442:
1037:'s Red List of Threatened Species. Since 2004, the IUCN has reported that the population size is large and has increased its breeding rates. Adult king penguins have maintained high survival rates since the 1970s. The steady population of king penguins is due largely to current conservation efforts to protect nesting habitats. Ecotourism and public access to all king penguin breeding sites are heavily restricted in order to prevent outbreaks of disease and general disturbance. All of the colonies in Crozet and Kerguelen Islands are protected under the oversight of the Reserve Naturelle Nationales des Terres australes et Antarctiques Françaises. Additionally, South Georgian penguins reside in a "special protected area within the Environmental Management Plan for South Georgia." And in the Falklands, all wildlife—including the king penguin—is protected under the Conservation of Wildlife and Nature Bill of 1999.
641:
49:
1026:(CCAMLR) implement "large-scale, fully protected marine reserves in the waters surrounding Antarctica." The Trust also recommends precautionary management of the Antarctic krill fishery in order to protect king penguins' main source of food. The CCAMLR is made up of 24 countries (plus the European Union), among those are the United States and China, that withhold the authority to enact such protective measures. It has also been suggested that in conservation modeling, special attention be paid to the southernmost breeding locations, given the predicted rise in water temperature in the Southern Ocean, and that complete regular censuses of breeding populations be carried out to detect temporal trends and environmental changes.
602:
487:
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507:
628:
W-shaped, relating to the course of the dive. The remaining 12% of dives have a V-shaped or "spike" pattern, in which the bird dives at an angle through the water column, reaches a certain depth, and then returns to the surface. In contrast, other penguins dive in this latter foraging pattern. Observations at Crozet
Islands revealed most king penguins were seen within 30 km (19 mi) of the colony. Using the average swimming speed, Kooyman estimated the distance travelled to foraging areas at 28 km (17 mi).
1004:
226:
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105:
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877:(⅔ lb). It is initially soft but hardens and darkens to a pale greenish colour. It measures around 10 cm × 7 cm (3.9 in × 2.8 in). The egg is incubated for around 55 days with both birds sharing incubation in shifts of 6–18 days each. Like the closely related emperor penguin, the king penguin balances the egg on its feet and incubates it in a "brood pouch".
610:
recorded is 343 metres in the
Falkland Islands region, and a maximum time submerged of 552 seconds was recorded at the Crozet Islands. The king penguin dives to depths of 100–300 meters (350–1000 feet), spending around five minutes submerged, during daylight hours, and less than 30 metres (98 ft) at night.
889:
chick while the other forages for food. The guard phase lasts for 30–40 days. By then the chick has grown much larger and is better able to both keep warm and protect itself against most predators. King chicks are very curious and will wander far when exploring their surroundings. The chicks form a group, called a
632:
directions. King penguins also "porpoise", a swimming technique used to breathe while maintaining speed. On land, the king penguin alternates between walking with a wobbling gait and tobogganing—sliding over the ice on its belly, propelled by its feet and wing-like flippers. Like all penguins, it is flightless.
994:
King penguins are also threatened by large-scale commercial fishing that could deplete their main source of food: myctophid fish. Over 200,000 tons of myctophid fish were commercially exploited by the beginning of the 1990s in the South
Georgia region. Ongoing attempts to further develop this fishery
572:
in the Crozet
Islands, is thought to have experienced a massive drop in its population over the last few decades, from about half a million breeding pairs in the 1980s to about 60,000 breeding pairs in 2017. The cause of this decline may be due to changes in the ecosystem related to climate change as
482:
Emperor and king penguins typically do not inhabit the same areas in the wild, with the possible exception of vagrants at sea, but the two can be distinguished from one another by the king's longer, straighter bill, larger flippers, and noticeably sleeker body. The juvenile king penguin with its long
857:
The king penguin has an extremely prolonged breeding cycle, taking around 14–16 months from laying to offspring fledging. Although pairs will attempt to breed annually, they are generally only successful one year in two, or two years in three in a triennial pattern in South
Georgia. The reproductive
949:
Because of their large size, king penguin chicks take 14–16 months before they are ready to go to sea. This is markedly different from smaller penguins, who rear their chicks through a single summer when food is plentiful. King penguins time their mating so the chicks will develop over the harshest
942:
holds over 100,000 birds. Because of the very long breeding cycle, colonies are continuously occupied year-round with both adult birds and chicks. During breeding, king penguins do not build nests, although they show strong territorial behaviour and keep a pecking distance to neighbouring penguins.
888:
begins with the hatching of the chick. Similar to the emperor penguin, the young king penguin chick spends its time balanced on its parents' feet, sheltered in the brood pouch formed from the abdominal skin of the latter. During this time, the parents alternate every 3–7 days, one guarding the
478:
At first glance, the king penguin appears very similar to the larger, closely related emperor penguin, with a broad cheek patch contrasting with surrounding dark feathers and yellow-orange plumage at the top of the chest. However, the cheek patch of the adult king penguin is a solid bright orange
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could easily move these fronts further away from breeding grounds. Continuous ocean warming could cause the convergence zone to move polewards, away from king penguin breeding sites like the
Falklands and the Crozet Islands. It has been suggested that if carbon emissions continue to rise at their
631:
The king penguin's average swimming speed is 6.5–10 km/h (4–6 mph). On shallower dives under 60 m (200 ft), it averages 2 km/h (1.2 mph) descending and ascending, while on deeper dives over 150 m (490 ft) deep, it averages 5 km/h (3.1 mph) in both
609:
American zoologist Gerry
Kooyman revolutionized the study of penguin foraging behaviour in 1971 when he published his results from attaching automatic dive-recording devices to emperor penguins, and recording a dive of 235 metres (771 ft) by a king penguin in 1982. The current maximum dive
556:
As the
Falklands and South Georgia had no trees to use for firewood, the whalers burned millions of oily, blubber-rich penguins as fuel. Constant fires were required to boil whale blubber for extraction of the oil. The whalers also used penguin oil for lamps, heating and cooking, in addition to
465:
The king penguin stands at 70 to 100 cm (28 to 39 in) tall and weighs from 9.3 to 18 kg (21 to 40 lb). Although female and male king penguins are monomorphic they can be separated by their calls. Males are also slightly larger than females. The mean body mass of adults from
627:
The majority (around 88% in one study) of dives undertaken by king penguins are flat-bottomed; that is, the penguin dives to a certain depth and remains there for a period of time hunting (roughly 50% of total dive time) before returning to the surface. They have been described as U-shaped or
470:
was 12.4 kg (27 lb) for 70 males and 11.1 kg (24 lb) for 71 females. Another study from Marion Island found that the mean mass of 33 adults feeding chicks was 13.1 kg (29 lb). The king penguin is approximately 25% shorter and weighs around a third less than the
479:
whereas that of the emperor penguin is yellow and white, and the upper chest tends to be more orange and less yellowish in the king species. Both have colourful markings along the side of their lower mandible, but these tend towards pink in emperor penguin and orange in king penguin.
858:
cycle begins in
September to November, as birds return to colonies for a prenuptial moult. Those that were unsuccessful in breeding the previous season will usually arrive earlier. They then return to the sea for around three weeks before coming ashore in November or December.
1194:, an image found on various paraphernalia in many retail stores throughout Canada. Pondus originates in Danish children's books written and photographed by Ivar Myrhøj and published in 1997 by Lademann publisher in the late 1960s. These penguins appeared in the production of
497:
King penguins often breed on the same large, circumpolar islands as at least half of all living penguins, but it is easily distinguished from other species by its much larger size and taller frame, colorful markings, and grizzled sooty-greyish rather than blackish back.
986:
current rate, king penguins will need to travel an additional 200 km in order to reach their feeding areas. Breeding grounds will also suffer from the rise of emissions. Nearly half of the total population will likely lose their breeding grounds by the year 2100.
1539:
Kriesell, H.J.; Aubin, T.; Planas-Bielsa, V.; Benoiste, M.; Bonadonna, F.; Gachot-Neveu, H.; Le Maho, Y.; Schull, Q.; Vallas, B.; Zahn, S.; Le Bohec, C. (2018). "Sex identification in King
Penguins Aptenodytes patagonicus through morphological and acoustic cues".
483:
bill and heavy dark brown down is completely different in appearance from the mostly grey emperor chick with its black and white mask. Once moulted of its brown juvenile plumage, the king chick resembles the adult, but is somewhat less colourful.
614:
592:
in northern Norway in August, 1936. Penguins were seen in the area several times during the 1940s; though none have been officially recorded since 1949, there were a few unconfirmed sightings of penguins in the area during the early 1950s.
1207:
special featured him venturing to a nearby market in Japan to fetch a fish with a specially made backpack. Lala had been accidentally caught by a fisherman. The fisherman and his family nursed Lala back to health and then adopted him as a
750:
take many chicks of all sizes and some eggs. They will also occasionally kill adult king penguins, but very likely mostly sick or injured birds. Giant petrels also scavenge adult king penguins and chicks which have died from other
893:
and are watched over by only a few adult birds; most parents leave their chick in these crèches to forage for themselves and their chick. Other species of penguins also practice this method of communal care for offspring.
950:
season for fishing. In this way, by the time the young penguins are finally mature enough to leave their parents, it is summer when food is plentiful and conditions are more favorable for the young to survive alone at sea.
616:
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The king penguin is able to breed at three years of age, although only a very small minority (5% recorded at Crozet Islands) actually do then; the average age of first breeding is around 5–6 years. King penguins are
761:
spp.) take smaller chicks and eggs. Some studies may have overstated the effect skua predation has on king penguin colonies, but large numbers of chicks and eggs are taken in areas where skua nest close to penguin
969:
70% of king penguins are expected to abruptly disappear in less than eighty years. Considered sensitive indicators of changes in marine ecosystems, king penguins serve as a key species for understanding the
573:
their primary source of food is moving farther away from places where the penguins can breed. This may result in population declines and shifts in the locations of the King penguin breeding grounds.
328:. On foraging trips, king penguins repeatedly dive to over 100 metres (300 ft), and have been recorded at depths greater than 300 metres (1,000 ft). Predators of the king penguin include
927:
By April, the chicks are almost fully grown but lose weight by fasting over the winter months, gaining it again during spring in September. Fledging then takes place in late spring/early summer.
854:. They have only one mate each year, and stay faithful to that mate. However, fidelity between years is less than 30%. The unusually long breeding cycle probably contributes to this low rate.
1023:
2817:
2229:
Le Bohec, CĂ©line; Gauthier-Clerc, Michel; Gendner, Jean-Paul; Chatelain, Nicolas; Le Maho, Yvon (2003). "Nocturnal predation of king penguins by giant petrels on the Crozet Islands".
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Cristofari, Robin; Liu, Xiaoming; Bonadonna, Francesco; Cherel, Yves; Pistorius, Pierre; Le Maho, Yvon; Raybaud, Virginie; Stenseth, Nils Christian; Le Bohec, CĂ©line (2018-02-26).
615:
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Nolan, Paul M.; Stephen Dobson, F.; Nicolaus, Marion; Karels, Tim J.; McGraw, Kevin J.; Jouventin, Pierre (2010). "Mutual Mate Choice for Colorful Traits in King Penguins".
533:, and other temperate islands of the region. The total population is estimated to be 2.23 million pairs and is increasing. The largest breeding populations are on the
1988:
Putz, K.; Wilson, R. P.; Charrassin, J.-B.; Raclot, T.; Lage, J.; Maho, Y. Le; Kierspel, M. A. M.; Culik, B. M.; Adelung, D. (1998). "Foraging strategy of king penguins (
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981:, which provides 80% of their food biomass. King penguins currently travel 300–500 km over the course of over a week to complete the journey. However,
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441:
2822:
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2040:
Kooyman GL, Cherel Y, Le Maho Y, Croxall JP, Thorson PH, Ridoux V (1992). "Diving behaviour and energetics during foraging cycles in King Penguins".
1945:) from the Falkland Islands: variation in dive profiles and synchronous underwater swimming provide new insights into their foraging strategies".
3650:
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Descamps, SĂ©bastien; Gauthier-Clerc, Michel; Le Bohec, CĂ©line; Gendner, Jean-Paul; Le Maho, Yvon (2004). "Impact of predation on king penguin
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511:
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Icones animalium et plantarum. Various subjects of Natural History, wherein are delineated Birds, Animals and many curious Plants, &c
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48:
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17:
664:. Fish constitute roughly 80% of their diet, except in the winter months of July and August, when they make up only around 30%.
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884:. In other words, they have only a thin covering of down, and are entirely dependent on their parents for food and warmth. The
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The king penguin feeds its chicks by eating fish, digesting it slightly, and regurgitating the food into the chick's mouth.
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Introduced Birds of the World: The worldwide history, distribution and influence of birds introduced to new environments
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archipelago. By the early 1920s, the King penguin population in South Georgia and the Falklands was nearly wiped out by
3675:
3670:
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3233:
306:
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Cherel, Y; Leloup, J; Le Maho, Y (1988). "Fasting in king penguin. II. Hormonal and metabolic changes during molt".
1068:, 176 individuals were counted in captivity in North American zoos and aquaria in 1999. The species is exhibited at
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for human consumption close to key penguin foraging areas are likely to have negative impacts on food provisioning.
3635:
3584:
2312:
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3655:
3465:
3382:
1898:
Kooyman GL, Davis RW, Croxall JP, Costa DP (1982). "Diving depths and energy requirements of the King Penguins".
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827:
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Condy, P. R.; Aarde, R. J. Van; Bester, M. N. (2009). "The seasonal occurrence and behaviour of killer whales
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birds having been seen on the Antarctic peninsula as well as in South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand.
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367:, and other temperate islands of the region. It also lives on Macquarie Island in the Southern Ocean.
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3589:
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2661:"The King Penguin: Life History, current status and priority conservation actions. In: Penguins Book"
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1416:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 122.
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Penguin positions in breeding colonies are highly stable over weeks and appear regularly spaced.
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Culik, B. M; K. PĂśTZ; R. P. Wilson; D. Allers; J. LAGE; C. A. BOST; Y. LE MAHO (January 1996).
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61:
8:
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Adams, N. J.; Klages, N. T. (1987). "Seasonal variation in the diet of the king penguin (
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2005:
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2573:"Climate change: 70% of king penguins could 'abruptly relocate or disappear' by 2100"
1923:
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The king penguin is also the species of penguin represented by the popular character
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Hunter, Stephen (2008). "The impact of avian predator-scavengers on King Penguin
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currently has around 70,000 pairs. The non-breeding range is unknown due to many
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have also been observed chasing, killing, and eating king penguins on the beach.
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Johann R. Forster, "Historia Aptenodytae: Generis Avium Orbi Australi Propri",
1732:
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282:
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2250:
1966:
1941:
PĂĽtz, K.; Cherel, Y. (2005). "The diving behaviour of brooding king penguins (
1787:
1662:
Jouventin, Pierre; Nolan, Paul M.; Ă–rnborg, Jonas; Dobson, F. Stephen (2005).
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who gained notability in September 2024 due to his exceptionally large size.
1045:
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2791:"Stock Photo – King penguin in asahiyama zoo, asahikawa in hokkaido, japan"
1764:"Climate-driven range shifts of the king penguin in a fragmented ecosystem"
1740:
917:
789:
747:
703:
649:
341:
329:
1927:
1525:
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1141:
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908:
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665:
317:
176:
57:
2703:"Management of penguin populations in North American zoos and aquariums"
2599:"Antarctica's king penguins 'could disappear' by the end of the century"
1796:
3597:
3400:
3106:
3011:
2331:
2313:"Avian predation at penguin colonies on King George Island, Antarctica"
2069:
1884:
1689:
1407:
1161:
687:
522:
430:
356:
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2021:
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King penguins form huge breeding colonies; for example, the colony on
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Hatching may take up to 2–3 days to complete and chicks are born
577:
3042:
2271:
2110:"Écologie alimentaire comparée des manchots nicheurs aux Iles Crozet"
1181:
1145:
1113:
1012:
897:
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861:
774:
426:
364:
116:
3413:
3361:
3189:
2818:"In Japan, a penguin with a backpack walks alone to the fish market"
2061:
1876:
1024:
Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
696:, is also consumed. Cephalopods consumed include those of the genus
3212:
2446:
Charbonnier, Yohan; Delord, Karine; Thiebot, Jean-Baptiste (2009).
2013:
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The work was issued in 10 parts with 6 plates in each part. See:
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Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis (1778)
2556:"Unique structure of king penguin colonies makes them resilient"
2107:
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The Nature Protection Society released several king penguins in
3268:
974:, especially throughout the sub-Antarctic and Antarctic areas.
126:
1235:
1233:
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included a hand-coloured engraving of the king penguin in his
3356:
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1129:
661:
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333:
325:
321:
1761:
2912:
2311:
Emslie, S. D.; Karnovsky, N. & Trivelpiece, W. (1995).
2039:
1851:
1661:
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345:
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1987:
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of South Georgia I. Breeding behaviour and development".
1184:, the Edinburgh-based mascot and colonel-in-chief of the
869:
The female penguin lays one pyriform (pear-shaped) white
375:
370:
This bird was exploited commercially in the past for its
2445:
2426:"King penguins become fast food for Antarctic fur seals"
2108:
Ridoux V, Jouventin P, Stahl JC, Weimerskirch H (1988).
1897:
826:
A pair of king penguins performs a courtship ritual on
265:, smaller, but somewhat similar in appearance to the
2850:"Meet Pesto: the fat baby penguin and viral superstar"
2376:
Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey Scientific Report
1239:
1214:(hatched 30 January 2024) is a king penguin living in
417:, the Antarctic Ocean. The locality was restricted to
1852:
Kooyman GL, Drabek CM, Elsner R, Campbell WB (1971).
1711:"Enormous penguin population crashes by almost 90%".
1664:"Ultraviolet Beak Spots in King and Emperor Penguins"
2631:"Climate change threatens most king penguin habitat"
2158:
Adams, NJ (1987). "Foraging ranges of King Penguins
1492:
Antarctica and the Arctic: The Complete Encyclopedia
1426:
1203:
Lala the Penguin became a viral video star after an
938:
holds over 100,000 breeding pairs and the colony at
510:
Great colony of king penguins on Salisbury Plain in
1503:
568:One of the largest known King penguin colonies, on
2903:https://archive.org/details/s4id13296820/page/n169
2700:
1341:(in Latin). Vol. 1. London. Part 4, Plate 23.
1265:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697748A184637776.en
656:King penguins eat various species of small fish,
537:, with around 455,000 pairs, 228,000 pairs on the
668:are the main fish taken, principally the species
3617:
2392:
1436:"Kagu, Sunbittern, tropicbirds, loons, penguins"
521:between 45 and 55°S, at the northern reaches of
1461:
1459:
1457:
2960:: Spheniscidae · subfamily: Spheniscinae)
1035:International Union for Conservation of Nature
2928:
2448:"King-size fast food for Antarctic fur seals"
1396:. Vol. 1. London: Witherby. p. 274.
972:effects of climate change on the marine biome
1454:
1406:
743:include other seabirds and aquatic mammals:
2365:
2363:
1587:
1040:
958:
501:
3686:Fauna of Heard Island and McDonald Islands
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2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2035:
2033:
2031:
1940:
1831:. Terrey Hills, Sydney: Reed. p. 30.
998:
796:) takes adult birds and fledglings at sea.
781:) scavenge for dead chicks and unattended
224:
78:
47:
2567:
2565:
2540:
2538:
1854:"Diving behaviour of the Emperor Penguin
1795:
1679:
1263:
817:
2891:King penguin videos, photos & sounds
2885:University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
2815:
2370:Stonehouse, B (1960). "The King Penguin
2360:
2092:
1992:) during summer at the Crozet Islands".
1465:
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1022:The Pew Charitable Trust recommends the
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2523:
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1386:
989:
620:Sound from rookery at Lusitania Bay on
596:
14:
3651:Birds of islands of the Atlantic Ocean
3618:
2701:Diebold EN, Branch S, Henry L (1999).
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2423:
2197:
1891:
1845:
1468:A Complete Guide to Antarctic Wildlife
1331:
30:For the imprint of Penguin Books, see
3194:
3193:
2916:
2685:"Protecting King Penguins Fact Sheet"
2655:
2653:
2651:
2182:
2157:
1490:McGonigal, D., L. Woodworth. (2001).
1442:. International Ornithologists' Union
1410:; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979).
1288:"Diving Energetics in King Penguins (
1172:, Japan, and many other collections.
3499:4ce794a9-c5ae-4651-bdd6-452caf7ba8b2
1826:
977:King penguins primarily feed at the
3711:Taxa named by John Frederick Miller
3626:IUCN Red List least concern species
2346:Skua and penguin: predator and prey
1592:) at sub-Antarctic Marion Island".
1566:Dunning, John B. Jr. (ed.) (2008).
1251:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
805:Male and especially pre-adult male
261:) is the second largest species of
235:Aptenodytes patagonicus patagonicus
24:
3696:Fauna of the Prince Edward Islands
2909:, Vol.III, 1781, pp. 211–148.
2742:. Indianapolis Zoo. Archived from
2648:
2411:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1978.tb03301.x
2216:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1991.tb04581.x
2176:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1987.tb02918.x
1606:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1987.tb05992.x
1506:The American Journal of Physiology
1420:
1374:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1921.tb00801.x
901:Close-up of king penguin chick in
25:
3722:
2869:
2162:during summer at Marion Island".
1568:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
557:eating the birds and their eggs.
490:Mounted skeleton of king penguin
394:In 1778, the English illustrator
307:Heard Island and McDonald Islands
1641:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01775.x
1440:IOC World Bird List Version 13.2
1413:Check-List of Birds of the World
1052:, a notable king penguin in the
386:. Today, it is fully protected.
103:
2842:
2809:
2797:
2783:
2757:
2728:
2694:
2677:
2623:
2590:
2547:
2439:
2417:
2386:
2351:
2338:
2304:
2265:
2222:
2191:
2151:
2101:
1981:
1934:
1820:
1755:
1704:
1655:
1612:
1581:
1560:
1532:
1518:10.1152/ajpregu.1988.254.2.R178
1299:Journal of Experimental Biology
1240:BirdLife International (2020).
1059:
953:
351:The king penguin breeds on the
2893:, the Internet Bird Collection
2597:Taylor, Matthew (2018-02-26).
2554:Sexton, Chrissy (2018-04-09).
1497:
1484:
1400:
1380:
1325:
1279:
916:of king penguin chicks at the
712:, the sevenstar flying squid (
13:
1:
3666:Birds of the Falkland Islands
3661:Birds of subantarctic islands
2348:. Cambridge University Press.
1222:
1029:The species is classified as
882:semi-altricial and nidicolous
436:
400:Icones animalium et plantarum
241:Aptenodytes patagonicus halli
3061:(or northern little penguin)
2942:
2876:King penguin on PenguinWorld
2804:"Lala Penguin Goes Shopping"
2690:. The PEW Charitable Trusts.
734:
459:British Overseas Territories
269:. There are two subspecies,
7:
3691:Fauna of the Crozet Islands
3163:Northern rockhopper penguin
3158:Southern rockhopper penguin
2897:King penguins pruning video
2424:Walker, Matt (2010-01-21).
1216:Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium
1182:Major General Sir Nils Olav
1054:Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium
389:
355:at the northern reaches of
10:
3727:
3681:Birds of Western Australia
2202:chicks at Marion Island".
1733:10.1038/d41586-018-05850-2
1466:Shirihai, Hadoram (2002).
1007:A pair of king penguin at
962:
545:, and over 100,000 in the
29:
3676:Birds of Tierra del Fuego
3671:Birds of the Indian Ocean
3202:
3130:
3104:
3068:
3040:
3009:
2983:
2965:
2956:: Sphenisciformes ·
2950:
2899:from the Falkland Islands
2464:10.1007/s00300-009-0753-8
2290:10.1007/s00300-004-0684-3
2251:10.1007/s00300-003-0523-y
1967:10.1007/s00227-005-1577-x
1788:10.1038/s41558-018-0084-2
1719:(7717): 144. 2018-07-30.
1494:. Ontario: Firefly Books.
1258:: e.T22697748A184637776.
541:, 240,000–280,000 on the
492:(Aptenodytes patagonicus)
316:King penguins mainly eat
232:
223:
205:
198:
100:Scientific classification
98:
76:
67:
55:
46:
41:
3055:(or little blue penguin)
2740:Indianapolis Zoo website
2276:in Crozet Archipelago".
1106:Berlin Zoological Garden
1041:Relationship with humans
965:Climate change and birds
959:Impact of climate change
842:Mating king penguins at
802:also hunt king penguins.
709:Moroteuthopsis longimana
684:Paradiplospinus gracilis
675:Krefftichthys anderssoni
529:(Argentinian part), the
502:Distribution and habitat
425:in 1911. The species is
3636:Birds described in 1778
3603:Aptenodytes-patagonicus
3274:aptenodytes-patagonicus
3261:Aptenodytes_patagonicus
3248:Aptenodytes_patagonicus
3234:Aptenodytes patagonicus
3204:Aptenodytes patagonicus
3059:White-flippered penguin
3015:(brush-tailed penguins)
2887:'s Animal Diversity Web
2881:Aptenodytes patagonicus
2771:. Saint Louis Zoo. 2009
2769:Saint Louis Zoo website
2372:Aptenodytes patagonicus
2274:Aptenodytes patagonicus
2200:Aptenodytes patagonicus
2160:Aptenodytes patagonicus
2126:10.3406/revec.1988.5531
1990:Aptenodytes patagonicus
1943:Aptenodytes patagonicus
1920:10.1126/science.7100916
1590:Aptenodytes patagonicus
1290:Aptenodytes patagonicus
1244:Aptenodytes patagonicus
1104:in the United Kingdom,
999:Research and management
693:Champsocephalus gunneri
680:Protomyctophum tenisoni
635:
517:King penguins breed on
258:Aptenodytes patagonicus
209:Aptenodytes patagonicus
18:Aptenodytes patagonicus
3656:Birds of South America
2806:. Animal Planet. 2011.
1827:Long, John L. (1981).
1333:Miller, John Frederick
1138:Mar del Plata Aquarium
1056:
1019:
924:
905:
866:
846:
835:
818:Courtship and breeding
653:
624:
606:
514:
494:
462:
407:Aptenodytes patagonica
244:Green: breeding areas
3546:Paleobiology Database
3153:Erect-crested penguin
2816:del Castillo, Inigo.
2397:, at Marion Island".
2042:Ecological Monographs
1768:Nature Climate Change
1570:, 2nd Ed. CRC Press.
1311:10.1242/jeb.199.4.973
1186:Royal Norwegian Guard
1176:Notable king penguins
1048:
1006:
979:Antarctic Convergence
963:Further information:
911:
900:
864:
841:
825:
643:
619:
604:
539:Prince Edward Islands
509:
489:
444:
396:John Frederick Miller
303:Prince Edward Islands
1856:Aptenodytes forsteri
1434:, eds. (July 2023).
1150:United Arab Emirates
1120:in the Netherlands,
990:Resource competition
932:South Georgia Island
670:Electrona carlsbergi
597:Ecology and behavior
519:subantarctic islands
353:Subantarctic islands
3116:Yellow-eyed penguin
2830:on 20 November 2018
2736:"Penguin Feed/Chat"
2320:The Wilson Bulletin
2243:2003PoBio..26..587L
2098:Williams, pp. 87–88
2054:1992EcoM...62..143K
2006:1998Ecol...79.1905P
1959:2005MarBi.147..281P
1912:1982Sci...217..726K
1780:2018NatCC...8..245C
1725:2018Natur.560R.144.
1633:2010Ethol.116..635N
1512:(2 Pt 2): R178–84.
1118:Diergaarde Blijdorp
852:serially monogamous
807:Antarctic fur seals
739:The king penguin's
721:Gonatus antarcticus
682:. Slender escolar (
191:A. patagonicus
70:Conservation status
3641:Birds of Argentina
3308:BirdLife-Australia
3136:(crested penguins)
3081:Magellanic penguin
2710:Marine Ornithology
2637:. 27 February 2018
2399:Journal of Zoology
2344:Young, E. (2005).
2164:Journal of Zoology
1594:Journal of Zoology
1430:; Donsker, David;
1393:Birds of Australia
1134:Melbourne Aquarium
1057:
1020:
925:
906:
873:weighing 300
867:
847:
836:
715:Martialia hyadesii
654:
625:
607:
605:King penguin chick
553:on these islands.
515:
495:
463:
409:and specified the
291:South Indian Ocean
32:King Penguin Books
3613:
3612:
3533:Open Tree of Life
3196:Taxon identifiers
3187:
3186:
3143:Fiordland penguin
3091:Galapagos penguin
3074:(banded penguins)
3046:(little penguins)
3027:Chinstrap penguin
1838:978-0-589-50260-7
1576:978-1-4200-6444-5
1554:10.1111/ibi.12577
1477:978-951-98947-0-6
1432:Rasmussen, Pamela
1094:Newport, Kentucky
794:Hydrurga leptonyx
779:Larus dominicanus
617:
543:Kerguelen Islands
447:A. p. patagonicus
295:Kerguelen Islands
271:A. p. patagonicus
249:
248:
93:
16:(Redirected from
3718:
3701:Flightless birds
3606:
3605:
3593:
3592:
3580:
3579:
3567:
3566:
3554:
3553:
3541:
3540:
3528:
3527:
3515:
3514:
3502:
3501:
3492:
3491:
3482:
3481:
3469:
3468:
3456:
3455:
3443:
3442:
3430:
3429:
3417:
3416:
3404:
3403:
3391:
3390:
3378:
3377:
3365:
3364:
3352:
3351:
3339:
3338:
3329:
3328:
3316:
3315:
3303:
3302:
3290:
3289:
3287:827A77C754AB120E
3277:
3276:
3264:
3263:
3251:
3250:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3191:
3190:
3173:Macaroni penguin
3086:Humboldt penguin
2989:(great penguins)
2937:
2930:
2923:
2914:
2913:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2826:. Archived from
2813:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2707:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2657:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2569:
2560:
2559:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2533:
2532:Williams, p. 150
2530:
2521:
2520:Williams, p. 149
2518:
2512:
2511:Williams, p. 148
2509:
2503:
2502:Williams, p. 152
2500:
2494:
2491:
2485:
2484:Williams, p. 151
2482:
2476:
2475:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2367:
2358:
2355:
2349:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2317:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2136:. Archived from
2114:Revue d'Écologie
2105:
2099:
2096:
2090:
2089:Williams, p. 147
2087:
2074:
2073:
2037:
2026:
2025:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1906:(4561): 726–27.
1895:
1889:
1888:
1862:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1799:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1683:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1585:
1579:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1501:
1495:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1463:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1388:Mathews, Gregory
1384:
1378:
1377:
1354:"J. F. Miller's
1342:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1296:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1267:
1237:
1158:Montreal Biodome
1116:in Switzerland,
1090:Newport Aquarium
1074:Indianapolis Zoo
1070:SeaWorld Orlando
1066:flagship species
940:St. Andrew's Bay
865:King penguin egg
844:Macquarie Island
767:snowy sheathbill
622:Macquarie Island
618:
559:Macquarie Island
531:Falkland Islands
527:Tierra del Fuego
433:are recognised.
402:. He coined the
338:snowy sheathbill
311:Macquarie Island
281:is found in the
228:
211:
108:
107:
87:
82:
81:
51:
39:
38:
21:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3601:
3596:
3588:
3583:
3575:
3570:
3562:
3557:
3549:
3544:
3536:
3531:
3523:
3518:
3510:
3507:Observation.org
3505:
3497:
3495:
3487:
3485:
3477:
3472:
3464:
3459:
3451:
3446:
3438:
3433:
3425:
3420:
3412:
3407:
3399:
3394:
3386:
3381:
3373:
3368:
3360:
3355:
3347:
3342:
3334:
3332:
3324:
3319:
3311:
3306:
3298:
3293:
3285:
3280:
3272:
3267:
3259:
3254:
3246:
3241:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3198:
3188:
3183:
3178:Chatham penguin
3126:
3121:Waitaha penguin
3100:
3096:African penguin
3064:
3036:
3022:Adélie penguin
3005:
3001:Emperor penguin
2979:
2961:
2946:
2941:
2872:
2867:
2858:
2856:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2833:
2831:
2823:Lost At E Minor
2814:
2810:
2802:
2798:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2774:
2772:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2749:
2747:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2719:
2717:
2705:
2699:
2695:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2669:
2667:
2659:
2658:
2649:
2640:
2638:
2635:www.mprnews.org
2629:
2628:
2624:
2615:
2613:
2595:
2591:
2582:
2580:
2571:
2570:
2563:
2552:
2548:
2544:Williams, p. 28
2543:
2536:
2531:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2493:Williams, p. 54
2492:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2444:
2440:
2430:
2428:
2422:
2418:
2391:
2387:
2368:
2361:
2357:Williams, p. 40
2356:
2352:
2343:
2339:
2315:
2309:
2305:
2270:
2266:
2227:
2223:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2156:
2152:
2143:
2141:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2077:
2062:10.2307/2937173
2038:
2029:
1986:
1982:
1939:
1935:
1896:
1892:
1877:10.2307/4083837
1860:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1825:
1821:
1760:
1756:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1660:
1656:
1617:
1613:
1586:
1582:
1565:
1561:
1537:
1533:
1502:
1498:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1470:. Alula Press.
1464:
1455:
1445:
1443:
1425:
1421:
1405:
1401:
1385:
1381:
1364:. 11th series.
1344:
1330:
1326:
1294:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1238:
1229:
1225:
1178:
1132:, South Korea,
1086:Kansas City Zoo
1082:Saint Louis Zoo
1062:
1043:
1001:
992:
967:
961:
956:
936:Salisbury Plain
828:Salisbury Plain
820:
737:
638:
613:
599:
570:ĂŽle aux Cochons
504:
473:emperor penguin
451:St. Andrews Bay
439:
423:Gregory Mathews
415:Mari antarctico
392:
267:emperor penguin
243:
237:
219:
213:
207:
194:
157:Sphenisciformes
102:
94:
83:
79:
72:
35:
28:
27:Species of bird
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3724:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3646:Birds of Chile
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3594:
3581:
3568:
3555:
3542:
3529:
3516:
3503:
3493:
3483:
3470:
3457:
3444:
3431:
3418:
3405:
3392:
3379:
3366:
3353:
3340:
3330:
3317:
3304:
3291:
3278:
3265:
3252:
3239:
3224:
3208:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3148:Snares penguin
3145:
3139:
3137:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3110:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3056:
3053:Little penguin
3049:
3047:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3032:Gentoo penguin
3029:
3024:
3018:
3016:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2981:
2980:
2973:
2971:
2963:
2962:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2940:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2878:
2871:
2870:External links
2868:
2866:
2865:
2841:
2808:
2796:
2782:
2765:"King Penguin"
2756:
2727:
2693:
2676:
2647:
2622:
2589:
2561:
2546:
2534:
2522:
2513:
2504:
2495:
2486:
2477:
2438:
2416:
2385:
2359:
2350:
2337:
2326:(2): 317–327.
2303:
2264:
2221:
2210:(4): 343–350.
2190:
2188:Williams, p. 3
2181:
2150:
2100:
2091:
2075:
2027:
2014:10.2307/176698
1980:
1947:Marine Biology
1933:
1890:
1844:
1837:
1819:
1774:(3): 245–251.
1754:
1703:
1674:(1): 144–150.
1654:
1627:(7): 635–644.
1611:
1580:
1559:
1548:(4): 755–768.
1531:
1496:
1483:
1476:
1453:
1419:
1399:
1379:
1368:(2): 302–309.
1346:Sherborn, C.D.
1324:
1305:(4): 973–983.
1278:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1209:
1201:
1197:Batman Returns
1188:
1177:
1174:
1140:in Argentina,
1136:in Australia,
1061:
1058:
1042:
1039:
1000:
997:
991:
988:
960:
957:
955:
952:
819:
816:
815:
814:
803:
797:
786:
763:
752:
736:
733:
637:
634:
598:
595:
535:Crozet Islands
503:
500:
449:subspecies in
438:
435:
391:
388:
283:South Atlantic
247:
246:
230:
229:
221:
220:
214:
203:
202:
196:
195:
188:
186:
182:
181:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
96:
95:
77:
74:
73:
68:
65:
64:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3723:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3604:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3480:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3327:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3229:
3225:
3220:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3168:Royal penguin
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2933:
2931:
2926:
2924:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2800:
2792:
2786:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2746:on 2011-08-28
2745:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2686:
2680:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2566:
2557:
2550:
2541:
2539:
2529:
2527:
2517:
2508:
2499:
2490:
2481:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2452:Polar Biology
2449:
2442:
2427:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2364:
2354:
2347:
2341:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2278:Polar Biology
2275:
2268:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2231:Polar Biology
2225:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2185:
2177:
2173:
2170:(3): 475–82.
2169:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2140:on 2021-04-28
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2120:(4): 345–55.
2119:
2116:(in French).
2115:
2111:
2104:
2095:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2048:(1): 143–63.
2047:
2043:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1871:(4): 775–95.
1870:
1866:
1859:
1857:
1848:
1840:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1535:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1487:
1479:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1403:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1291:
1282:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1227:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1205:Animal Planet
1202:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1166:Asahiyama Zoo
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1144:in Spain and
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1098:Edinburgh Zoo
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1064:Considered a
1055:
1051:
1047:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1031:Least Concern
1027:
1025:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1009:Edinburgh Zoo
1005:
996:
987:
984:
983:ocean warming
980:
975:
973:
966:
951:
947:
944:
941:
937:
933:
928:
923:
922:South Georgia
919:
915:
910:
904:
903:South Georgia
899:
895:
892:
887:
883:
878:
876:
872:
863:
859:
855:
853:
845:
840:
833:
832:South Georgia
829:
824:
812:
811:Marion Island
808:
804:
801:
798:
795:
791:
787:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
753:
749:
748:Giant petrels
746:
745:
744:
742:
732:
730:
729:
728:Onychoteuthis
724:
722:
717:
716:
711:
710:
705:
701:
700:
695:
694:
689:
685:
681:
678:, as well as
677:
676:
671:
667:
663:
659:
651:
647:
644:King penguin
642:
633:
629:
623:
611:
603:
594:
591:
587:
583:
579:
574:
571:
566:
564:
560:
554:
552:
548:
547:South Georgia
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
525:, as well as
524:
520:
513:
512:South Georgia
508:
499:
493:
488:
484:
480:
476:
474:
469:
468:Marion Island
460:
456:
455:South Georgia
452:
448:
443:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
419:South Georgia
416:
412:
411:type locality
408:
405:
404:binomial name
401:
397:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
361:South Georgia
358:
354:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
330:giant petrels
327:
323:
319:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
299:Crozet Island
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
259:
254:
245:
242:
236:
231:
227:
222:
217:
212:
210:
204:
201:
200:Binomial name
197:
193:
192:
187:
184:
183:
180:
179:
175:
172:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
106:
101:
97:
91:
86:
85:Least Concern
75:
71:
66:
63:
62:South Georgia
59:
56:King penguin
54:
50:
45:
42:King penguin
40:
37:
33:
19:
3489:king-penguin
3313:king-penguin
3203:
3131:
3105:
3069:
3041:
3010:
2996:King penguin
2995:
2984:
2974:
2966:
2906:
2857:. Retrieved
2853:
2844:
2832:. Retrieved
2828:the original
2821:
2811:
2799:
2785:
2773:. Retrieved
2768:
2759:
2748:. Retrieved
2744:the original
2739:
2730:
2718:. Retrieved
2713:
2709:
2696:
2679:
2668:. Retrieved
2665:ResearchGate
2664:
2639:. Retrieved
2634:
2625:
2614:. Retrieved
2603:The Guardian
2602:
2592:
2581:. Retrieved
2579:. 2018-02-26
2577:Carbon Brief
2576:
2549:
2516:
2507:
2498:
2489:
2480:
2455:
2451:
2441:
2431:28 September
2429:. Retrieved
2419:
2402:
2398:
2395:Orcinus orca
2394:
2388:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2353:
2345:
2340:
2323:
2319:
2306:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2184:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2142:. Retrieved
2138:the original
2117:
2113:
2103:
2094:
2045:
2041:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1868:
1864:
1855:
1847:
1828:
1822:
1797:11566/264915
1771:
1767:
1757:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1681:10.1650/7512
1671:
1667:
1657:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1567:
1562:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1491:
1486:
1467:
1444:. Retrieved
1439:
1422:
1412:
1402:
1392:
1382:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1337:
1327:
1302:
1298:
1289:
1281:
1269:. Retrieved
1255:
1249:
1243:
1195:
1164:in Denmark,
1124:in Belgium,
1108:in Germany,
1063:
1060:In captivity
1028:
1021:
993:
976:
968:
954:Conservation
948:
945:
929:
926:
918:Gold Harbour
885:
879:
868:
856:
848:
793:
790:leopard seal
778:
771:Chionis alba
770:
759:Stercorarius
758:
738:
726:
719:
713:
707:
704:hooked squid
697:
691:
683:
679:
673:
669:
655:
650:pin feathers
630:
626:
608:
575:
567:
555:
516:
496:
491:
481:
477:
464:
446:
445:Close-up of
414:
406:
399:
393:
369:
350:
342:leopard seal
315:
286:
278:
274:
270:
257:
256:
253:king penguin
252:
250:
240:
238:
234:
208:
206:
190:
189:
177:
167:Spheniscidae
36:
3631:Aptenodytes
3559:SeaLifeBase
3474:Neotropical
3409:iNaturalist
3228:Wikispecies
2986:Aptenodytes
2854:www.bbc.com
2834:20 November
2775:3 September
2000:(6): 1905.
1428:Gill, Frank
1408:Mayr, Ernst
1350:Iredale, T.
1271:11 November
1160:in Canada,
1154:Calgary Zoo
1142:Loro Parque
1126:63 Seaworld
1122:Antwerp Zoo
1078:Detroit Zoo
886:guard phase
699:Moroteuthis
666:Lanternfish
363:, southern
318:lanternfish
279:patagonicus
275:A. p. halli
178:Aptenodytes
58:Fortuna Bay
3620:Categories
3598:Xeno-canto
3107:Megadyptes
3071:Spheniscus
3012:Pygoscelis
2859:2024-09-27
2750:2011-12-01
2670:2019-04-29
2641:2019-04-29
2616:2019-04-29
2583:2019-04-29
2458:(5): 721.
2405:(4): 449.
2284:(4): 303.
2237:(9): 587.
2144:2017-01-19
1953:(2): 281.
1668:The Condor
1600:(2): 303.
1223:References
1162:Odense Zoo
1110:Zurich Zoo
688:Gempylidae
523:Antarctica
437:Appearance
431:subspecies
357:Antarctica
344:, and the
216:Miller, JF
3180:(extinct)
3123:(extinct)
3043:Eudyptula
2611:0261-3077
1806:1758-678X
1446:4 October
1146:Ski Dubai
1114:Zoo Basel
1013:Edinburgh
775:kelp gull
762:colonies.
757:species (
741:predators
735:Predators
731:species.
718:), young
686:) of the
427:monotypic
365:Argentina
309:) and at
185:Species:
123:Kingdom:
117:Eukaryota
3706:Penguins
3453:22697748
3427:10190139
3375:45512073
3300:22697748
3295:BirdLife
3213:Wikidata
3133:Eudyptes
2944:Penguins
2793:. 123RF.
2720:31 March
2716:: 171–76
2472:36970042
2298:23655862
2259:44230195
2134:86004247
1975:85817196
1814:53793443
1749:51935405
1741:30087467
1698:85776106
1649:18278748
1621:Ethology
1390:(1920).
1352:(1921).
1335:(1778).
1170:Hokkaido
1156:and the
1102:Birdland
1017:Scotland
646:moulting
582:Finnmark
390:Taxonomy
384:feathers
293:(at the
239:Yellow:
163:Family:
137:Chordata
133:Phylum:
127:Animalia
113:Domain:
90:IUCN 3.1
3479:kinpen1
3401:2481660
3362:kinpen1
3336:kinpen1
3282:Avibase
3219:Q182209
2976:Species
2382:: 1–81.
2332:4163547
2239:Bibcode
2070:2937173
2050:Bibcode
2002:Bibcode
1994:Ecology
1955:Bibcode
1928:7100916
1908:Bibcode
1900:Science
1885:4083837
1776:Bibcode
1721:Bibcode
1690:3247764
1629:Bibcode
1526:3278625
1319:8788090
1033:by the
751:causes.
652:visible
648:, with
590:Lofoten
578:Gjesvær
563:vagrant
551:whalers
413:as the
372:blubber
289:in the
263:penguin
173:Genus:
153:Order:
143:Class:
88: (
3590:212656
3551:173569
3538:494361
3525:212656
3496:NZOR:
3486:NZBO:
3440:174450
3383:EURING
3269:ARKive
2958:family
2883:, the
2609:
2470:
2330:
2296:
2257:
2132:
2068:
2022:176698
2020:
1973:
1926:
1883:
1835:
1812:
1804:
1747:
1739:
1713:Nature
1696:
1688:
1647:
1574:
1524:
1474:
1356:Icones
1317:
1192:Pondus
914:crèche
891:crèche
773:) and
702:, the
690:, and
660:, and
584:, and
382:, and
340:, the
336:, the
324:, and
305:, and
218:, 1778
3585:WoRMS
3564:73700
3512:73559
3422:IRMNG
3388:27750
3357:eBird
3349:67QCM
3333:BOW:
3326:52297
2968:Genus
2954:order
2706:(PDF)
2688:(PDF)
2468:S2CID
2328:JSTOR
2316:(PDF)
2294:S2CID
2255:S2CID
2130:S2CID
2066:JSTOR
2018:JSTOR
1971:S2CID
1881:JSTOR
1861:(PDF)
1810:S2CID
1745:S2CID
1694:S2CID
1686:JSTOR
1645:S2CID
1295:(PDF)
1212:Pesto
1130:Seoul
1050:Pesto
800:Orcas
662:krill
658:squid
429:: no
334:skuas
326:krill
322:squid
287:halli
233:Red:
3577:2082
3520:OBIS
3466:9234
3461:NCBI
3448:IUCN
3435:ITIS
3414:3821
3396:GBIF
3321:BOLD
2836:2018
2777:2016
2722:2008
2607:ISSN
2433:2012
2204:Ibis
1924:PMID
1833:ISBN
1802:ISSN
1737:PMID
1572:ISBN
1542:Ibis
1522:PMID
1472:ISBN
1448:2023
1362:Ibis
1315:PMID
1273:2021
1256:2020
1208:pet.
1112:and
1100:and
788:The
783:eggs
765:The
755:Skua
725:and
672:and
636:Diet
586:Røst
461:, UK
380:meat
346:orca
285:and
273:and
251:The
147:Aves
3572:TSA
3370:EoL
3344:CoL
3256:AFD
3243:ADW
2460:doi
2407:doi
2403:184
2324:107
2286:doi
2247:doi
2212:doi
2208:133
2172:doi
2168:212
2122:doi
2058:doi
2010:doi
1963:doi
1951:147
1916:doi
1904:217
1873:doi
1865:Auk
1792:hdl
1784:doi
1729:doi
1717:560
1676:doi
1672:107
1637:doi
1625:116
1602:doi
1598:212
1550:doi
1546:160
1514:doi
1510:254
1370:doi
1307:doi
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