1196:
610:
1280:
1242:
515:
1226:
1210:
1381:
1349:
786:
1365:
1327:
1164:
33:
753:. Under the eagle or other emblem was often placed a head of the reigning emperor, which was to the army an object of worship or veneration. The name of the emperor, or of him who was acknowledged as emperor, was sometimes inscribed in the same situation. The pole used to carry the eagle had at its lower extremity an iron point (cuspis) to fix it in the ground and to enable the aquilifer in case of need to repel an attack.
1264:
1401:
530:
1992:
473:
1279:
1225:
1400:
1300:
598:
The eagle had quasi-religious importance to the Roman soldier, far beyond being merely a symbol of his legion. To lose a standard was seen as extremely grave, shameful and dishonorable, and the Roman military went to great lengths both to protect a standard and to recover one had it been lost; after
880:
In military stratagems, it was sometimes necessary to conceal the standards. Although the Romans commonly considered it a point of honour to preserve their standards, in some cases of extreme danger the leader himself threw them among the ranks of the enemy in order to divert their attention or to
706:
is said in circumstances of danger (the
Teutoburgerwald battle) to have wrenched the eagle from its staff and concealed it in the folds of his tunic above his girdle. Pliny's claim is refuted by sources showing late republican and early imperial legions with other animal symbols such as bulls and
764:
at Rome there are four sculptured panels near the top which exhibit a great number of standards and illustrate some of the forms here described. The first panel represents Trajan giving a king to the
Parthians: seven standards are held by the soldiers. The second, containing five standards,
756:
The minor divisions of a cohort, called centuries, also each had an ensign, inscribed with the number both of the cohort and of the century. This, together with the diversities of the crests worn by the centurions, enabled each soldier to take his place with ease.
1241:
1326:
828:
Since the movements of a body of troops and of every portion of it were regulated by the standards, all the evolutions, acts, and incidents of the Roman army were expressed by phrases derived from this circumstance. Thus
1209:
772:
When
Constantine embraced Christianity, a figure or emblem of Christ, woven in gold upon the purple cloth, was substituted for the head of the emperor. This richly ornamented standard was called
1195:
1299:
1478:
1293:. Plate number LXXII: Arrival of Roman troops (Scene XCVIII); The emperor sacrifices by the Danube (Scene XCIX); Trajan receives foreign embassies" (Aquila at the upper left)
782:
in the Sunday service. The entry procession of the chalice whose contents will soon become holy communion is modeled after the procession of the standards of the Roman army.
1348:
741:
Another figure used in the standards was a ball (orb), supposed to have been emblematic of the dominion of Rome over the world; and for the same reason a bronze figure of
606:
No legionary eagle standards are known to have survived. However, other Roman eagles, either symbolizing imperial rule or used as funerary emblems, have been discovered.
1380:
501:
609:
881:
animate his own soldiers. A wounded or dying standard-bearer delivered it, if possible, into the hands of his general, from whom he had received it
710:
Under the later emperors the eagle was carried, as it had been for many centuries, with the legion, a legion being on that account sometimes called
853:, to re-assemble. Notwithstanding some obscurity in the use of terms, it appears that, whilst the standard of the legion was properly called
613:
Roman imperial eagle from the 2nd century AD, possibly from Trajan's Forum, in the outer portico of the
Basilica of the Holy Apostles in Rome
2014:
1970:
494:
279:
175:
1468:
91:
1235:
shows the return of the
Aquilae lost to the Parthians. The return of the eagles was one of Augustus's notable diplomatic achievements.
2089:
1364:
514:
2053:
67:
961:
233:
668:
x.16) enumerates five: the eagle, the wolf, the ox with the man's head, the horse, and the boar. Pliny attributes to the consul
487:
153:
2030:
1943:
Peter Schäfer (2003) The Bar Kokhba War
Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Second Jewish Revolt Against Rome Mohr Siebeck
2005:
873:. Also, those who fought in the first ranks of the legion, in front of the standards of the legion and cohorts, were called
1496:
1911:
1025:
2094:
1906:
1809:
1948:
794:
41:
379:
57:
745:
was sometimes fixed at the top of the staff, as we see it sculptured, together with small statues of Mars, on the
1263:
1170:
135:
2071:
1009:
600:
249:
210:
161:
603:, the Romans spent decades retaliating for the defeat while also attempting to recover the three lost eagles.
365:
298:
86:
1890:
810:
646:) of straw fixed to the top of a spear or pole. Hence the company of soldiers belonging to it was called a
1846:
1123:
1100:
1032:
184:
2065:
1609:
Themist. Orat. i. pp.!xviii, 1, 267; ed. Dindorf; Claudian, iv. Cons. Honor. 546; vi. Cons. Honor. 566
720:
1796:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1628:
696:, with upwards stretched wings, but was probably of relatively small size, since a standard-bearer (
2099:
1066:
980:
578:
394:
49:
785:
2104:
1825:
1232:
1078:
912:
779:
648:
523:
20:
2036:
2009:
1513:
1116:
1085:
715:
261:
110:
1549:
897:
Battles where the
Aquilae were lost, units that lost the Aquilae and the fate of the Aquilae:
1444:
1163:
1062:
946:
939:
360:
96:
2109:
1931:
1594:
1146:
1047:
742:
350:
292:
1428:. Note the eagle and lion, symbols on the reverse, respectively of legio V and legio XIII.
825:, despite strongly linking back to a Pagan symbol, became very popular among Christians.
8:
1997:
1317:
1270:
1178:
1043:
1036:
822:
761:
750:
477:
201:
1497:
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Signa_Militaria.html
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1418:
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1249:
1002:
746:
446:
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the setting aside of the four quadrupeds as standards and the retention of the eagle (
2041:
2026:
1944:
1581:
1569:
1093:
916:
901:
865:, and that those of the manipuli or smaller divisions of the cohort were denominated
814:
677:
637:
453:
319:
308:
1625:
1561:
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1336:
1290:
1254:
1216:
1131:
1112:
1089:
1074:
1058:
965:
931:
818:
640:. The most ancient standard employed by the Romans is said to have been a handful (
566:
430:
419:
334:
53:
809:
Even after the adoption of
Christianity as the Roman Empire's religion; the eagle
1448:
1410:
1104:
1070:
998:
987:
976:
950:
920:
798:
661:
424:
402:
345:
1565:
642:
623:
1857:
994:
927:
551:
439:
409:
370:
130:
2083:
2064:
1573:
957:
766:
633:
414:
386:
314:
1879:
1868:
732:
staff, to which a cross-bar was adapted for the purpose, and carried by the
1923:
1473:
1215:
Memorial to Lucius
Duccius Rufinus, a standard-bearer of the Ninth Legion,
669:
592:
574:
2058:
1414:
1309:
1017:
821:
although far more rarely and with a different meaning. In particular the
734:
324:
215:
1971:
The fate of the Ninth: The curious disappearance of Legio VIIII Hispana
1406:
1371:
1013:
990:
by removal of the name "Augustan Legion". The actual reason is unknown)
355:
120:
76:
1664:
1127:
1021:
905:
587:
582:
340:
19:
This article is about the Roman battle standard. For other uses, see
2023:
Signa
Militaria. Die römischen Feldzeichen in Republik und Prinzipat
1660:
1618:
1509:
1387:
1305:
1024:(two recaptured by Germanicus in 15 and 16, the last recaptured by
935:
790:
703:
698:
857:, those of the cohorts were in a special sense of the term called
1901:
1622:
1550:"Tactical reform in the late Roman republic: the view from Italy"
1108:
969:
774:
729:
685:
105:
1332:
1138:
1051:
802:
693:
689:
681:
529:
195:
972:. Several Legions (at least one Aquila was returned in 20 BC).
1142:
657:
1231:
Detail of the central breastplate relief on the statue of
2066:"Eagle. A military standard, adopted by the Romans"
900:
73–71 BC – five Aquilae were lost over the course of the
653:
1469:"Roman eagle found by archaeologists in City of London"
660:
was soon succeeded by the figures of animals, of which
1723:
Prudentius cont. Symm. i.466, 488; Niceph. H.E. vii.37
601:
annihilation of three legions in the Teutoburg Forest
1987:
1651:
see Causeus de Sig. in Graevii Thes. vol. x p. 2529
1491:Yates, James, "Signa Militaria" in Smith, William,
765:represents the performance of the sacrifice called
676:) alone after the devastating Roman defeat at the
591:, the "eagle-bearer", carried this standard. Each
1335:minted in 193 by Septimius Severus, to celebrate
2081:
2054:Picture of Aquila on tomb sculpture at Livis.org
1508:The ox is sometimes confusingly described as a
975:36 BC – the defeat of Oppius Statianus by the
724:, which was woven on a square piece of cloth
495:
1495:, John Murray, London, 1875, pp. 1044–1046 (
986:(19 BC – degradation of a legion during the
2059:The Roman Eagle: A Symbol and its Evolution
2015:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
1493:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
926:49–45 BC – loss of Aquilae from legions of
556:
1821:
1819:
502:
488:
1358:in the Temple of Mars the Avenger in Rome
778:. The labarum is still used today by the
2025:, Mainz, Verlag Schnell + Steiner 2011,
1342:, the legion that proclaimed him emperor
1312:to pay his legions. On the reverse, the
1202:Emblem of the 20th Legion on a roof tile
945:45 BC – loss of Aquilae in Spain during
784:
608:
528:
513:
1816:
2082:
1547:
1155:
949:. (returned in about 25 BC during the
923:. Several Legions (returned in 20 BC).
1447:, a revival of Roman practice in the
1253:showing an aquila from the destroyed
550:
1122:260 – defeat and capture of Emperor
997:by Germanic tribes in Gallia in the
793:funerary monument, probably that of
13:
1983:
1907:De vita et moribus Iulii Agricolae
1858:Velleius Paterculus, Vell. II – 97
1187:
983:. Two Legions (returned in 20 BC).
14:
2121:
2047:
573:) was a prominent symbol used in
2090:Ancient Roman military standards
1990:
1667:Tiber. 48, Calig. 14; Tac. Ann.
1481:from the original on 2023-06-26.
1399:
1379:
1363:
1347:
1325:
1298:
1278:
1262:
1240:
1224:
1208:
1194:
1162:
811:continued to be used as a symbol
471:
31:
1963:
1954:
1937:
1917:
1895:
1884:
1873:
1862:
1851:
1840:
1831:
1801:
1789:
1780:
1771:
1762:
1753:
1744:
1735:
1726:
1717:
1708:
1699:
1690:
1681:
1654:
1645:
1633:
1538:Florus Epitome, book II XXX,38
962:a combined Roman–Parthian force
904:, recovered upon the defeat of
888:
2072:New International Encyclopedia
1612:
1603:
1588:
1541:
1532:
1519:
1502:
1485:
1461:
1010:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
533:A modern reconstruction of an
1:
1454:
1413:to celebrate the province of
714:(Hirt. Bell. Hisp. 30). Each
366:Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes
849:, to march out of the camp;
624:Insignia § Ancient Rome
280:Frontiers and fortifications
7:
1566:10.25162/historia-2019-0004
1433:
718:had for its own ensign the
92:Decorations and punishments
10:
2126:
2018:(pp. 1044–1046)
1759:Caesar, B. C. i.43, 44, 56
1621:de Re Mil. ii.13; compare
1548:Taylor, Michael J (2019).
1101:Marcus Sedatius Severianus
789:Eagle and weapons from an
688:in 104 BC. It was made of
621:
617:
579:standard of a Roman legion
18:
2095:Eagles in popular culture
1732:Caesar, B. G. i.25, ii.25
1111:in Armenia. Possibly the
1026:Publius Gabinius Secundus
1137:378 – defeat of Emperor
1084:(132 – disputed loss of
632:were the Roman military
395:Claustra Alpium Iuliarum
380:Danube–Iller–Rhine Limes
50:Military of ancient Rome
2012:, in the public domain
1826:Res Gestae Divi Augusti
1354:Roman Coin showing the
1233:Augustus of Prima Porta
913:Marcus Licinius Crassus
780:Eastern Orthodox Church
524:Cleveland Museum of Art
518:Roman ornament with an
478:Ancient Rome portal
16:Roman military standard
2037:The Eagle of the Ninth
1714:Bartoli, Arc. Triumph.
1117:Legio XXII Deiotariana
1086:Legio XXII Deiotariana
1033:First Jewish–Roman War
942:. (returned in 23 BC).
911:53 BC – the defeat of
869:, their bearers being
861:, their bearers being
806:
614:
537:
526:
522:(100–200 AD) from the
1869:Tacitus Annales 1, 60
1837:Cassius Dio 47, 35–36
1445:French Imperial Eagle
1339:Gemina Martia Victrix
1067:Domitian's Dacian War
1063:First Battle of Tapae
1042:70 – destruction of
981:Antony's Parthian War
788:
612:
532:
517:
361:Neckar-Odenwald Limes
176:Technological history
1768:Caesar, B. G. vii.45
1181:showing carvings of
1147:Battle of Adrianople
1079:Trajan's Dacian Wars
1048:Revolt of the Batavi
577:, especially as the
351:Lower Germanic Limes
250:Strategy and tactics
185:Military engineering
87:Unit types and ranks
1998:Ancient Rome portal
1969:Duncan B Campbell,
1750:Caesar, B. G. vi.37
1271:Arch of Constantine
1179:Arch of Constantine
1156:Arch of Constantine
1077:(recaptured during
1044:Legio XV Primigenia
1037:Legio XII Fulminata
1005:(returned in 16 BC)
823:double-headed eagle
762:Arch of Constantine
751:Arch of Constantine
595:carried one eagle.
346:Lauter Valley Limes
1960:Cassius Dio LXXI.2
1891:Cassius Dio 60,8,7
1880:Tacitus, ann. 2,25
1847:Cassius Dio, 54.11
1741:Virg. Georg. i.108
1525:Theodore Mommsen,
1250:Praetorians Relief
1003:Legio V Macedonica
993:17 BC – defeat of
956:40 BC – defeat of
947:Caesar's Civil War
940:Caesar's Civil War
851:ad signa convenire
833:meant to advance,
807:
615:
538:
527:
447:Limes Tripolitanus
68:Structural history
2042:Rosemary Sutcliff
2031:978-3-7954-2477-0
1687:Sueton. Vespas. 6
1529:, vol. 3, p. 459.
1417:and its legions,
1409:minted in 248 by
1374:holding an Aquila
1094:Bar Kochva Revolt
1039:(fate uncertain).
917:Battle of Carrhae
902:Third Servile War
815:Holy Roman Empire
678:Battle of Arausio
552:[ˈakᶣɪla]
512:
511:
463:
462:
454:Limes Mauretaniae
309:Limes Britannicus
270:
269:
234:Political history
224:
223:
144:
143:
2117:
2076:
2068:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1977:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1952:
1941:
1935:
1928:Histoire romaine
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1679:
1663:, B.J. ii.9 §2;
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1607:
1601:
1592:
1586:
1585:
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1539:
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1530:
1523:
1517:
1516:, s.v. Minotaur.
1506:
1500:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1465:
1440:Silchester eagle
1403:
1390:showing several
1386:Coin of Emperor
1383:
1367:
1351:
1329:
1302:
1291:Conrad Cichorius
1285:"The Reliefs of
1282:
1269:Detail from the
1266:
1255:Arch of Claudius
1244:
1228:
1217:Yorkshire Museum
1212:
1198:
1166:
1149:. (fate unknown)
1134:. (fate unknown)
1132:Battle of Edessa
1113:Legio IX Hispana
1099:161 – defeat of
1090:Legio IX Hispana
1075:Praetorian Guard
1059:Cornelius Fuscus
1054:. (fate unknown)
966:Quintus Labienus
932:Publius Vatinius
837:to retreat, and
819:Byzantine Empire
747:Column of Trajan
728:, elevated on a
652:. The bundle of
572:
569:
564:
561:
558:
554:
549:
548:Classical Latin:
504:
497:
490:
476:
475:
474:
335:Limes Germanicus
285:
284:
262:Infantry tactics
255:
254:
211:Triumphal arches
181:
180:
162:Wars and battles
154:Campaign history
73:
72:
35:
34:
28:
27:
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2100:Heraldic eagles
2080:
2079:
2063:
2050:
2021:Kai M. Töpfer:
2006:Signa Militaria
1996:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:Further reading
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1980:
1975:Ancient Warfare
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1589:
1560:(1): 79 n. 14.
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1527:History of Rome
1524:
1520:
1507:
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1490:
1486:
1467:
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1449:Napoleonic army
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1411:Philip the Arab
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1287:Trajan's Column
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1190:
1188:Ancient imagery
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1167:
1158:
1081:in 101 or 102).
1071:Legio V Alaudae
1057:86 – defeat of
999:Clades Lolliana
988:Cantabrian Wars
951:Cantabrian Wars
894:
883:signis acceptis
847:castris vellere
841:to face about;
726:textilis anguis
662:Pliny the Elder
630:signa militaria
626:
620:
570:
565:
562:
559:
547:
508:
472:
470:
465:
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459:
431:Limes Sarmatiae
425:Anastasian Wall
403:Pannonian Limes
282:
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101:
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60:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2107:
2105:Imperial Eagle
2102:
2097:
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2077:
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2049:
2048:External links
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2019:
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1477:. 2013-10-29.
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1006:
995:Marcus Lollius
991:
984:
973:
954:
943:
928:Aulus Gabinius
924:
909:
893:
887:
817:and the early
622:Main article:
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616:
510:
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507:
506:
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492:
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466:
461:
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440:Limes Arabicus
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422:
417:
412:
410:Limes Alutanus
406:
405:
399:
398:
390:
389:
383:
382:
376:
375:
374:
373:
371:Wetterau Limes
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
330:
329:
328:
327:
322:
320:Hadrian's Wall
317:
304:
303:
302:
301:
288:
283:
278:
277:
274:
273:
268:
267:
265:
264:
258:
253:
248:
247:
244:
243:
238:
237:
232:
231:
228:
227:
222:
221:
219:
218:
213:
207:
205:
204:
199:
191:
188:
187:
179:
174:
173:
170:
169:
165:
164:
158:
157:
152:
151:
148:
147:
142:
141:
139:
138:
133:
127:
124:
123:
117:
116:
114:
113:
108:
102:
100:
99:
94:
89:
83:
80:
79:
71:
66:
65:
62:
61:
52:
46:
45:
37:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2122:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2074:
2073:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2043:
2040:, a novel by
2039:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1988:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1957:
1950:
1949:3-16-148076-7
1946:
1940:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1892:
1887:
1881:
1876:
1870:
1865:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1843:
1834:
1827:
1822:
1820:
1812:
1811:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1783:
1774:
1765:
1756:
1747:
1738:
1729:
1720:
1711:
1702:
1696:Suet. July 62
1693:
1684:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1648:
1642:Orig. xviii.3
1641:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1606:
1599:
1596:
1595:Sidon. Apoll.
1591:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1535:
1528:
1522:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1464:
1460:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1370:Coin showing
1366:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1206:
1197:
1192:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1171:
1165:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1012:in Germania.
1011:
1007:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
989:
985:
982:
978:
974:
971:
967:
963:
959:
958:Decidius Saxa
955:
952:
948:
944:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
922:
918:
914:
910:
907:
903:
899:
898:
896:
895:
892:
886:
884:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
831:signa inferre
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
804:
800:
796:
792:
787:
783:
781:
777:
776:
770:
768:
767:suovetaurilia
763:
758:
754:
752:
748:
744:
739:
737:
736:
731:
727:
723:
722:
717:
713:
708:
705:
701:
700:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
650:
645:
644:
639:
635:
631:
625:
611:
607:
604:
602:
596:
594:
590:
589:
584:
580:
576:
568:
553:
545:
544:
536:
531:
525:
521:
516:
505:
500:
498:
493:
491:
486:
485:
483:
482:
479:
469:
468:
456:
455:
451:
449:
448:
444:
442:
441:
437:
436:
433:
432:
428:
426:
423:
421:
420:Trajan's Wall
418:
416:
415:Limes Moesiae
413:
411:
408:
407:
404:
401:
400:
397:
396:
392:
391:
388:
387:Norican Limes
385:
384:
381:
378:
377:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
338:
337:
336:
332:
331:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
315:Antonine Wall
313:
312:
311:
310:
306:
305:
300:
297:
296:
295:
294:
290:
289:
287:
286:
281:
276:
275:
263:
260:
259:
257:
256:
251:
246:
245:
235:
230:
229:
217:
214:
212:
209:
208:
203:
202:Siege engines
200:
198:
197:
193:
192:
190:
189:
186:
183:
182:
177:
172:
171:
163:
160:
159:
155:
150:
149:
137:
134:
132:
129:
128:
126:
125:
122:
119:
118:
112:
109:
107:
104:
103:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
84:
82:
81:
78:
75:
74:
69:
64:
63:
59:
55:
51:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
30:
29:
26:
22:
2070:
2035:
2022:
2013:
1974:
1965:
1956:
1939:
1932:livre LXVIII
1927:
1924:Dion Cassius
1919:
1905:
1897:
1886:
1875:
1864:
1853:
1842:
1833:
1808:
1803:
1791:
1786:Florus, iv.4
1782:
1777:Florus, i.11
1773:
1764:
1755:
1746:
1737:
1728:
1719:
1710:
1701:
1692:
1683:
1656:
1647:
1635:
1614:
1605:
1597:
1590:
1557:
1553:
1543:
1534:
1526:
1521:
1504:
1492:
1487:
1474:The Guardian
1472:
1463:
1425:
1420:
1394:at the left.
1391:
1355:
1338:
1318:Third legion
1313:
1248:
1182:
1177:
890:
882:
879:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
827:
808:
791:Augustan-era
773:
771:
759:
755:
740:
733:
725:
719:
711:
709:
697:
680:against the
673:
670:Gaius Marius
665:
647:
641:
629:
627:
605:
597:
586:
585:known as an
575:ancient Rome
542:
541:
539:
534:
519:
452:
445:
438:
429:
393:
333:
307:
291:
194:
25:
2110:Iconography
2010:James Yates
1705:Veget. l.c.
1310:Mark Antony
1173:South attic
1046:during the
1018:Legio XVIII
875:antesignani
735:draconarius
325:Saxon Shore
2084:Categories
1810:Stratagems
1807:Frontinus
1795:Tac. Ann.
1455:References
1421:Macedonica
1407:Sestertius
1372:Germanicus
1308:minted by
1014:Legio XVII
936:Dalmatians
871:vexillarii
839:convertere
356:Main Limes
1582:165437350
1574:0018-2311
1424:and XIII
1128:Sassanids
1105:Parthians
1022:Legio XIX
977:Parthians
921:Parthians
908:in 71 BC.
906:Spartacus
863:signiferi
643:manipulus
638:standards
588:aquilifer
583:legionary
341:Alb Limes
1661:Josephus
1554:Historia
1510:Minotaur
1479:Archived
1434:See also
1388:Caligula
1306:Denarius
1257:in Rome.
1124:Valerian
795:Messalla
749:and the
743:Victoria
707:wolves.
704:Augustus
702:) under
699:signifer
136:Admirals
111:Generals
42:a series
40:Part of
2075:. 1905.
1934:, 9, 3.
1902:Tacitus
1392:Aquilae
1316:of his
1273:in Rome
1145:in the
1141:by the
1130:in the
1126:by the
1109:Elegeia
1103:by the
1092:in the
1073:or/and
1065:during
1061:in the
1028:in 41).
979:during
970:Antioch
938:during
934:to the
919:by the
915:at the
891:aquilae
867:vexilla
843:efferre
835:referre
813:by the
775:labarum
760:In the
686:Teutons
649:maniple
634:ensigns
618:History
560:
106:Auxilia
97:Legions
2029:
2008:", by
1947:
1813:2.5.34
1619:Veget.
1580:
1572:
1514:Festus
1512:. See
1426:Gemina
1356:aquila
1337:XIIII
1333:Aureus
1314:aquila
1219:, York
1183:aquila
1139:Valens
1052:Xanten
1020:, and
964:under
855:aquila
803:Madrid
716:cohort
712:aquila
694:bronze
690:silver
682:Cimbri
674:Aquila
593:legion
543:aquila
535:aquila
520:aquila
239:
196:Castra
131:Fleets
58:AD 476
54:753 BC
44:on the
21:Aquila
1951:p 118
1677:iv.62
1665:Suet.
1640:Isid.
1600:v.409
1598:Carm.
1578:S2CID
1415:Dacia
1143:Goths
1050:near
1031:66 –
968:near
889:Lost
859:signa
845:, or
799:Prado
721:draco
692:, or
567:eagle
299:Walls
293:Limes
216:Roads
2027:ISBN
1945:ISBN
1828:, 29
1797:i.42
1669:i.39
1629:i.18
1626:Ann.
1623:Tac.
1570:ISSN
1247:The
1008:9 –
930:and
730:gilt
684:and
666:H.N.
658:fern
628:The
599:the
581:. A
557:lit.
121:Navy
77:Army
1973:",
1562:doi
1289:by
1115:or
1107:at
1088:or
960:by
656:or
654:hay
636:or
540:An
2086::
2069:.
1930:,
1926:,
1912:41
1910:,
1904:,
1818:^
1675:,
1673:41
1671:,
1576:.
1568:.
1558:68
1556:.
1552:.
1471:.
1419:V
1069:.
1035:.
1016:,
1001:.
953:).
885:.
877:.
801:,
769:.
738:.
555:;
56:–
1914:.
1584:.
1564::
1499:)
1320:.
1119:.
1096:)
805:)
797:(
664:(
571:'
563:'
546:(
503:e
496:t
489:v
23:.
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