locked with a four-digit passcode and was set to eliminate all its data after ten failed password attempts (a common anti-theft measure on smartphones). Apple declined to create the software, and a hearing was scheduled for March 22. However, a day before the hearing was supposed to happen, the government obtained a delay, saying it had found a third party able to assist in unlocking the iPhone. On March 28, the government claimed that the FBI had unlocked the iPhone and withdrew its request. In March 2018, the 5083: 842:"With Apple's privacy policy for the customers there is no way of getting into a phone without a person's master password. With this policy there will be no backdoor access on the phone for the law enforcement to access the person's private information. This has caused a great dispute between the FBI and Apple's encryption. Apple has closed this backdoor for the law enforcement because they believe that by creating this backdoor it would make it easier for law enforcement, and also make it easier for criminal hackers to gain access to people's personal data on their phone." Former FBI director 139: 1167: 22: 1153: 7680: 1108:". The challenge is defined by the FBI as "changes in technology hinder law enforcement's ability to exercise investigative tools and follow critical leads". As The Los Angeles Times reported in March 2018, the FBI was unable to access data from 7,775 seized devices in their investigations. The unidentified method used to unlock Farook's phone - costing more than $ 1 million to obtain - quit working once Apple updated their operating system. 430:. ... What is to stop the government from demanding that Apple write code to turn on the microphone in aid of government surveillance, activate the video camera, surreptitiously record conversations, or turn on location services to track the phone's user?" Apple argued that the FBI had not made use of all of the government's tools, such as employing the resources of the NSA. A hearing on the case was scheduled for March 22, 2016. 998:, respectively, released draft legislation that would authorize state and federal judges to order "any person who provides a product or method to facilitate a communication or the processing or storage of data" to provide data in intelligible form or technical assistance in unlocking encrypted data and that any such person who distributes software or devices must ensure they are capable of complying with such an order. 274:. The attack killed 14 people and seriously injured 22. The two attackers died four hours after the attack in a shootout with police, having previously destroyed their personal phones. Authorities were able to recover Farook's work phone, but could not unlock its four-digit passcode, and the phone was programmed to automatically delete all its data after ten failed password attempts. 1117:

iPhone. The FBI disputed this since the vendor had been working on the project independently "for some time". However, according to Chuang – whom described himself as a "relationship holder" for the vendor – they were not actively working to complete the solution and that it was moved to the "front burner" on his request; to which the TSS Chief agreed.

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iPhones running on operating systems iOS7 and older" (as in the Brooklyn case), while others "involve phones with more extensive encryption, which Apple cannot break" and presumably seek to order Apple to "design new software to let the government circumvent the device's security protocols and unlock the phone" (as in the San Bernardino case).

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outset but he did not instruct his unit chiefs to contact outside vendors until after February 11. In either event, neither he nor the ROU were asked to request help from their vendors until mid-February. By the time the Attorneys Office filed their February 16 court order, the ROU had only just begun contacting its vendors.

1935: 514:. In 2020, the New York Times reported that "new data reveals a twist to the encryption debate that undercuts both sides," with public records showing that at least 2,000 US law enforcement agencies had since acquired "tools to get into locked, encrypted phones and extract their data," mostly from Cellebrite and 1071:

Chuang claimed the CEAU Chief didn't ask for their help due to a "line in the sand" against using classified security tools in domestic criminal cases. The CEAU Chief denied such a line existed and that not using classified techniques was merely a preference. Nevertheless, the perception of this line

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On March 21, 2016, the government requested and was granted a delay, saying a third party had demonstrated a possible way to unlock the iPhone in question and the FBI needed more time to determine if it will work. On March 28, 2016, the FBI said it had unlocked the iPhone with the third party's help,

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filed a brief stating the iPhone may contain evidence of a "lying dormant cyber pathogen" that could have been introduced into the San Bernardino County computer network, as well as identification of a possible third gunman who was alleged to have been seen at the scene of the attack by eyewitnesses.

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account in order to acquire data from the iCloud backup. However, this rendered the phone unable to backup recent data to iCloud, until the new iCloud password was entered. This however, requires the phone to be unlocked. This was confirmed by the U.S. Department of Justice, which then added that any

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The CEAU Chief was unable to say with certainty that the ROU had been consulted beforehand and that the February 11th meeting was a final "mop-up" before a court action was filed. The CEAU's search for solutions within the FBI was undocumented and was handled informally by a senior engineer that the

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filed a new application urging a federal judge to compel Apple to comply with the order. The new application stated that the company could install the software on the phone in its own premises, and after the FBI had hacked the phone via remote connection, Apple could remove and destroy the software.

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released an online statement to Apple customers, explaining the company's motives for opposing the court order. He also stated that while they respect the FBI, the request they made threatens data security by establishing a precedent that the U.S. government could use to force any technology company

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On the other hand, it's possible that Hess' asking questions is what prompted the February 11 "mop-up" meeting. During the CEAU's search Hess became concerned that she wasn't getting straight answers from the OTD and that unit chiefs didn't know the capabilities of the others. The Inspector General

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Once Chuang "got the word out", he soon learned that a trusted vendor was "almost 90 percent of the way" to a solution after "many months" of work and asked they prioritize its completion. The unnamed vendor came forward with their solution on March 16, 2016, and successfully demonstrated it to FBI

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sensor. Comey also confirmed that the tool was purchased from a third party but would not reveal the source, later indicating the tool cost more than $ 1.3 million and that they did not purchase the rights to technical details about how the tool functions. Although the FBI claimed they were able to

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magazine cover story, Cook said that the issue is not "privacy versus security ... it's privacy and security or privacy and safety versus security." Cook also said, "his is the golden age of surveillance that we live in. There is more information about all of us, so much more than ten years ago, or

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The Inspector General's report found that statements in the FBI's testimony before Congress were accurate but relied on assumptions that the OTD units were coordinating effectively from the beginning. They also believe the miscommunication delayed finding a technical solution to accessing Farook's

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When asked why the ROU was not involved earlier the Chief of Technical Surveillance Section (TSS), Eric Chuang's superior, initially said it was not in his "lane" and it was handled exclusively by the DFAS because "that is their mandate". He later claimed that Farook's phone was discussed from the

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I'll be honest with you, I think that there is a reasonably good chance that there is nothing of any value on the phone. What we are hoping might be on the phone would be potential contacts that we would obviously want to talk to. This is an effort to leave no stone unturned in the investigation.

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had publicly volunteered to decrypt the iPhone used by the San Bernardino shooters, avoiding the need for Apple to build a backdoor. He later indicated that the method he would employ, extracting the unique ID from inside the A7 processor chip, is difficult and risks permanently locking the phone,

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and older" in order to assist in criminal investigations and prosecutions. A few requests, however, involve phones with more extensive security protections, which Apple has no current ability to break. These orders would compel Apple to write new software that would let the government bypass these

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products. Apple has objected to these requests. This fact was revealed by Apple in court filings in the Brooklyn case made at the request of the judge in that case. Most of these requests call upon Apple "to use its existing capabilities to extract data like contacts, photos and calls from locked

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The iPhone is a county owned telephone that may have connected to the San Bernardino County computer network. The seized iPhone may contain evidence that can only be found on the seized phone that it was used as a weapon to introduce a lying dormant cyber pathogen that endangers San Bernardino's

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Eric Chuang appears to be referring to a January 2002 memo requiring approval from the Deputy Attorney General to grant use for classified tools in criminal cases. While Chuang was aware of two previous cases where they were used, he claimed this infrequency proved that using such techniques was

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Ultimately, the Inspector General's March 2018 report found no evidence that the OTD had withheld knowledge of the ability to unlock Farook's iPhone at the time of Director Comey's congressional testimony of February 9 and March 1, 2016. However, the report also found that poor communication and

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ruled in 1977 that the All Writs Act gave courts the power to demand reasonable technical assistance from the phone company in accessing phone calling records. Apple responded that New York Telephone was already collecting the data in question in the course of its business, something the Supreme

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The same day, Apple revealed that in early January it had discussed with the FBI four methods to access data in the iPhone, but, as was revealed by a footnote in the February 19 application to the court, one of the more promising methods was ruled out by a mistake during the investigation of the

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to compel Apple to write new software was unprecedented and, according to legal experts, it was likely to prompt "an epic fight pitting privacy against national security." It was also pointed out that the implications of the legal precedent that would be established by the success of this action

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to be Eric Chuang) said he only became aware of the access problem after a February 11 meeting of the Digital Forensics and Analysis Section (DFAS) - of which the ROU is not a member. While the OTD directors were in frequent contact during the investigation, including discussions about Farook's

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stated that while he could not comment on the specific case, "You cannot take an absolutist view on . If your view is strong encryption no matter what, and we can and should create black boxes, that does not strike the balance that we've lived with for 200 or 300 years. And it's fetishizing our

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and later have encryption mechanisms that make it difficult for the government to get through. Apple provided no backdoor for surveillance without the company's discretion. However, Comey stated that he did not want a backdoor method of surveillance and that "We want to use the front door, with

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The United States government has demanded that Apple take an unprecedented step which threatens the security of our customers. We oppose this order, which has implications far beyond the legal case at hand. This moment calls for public discussion, and we want our customers and people around the

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Both Hess and Chuang stated the CEAU Chief seemed not to want to use classified techniques and appeared to have an agenda in pursuing a favorable ruling against Apple. Chuang described the CEAU Chief as "definitely not happy" that they undermined his legal case against Apple and had vented his

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in the government's favor. The court ruled that the company that hacked the iPhone and the amount paid to it by the FBI were national security secrets and "intelligence sources or methods" that are exempt from disclosure under FOIA; the court additionally ruled that the amount paid "reflects a

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alleging there was a disagreement between units of the Operational Technology Division (OTD) of their capability to access Farook's iPhone; namely between the Cryptographic and Electronic Analysis Unit (CEAU) and the Remote Operations Unit (ROU). She also alleged that some OTD officials were

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in the case, James Orenstein, requested Apple's position before issuing an order. On February 29, 2016, Judge Orenstein denied the government's request, saying the All Writs Act cannot be used to force a company to modify its products: "The implications of the government's position are so

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operating system, versions 8 and later, "so deep that Apple could no longer comply with government warrants asking for customer information to be extracted from devices." Throughout 2015, prosecutors advocated for the U.S. government to be able to compel decryption of iPhone contents.

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Salihin Kondoker, whose wife was shot in the attack but survived, filed a friend of the court brief siding with Apple; his brief said that he "understand that this software the government wants them to use will be used against millions of other innocent people. I share their fear."

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poll that sampled 1,022 Americans found that 50% of the respondents supported the FBI's stance, while 45% supported Apple's stance. Also, 1,002 surveyed Americans who own smartphones were divided into two sides; 51% were against Apple's decision, while 38% supported their stance.

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The February 16, 2016 order issued by Magistrate Judge Pym gave Apple five days to apply for relief if Apple believed the order was "unreasonably burdensome". Apple announced its intent to oppose the order, citing the security risks that the creation of a

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has been unable to access, adding, "Apple should be directed to be able to unlock its phones when there is a court order by an independent judge proving and demonstrating that there's relevant evidence on that phone necessary for an individual case."

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that he did not know whether the shooters had compromised the county's infrastructure, but the only way to know for sure was by gaining access to the iPhone. This statement has been criticized by cyber-security professionals as being improbable.

4951:"Modern cell phones are not just another technological convenience. With all they contain and all they may reveal, they hold for many Americans 'the privacies of life.'" Riley v. California, 573 U. S., ___, No. 13-312, slip op. at 28 (2014). 846:

says that "We are drifting to a place in this country where there will be zones that are beyond the reach of the law." He believes that this backdoor access is crucial to investigations, and without it many criminals will not be convicted.

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and an anonymous official said that the hack's applications were limited; the Department of Justice withdrew the case. The lawyer for the FBI claimed that they were using the alleged extracted information to further investigate the case.

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senator for Oregon and a noted privacy and encryption advocate, questioned the FBI's honesty concerning the contents of the phone. He said in a statement, "There are real questions about whether has been straight with the public on ."

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Did he use the county's infrastructure? Did he hack into that infrastructure? I don't know. In order for me to really put that issue to rest, there is one piece of evidence that would absolutely let us know that, and that would be the

1096:... the CEAU Chief may not have been interested in researching all possible solutions and instead focused only on unclassified techniques that could readily be disclosed in court that OTD and its partner agencies already had in-hand. 965:

called for Silicon Valley and the federal government to work together. "We are squarely behind strong data security and strong encryption, no question about it," he said. Carter also added that he is "not a believer in back doors."

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to disable certain security features that Apple refers to as "GovtOS". Apple declined due to its policy which required it to never undermine the security features of its products. The FBI responded by successfully applying to a

344:"it will ensure that when the FBI submits passcodes to the SUBJECT DEVICE, software running on the device will not purposefully introduce any additional delay between passcode attempts beyond what is incurred by Apple hardware" 338:"it will bypass or disable the auto-erase function whether or not it has been enabled" (this user-configurable feature of iOS 8 automatically deletes keys needed to read encrypted data after ten consecutive incorrect attempts) 3278: 1905: 1028:(FOIA) lawsuit against the FBI, seeking to compel the agency to reveal who it hired to unlock Farook's iPhone, and how much was paid. On September 30, 2017, a federal court ruled against the media organizations and granted 3141: 348:

The order also specifies that Apple's assistance may include providing software to the FBI that "will be coded by Apple with a unique identifier of the phone so that the would only load and execute on the SUBJECT DEVICE"

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In a March 21, 2016, Apple press conference, Cook talked about the ongoing conflict with the FBI, saying, "e have a responsibility to protect your data and your privacy. We will not shrink from this responsibility."

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the number one threat to U.S. security and saying that "this may be a case where we've got to give up some things in law enforcement and even counter terrorism in order to preserve this aspect, our cybersecurity."

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use other technological means to access the cellphone data from the San Bernardino shooter's iPhone 5C, without the aid of Apple, law enforcement still expresses concern over the encryption controversy.

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On February 9, 2016, the FBI announced that it was unable to unlock the county-owned phone it recovered, due to its advanced security features, including encryption of user data. The FBI first asked the

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In response to the Inspector General's report, the FBI intended to add a new OTD section to consolidate resources to address the Going Dark problem and to improve coordination between units.

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to break into the phone, but they were unable to since they only had knowledge of breaking into other devices that are commonly used by criminals, and not iPhones. As a result, the FBI asked

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could not be used to compel Apple to unlock an iPhone. The government appealed the ruling, but then dropped the case on April 22, 2016, saying it had been given the correct passcode.

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clarity and transparency, and with clear guidance provided by law." He believes that special access is required in order to stop criminals such as "terrorists and child molesters".

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would pose towards customers. It also stated that no government had ever asked for similar access. The company was given until February 26 to fully respond to the court order.

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allow this phone to sit there and not make an effort to get the information or the data that may be inside of that phone is simply not fair to the victims and their families.

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In addition to the San Bernardino case and the Brooklyn case, Apple has received at least nine different requests from federal courts under the All Writs Act for iPhone or

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reported "the FBI eventually found that Farook's phone had information only about work and revealed nothing about the plot" but cited only government claims, not evidence.

2341: 1882: 4856:"A Special Inquiry Regarding the Accuracy of FBI Statements Concerning its Capabilities to Exploit an iPhone Seized During the San Bernardino Terror Attack Investigation" 4606: 2889: 2068: 1285: 341:"it will enable the FBI to submit passcodes to the SUBJECT DEVICE for testing electronically via the physical device port, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, or other protocol available" 250:(DFU) mode, and that "estoring a device after it enters DFU mode returns it to a known good state with the certainty that only unmodified Apple-signed code is present." 3828: 3794: 1455: 1568: 870:

who had not dropped out of the race before February 19, 2016, supported the FBI's position, though several expressed concerns about adding backdoors to mobile phones.

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phones and could read almost all smartphone information, including SMS, location, emails, and notes. Additionally, the leak stated that Apple had been a part of the

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code. After more than ten incorrect attempts to unlock the phone with the wrong PIN, the contents of the phone will be rendered inaccessible by erasing the

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attack. After the shooter's phone had been recovered, the FBI asked San Bernardino County, the owner of the phone, to reset the password to the shooter's

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indifferent to FBI leadership (herself included) giving possibly misleading testimony to Congress and in court orders that they had no such capability.

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In the Matter of the Search of an Apple iPhone Seized During the Execution of a Search Warrant on a Black Lexus IS300, California License Plate #5KGD203

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iPhone, Asst. Dir. Stephen Richardson and the Chief of DFAS, John F. Bennett, believed at the time that a court order was their only alternative.

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There has been much research and analysis of the technical issues presented in the case since the court order was made available to the public.

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said that the FBI already has the technical means to unlock Apple's devices and said, "The global technological consensus is against the FBI."

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said that the tool used could only unlock an iPhone 5C like that used by the San Bernardino shooter as well as older iPhone models lacking the

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of 1789. Most of these seek to compel Apple "to use its existing capabilities to extract data like contacts, photos and calls from locked

5242: 3638: 3480: 1047: 507: 2919: 1203:‍—‌holding unconstitutional the warrantless search of a cellphone during an arrest, noting cellphones' unique privacy implications 4536: 3942: 3312:, James Orenstein, Magistrate Judge, U.S. District Court, Eastern District of New York (Brooklyn), 1:15-mc-1902 (JO), February 29, 2016 2307: 1967: 1812: 1635: 1104:

Hess said the CEAU Chief wanted to use the case as a "poster child" to resolve the larger problem with encrypted devices known as the "

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Apple had previously challenged the U.S. Department of Justice's authority to compel it to unlock an iPhone 5S in a drug case in the

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reported that, according to anonymous "people familiar with the matter", the FBI had instead paid "professional hackers" who used a

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PR Statement of United States Attorney Eileen M. Decker on Government Request to Vacate Order Directing Apple to Help Access iPhone

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vulnerability in the iPhone's software to bypass its ten-try limitation, and did not need Cellebrite's assistance. In April 2021,

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Court took note of in its ruling. Apple also asserts that being compelled to write new software "amounts to compelled speech and

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resulted in the ROU not getting involved until after John Bennett's February 11 meeting asking "anyone" in the bureau to help.

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for government access, that NSA proposed be used for phone encryption. The proposal touched off a public debate, known as the

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briefs were filed with the court, with numerous technology firms supporting Apple's position, including a joint brief from

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In Re Order requiring Apple, Inc. to assist in the execution of a search warrant issued by the court, Memorandum and Order

1345: 5225: 5108: 3698: 3323: 386: 4277: 4037: 2973:"Justice Department Withdraws Request in Apple iPhone Encryption Case After FBI Accesses San Bernardino Shooter's Phone" 1538: 7570: 5454: 5419: 959: 418: 302:, Sheri Pym, to issue a court order, mandating Apple to create and provide the requested software. The order was not a 3906: 6539: 5265: 5252: 2712: 828: 794: 263: 4567: 4215: 3853: 7714: 7472: 7172: 7143: 6909: 6730: 6682: 5709: 5622: 5215: 3110: 2284: 946: 812: 403:

backup would have been "insufficient" because they would not have been able to recover enough information from it.

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Some families of the victims and survivors of the attack indicated they would file a brief in support of the FBI.

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coordination between the CEAU and ROU meant that "not all relevant personnel had been engaged at the outset".

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Comey said the cost was 'more than I will make in the remainder of this job, which is 7 years and 4 months.'

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has suggested that Apple's stance is "putting profit over safety" and "has nothing to do with privacy." The

6544: 6294: 6271: 6012: 5743: 5734: 5628: 5484: 5424: 5207: 5155: 3203:"The FBI wanted to unlock the San Bernardino shooter's iPhone. It turned to a little-known Australian firm" 3179: 2246: 883:, founder of Microsoft, has sided with the FBI in the case. However, Gates later said in an interview with 240: 207: 68: 6855: 5513: 5489: 5449: 5145: 5062: 4629: 2859: 899: 761: 2426: 7764: 7749: 5469: 5429: 5237: 5172: 5067: 3356: 3302: 2158: 1181: 703: 271: 203: 108: 104: 30: 4454: 4246: 7413: 7050: 6099: 5328: 5044: 4804: 4247:"John McAfee lied about San Bernardino shooter's iPhone hack to 'get a s**tload of public attention'" 3880: 2713:"Harry Potter fiction or iPhone weaponry? The 'dormant cyber pathogen' at the heart of Apple vs. FBI" 2518: 914: 1692: 1346:"Race to unlock San Bernardino shooter's iPhone was delayed by poor FBI communication, report finds" 7625: 7087: 7077: 6967: 5910: 5667: 5591: 5439: 5404: 5123: 5057: 5052: 2977: 757: 738: 562:

In re Order Requiring Apple Inc. to Assist in the Execution of a Search Warrant Issued by the Court

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Decker, Eileen M.; Donahue, Patricia A.; Wilkison, Tracy L.; Chiu, Allen W. (February 19, 2016).

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In September 2015, Apple released a white paper detailing the security measures in its then-new

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List of United States Supreme Court cases involving the First Amendment § Compelled speech

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On August 31, 2016, Amy Hess, the FBI's Executive Assistant Director, raised concerns with the

4216:"Antivirus Wild Man John McAfee Offers to Solve FBI's iPhone Problem So Apple Doesn't Have To" 7610: 7321: 7232: 7099: 6806: 6445: 6229: 6164: 6144: 6072: 6040: 5877: 5872: 5699: 5694: 5518: 5444: 2911: 2365:"Apple and feds reveal San Bernardino shooter's iCloud password was reset hours after attack" 2338:"San Bernardino shooting: US says Apple could keep, destroy software to help FBI hack iPhone" 1624: 1033:

confidential law enforcement technique or procedure" that also falls under a FOIA exemption.

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Some news outlets, citing anonymous sources, identified the third party as Israeli company

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was informed the next day and they withdrew their court action against Apple on March 28.

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The most well-known instance of the latter category was a February 2016 court case in the

8: 7683: 7148: 6972: 6940: 6771: 6659: 6362: 6050: 6045: 5660: 5479: 5459: 5140: 3207: 1751:"FBI director says investigators unable to unlock San Bernardino shooter's phone content" 1199: 626:, has indicated its opposition to the order. By March 3, the deadline, a large number of 511: 4968: 4184: 7759: 7489: 7285: 7244: 6868: 6584: 6562: 6516: 6261: 5719: 5162: 4069: 4006: 3979: 3975: 3010: 2591:"SAN BERNARDINO SHOOTING: DA fears terrorist's iPhone could have launched cyber attack" 1188: 970: 673: 376:

to create software that could undermine the security of its products. He said in part:

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The court order specified that Apple provide assistance to accomplish the following:

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since 2012, however, Apple per their spokesman at the time, "had never heard of it".

113: 96: 57: 506:

hacking firm, had been the one to help the FBI, with work from security researchers

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that protects its stored data. According to the Apple white paper, iOS includes a

7754: 7438: 7408: 7363: 7270: 7255: 7111: 7045: 7030: 7005: 6639: 6596: 6422: 6159: 6139: 5867: 5555: 5000: 4980: 4975: 4855: 4811: 4787: 3361: 3309: 1409:

Crypto: How the Code Rebels Beat the Government—Saving Privacy in the Digital Age

1015: 949: 902: 875: 765: 699: 458:

five years ago. It's everywhere. You are leaving digital footprints everywhere."

453: 4342:"State, federal law enforcement agencies file in support of FBI in Apple battle" 4185:"The global technological consensus is against the FBI. Why? Here's one example" 3787:"Google, Microsoft, and other tech giants file legal briefs in support of Apple" 1246: 692:, Access Now, and the Center for Democracy and Technology also supported Apple. 138: 7575: 7433: 7398: 7260: 6820: 6644: 6504: 6402: 6105: 5752: 5272: 3733: 3458: 2803: 2030:"Apple-FBI fight over iPhone encryption pits privacy against national security" 953: 884: 784: 725: 243: 191: 4484:"San Bernardino Police Chief Sees Chance Nothing of Value On Shooter's iPhone" 3613:"Anger, praise for Apple for rebuffing FBI over San Bernardino killer's phone" 3172:"Government keeping his technique to crack San Bernardino iPhone 'classified'" 7698: 7650: 7585: 7542: 7501: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7403: 7327: 7295: 6956: 6945: 6879: 6700: 6492: 6350: 6154: 5983: 5612: 5523: 5379: 3884: 3639:"CBS News poll: Americans split on unlocking San Bernardino shooter's iPhone" 3242: 1388: 962: 641: 637: 628: 322: 121: 72: 41: 4746:"USA Today, others sue FBI for info on phone hack of San Bernardino shooter" 3699:"Reform Government Surveillance Statement Regarding Encryption and Security" 921:, saying, "We're asking Apple to take the vicious guard dog away and let us 163:

Cook and former FBI Director Comey have both spoken publicly about the case.

7655: 7605: 7595: 7580: 7548: 7526: 7521: 7443: 7388: 7373: 7333: 7300: 7275: 7238: 7116: 7060: 6925: 6918: 6841: 6499: 6407: 6375: 6335: 6319: 6077: 5976: 5841: 5820: 5617: 5570: 5565: 5550: 5313: 5013: 4893:"The FBI Used Classified Hacking Tools in Ordinary Criminal Investigations" 3947: 3142:"FBI paid professional hackers one-time fee to crack San Bernardino iPhone" 1875:"Apple vs FBI: The Going Dark Dispute Moves from Congress to the Courtroom" 1212: 987: 974: 839:, and the National Sheriffs' Association filed a brief supporting the FBI. 773: 746: 745:, warned the FBI of the potential for "extremely damaging implications" on 172: 53: 4070:"San Bernardino Shooting: UN chief warns of implications of Apple-FBI row" 3421:"Apple case: judge rejects FBI request for access to drug dealer's iPhone" 2912:"SAN BERNARDINO SHOOTING: Israeli company is helping the FBI, reports say" 2774:"San Bernardino DA claims Syed Farouk's iPhone may house 'cyber pathogen'" 7730:

United States District Court for the Central District of California cases

7600: 7516: 7506: 7418: 7393: 7383: 7305: 7182: 7023: 6792: 6765: 6534: 6511: 6469: 6381: 6356: 6345: 6340: 5998: 5933: 5928: 5784: 5779: 5560: 5540: 5318: 5180: 4599:"Every GOP presidential candidate sides with the FBI in fight with Apple" 3274: 3265:"Here are the places feds are using a controversial law to unlock phones" 2777: 2743:"What's a 'cyber pathogen'? San Bernardino DA baffles security community" 2280: 2186:"Apple says the FBI is making access demands even China hasn't asked for" 1813:"NSA finally admits why it couldn't hack San Bernardino shooter's iPhone" 1226: 1105: 922: 843: 801: 714: 475: 180: 142: 133: 3611:

Botelho, Greg; Brascia, Lorenza; Martinez, Michael (February 18, 2016).

2556:"San Bernardino DA says seized iPhone may hold "dormant cyber pathogen"" 7645: 7560: 7554: 7351: 7345: 7290: 7280: 7065: 6886: 6862: 6799: 6649: 6608: 6549: 6412: 6388: 6309: 6241: 6195: 5964: 5848: 5796: 5683: 5497: 5409: 5197: 4371:"What presidential candidates are saying about the Apple v. FBI debate" 3070:"F.B.I. Director Suggests Bill for iPhone Hacking Topped $ 1.3 Million" 1973:. United States District Court for the Central District of California. 1158: 1064: 1011: 880: 855: 721: 707: 696: 633: 565: 487: 283: 199: 160: 64: 45: 4661:"Obama weighs in on Apple v. FBI: "You can't take an absolutist view"" 21: 7187: 7012: 6848: 6749: 6695: 6591: 6314: 6246: 6176: 6149: 5949: 5895: 5834: 5827: 5528: 3419:

Ackerman, Spencer; Thielman, Sam; Yadron, Danny (February 29, 2016).

2308:"DOJ Escalates Battle With Apple Over San Bernardino Shooter's Phone" 2159:"Apple opposes judge's order to hack San Bernardino shooter's iPhone" 1020: 918: 808: 669: 665: 607: 515: 391: 259: 232: 100: 26: 4630:"Defense Secretary Says He Is For Encryption And Against Back Doors" 2488:"Apple to FBI: You Can't Force Us to Hack the San Bernardino iPhone" 2216:"SAN BERNARDINO SHOOTING: Apple gets more time to file its response" 2061:"The Dangerous All Writs Act Precedent in the Apple Encryption Case" 1152: 585:

National reactions to Apple's opposition of the order were mixed. A

67:

received and objected to or challenged at least 11 orders issued by

7590: 7495: 7357: 7250: 7226: 7165: 6932: 6778: 6626: 6579: 6450: 6440: 6256: 6111: 6094: 5988: 5905: 5900: 5791: 5766: 4719:"U.S. Senate panel releases draft of controversial encryption bill" 4042: 3911: 905:, said that he wants Apple to unlock 175 iPhones that his office's 681: 677: 649: 623: 611: 586: 479: 372: 316:

United States District Court for the Central District of California

303: 156: 89:

United States District Court for the Central District of California

4127:"San Bernardino survivor's husband backs Apple in battle with FBI" 3907:"The government's decades-long battle for backdoors in encryption" 2882:"FBI may have found way to unlock San Bernardino shooter's iPhone" 1215:

in order to record the numbers called from a particular telephone.

731:

On February 23, 2016, a series of pro-Apple protests organized by

7511: 6634: 6555: 6134: 6124: 6089: 5971: 5920: 5801: 5774: 3390:"How a N.Y. judge inspired Apple's encryption fight with Justice" 3039:"San Bernardino iPhone hack won't work on newer models, says FBI" 2942:"FBI says it has cracked terrorist's iPhone without Apple's help" 1844:"Judge Forces Apple to Help Unlock San Bernardino Shooter iPhone" 1782:"SAN BERNARDINO SHOOTING: Apple must help US hack killer's phone" 978:

phones above every other value. That can't be the right answer."

890:

San Bernardino Police Chief Jarrod Burguan said in an interview:

661: 657: 619: 558:

United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York

5129:

Child Abduction and Serial Murder Investigative Resources Center

3357:"Apple's legal strategy v FBI has roots in case heard last year" 3006:"F.B.I. Lawyer Won't Say if Data From Unlocked iPhone Is Useful" 1600:"Apple, Google Urged to Crack Encrypted Phones in Terror Probes" 7675:

indicate discontinued products, services, or defunct companies.

6827: 6785: 6760: 6743: 6720: 6710: 6690: 6620: 6214: 6206: 6200: 6035: 5954: 5859: 5399: 4991:

Online source for legal filings in the 2016 dispute at Cryptome

4038:"APPLE STORE PROTESTS OVER ENCRYPTION BATTLE PLANNED WORLDWIDE" 3455:"Apple Goes to Washington Fresh From Big Boost in iPhone Fight" 3453:

Smythe, Christie; Wang, Selina; Kary, Tiffany (March 1, 2016).

3328: 790: 653: 615: 603: 399: 120:

In another case in Brooklyn, a magistrate judge ruled that the

99:

new software that would enable the FBI to unlock a work-issued

76: 4311:"Some Victims in Terror Attack Support Efforts to Hack iPhone" 3730:"Google, Tech Companies Side With Apple in Decryption Protest" 3533:"Citing FBI quest, Apple asks judge to delay iPhone data case" 2860:"The Latest: FBI, Apple hearing over unlocking phone canceled" 2306:

Levine, Mike; Date, Jack; Cloherty, Jack (February 19, 2016).

2001:"Apple Slams U.S. Bid to Make It Crack iPhone in Court Papers" 521: 6962: 6456: 6276: 6219: 6189: 6067: 5652: 4865:. Office of the Inspector General, US Department of Justice. 4282: 4010: 2621:"Prosecutor: iPhone could ID unknown San Bernardino attacker" 929: 228: 80: 4815:, Civil Action No. 16-cv-1850 (TSC) (D.D.C. Sept. 13, 2017). 3943:"Crunch time for Apple as it prepares for face-off with FBI" 2971:

Dale, Jack; Levine, Mike; Newcomb, Alyssa (March 28, 2016).

1088:

CEAU Chief personally trusted had checked with "everybody".

772:, supported Apple's position, noting that the CIA considers 6950: 6873: 6834: 6266: 6084: 5887: 5811: 5760: 2716: 1724:"New Documents Solve a Few Mysteries in the Apple-FBI Saga" 573: 394:

and Theodore J. Boutrous Jr. to fight the order on appeal.

49: 4510:"It's Not Just The iPhone Law Enforcement Wants To Unlock" 4432:"Gates disputes report that he backs FBI in Apple dispute" 4154:"Snowden: FBI Saying It Can't Unlock iPhone is 'Bullsh**'" 3881:"FBI vs. Apple Establishes a New Phase of the Crypto Wars" 2427:"U.S., Apple ratchet up rhetoric in fight over encryption" 2128:"Analyzing the FBI case against Apple: A technical review" 1223:‍—‌another case holding software is a form of speech 735:

were held outside of Apple's stores in over 40 locations.

6602: 6031: 4537:"Apple clash before Congress as encryption fight simmers" 4278:"FBI's strategy in Apple case caught in distortion field" 4072:. The Press-Enterprise. Associated Press. March 4, 2016. 3555:"U.S. to continue appeal of iPhone data case in New York" 3507:"Justice Department asks judge to revisit NY iPhone case" 3269: 3111:"Law enforcement worries over beefed-up phone encryption" 1968:"Order Compelling Apple, Inc. to Assist Agents in Search" 1690: 1479:"Signaling Post-Snowden Era, New iPhone Locks Out N.S.A." 502:

reported that the Australian company Azimuth Security, a

287: 220: 4969:

Burr Encryption Bill Discussion Draft (official version)

4568:"FBI director demands access to private cell phone data" 4007:"Protesters Gather to Support Apple in FBI iPhone Fight" 2652:"Does an extremist's iPhone contain a "cyber pathogen"?" 4990: 4688:"Leak of Senate encryption bill prompts swift backlash" 4455:"Bill Gates Weighs In on Apple's Clash With the F.B.I." 4309:

Abdullah, Tami; Myers, Amanda Lee (February 22, 2016).

4097:"Fmr. NSA, CIA Chief Hayden Sides with Apple Over Feds" 1477:

Sanger, David E.; Chen, Brian X. (September 27, 2014).

1377:"U.S. Opens Another iPhone, This Time With the Keycode" 5340:

Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System

4964:

Burr Encryption Bill Discussion Draft (leaked version)

3976:"Will You Protest the FBI at Apple Stores on Tuesday?" 3936: 3934: 3879:

Froomkin, Dan; McLaughlin, Jenna (February 26, 2016).

3610: 3418: 1508:"Manhattan DA: iPhone Crypto Locked Out Cops 74 Times" 3481:"Apple Wins in Brooklyn Battle Over Unlocking iPhone" 3479:

Smythe, Christie; Kary, Tiffany (February 29, 2016).

3201:

Nakashima, Ellen; Albergotti, Reed (April 14, 2021).

1598:

Kary, Tiffany; Dolmetsch, Chris (November 18, 2015).

1001: 326:

against Apple would go far beyond issues of privacy.

3355:

Bradshaw, Tim; Waters, Richard (February 24, 2016).

2804:"Transcript of Nancy Gibbs' interview with Tim Cook" 1148: 5035: 4805:

Associated Press v. Federal Bureau of Investigation

4535:Abdollah, Tami; Neumeister, Larry (March 1, 2016). 4400:Foley, Stephen; Bradshaw, Tim (February 23, 2016). 3931: 3756:"FBI v. Apple: What's at stake in encryption fight" 3200: 2023: 2021: 385:In response to the opposition, on February 19, the 29:, the model used by one of the perpetrators of the 4534: 3941:Thielman, Sam; Yadron, Danny (February 27, 2016). 3878: 3324:"Apple Says Gov't Can't Force It To Unlock iPhone" 2425:Volz, Dustin; Edwards, Julia (February 20, 2016). 2305: 1780:Abdollah, Tami; Tucker, Eric (February 16, 2016). 1749:Volz, Dustin; Hosenball, Mark (February 9, 2016). 1422:"Privacy Scandal: NSA Can Spy on Smart Phone Data" 1036: 994:, the Republican Chair and senior Democrat on the 956:—suggested some compromise should be found. 355: 253: 40:concerns whether and to what extent courts in the 5119:National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime 3816:Maddigan, Michael; Katyal, Neil (March 2, 2016). 3068:Lichtblau, Eric; Benner, Katie (April 21, 2016). 2970: 2486:Zetter, Kim; Barrett, Brian (February 25, 2016). 2028:Dolan, Maura; Kim, Victoria (February 18, 2016). 1276:Benner, Katie; Lichtblau, Eric (March 28, 2016). 743:United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights 530:State-by-state usage of the All Writs Act by the 329: 266:government—that had been issued to its employee, 219:, Apple developed new encryption methods for its 7696: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4717:Hosenball, Mark; Volz, Dustin (April 13, 2016). 3673:Pew Research Center for the People and the Press 2018: 1339: 1337: 1278:"U.S. Says It Has Unlocked iPhone Without Apple" 1247:"Inside Apple CEO Tim Cook's Fight With the FBI" 602:coalition, which includes major tech firms like 44:can compel manufacturers to assist in unlocking 6020: 5335:Computer and Internet Protocol Address Verifier 4686:Volz, Dustin; Hosenball, Mark (April 8, 2016). 4365: 4363: 3535:. Yahoo! News. Associated Press. March 25, 2016 3231:"The Police Can Probably Break Into Your Phone" 3067: 2862:. Yahoo! News. Associated Press. March 21, 2016 2090:Boutrous Jr., Theodore J. (February 25, 2016). 1539:"Encrypted Smartphones Challenge Investigators" 1275: 293:that could be installed and run in the phone's 270:, one of the shooters involved in the December 198:(GCHQ) had access to the user data in iPhones, 5261:Criminal Justice Information Services Division 5001:Hardware hack defeats iPhone passcode security 4781:Judge: FBI can keep cost of iPhone hack secret 3940: 3815: 3452: 3354: 1779: 1414: 231:operating system. iPhone models including the 103:it recovered from one of the shooters who, in 5668: 5021: 4768: 4716: 4685: 4399: 4308: 3753: 2485: 1748: 1597: 1334: 56:. There is much debate over public access to 4652: 4360: 3754:Andor Brodeur, Michael (February 23, 2016). 2418: 2274: 2272: 2247:"Apple will battle the FBI in court Tuesday" 2157:Perez, Evan; Hume, Tim (February 17, 2016). 2089: 1305: 1303: 833:Federal Law Enforcement Officers Association 465: 175:, an encryption device with an acknowledged 16:2015-2016 public relations and legal dispute 4986:FBI director's comments on the 2016 dispute 4402:"Gates breaks ranks over FBI Apple request" 4035: 4004: 3582:"FBI ends stand-off with Apple over iPhone" 3298: 3296: 2424: 522:Other All Writs Act cases involving iPhones 7710:Federal Bureau of Investigation operations 5675: 5661: 5028: 5014: 4658: 4565: 4452: 4036:CUTHBERTSON, ANTHONY (February 22, 2016). 3872: 3557:. Yahoo! Finance. Reuters. April 8, 2016. 3478: 3448: 3446: 1998: 1841: 1536: 1476: 1470: 1309: 913:FBI Director Comey, testifying before the 183:, and the Clipper chip was never adopted. 7735:United States Free Speech Clause case law 4151: 4005:MOSCARITOLO, ANGELA (February 24, 2016). 3973: 3898: 3139: 3003: 2269: 2156: 1810: 1659: 1374: 1300: 1220:Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Reimerdes 84:devices' security and unlock the phones. 5352:National Incident-Based Reporting System 4596: 4213: 4094: 3579: 3293: 3262: 3108: 2479: 2244: 2058: 2027: 1999:Pettersson, Edvard (February 25, 2016). 1903: 1873:Chesney, Robert M. (February 17, 2016). 1842:Blankstein, Andrew (February 16, 2016). 1244: 917:, compared Apple's iPhone security to a 864:candidates for the Republican nomination 564:, case number 1:15-mc-01902), after the 525: 446: 433:San Bernardino County District Attorney 151: 137: 20: 7740:United States Fourth Amendment case law 5243:Weapons of Mass Destruction Directorate 5233:High-Value Detainee Interrogation Group 4756:from the original on September 17, 2016 4275: 4182: 3784: 3504: 3443: 3387: 2710: 2679: 2675: 2673: 2553: 2340:. Associated Press. February 19, 2016. 1904:Mitchell, Anne P. (February 17, 2016). 1872: 1428:from the original on September 19, 2019 1343: 1310:McLaughlin, Jenna (February 23, 2016). 1208:United States v. New York Telephone Co. 981: 943:2016 Democratic presidential candidates 936: 706:designed to gain eventual approval for 532:federal government of the United States 414:United States v. New York Telephone Co. 381:country to understand what is at stake. 286:to create a new version of the phone's 7697: 5346:Law Enforcement National Data Exchange 4903:from the original on February 10, 2021 4872:from the original on February 10, 2021 4836:from the original on February 10, 2021 4725:from the original on February 10, 2021 4698:from the original on February 10, 2021 4667:from the original on February 10, 2021 4640:from the original on February 10, 2021 4627: 4609:from the original on February 10, 2021 4597:Bereznak, Alyssa (February 25, 2016). 4578:from the original on February 10, 2021 4547:from the original on February 10, 2021 4516:from the original on February 10, 2021 4490:from the original on February 10, 2021 4464:from the original on February 10, 2021 4453:McPhatefeb, Mike (February 23, 2016). 4412:from the original on February 10, 2021 4381:from the original on February 10, 2021 4348:from the original on February 10, 2021 4339: 4290:from the original on February 10, 2021 4244: 4226:from the original on February 23, 2016 4195:from the original on February 10, 2021 4164:from the original on February 10, 2021 4133:from the original on February 10, 2021 4129:. AOL. TechCrunch. February 29, 2016. 4107:from the original on February 10, 2021 4076:from the original on February 10, 2021 4050:from the original on February 10, 2021 4017:from the original on February 10, 2021 3986:from the original on February 10, 2021 3955:from the original on February 10, 2021 3919:from the original on February 10, 2021 3860:from the original on February 10, 2021 3834:from the original on February 10, 2021 3818:"Brief of Amici Curiae Amazon, et. al" 3797:from the original on February 10, 2021 3766:from the original on February 10, 2021 3709:from the original on February 10, 2021 3679:from the original on February 10, 2021 3619:from the original on February 19, 2016 3592:from the original on February 10, 2021 3561:from the original on February 10, 2021 3513:from the original on February 10, 2021 3431:from the original on February 10, 2021 3369:from the original on February 10, 2021 3336:from the original on February 10, 2021 3281:from the original on February 10, 2021 3121:from the original on February 10, 2021 3080:from the original on February 10, 2021 3049:from the original on February 10, 2021 3018:from the original on February 10, 2021 2985:from the original on February 10, 2021 2952:from the original on February 10, 2021 2840:from the original on February 10, 2021 2814:from the original on February 10, 2021 2784:from the original on February 10, 2021 2771: 2753:from the original on February 10, 2021 2723:from the original on February 10, 2021 2688:from the original on February 10, 2021 2649: 2631:from the original on February 10, 2021 2588: 2535:from the original on February 10, 2021 2498:from the original on February 10, 2021 2467:from the original on February 21, 2016 2437:from the original on February 19, 2016 2375:from the original on February 21, 2016 2344:from the original on February 20, 2016 2318:from the original on February 10, 2021 2287:from the original on February 17, 2016 2257:from the original on February 10, 2021 2226:from the original on February 20, 2016 2196:from the original on February 20, 2016 2183: 2165:from the original on February 18, 2016 2108:from the original on February 10, 2021 2071:from the original on February 10, 2021 2040:from the original on February 10, 2021 1980:from the original on February 10, 2021 1938:from the original on February 10, 2021 1912:from the original on February 10, 2021 1854:from the original on February 17, 2016 1823:from the original on February 10, 2021 1792:from the original on February 18, 2016 1761:from the original on February 17, 2016 1730:from the original on February 10, 2021 1721: 1703:from the original on February 10, 2021 1672:from the original on February 17, 2016 1660:Nakashima, Ellen (February 17, 2016). 1641:from the original on February 27, 2016 1549:from the original on February 10, 2021 1518:from the original on February 10, 2021 1488:from the original on February 10, 2021 1448:"NSA taps data from 9 major Net firms" 1322:from the original on February 10, 2021 1288:from the original on February 10, 2021 1257:from the original on February 10, 2021 862:, voiced her opposition to Apple. All 858:, a Democrat and vice chairman of the 728:region, voiced his support for Apple. 368:On the same day the order was issued, 196:Government Communications Headquarters 5656: 5134:Violent Criminal Apprehension Program 5009: 4933:from the original on November 1, 2019 4743: 4566:Rosenblatt, Seth (October 16, 2014). 3727: 3388:Frankel, Alison (February 17, 2016). 3228: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3036: 2516: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1885:from the original on January 13, 2024 1185:‍—‌a case on software as speech 760:, former director of the NSA and the 4824: 3974:Reisinger, Don (February 22, 2016). 2888:. Associated Press. March 21, 2016. 2670: 2393: 2362: 2278: 1537:Zakrzewski, Cat (October 12, 2015). 837:Association of Prosecuting Attorneys 593: 5226:Communications Exploitation Section 4890: 4559: 4214:Hathaway, Jay (February 19, 2016). 3904: 3856:. Apple Press Info. March 3, 2016. 3854:"Amicus Briefs in Support of Apple" 3649:from the original on March 20, 2016 3152:from the original on April 14, 2016 3140:Nakashima, Ellen (April 12, 2016). 2922:from the original on March 24, 2016 2892:from the original on March 25, 2016 2836:. AOL. TechCrunch. March 21, 2016. 2627:. Associated Press. March 4, 2016. 2184:Yadron, Danny (February 19, 2016). 2059:Davidson, Amy (February 19, 2016). 1965: 805:and that he was seeking publicity. 13: 5455:FBI Victims Identification Project 5420:Rod Blagojevich corruption charges 4744:Heath, Brad (September 16, 2016). 4659:Machkovech, Sam (March 11, 2016). 4628:Vanian, Jonathan (March 2, 2016). 4317:. Associated Press. Archived from 3785:Brandom, Russell (March 3, 2016). 3109:Dujardin, Peter (April 12, 2015). 3095: 2654:. Associated Press. Archived from 2601:from the original on March 6, 2016 2566:from the original on March 5, 2016 2406:from the original on March 9, 2018 2363:Dave, Paresh (February 19, 2016). 1950: 1579:from the original on March 2, 2016 1375:Lichtblau, Eric (April 23, 2016). 1356:from the original on July 22, 2018 1344:Tanfani, Joseph (March 27, 2018). 1002:Freedom of Information Act lawsuit 973:conference on March 11, President 819: 713:and is viewed as a revival of the 438:The following day, Ramos told the 411:The government cited as precedent 406: 306:, but rather was issued under the 188:2013 mass surveillance disclosures 14: 7776: 5289:Information and Technology Branch 5266:National Crime Information Center 5151:Special Weapons and Tactics Teams 4957: 4257:from the original on May 15, 2016 4245:Turton, William (March 7, 2016). 4183:Snowden, Edward (March 8, 2016). 4095:Limitone, Julia (March 7, 2016). 3728:Clark, Jack (February 17, 2016). 3321: 3263:Pagliery, Jose (March 30, 2016). 3004:Lichtblau, Eric (April 6, 2016). 2650:Bailey, Brandon (March 3, 2016). 2245:Pagliery, Jose (March 21, 2016). 1811:Whittaker, Zack (June 10, 2016). 1625:"iOS Security—Version 9 or later" 1458:from the original on June 7, 2013 986:On April 13, 2016, U.S. Senators 724:, a Democrat who represented the 702:has suggested that the case is a 264:San Bernardino County, California 235:can be protected by a four-digit 208:government's surveillance program 186:It was revealed as a part of the 95:(FBI) wanted Apple to create and 7679: 7678: 5114:Critical Incident Response Group 5081: 4945: 4915: 4884: 4848: 4818: 4797: 4737: 4710: 4679: 4621: 4590: 4528: 4502: 4476: 4446: 4424: 4393: 4333: 4302: 4269: 4238: 4152:Reisinger, Don (March 9, 2016). 3580:Bradshaw, Tim (April 23, 2016). 3505:Edwards, Julia (March 7, 2016). 3229:Nicas, Jack (October 21, 2020). 2711:Collins, Katie (March 4, 2016). 2680:Kravets, David (March 4, 2016). 2554:Kravets, David (March 3, 2016). 2394:Date, Jack (February 19, 2016). 1966:Pym, Sheri (February 16, 2016). 1245:Grossman, Lev (March 17, 2016). 1165: 1151: 1130: 749:and that they "risk unlocking a 105:a December 2015 terrorist attack 7725:United States computer case law 5109:Criminal Investigative Division 5037:Federal Bureau of Investigation 4276:Fontana, John (April 6, 2016). 4207: 4176: 4145: 4119: 4088: 4062: 4029: 3998: 3967: 3905:Lee, Sung (February 26, 2016). 3846: 3809: 3778: 3747: 3721: 3691: 3661: 3631: 3604: 3573: 3547: 3525: 3498: 3472: 3412: 3381: 3348: 3315: 3256: 3222: 3194: 3164: 3133: 3061: 3037:Gibbs, Samuel (April 7, 2016). 3030: 2997: 2964: 2934: 2904: 2874: 2852: 2826: 2796: 2765: 2735: 2704: 2643: 2613: 2589:Downey, David (March 4, 2016). 2582: 2547: 2510: 2449: 2387: 2356: 2330: 2299: 2279:Cook, Tim (February 16, 2016). 2238: 2208: 2177: 2150: 2120: 2083: 2052: 1992: 1924: 1897: 1866: 1835: 1804: 1773: 1742: 1715: 1684: 1653: 1617: 1591: 1561: 1530: 1500: 1041: 1037:Inspector General Investigation 868:2016 U.S. presidential election 753:" through their investigation. 534:against Apple Inc. and Google: 474:On April 7, 2016, FBI Director 356:Apple's opposition to the order 254:Apple ordered to assist the FBI 93:Federal Bureau of Investigation 7745:2016 in United States case law 5682: 5465:High-Value Interrogation Group 4891:Cox, Joseph (March 29, 2018). 4434:. Bloomberg. February 23, 2016 3703:Reform Government Surveillance 2092:"APPLE INC'S MOTION TO VACATE" 1722:Zetter, Kim (March 11, 2016). 1440: 1402: 1368: 1269: 1238: 829:National Sheriffs' Association 764:, in a March 7 interview with 690:Electronic Frontier Foundation 686:American Civil Liberties Union 684:, and Yahoo!. Briefs from the 600:Reform Government Surveillance 330:Technical details of the order 300:United States magistrate judge 1: 7720:History of telecommunications 5253:Science and Technology Branch 4375:The Christian Science Monitor 4344:. San Bernardino County Sun. 4340:Nelson, Joe (March 3, 2016). 4220:Following: How We Live Online 2772:Russel, Jon (March 4, 2016). 2517:Fagan, Gary (March 4, 2016). 1232: 1111: 996:Senate Intelligence Committee 860:Senate Intelligence Committee 194:that the NSA and the British 159:, chief executive officer of 127: 79:running on operating systems 69:United States district courts 6869:Shazam Entertainment Limited 5629:FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 5623:FBI–Apple encryption dispute 5485:Special Intelligence Service 5425:FBI files on Michael Jackson 5216:Counterintelligence Division 4981:Apple FAQ on the controversy 4825:Hess, Amy (April 19, 2016). 2281:"A Message to Our Customers" 1076:leadership on March 20. The 580: 38:Apple–FBI encryption dispute 7: 5450:FBI Special Advisor Program 4721:. Yahoo! Finance. Reuters. 1144: 1054: 1048:Office of Inspector General 900:Manhattan District Attorney 762:Central Intelligence Agency 551: Apple Inc. and Google 258:The FBI recovered an Apple 54:cryptographically protected 10: 7781: 5470:Joint Terrorism Task Force 5430:FBI files on Elvis Presley 5238:Terrorist Screening Center 5099:Criminal, Cyber, Response, 4512:. NPR. February 21, 2016. 4486:. NPR. February 26, 2016. 3308:February 10, 2021, at the 1182:Bernstein v. United States 1026:Freedom of Information Act 969:In an address to the 2016 873:On February 23, 2016, the 704:door-in-the-face technique 387:U.S. Department of Justice 310:. The court order, called 272:2015 San Bernardino attack 131: 109:San Bernardino, California 31:2015 San Bernardino attack 7668: 7638: 7535: 7482: 7471: 7314: 7219: 7210: 7203: 7134:Non-recruiting agreements 6985: 6908: 6729: 6681: 6674: 6572: 6527: 6478: 6433: 6328: 6302: 6293: 6120: 6011: 5942: 5919: 5886: 5858: 5810: 5751: 5742: 5733: 5690: 5638: 5600: 5584: 5506: 5491:U.S. v. Scheinberg et al. 5388: 5360: 5329:Combined DNA Index System 5306: 5281: 5251: 5221:Counterterrorism Division 5206: 5171: 5097: 5090: 5079: 5043: 4786:October 29, 2017, at the 915:House Judiciary Committee 466:FBI withdrawal of request 7173:Depictions of Steve Jobs 5440:FBI search of Mar-a-Lago 5208:National Security Branch 5156:Hazardous Devices School 5124:Behavioral Analysis Unit 3509:. Yahoo! News. Reuters. 1123: 1063:The ROU Chief (named by 424:viewpoint discrimination 280:National Security Agency 169:National Security Agency 7715:History of cryptography 5415:FBI method of profiling 5186:Behavioral Science Unit 5146:Crisis Negotiation Unit 4974:April 13, 2016, at the 4810:April 20, 2019, at the 1908:. The Internet Patrol. 1697:United States Attorneys 1543:The Wall Street Journal 1006:In September 2016, the 370:chief executive officer 248:Device Firmware Upgrade 7144:FBI encryption dispute 5608:FBI portrayal in media 5173:Human Resources Branch 1101:frustration with him. 1098: 960:U.S. Defense Secretary 897: 553: 451:In an interview for a 390:Apple hired attorneys 383: 164: 149: 33: 7705:Apple Inc. litigation 6807:InVisage Technologies 5519:Delf A. 'Jelly' Bryce 5445:FBI Silvermaster File 4377:. February 19, 2016. 3705:. February 17, 2016. 3675:. February 22, 2016. 2463:. February 20, 2016. 2222:. February 19, 2016. 1424:. September 7, 2013. 1094: 892: 739:Zeid Ra'ad al-Hussein 529: 447:Tim Cook's statements 378: 308:All Writs Act of 1789 171:(NSA) introduced the 155: 141: 24: 7621:Edgar S. Woolard Jr. 6814:The Keyboard Company 5705:Timeline of products 5514:Harry "Skip" Brandon 5475:Lindbergh kidnapping 4321:on February 24, 2016 3825:Hogan Lovells US LLP 2916:The Press-Enterprise 2595:The Press-Enterprise 2220:The Press-Enterprise 1786:The Press-Enterprise 1173:United States portal 1106:Going Dark challenge 982:Proposed legislation 937:Calls for compromise 798:presidential primary 770:Fox Business Network 733:Fight for the Future 720:U.S. Representative 426:in violation of the 295:random access memory 7139:Price-fixing ebooks 6973:Rockstar Consortium 5480:Ruby Ridge standoff 5405:Bridgman Convention 5294:Intelligence Branch 5273:Laboratory Division 5141:Hostage Rescue Team 5101:and Services Branch 3208:The Washington Post 3182:on February 2, 2017 3146:The Washington Post 1666:The Washington Post 1575:. August 12, 2015. 1411:, Steven Levy, 2001 1200:Riley v. California 1078:US Attorneys Office 500:The Washington Post 492:The Washington Post 314:, was filed in the 97:electronically sign 7490:Arthur D. Levinson 6585:Sign in with Apple 5435:FBI Miami shootout 4794:(October 1, 2017). 4458:The New York Times 3645:. March 18, 2016. 3235:The New York Times 3074:The New York Times 3011:The New York Times 2948:. March 28, 2016. 2918:. March 23, 2016. 2810:. March 18, 2016. 2005:Bloomberg Politics 1634:. September 2015. 1482:The New York Times 1381:The New York Times 1282:The New York Times 1189:Key disclosure law 971:South by Southwest 947:Secretary of State 674:Slack Technologies 554: 268:Syed Rizwan Farook 216:The New York Times 165: 150: 63:In 2015 and 2016, 34: 7765:Encryption debate 7750:Digital forensics 7692: 7691: 7664: 7663: 7634: 7633: 7467: 7466: 7424:Peter Oppenheimer 7247:(General Counsel) 7156:iOS app approvals 6981: 6980: 6670: 6669: 6289: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6007: 6006: 5650: 5649: 5576:Joseph D. Pistone 5546:Joseph L. Gormley 5302: 5301: 3400:on March 12, 2016 2749:. March 4, 2016. 2658:on March 10, 2016 2369:Los Angeles Times 2034:Los Angeles Times 1350:Los Angeles Times 795:Libertarian Party 594:Support for Apple 114:Los Angeles Times 58:strong encryption 7772: 7682: 7681: 7616:Michael Spindler 7566:Fred D. Anderson 7480: 7479: 7429:Mark Papermaster 7379:Guerrino De Luca 7369:Fred D. Anderson 7340:Michael Spindler 7266:John Giannandrea 7217: 7216: 7208: 7207: 6716:Braeburn Capital 6679: 6678: 6300: 6299: 6018: 6017: 5749: 5748: 5740: 5739: 5677: 5670: 5663: 5654: 5653: 5592:FBI Headquarters 5191:National Academy 5095: 5094: 5085: 5084: 5030: 5023: 5016: 5007: 5006: 4952: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4919: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4871: 4860: 4852: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4822: 4816: 4801: 4795: 4777: 4766: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4663:. Ars Technica. 4656: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4563: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4480: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4367: 4358: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4306: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4149: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3938: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3833: 3822: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3782: 3776: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3760:The Boston Globe 3751: 3745: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3695: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3450: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3396:. 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Ars Technica. 2677: 2668: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2617: 2611: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2586: 2580: 2579: 2573: 2571: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2534: 2523: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2453: 2447: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2391: 2385: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2334: 2328: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2276: 2267: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2242: 2236: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2212: 2206: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2154: 2148: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2138:on April 3, 2016 2134:. Archived from 2124: 2118: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2107: 2096: 2087: 2081: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2056: 2050: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2025: 2016: 2015: 2013: 2011: 1996: 1990: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1979: 1972: 1963: 1948: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1934:. Docket Alarm. 1928: 1922: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1901: 1895: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1839: 1833: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1777: 1771: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1719: 1713: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1688: 1682: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1657: 1651: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1640: 1629: 1621: 1615: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1595: 1589: 1588: 1586: 1584: 1565: 1559: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1534: 1528: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1514:. July 8, 2015. 1504: 1498: 1497: 1495: 1493: 1474: 1468: 1467: 1465: 1463: 1444: 1438: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1418: 1412: 1406: 1400: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1372: 1366: 1365: 1363: 1361: 1341: 1332: 1331: 1329: 1327: 1307: 1298: 1297: 1295: 1293: 1273: 1267: 1266: 1264: 1262: 1242: 1175: 1170: 1169: 1168: 1161: 1156: 1155: 1138: 1134: 1092:stated further: 1030:summary judgment 1008:Associated Press 992:Dianne Feinstein 852:Dianne Feinstein 566:magistrate judge 550: 544: 539: Apple Inc. 538: 440:Associated Press 291:operating system 7780: 7779: 7775: 7774: 7773: 7771: 7770: 7769: 7695: 7694: 7693: 7688: 7660: 7630: 7531: 7527:Susan L. Wagner 7522:Ronald D. Sugar 7474: 7463: 7439:Bertrand Serlet 7409:Nancy R. Heinen 7364:Angela Ahrendts 7310: 7286:Deirdre O'Brien 7256:Craig Federighi 7245:Katherine Adams 7199: 7046:Right to repair 7006:Think different 6977: 6904: 6856:Power Computing 6725: 6666: 6568: 6523: 6480: 6474: 6429: 6423:MLS Season Pass 6324: 6281: 6145:Developer Tools 6140:Core Foundation 6116: 6023: 6003: 5938: 5915: 5882: 5854: 5806: 5729: 5686: 5681: 5651: 5646: 5634: 5596: 5580: 5556:J. Edgar Hoover 5502: 5393: 5391: 5384: 5375:Deputy Director 5356: 5298: 5277: 5247: 5202: 5167: 5100: 5086: 5082: 5077: 5039: 5034: 4976:Wayback Machine 4960: 4955: 4950: 4946: 4936: 4934: 4921: 4920: 4916: 4906: 4904: 4889: 4885: 4875: 4873: 4869: 4863:oig.justice.gov 4858: 4854: 4853: 4849: 4839: 4837: 4823: 4819: 4812:Wayback Machine 4802: 4798: 4788:Wayback Machine 4779:Josh Gerstein, 4778: 4769: 4759: 4757: 4742: 4738: 4728: 4726: 4715: 4711: 4701: 4699: 4684: 4680: 4670: 4668: 4657: 4653: 4643: 4641: 4626: 4622: 4612: 4610: 4595: 4591: 4581: 4579: 4564: 4560: 4550: 4548: 4533: 4529: 4519: 4517: 4508: 4507: 4503: 4493: 4491: 4482: 4481: 4477: 4467: 4465: 4451: 4447: 4437: 4435: 4430: 4429: 4425: 4415: 4413: 4406:Financial Times 4398: 4394: 4384: 4382: 4369: 4368: 4361: 4351: 4349: 4338: 4334: 4324: 4322: 4307: 4303: 4293: 4291: 4274: 4270: 4260: 4258: 4243: 4239: 4229: 4227: 4212: 4208: 4198: 4196: 4181: 4177: 4167: 4165: 4150: 4146: 4136: 4134: 4125: 4124: 4120: 4110: 4108: 4093: 4089: 4079: 4077: 4068: 4067: 4063: 4053: 4051: 4034: 4030: 4020: 4018: 4003: 3999: 3989: 3987: 3972: 3968: 3958: 3956: 3939: 3932: 3922: 3920: 3903: 3899: 3889: 3887: 3877: 3873: 3863: 3861: 3852: 3851: 3847: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3820: 3814: 3810: 3800: 3798: 3783: 3779: 3769: 3767: 3752: 3748: 3738: 3736: 3726: 3722: 3712: 3710: 3697: 3696: 3692: 3682: 3680: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3652: 3650: 3637: 3636: 3632: 3622: 3620: 3609: 3605: 3595: 3593: 3578: 3574: 3564: 3562: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3538: 3536: 3531: 3530: 3526: 3516: 3514: 3503: 3499: 3489: 3487: 3477: 3473: 3463: 3461: 3451: 3444: 3434: 3432: 3417: 3413: 3403: 3401: 3386: 3382: 3372: 3370: 3362:Financial Times 3353: 3349: 3339: 3337: 3320: 3316: 3310:Wayback Machine 3301: 3294: 3284: 3282: 3261: 3257: 3247: 3245: 3227: 3223: 3213: 3211: 3199: 3195: 3185: 3183: 3170: 3169: 3165: 3155: 3153: 3138: 3134: 3124: 3122: 3107: 3096: 3083: 3081: 3066: 3062: 3052: 3050: 3035: 3031: 3021: 3019: 3002: 2998: 2988: 2986: 2969: 2965: 2955: 2953: 2940: 2939: 2935: 2925: 2923: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2895: 2893: 2880: 2879: 2875: 2865: 2863: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2843: 2841: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2817: 2815: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2787: 2785: 2770: 2766: 2756: 2754: 2741: 2740: 2736: 2726: 2724: 2709: 2705: 2691: 2689: 2678: 2671: 2661: 2659: 2648: 2644: 2634: 2632: 2619: 2618: 2614: 2604: 2602: 2587: 2583: 2577:infrastructure. 2569: 2567: 2552: 2548: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2521: 2515: 2511: 2501: 2499: 2484: 2480: 2470: 2468: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2440: 2438: 2423: 2419: 2409: 2407: 2392: 2388: 2378: 2376: 2361: 2357: 2347: 2345: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2321: 2319: 2304: 2300: 2290: 2288: 2277: 2270: 2260: 2258: 2243: 2239: 2229: 2227: 2214: 2213: 2209: 2199: 2197: 2182: 2178: 2168: 2166: 2155: 2151: 2141: 2139: 2126: 2125: 2121: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2094: 2088: 2084: 2074: 2072: 2057: 2053: 2043: 2041: 2026: 2019: 2009: 2007: 1997: 1993: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1970: 1964: 1951: 1941: 1939: 1930: 1929: 1925: 1915: 1913: 1902: 1898: 1888: 1886: 1871: 1867: 1857: 1855: 1840: 1836: 1826: 1824: 1809: 1805: 1795: 1793: 1778: 1774: 1764: 1762: 1747: 1743: 1733: 1731: 1720: 1716: 1706: 1704: 1689: 1685: 1675: 1673: 1658: 1654: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1627: 1623: 1622: 1618: 1608: 1606: 1596: 1592: 1582: 1580: 1567: 1566: 1562: 1552: 1550: 1535: 1531: 1521: 1519: 1506: 1505: 1501: 1491: 1489: 1475: 1471: 1461: 1459: 1446: 1445: 1441: 1431: 1429: 1420: 1419: 1415: 1407: 1403: 1393: 1391: 1373: 1369: 1359: 1357: 1342: 1335: 1325: 1323: 1308: 1301: 1291: 1289: 1274: 1270: 1260: 1258: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1171: 1166: 1164: 1157: 1150: 1147: 1142: 1141: 1135: 1131: 1126: 1114: 1057: 1044: 1039: 1004: 984: 950:Hillary Clinton 939: 907:Cyber-Crime Lab 903:Cyrus Vance Jr. 876:Financial Times 822: 820:Support for FBI 766:Maria Bartiromo 700:Niskanen Center 596: 583: 552: 548: 546: 542: 540: 536: 524: 468: 449: 428:First Amendment 417:, in which the 409: 407:Legal arguments 358: 332: 321:The use of the 256: 136: 130: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7778: 7768: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7690: 7689: 7687: 7686: 7676: 7669: 7666: 7665: 7662: 7661: 7659: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7642: 7640: 7636: 7635: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7591:Robert A. Iger 7588: 7583: 7578: 7576:Mickey Drexler 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7552: 7546: 7539: 7537: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7493: 7486: 7484: 7477: 7469: 7468: 7465: 7464: 7462: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7434:Jon Rubinstein 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7399:Scott Forstall 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7355: 7349: 7343: 7337: 7331: 7325: 7318: 7316: 7312: 7311: 7309: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7261:Isabel Ge Mahe 7258: 7253: 7248: 7242: 7236: 7230: 7223: 7221: 7214: 7205: 7201: 7200: 7198: 7197: 7192: 7191: 7190: 7185: 7175: 7170: 7169: 7168: 7158: 7153: 7152: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7121: 7120: 7119: 7109: 7108: 7107: 7097: 7096: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7075: 7070: 7069: 7068: 7063: 7055: 7054: 7053: 7048: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7027: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7009: 7002: 6989: 6987: 6983: 6982: 6979: 6978: 6976: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6937: 6936: 6929: 6914: 6912: 6906: 6905: 6903: 6902: 6901: 6900: 6892: 6891: 6890: 6883: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6859: 6852: 6845: 6838: 6831: 6824: 6817: 6810: 6803: 6796: 6789: 6782: 6775: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6746: 6735: 6733: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6687: 6685: 6676: 6672: 6671: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6664: 6663: 6662: 6657: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6631: 6630: 6618: 6617: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6594: 6589: 6588: 6587: 6576: 6574: 6570: 6569: 6567: 6566: 6559: 6552: 6547: 6545:Certifications 6542: 6537: 6531: 6529: 6525: 6524: 6522: 6521: 6520: 6519: 6509: 6508: 6507: 6497: 6496: 6495: 6484: 6482: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6472: 6467: 6466: 6465: 6460: 6448: 6443: 6437: 6435: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6427: 6426: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6405: 6400: 6399: 6398: 6386: 6385: 6384: 6379: 6372: 6365: 6360: 6353: 6343: 6338: 6332: 6330: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6306: 6304: 6297: 6291: 6290: 6287: 6286: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6238: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6217: 6212: 6211: 6210: 6203: 6198: 6186: 6185: 6184: 6174: 6173: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6121: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6114: 6109: 6106:Classic Mac OS 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6081: 6080: 6075: 6065: 6064: 6063: 6058: 6056:iPadOS history 6053: 6048: 6043: 6028: 6026: 6015: 6009: 6008: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5980: 5979: 5969: 5968: 5967: 5957: 5952: 5946: 5944: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5936: 5931: 5925: 5923: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5892: 5890: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5864: 5862: 5856: 5855: 5853: 5852: 5845: 5838: 5831: 5824: 5816: 5814: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5788: 5787: 5782: 5772: 5771: 5770: 5757: 5755: 5746: 5737: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5691: 5688: 5687: 5680: 5679: 5672: 5665: 5657: 5648: 5647: 5642: 5640: 5636: 5635: 5633: 5632: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5594: 5588: 5586: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5537: 5536: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5510: 5508: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5500: 5495: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5396: 5394: 5389: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5366: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5354: 5349: 5343: 5337: 5332: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5310: 5308: 5304: 5303: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5296: 5291: 5285: 5283: 5282:Other branches 5279: 5278: 5276: 5275: 5270: 5269: 5268: 5257: 5255: 5249: 5248: 5246: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5229: 5228: 5218: 5212: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5200: 5195: 5194: 5193: 5188: 5177: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5165: 5163:Cyber Division 5160: 5159: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5137: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5111: 5105: 5103: 5092: 5088: 5087: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5049: 5047: 5041: 5040: 5033: 5032: 5025: 5018: 5010: 5004: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4966: 4959: 4958:External links 4956: 4954: 4953: 4944: 4914: 4883: 4847: 4817: 4796: 4767: 4736: 4709: 4678: 4651: 4620: 4589: 4558: 4527: 4501: 4475: 4445: 4423: 4392: 4359: 4332: 4301: 4268: 4237: 4206: 4175: 4144: 4118: 4087: 4061: 4028: 3997: 3966: 3930: 3897: 3871: 3845: 3808: 3777: 3746: 3720: 3690: 3660: 3630: 3603: 3572: 3546: 3524: 3497: 3485:Bloomberg News 3471: 3442: 3411: 3380: 3347: 3322:Field, Emily. 3314: 3292: 3255: 3221: 3193: 3163: 3132: 3094: 3060: 3029: 2996: 2963: 2933: 2903: 2873: 2851: 2825: 2795: 2764: 2734: 2703: 2669: 2642: 2612: 2581: 2546: 2509: 2478: 2448: 2417: 2386: 2355: 2329: 2298: 2268: 2237: 2207: 2176: 2149: 2119: 2101:. p. 51. 2082: 2051: 2017: 1991: 1949: 1923: 1896: 1865: 1834: 1803: 1772: 1741: 1714: 1683: 1652: 1616: 1604:Bloomberg News 1590: 1560: 1529: 1499: 1469: 1439: 1413: 1401: 1367: 1333: 1299: 1268: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1224: 1216: 1204: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1177: 1176: 1162: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1128: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1113: 1110: 1056: 1053: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1018:(the owner of 1003: 1000: 983: 980: 954:Bernie Sanders 945:—former 938: 935: 885:Bloomberg News 879:reported that 821: 818: 785:Edward Snowden 758:Michael Hayden 726:Silicon Valley 595: 592: 582: 579: 547: 541: 535: 523: 520: 467: 464: 448: 445: 408: 405: 357: 354: 346: 345: 342: 339: 331: 328: 262:—owned by the 255: 252: 244:encryption key 192:Edward Snowden 132:Main article: 129: 126: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7777: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7702: 7700: 7685: 7677: 7674: 7671: 7670: 7667: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7651:Steve Wozniak 7649: 7647: 7644: 7643: 7641: 7637: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7611:Michael Scott 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7586:Larry Ellison 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7571:Bill Campbell 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7556: 7553: 7550: 7547: 7544: 7543:Mike Markkula 7541: 7540: 7538: 7534: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7502:James A. Bell 7500: 7497: 7494: 7491: 7488: 7487: 7485: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7470: 7460: 7459:Steve Wozniak 7457: 7455: 7454:Avie Tevanian 7452: 7450: 7449:Sina Tamaddon 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7404:Ellen Hancock 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7359: 7356: 7353: 7350: 7347: 7344: 7341: 7338: 7335: 7332: 7329: 7328:Mike Markkula 7326: 7323: 7322:Michael Scott 7320: 7319: 7317: 7313: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7296:Phil Schiller 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7246: 7243: 7240: 7237: 7234: 7233:Jeff Williams 7231: 7228: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7209: 7206: 7202: 7196: 7193: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7180: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7167: 7164: 7163: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7126: 7125: 7122: 7118: 7115: 7114: 7113: 7110: 7106: 7103: 7102: 7101: 7098: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7058: 7057:Headquarters 7056: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7043: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7014: 7010: 7007: 7003: 7000: 6996: 6995: 6994: 6991: 6990: 6988: 6984: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6958: 6957:Digital Ocean 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6935: 6934: 6930: 6928: 6927: 6923: 6922: 6921: 6920: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6911: 6907: 6899: 6896: 6895: 6893: 6889: 6888: 6884: 6882: 6881: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6864: 6860: 6858: 6857: 6853: 6851: 6850: 6846: 6844: 6843: 6839: 6837: 6836: 6832: 6830: 6829: 6825: 6823: 6822: 6818: 6816: 6815: 6811: 6809: 6808: 6804: 6802: 6801: 6797: 6795: 6794: 6790: 6788: 6787: 6783: 6781: 6780: 6776: 6774: 6773: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6751: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6740: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6732: 6728: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6701:Apple Studios 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6680: 6677: 6673: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6629: 6628: 6624: 6623: 6622: 6619: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6604: 6600: 6599: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6586: 6583: 6582: 6581: 6578: 6577: 6575: 6571: 6565: 6564: 6560: 6558: 6557: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6526: 6518: 6515: 6514: 6513: 6510: 6506: 6503: 6502: 6501: 6498: 6494: 6491: 6490: 6489: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6481:digital sales 6477: 6471: 6468: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6458: 6454: 6453: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6446:Walkie-Talkie 6444: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6434:Communication 6432: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6410: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6397: 6396: 6392: 6391: 6390: 6387: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6377: 6373: 6371: 6370: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6358: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6348: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6327: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6307: 6305: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6292: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6222: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6209: 6208: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6193: 6192: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6180: 6179: 6178: 6175: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6157: 6156: 6155:Final Cut Pro 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6119: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6107: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6069: 6066: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6038: 6037: 6033: 6030: 6029: 6027: 6025: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6010: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5978: 5975: 5974: 5973: 5970: 5966: 5963: 5962: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5941: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5918: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5885: 5879: 5878:iPhone models 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5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5387: 5381: 5380:Special agent 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5359: 5353: 5350: 5347: 5344: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5305: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5280: 5274: 5271: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5262: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5250: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5227: 5224: 5223: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5205: 5199: 5196: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5170: 5164: 5161: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5121: 5120: 5117: 5116: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5096: 5093: 5089: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5045:Field offices 5042: 5038: 5031: 5026: 5024: 5019: 5017: 5012: 5011: 5008: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 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News 3275:Time Warner 3186:December 2, 3115:Daily Press 2778:Tech Crunch 2526:Ars Tecnica 2132:ReadySignOn 1227:Crypto wars 844:James Comey 802:John McAfee 715:Crypto Wars 490:. However, 476:James Comey 181:Crypto Wars 143:James Comey 134:Crypto Wars 46:cell phones 7699:Categories 7646:Steve Jobs 7626:Jerry York 7561:Gil Amelio 7557:(Chairman) 7555:Steve Jobs 7551:(Chairman) 7545:(Chairman) 7492:(Chairman) 7352:Steve Jobs 7346:Gil Amelio 7291:Dan Riccio 7281:Sabih Khan 7212:Executives 7149:Epic Games 7124:Litigation 7088:Typography 7073:University 6894:Potential 6863:PrimeSense 6800:Intrinsity 6609:TestFlight 6563:One to One 6550:Genius Bar 6535:AppleCare+ 6479:Retail and 6196:GarageBand 6165:Compressor 5994:Vision Pro 5684:Apple Inc. 5498:Waco siege 5410:COINTELPRO 5392:activities 5307:Technology 5198:FBI Police 5063:Cincinnati 4937:August 18, 4907:August 18, 4876:August 18, 4840:August 18, 2400:Yahoo! GMA 2065:New Yorker 1360:August 18, 1233:References 1159:Law portal 1112:Conclusion 1042:Background 1024:) filed a 1012:Vice Media 881:Bill Gates 856:California 813:Democratic 800:candidate 722:Mike Honda 708:encryption 697:think tank 634:Amazon.com 512:David Wang 488:Cellebrite 284:Apple Inc. 200:BlackBerry 161:Apple Inc. 128:Background 71:under the 65:Apple Inc. 7760:Data laws 7475:directors 7188:iPodLinux 7166:#AppleToo 7129:Antitrust 7112:Community 7105:Codenames 7041:Criticism 7031:Ecosystem 7013:Get a Mac 6849:P.A. 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