438:
953:
917:
173:
508:
937:
393:
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185:
969:
901:
3588:
3778:
1451:
40:
408:; due to this, the style has undergone many evolutions and changes in its life course, as many attempts were made to perfect it. However, this also led to the development of many different variations of this script, such as the floriated Kufic, square Kufic, knotted Kufic, and many others. This also means there are few distinguishing features of the Kufic script.
1619:
291:
is one of the most widely used scripts in the world. Many scholars believe that the alphabet was created around the 4th century CE. The alphabet consists of 28 letters written from right to left. Each letter can be written in four ways, depending on where the letter is placed in a word. These four
1851:
916:
461:
but it was also used for inscription on metal antiquities, woods and other objects of decorative purpose. The main evolutionary periods for this script were the 3rd and 4th centuries AD, coinciding with the evolution other similar popular styles such as the
1922:
1582:
312:
The
Khamish pen also known as a reed pen is used by Arab, Turkish, and Iranian calligraphers. The reed of the pen is grown along rivers. Although this pen has been used for over 500 years, preparing the pen is a lengthy process.
1826:
1657:
503:
The Diwani script was created during the
Ottoman era. The lining and lettering of this script creates a sense of closeness when writing. Due to this reason, it is difficult to read since the letters intertwine.
1796:
1704:
1830:
1779:
300:
The pens used for Arabic calligraphy vary from Latin calligraphy. The tools used for calligraphy are different assortments of pens and calligraphy ink. The most common calligraphy pen used is
1708:
497:
The
Thuluth script, used during the medieval times, is known as one of the oldest scripts to exist. The script was used in mosques and for Quranic text due to the appearance of the text.
1838:
349:
Arabic calligraphy evolved from a tool for communication and documentation to an artistic form in the span of 13 centuries, it was also implemented in varius other fields such as
627:
453:. The script is used as a cursive script, for example on papyrus and paper. The origins of the style are debated by scholars, but some believe it initially stemmed from the
952:
234:
From an artistic point of view, Arabic calligraphy has been known and appreciated for its diversity and great potential for development. In fact, it has been linked in
500:
The Nasta'liq script is used more for
Persian than Arabic scripting. Because of the upward slant to the left, the script is seen as different from the other scripts.
936:
1712:
1834:
1696:
361:, such as decorative design and architecture. The evolution of Arabic calligraphy lead to the appearance of various scripts, including cursive styles such as
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Credited to be the one that catalyzed the growth of Arabic calligraphy; with the earliest works of Arabic calligraphy being featured in copies of the
4070:
859:) movement, since its beginnings in the early 20th century, uses the artistic manipulation of Arabic calligraphy and typography in abstraction.
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1767:
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1870:
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Originally used for inscription on stone and metal, the Kufic style of Arabic calligraphy received its name due to its birth in the city of
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900:
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The instruments and work of a student calligrapher. The phrase written on the top of the paper shows the Shiite saying "Every day is
811:
The most widely recognized example of Arabic
Calligraphy on a place of Islamic worship is the Kaaba present in Mecca, Saudi Arabia.
4949:
419:, that are written in systems derived from Arabic; a single exception to this is a series of Persian rhymes found on a building in
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1059:. Maghrāwī, Muḥammad., مغراوي، محمد. (al-Ṭabʻah 1 ed.). al-Dār al-Bayḍāʼ: Wizārat al-Awqāf wa-al-Shuʼūn al-Islāmīyah.
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3934:
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3617:
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The Celi pen is used for large writing in Arabic calligraphy. These pens are made from hardwood and cut and drilled.
333:
The Handam pen consists of the same strength that the Java pen has. The pen is good to use for all kinds of scripts.
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is known for the tool's hardness and ability to create sharp edges. The pen is good to use for small scripts.
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in the year 1000/1001 CE, thought to be the earliest existing example of a Qur'an written in a cursive script.
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1986:
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4783:
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4040:
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1500:
1803:
373:. The linguistic features of Arabic scripts are shared between all scripts despite differences in styles.
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4907:
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661:
108:
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The Kufic style has been used almost exclusively for Arabic, as opposed to other languages, such as
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2981:
1979:
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2689:
2092:
1652:
1577:
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presents technical challenges, as Arabic is essentially a cursive script with contextual shapes.
3048:
1741:
1088:
3817:
2854:
2814:
2739:
2734:
2498:
2034:
250:, education and craftsmanship, which in turn have played an important role in its advancement.
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3127:
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2682:
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2448:
2072:
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679:
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manuscripts in Arabic, for example, have made use of calligraphy. Likewise, there is
Islamic
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4450:
4131:
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3316:
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2996:
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1865:
1720:
1626:
1589:
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247:
172:
136:
115:
23:
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Arabic calligraphy can be on occasion be found in places of worship for Muslim's known as
8:
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4589:
4546:
4460:
4096:
4075:
3734:
3706:
3633:
3375:
3185:
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2881:
2432:
2346:
2283:
1492:
988:
816:
709:
595:
405:
266:
254:
153:
126:
103:
91:
74:
69:
64:
2274:
4902:
4564:
4398:
4352:
4055:
3747:
3543:
3229:
3145:
2942:
2867:
2606:
2592:
1899:
1892:
1031:
The
History of Arabic Calligraphy: An Essay on Its Greatest Artists and Its Development
907:
869:, explored how Arabic calligraphy, with its ancient presence in visual art, influenced
845:
835:
artist, makes use of Arabic calligraphy in his various art projects, in a style called
131:
120:
86:
2612:
2409:
2391:
2184:
1755:
507:
4536:
4531:
4513:
3842:
3837:
3290:
2963:
2903:
2666:
2558:
2469:
2112:
1821:
1734:
1687:
1638:
1614:
1404:
1070:
1060:
1035:
881:, the Arabic alphabet was a means of expressing a secular identity and appropriating
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703:
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2573:
2400:
392:
4813:
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4649:
4521:
4488:
4408:
4199:
3822:
3797:
3724:
3311:
3109:
3090:
3053:
2932:
2862:
2805:
2717:
2563:
2548:
2493:
2455:
2159:
2102:
2062:
1948:
1329:
1117:
882:
866:
755:
721:
583:
441:
Qur'an folio in black Naskh script with
Persian translation in red Nasta‘liq script
412:
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607:
531:
366:
4840:
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4711:
4526:
4362:
4329:
4246:
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3494:
3423:
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3354:
3223:
3098:
3038:
2898:
2842:
2827:
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2729:
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2535:
2517:
2107:
2087:
2022:
1748:
1433:
1029:
691:
667:
445:
Known as the Naskh or Naskhī script, this script is said to have originated from
288:
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270:
216:
208:
204:
98:
81:
3777:
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257:
is in Arabic and most Arabic calligraphy is
Islamic, the two are not identical.
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673:
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184:
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3656:
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3531:
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3398:
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3266:
3251:
3245:
3214:
3033:
3028:
3013:
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2837:
2832:
2756:
2712:
2568:
2542:
2067:
2054:
1408:
1304:
1170:
1074:
886:
837:
564:
558:
228:
177:
54:
4954:
4829:
4599:
4302:
4292:
4284:
4121:
3950:
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3742:
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3256:
3023:
3018:
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2204:
959:
870:
715:
487:
148:
3334:
2419:
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2401:
2392:
2383:
2374:
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2338:
2329:
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2311:
2301:
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2257:
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2194:
2185:
2176:
2175:
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4269:
4263:
4251:
4002:
3403:
3333:
3295:
3239:
2991:
2152:
1346:
878:
763:
727:
685:
649:
358:
350:
243:
200:
31:
4189:
2292:
2238:
2211:
1959:
4960:
4319:
4174:
4159:
2553:
2462:
2328:
1131:
993:
874:
655:
196:
4944:
3602:
2418:
2364:
2355:
2310:
2303:
2256:
2249:
2220:
4922:
4657:
4259:
3458:
1537:
1461:
697:
552:
354:
2382:
2193:
404:, Iraq. This script is one of the oldest scripts used in Arabic and
4927:
4701:
4584:
4574:
4337:
4194:
3898:
3681:
3443:
3433:
2136:
1515:
832:
770:
630:
619:
525:
471:
457:
script. One of the main usages for this script was for writing the
362:
3326:
1971:
4625:
4604:
4184:
3827:
3802:
3696:
3478:
2142:
927:
828:
483:
467:
454:
292:
locations are also known as initial, medial, final and isolated.
805:
4677:
4609:
4559:
4429:
4424:
4403:
4388:
4179:
3847:
3807:
3714:
3393:
3321:
2017:
2002:
1570:
1552:
1450:
1258:"Arabic Writing and Scripts: A Brief Guide | Shutterstock"
923:
801:
750:
Arabic calligraphy serves as a major source of inspiration for
491:
450:
420:
223:), derived from the words 'line', 'design', or 'construction'.
3971:
1089:"History - Persian Calligraphy- All about Persian Calligraphy"
39:
4667:
4630:
4569:
4383:
4297:
4154:
3903:
3812:
3719:
3686:
3671:
3473:
3428:
3418:
2337:
2265:
2147:
786:
782:
458:
446:
387:
370:
301:
239:
224:
1235:
626:
4393:
4169:
4164:
3448:
416:
401:
1118:"Arabic alphabet | Chart, Letters, & Calligraphy"
863:
Taking Shape: Abstraction From the Arab World, 1950s-1980s
1305:"'Oldest' Koran fragments found in Birmingham University"
1368:"NYU Grey Art Gallery Spotlights Pioneers of Arab Art"
889:
explored the inherent divinity of Arabic calligraphy.
1859:
The
Wonders of Creatures and the Marvels of Creation
1054:
494:
script are other scripts used for Arabic scripting.
1252:
1250:
1145:
1057:
al-Khaṭṭ al-Maghribī : tārīkh wa-wāqiʻ wa-āfāq
910:logo is written in traditional Arabic calligraphy
776:
4979:
1390:
1388:
1247:
1431:
1397:"How the Arabic Alphabet Inspired Abstract Art"
1241:
865:, a 2020 installation at New York University's
745:
4913:Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe
1432:Schimmel, Annemarie; Rivolta, Barbara (1992).
1015:"Arabic calligraphy as a typographic exercise"
820:when it is associated with the Islamic world.
3987:
3618:
1987:
1477:
1385:
1027:
1012:
814:Arabic calligraphy specializes into the term
808:present on parts of the architecture itself.
851:
769:The shift from Arabic calligraphy to Arabic
4897:Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World
3994:
3980:
3625:
3611:
1994:
1980:
1484:
1470:
369:, and more square, angular styles such as
38:
1021:
1006:
946:website that translates to "Visit Saudi".
4950:Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting
1394:
962:National Center for Archives and Records
625:
538:
506:
436:
391:
357:. It is a central form of decoration in
183:
171:
4870:Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands
3632:
1344:
4980:
1792:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
1491:
3975:
3925:Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation
3606:
1975:
1918:The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries
1847:The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries
1465:
1270:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1665:Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye
785:dating back to the first century of
4877:Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam
2001:
852:
724:(b. 1942), United States of America
670:(b. 1988), United States of America
511:Folio of an album in Thuluth script
220:
16:Calligraphy using the Arabic script
13:
3579:Languages between parentheses are
1205:
1081:
892:
276:
14:
5014:
4778:Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem
3935:Society of Iranian Calligraphists
3930:Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art
1443:
1348:eL Seed: The Art of Calligraffiti
1124:
4223:
3776:
3587:
3586:
1449:
1293:from the original on 2022-10-09.
1218:"أنواع الخطوط وأشكالها المختلفة"
1132:"Lettering Pens – Huge overview"
967:
951:
935:
915:
899:
477:
4001:
1425:
1360:
1338:
1322:
1297:
1264:
1099:from the original on 2015-09-04
1055:Afā, ʻUmar.; افا، عمر. (2007).
637:
396:Qur'an folio 11th century kufic
3818:Islamic illuminated manuscript
3583:of the language on their left.
1181:
1163:
1110:
1048:
1013:Julia Kaestle (10 July 2010).
777:Islamic world and civilization
571:
543:Some classical calligraphers:
307:
1:
3874:List of Persian calligraphers
3869:List of Ottoman calligraphers
1768:Risālat al-Ṣūfī fī al-kawākib
1395:Heinrich, Will (2020-02-20).
999:
795:Codex Parisino-Petropolitanus
578:List of Ottoman calligraphers
328:
295:
4935:Mathematics and architecture
2078:Ancient South Arabian script
2045:Influence on other languages
1370:. 2020-02-07. Archived from
758:typeface is inspired by the
746:Type design and type setting
344:
195:is the artistic practice of
7:
3335:
2420:
2411:
2402:
2393:
2384:
2375:
2366:
2357:
2348:
2339:
2330:
2320:
2312:
2302:
2294:
2285:
2276:
2267:
2258:
2248:
2240:
2230:
2222:
2213:
2203:
2195:
2186:
2177:
2118:
1536:Earliest known illuminated
1242:Schimmel & Rivolta 1992
1175:Arabic Calligraphy Supplies
1157:Arabic Calligraphy Supplies
1028:Stefan Widany (June 2011).
982:
791:Birmingham Quran Manuscript
662:Hashem Muhammad al-Baghdadi
546:
336:
316:
10:
5019:
1597:The Speech of Wild Animals
575:
430:
385:
376:
280:
238:to various fields such as
227:is the oldest form of the
4918:Influences on Western art
4886:
4854:
4730:
4692:
4648:
4618:
4545:
4512:
4503:
4438:
4417:
4376:
4328:
4283:
4239:
4232:
4221:
4145:
4018:
4009:
3959:
3943:
3917:
3882:
3861:
3785:
3774:
3756:
3733:
3705:
3647:
3640:
3566:
3559:Islam and Arabic language
3552:
3487:
3374:
3304:
3283:
3208:
3126:
3108:
3069:
2962:
2922:
2889:
2880:
2853:
2813:
2804:
2778:
2665:
2525:
2516:
2507:
2486:
2440:
2431:
2168:
2053:
2010:
1936:
1909:
1884:
1813:
1679:
1606:
1562:
1544:
1531:
1508:
1499:
942:The official logo of the
740:
3500:Arabic script in Unicode
3235:Jordanian Bengali Pidgin
2595:(North-Eastern Tunisian)
976:Al Jazeera Media Network
426:
381:
176:A copy of the Qur'an by
2762:Western Egyptian Bedawi
1653:The Book of Fixed Stars
1578:The Book of Fixed Stars
680:Shakkir Hassan Al Sa'id
515:A few other examples:
423:from the 11th century.
4908:Indo-Saracenic Revival
1271:Hosny, Khaled (2012).
1093:persiancalligraphy.org
823:
694:Iraqi-French (b. 1944)
634:
512:
442:
397:
267:calligraphy in Persian
189:
181:
4863:Empire of the Sultans
3366:Quranic Arabic Corpus
2073:Ancient North Arabian
1775:Hadith Bayad wa Riyad
1728:Kitāb naʿt al-ḥayawān
806:Quranic verses / Ayah
797:and several others.
700:(1930-1987), Pakistan
629:
576:Further information:
539:List of calligraphers
510:
440:
395:
187:
175:
4826:Arab World Institute
4636:Ottoman illumination
3833:Ottoman illumination
3793:Arabic calligraffiti
3317:Sun and moon letters
2477:Pre-classical Arabic
1804:Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk
1590:Timbuktu Manuscripts
1458:at Wikimedia Commons
1273:"The Amiri typeface"
831:, a French-Tunisian
734:Shafiq-Uz-Zaman Khan
614:Mehmed Shevki Efendi
3853:Islamic zoomorphism
3634:Islamic calligraphy
3171:Judeo-Tripolitanian
2650:Judeo-Tripolitanian
1522:Letters by Muhammad
1435:Islamic Calligraphy
989:Islamic calligraphy
817:Islamic calligraphy
804:with engravings of
789:revelation such as
762:script used at the
754:. For example, the
710:Mouneer Al-Shaarani
682:(1925-2004) in Iraq
596:Seyyid Kasim Gubari
406:Islamic calligraphy
255:Islamic calligraphy
188:Arabic Calligrapher
4998:Arabic orthography
4988:Arabic calligraphy
4903:Aniconism in Islam
4841:Toronto (Aga Khan)
4798:Khalili Collection
4663:Geometric patterns
4071:Bahmani and Deccan
3544:MacArabic encoding
1944:Arabic calligraphy
1900:Galland Manuscript
1893:Bijapur Collection
1493:Arabic manuscripts
1456:Arabic calligraphy
1401:The New York Times
926:and every land is
752:Arabic type design
635:
513:
443:
398:
193:Arabic calligraphy
190:
182:
4975:
4974:
4644:
4643:
4499:
4498:
4471:Hardstone carving
4368:Chinese influence
4219:
4218:
4205:Stucco decoration
3969:
3968:
3843:Persian miniature
3838:Ottoman miniature
3772:
3771:
3600:
3599:
3575:extinct languages
3514:MS-DOS codepages
3279:
3278:
3275:
3274:
2958:
2957:
2876:
2875:
2774:
2773:
2470:Old Hijazi Arabic
1969:
1968:
1932:
1931:
1866:Jami' al-tawarikh
1822:Maqamat al-Hariri
1735:De materia medica
1688:Maqamat al-Hariri
1671:MS Huntington 264
1639:De materia medica
1615:Maqamat al-Hariri
1454:Media related to
1066:978-9981-59-129-5
1041:978-3-640-93875-9
718:(b. 1942), Jordan
704:Ibrahim el-Salahi
698:Sadequain Naqqash
658:(b. 1939), Jordan
646:(b. 1937), Turkey
207:. It is known in
170:
169:
5010:
4814:Majorelle Garden
4510:
4509:
4343:Hispano-Moresque
4237:
4236:
4227:
4036:Anatolian Seljuk
4016:
4015:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3973:
3972:
3823:Mughal miniature
3798:Arabic miniature
3780:
3645:
3644:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3604:
3603:
3590:
3589:
3338:
2887:
2886:
2811:
2810:
2747:Western Algerian
2694:Eastern Algerian
2690:Algerian Saharan
2620:(Lesser Kabylia)
2523:
2522:
2514:
2513:
2456:Nabataean Arabic
2438:
2437:
2423:
2414:
2405:
2396:
2387:
2378:
2369:
2360:
2351:
2342:
2333:
2325:
2315:
2307:
2297:
2288:
2279:
2270:
2261:
2253:
2243:
2235:
2225:
2216:
2208:
2198:
2189:
2180:
2160:Maltese alphabet
2123:
2103:Algerian Braille
2093:Eastern numerals
2063:Nabataean script
1996:
1989:
1982:
1973:
1972:
1949:Arabic miniature
1797:Esad Efendi 3636
1742:Kitāb al-bayṭara
1705:Esad Efendi 2961
1506:
1505:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1463:
1462:
1453:
1439:
1438:. Brill Archive.
1419:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1392:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1345:PopTech (2011),
1342:
1336:
1335:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1277:
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1233:
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1230:
1229:
1214:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1153:"The Handam Pen"
1149:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1010:
971:
955:
939:
919:
903:
883:Western painting
867:Grey Art Gallery
855:
854:
730:(b. 1934), Syria
722:Mohamed Zakariya
712:(b. 1952), Syria
706:(b. 1930), Sudan
584:Shaykh Hamdullah
222:
42:
19:
18:
5018:
5017:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5008:
5007:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4971:
4940:Moorish Revival
4888:
4882:
4850:
4767:Calligraphy Art
4733:
4726:
4688:
4640:
4614:
4541:
4505:
4495:
4461:Enamelled glass
4434:
4413:
4372:
4324:
4279:
4240:Regional styles
4228:
4215:
4141:
4112:Sudano-Sahelian
4019:Regional styles
4005:
4000:
3970:
3965:
3955:
3939:
3913:
3892:
3878:
3857:
3781:
3768:
3752:
3729:
3701:
3636:
3631:
3601:
3596:
3562:
3548:
3495:Arabic keyboard
3483:
3378:
3370:
3355:Mater lectionis
3349:Triliteral root
3300:
3271:
3212:
3204:
3122:
3104:
3065:
2954:
2918:
2872:
2849:
2800:
2770:
2661:
2641:Judeo-Maghrebi
2509:
2503:
2499:Modern Standard
2482:
2427:
2164:
2108:Maltese Braille
2088:Arabic numerals
2049:
2006:
2000:
1970:
1965:
1928:
1905:
1880:
1842:
1809:
1756:Kalīla wa-Dimna
1749:Kitab al-Aghani
1721:Kitāb al-Diryāq
1716:
1675:
1627:Kitāb al-Diryāq
1602:
1558:
1540:
1527:
1495:
1490:
1446:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1413:
1411:
1393:
1386:
1377:
1375:
1366:
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1361:
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1328:
1327:
1323:
1314:
1312:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1290:
1275:
1269:
1265:
1260:. 24 July 2014.
1256:
1255:
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1227:
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1120:. 22 June 2023.
1116:
1115:
1111:
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1087:
1086:
1082:
1067:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1034:. GRIN Verlag.
1026:
1022:
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1007:
1002:
985:
978:
972:
963:
956:
947:
940:
931:
920:
911:
904:
895:
893:Modern examples
826:
779:
748:
743:
692:Hassan Massoudy
668:Everitte Barbee
652:(b. 1939), Iran
640:
580:
574:
549:
541:
480:
435:
429:
390:
384:
379:
347:
339:
331:
319:
310:
298:
289:Arabic alphabet
285:
283:Arabic alphabet
279:
277:Arabic alphabet
271:Ottoman Turkish
205:Arabic alphabet
166:
165:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5016:
5006:
5005:
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4995:
4990:
4973:
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4967:Topkapı Scroll
4964:
4957:
4952:
4947:
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4937:
4932:
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4856:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4822:
4817:
4806:
4801:
4790:British Museum
4786:
4781:
4774:Islamic Museum
4770:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4738:
4736:
4728:
4727:
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4518:
4516:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4485:Stained glass
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4456:Damascus steel
4453:
4448:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4435:
4433:
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4427:
4421:
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4415:
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4068:
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4013:
4007:
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3669:
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3622:
3615:
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3564:
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3547:
3546:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3512:
3507:
3505:ISO/IEC 8859-6
3502:
3497:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3439:Naskh (script)
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3385:
3383:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3219:
3217:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3176:Judeo-Tunisian
3173:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3158:Judeo-Moroccan
3155:
3154:
3153:
3143:
3141:Judeo-Egyptian
3138:
3136:Judeo-Algerian
3132:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3118:Bedouin Arabic
3114:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3073:
3071:
3067:
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3056:
3051:
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3021:
3016:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2968:
2966:
2960:
2959:
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2955:
2953:
2952:
2951:
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2940:
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2768:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2730:Moroccan koiné
2727:
2726:
2725:
2715:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2703:Tunisian koiné
2699:Eastern Hilal
2697:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2683:Judeo-Algerian
2678:Algerian koiné
2674:Central Hilal
2671:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2655:Judeo-Tunisian
2652:
2647:
2645:Judeo-Moroccan
2639:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2615:
2610:
2598:
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2520:
2511:
2505:
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2473:
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2416:
2407:
2398:
2389:
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2317:
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2299:
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2227:
2218:
2209:
2200:
2191:
2182:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2165:
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2162:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2098:Arabic Braille
2095:
2090:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2059:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2007:
1999:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1956:
1954:Baghdad School
1951:
1946:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1929:
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1911:
1907:
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1896:
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1879:
1878:
1862:
1855:
1843:
1827:Or. Add. 22114
1817:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1800:
1788:
1783:
1780:Vat. Arabo 368
1771:
1764:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1674:
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1668:
1661:
1649:
1646:Kitāb-al-Daraj
1642:
1635:
1623:
1610:
1608:
1604:
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1600:
1593:
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1445:
1444:External links
1442:
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1421:
1420:
1384:
1359:
1337:
1321:
1296:
1263:
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1234:
1204:
1193:www.ijissh.org
1180:
1171:"The Celi Pen"
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688:Iraqi-American
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567:(12th century)
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433:Naskh (script)
431:Main article:
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253:Although most
236:Arabic culture
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4538:
4535:
4533:
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4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
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4517:
4515:
4511:
4508:
4502:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4476:Ivory carving
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
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4449:
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4321:
4318:
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4308:
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4296:
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4265:
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4211:
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4027:
4024:
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4017:
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4008:
4004:
3997:
3992:
3990:
3985:
3983:
3978:
3977:
3974:
3964:
3958:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3942:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3918:Organizations
3916:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3862:Calligraphers
3860:
3854:
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3779:
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3755:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3720:Tawqi (Tevki)
3718:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
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3558:
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3511:
3508:
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3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3464:Sini (script)
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3454:Ruqʿah script
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3399:Hijazi script
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
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3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
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3332:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
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3225:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3077:Central Asian
3075:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3049:Taʽizzi-Adeni
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
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2961:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
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2892:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
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2856:
2852:
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2836:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
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2809:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2794:
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2787:
2784:
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2777:
2763:
2760:
2759:
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2728:
2724:
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2701:
2700:
2698:
2693:
2691:
2688:
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2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2633:
2630:
2628:Traras-Msirda
2627:
2626:
2624:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2599:
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2590:
2589:
2586:
2580:
2577:
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2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2550:
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2533:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2497:
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2479:
2478:
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2417:
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2413:
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2318:
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2309:
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2273:
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2255:
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2215:
2210:
2207:
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2201:
2199:
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2183:
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2174:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2158:
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2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
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2130:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2068:Arabic script
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2004:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1924:
1920:
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1912:
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1901:
1897:
1895:
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1889:
1887:
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1836:
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1806:
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1777:
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1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1658:TSMK, A. 3493
1655:
1654:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1628:
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1612:
1611:
1609:
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1598:
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1587:
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1549:
1547:
1543:
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1534:
1530:
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1513:
1511:
1507:
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1502:
1498:
1494:
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1482:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1389:
1374:on 2022-10-06
1373:
1369:
1363:
1350:
1349:
1341:
1333:
1332:
1325:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1259:
1253:
1251:
1243:
1238:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1133:
1127:
1119:
1113:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1043:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1024:
1016:
1009:
1005:
995:
992:
990:
987:
986:
977:
970:
965:
961:
954:
949:
945:
944:Saudi Tourism
938:
933:
929:
925:
918:
913:
909:
902:
897:
896:
890:
888:
887:Omar El-Nagdi
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
858:
849:
848:
842:
840:
839:
838:calligraffiti
834:
830:
821:
819:
818:
812:
809:
807:
803:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
774:
772:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
642:
641:
632:
628:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
608:Mustafa Râkim
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
581:
579:
566:
565:Fakhr-un-Nisa
563:
560:
559:Ibn al-Bawwab
557:
554:
551:
550:
544:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
517:
516:
509:
505:
501:
498:
495:
493:
489:
485:
478:Other scripts
475:
473:
469:
465:
460:
456:
452:
448:
439:
434:
424:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
394:
389:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
342:
334:
326:
324:
314:
305:
303:
293:
290:
284:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
232:
230:
229:Arabic script
226:
218:
214:
210:
206:
203:based on the
202:
198:
194:
186:
179:
178:Ibn al-Bawwab
174:
162:
159:
155:
152:
151:
150:
147:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
110:
107:
105:
102:
101:
100:
97:
93:
90:
88:
85:
84:
83:
80:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
57:
56:
53:
52:
46:
45:
41:
37:
36:
33:
30:
29:
25:
21:
20:
4959:
4955:Pseudo-Kufic
4895:
4875:
4868:
4861:
4784:Kuala Lumpur
4682:
4554:
4209:
4061:Indo-Islamic
4051:Great Seljuk
4011:Architecture
3963:Islamic arts
3951:Pseudo-Kufic
3909:Word heaping
3662:Jeli Thuluth
3648:
3570:
3510:Windows-1256
3469:Taliq script
3409:Jeli Thuluth
3389:Ajami script
3353:
3257:Pidgin madam
3244:
3222:
3186:Judeo-Yemeni
3128:Judeo-Arabic
3110:Sociological
3097:
3059:Judeo-Yemeni
2882:Mesopotamian
2757:Libyan koiné
2541:
2534:
2527:Pre-Hilalian
2475:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2449:Proto-Arabic
2447:
2082:Zabūr script
2035:Romanization
1958:
1943:
1916:
1910:17th century
1898:
1891:
1885:15th century
1864:
1857:
1845:
1820:
1814:14th century
1802:
1790:
1773:
1766:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1686:
1680:13th century
1663:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1625:
1613:
1607:12th century
1595:
1588:
1576:
1569:
1563:11th century
1551:
1545:10th century
1520:
1434:
1426:Bibliography
1412:. Retrieved
1400:
1376:. Retrieved
1372:the original
1362:
1352:, retrieved
1347:
1340:
1330:
1324:
1313:. Retrieved
1311:. 2015-07-21
1308:
1299:
1283:
1279:
1266:
1244:, p. 6.
1237:
1226:. Retrieved
1221:
1196:. Retrieved
1192:
1183:
1174:
1165:
1156:
1147:
1136:. Retrieved
1134:. 2018-05-15
1126:
1112:
1101:. Retrieved
1092:
1083:
1056:
1050:
1030:
1023:
1008:
958:Logo of the
871:abstract art
862:
861:
856:
846:
843:
836:
827:
815:
813:
810:
799:
780:
768:
749:
716:Mahmoud Taha
644:Hasan Çelebi
638:Contemporary
622:(801-873 AD)
572:Ottoman era
555:(d. 939/940)
542:
514:
502:
499:
496:
481:
444:
410:
399:
348:
340:
332:
320:
311:
299:
286:
252:
248:architecture
233:
212:
192:
191:
59:
5003:Calligraphy
4887:Principles,
4855:Exhibitions
4808:Marrakech (
4804:Los Angeles
4772:Jerusalem (
4734:collections
4685:Calligraphy
4565:Indo-Muslim
4547:Calligraphy
4481:Mosque lamp
4439:Other media
4358:Mina'i ware
4247:Bangladeshi
4003:Islamic art
3404:Jawi script
3376:Calligraphy
3305:Linguistics
3230:Gulf Pidgin
3146:Judeo-Iraqi
3087:Kashkadarya
2943:Judeo-Iraqi
2868:Palestinian
2779:Nile Valley
2441:Pre-Islamic
2153:Dagger alif
1532:9th century
1509:7th century
1501:Manuscripts
1224:(in Arabic)
879:Madiha Omar
764:Amiri Press
728:Uthman Taha
686:Madiha Omar
650:Ali Adjalli
616:(1829–1887)
610:(1757–1826)
604:(1642–1698)
602:Hâfiz Osman
592:(1891-1982)
590:Hamid Aytaç
586:(1436–1520)
359:Islamic art
351:mathematics
308:Khamish pen
201:calligraphy
197:handwriting
32:Calligraphy
4993:Arabic art
4982:Categories
4961:Stilfragen
4889:influences
4761:Istanbul (
4694:The garden
4650:Decoration
4619:Other arts
4514:Miniatures
4399:Embroidery
4353:Lustreware
4212:Decoration
4175:Mashrabiya
4083:Indonesian
3944:Influences
3889:Techniques
3291:Literature
2964:Peninsular
2904:Khuzestani
2634:(Mountain)
2554:Australian
2463:Old Arabic
2113:Diacritics
2040:Numerology
1923:Arabe 1489
1761:Arabe 3465
1701:Arabe 5847
1697:Arabe 6094
1693:Arabe 3929
1632:Arabe 2964
1620:Arabe 3924
1414:2020-02-24
1378:2020-02-25
1354:2020-02-24
1315:2024-09-21
1228:2024-09-21
1198:2024-09-21
1138:2019-04-25
1103:2021-03-17
1000:References
994:Abu Saymeh
875:Arab world
783:Holy Quran
766:in Cairo.
656:Wijdan Ali
459:Holy Quran
329:Handam pen
296:Implements
142:Vietnamese
4923:Grotesque
4836:Singapore
4820:Melbourne
4658:Arabesque
4087:Malaysian
3743:Nasta'liq
3667:Kairouani
3581:varieties
3573:indicate
3488:Technical
3459:Shahmukhi
3414:Kairouani
3312:Phonology
3091:Khorasani
3081:Bakhtiari
2933:Anatolian
2863:Jordanian
2843:Damascene
2806:Levantine
2718:Hassaniya
2559:Cottenera
2494:Classical
2433:Varieties
2011:Overviews
1852:Or Ms 161
1839:Marsh 458
1583:Marsh 144
1409:0362-4331
1075:191880956
847:Hurufiyya
771:typefaces
633:(801-873)
598:(d. 1624)
561:(d. 1022)
553:Ibn Muqla
488:Nasta'liq
355:astronomy
345:Evolution
263:Christian
261:or other
161:Mongolian
49:By script
4928:Moresque
4788:London (
4732:Museums,
4717:Paradise
4702:Charbagh
4683:See also
4585:Nastaliq
4575:Muhaqqaq
4506:the book
4418:Woodwork
4377:Textiles
4338:Fritware
4210:See also
4195:Muqarnas
4190:Mocárabe
4147:Elements
3961:Part of
3899:Kasheeda
3682:Muhaqqaq
3677:Maghrebi
3592:Category
3444:Nastaliq
3434:Muhaqqaq
3424:Maghrebi
3284:Academic
3224:Bimbashi
3180:Tunisene
3151:Baghdadi
3099:Shirvani
3039:Hadhrami
2997:Bahraini
2948:Baghdadi
2899:Baghdadi
2838:Aleppine
2828:Lebanese
2823:Cilician
2796:Sudanese
2786:Egyptian
2667:Hilalian
2625:Western
2603:Eastern
2600:Village
2579:Żurrieqi
2543:Sicilian
2536:Andalusi
2518:Maghrebi
2487:Literary
2139:(tanwin)
2137:Nunation
2023:Alphabet
2018:Language
2005:language
1960:Sharbūsh
1937:Concepts
1871:Or Ms 20
1831:Or. 7293
1709:Or. 9718
1516:PERF 558
1309:BBC News
1288:Archived
1189:"IJISSH"
1097:Archived
983:See also
974:Logo of
908:Emirates
885:, while
853:الحروفية
833:graffiti
736:Pakistan
631:Al-Kindi
620:Al-Kindi
547:Medieval
526:Muhaqqaq
472:Muhaqqaq
363:Nastaliq
337:Celi pen
323:Java pen
317:Java pen
240:religion
137:Japanese
116:Georgian
99:Cyrillic
24:a series
22:Part of
4945:Mudéjar
4846:Tripoli
4824:Paris (
4794:V&A
4722:Persian
4712:Ottoman
4626:Muraqqa
4605:Thuluth
4590:Persian
4537:Persian
4532:Ottoman
4504:Arts of
4489:Shabaka
4363:Persian
4330:Pottery
4315:Turkish
4310:Persian
4285:Carpets
4274:Ottoman
4270:Turkish
4264:Safavid
4252:Persian
4185:Minaret
4160:Banna'i
4132:Umayyad
4127:Timurid
4117:Swahili
4107:Ottoman
4102:Moorish
4092:Iranian
4066:Bengali
4046:Fatimid
4041:Chinese
4031:Ayyubid
4026:Abbasid
3828:Muraqqa
3803:Basmala
3786:Objects
3735:Persian
3707:Ottoman
3697:Thuluth
3571:Italics
3479:Thuluth
3344:Grammar
3215:pidgins
3210:Creoles
3199:Sanʽani
3084:Bukhara
3044:Sanʽani
3007:Kuwaiti
3002:Emirati
2987:Dhofari
2972:Bahrani
2938:Cypriot
2926:(Qeltu)
2753:Sulaym
2740:Western
2735:Eastern
2613:Sfaxian
2609:(Sahel)
2564:Gozitan
2549:Maltese
2169:Letters
2143:Shaddah
2132:Harakat
2127:Tashkil
2055:Scripts
2028:History
1835:ÖNB AF9
1786:MS 5229
1538:Qur'ans
1280:TUGboat
928:Karbala
873:in the
857:letters
829:EL Seed
802:Mosques
787:Islam's
520:Rayhani
484:Thuluth
464:Rayhani
455:Thuluth
413:Persian
377:Scripts
154:Western
127:Chinese
123:-based
104:Serbian
92:Tibetan
82:Brahmic
75:Persian
70:Turkish
65:Islamic
4830:Louvre
4810:Museum
4757:Ghazni
4742:Berlin
4707:Mughal
4678:Zellij
4610:Tughra
4560:Diwani
4555:Arabic
4527:Mughal
4522:Arabic
4430:Minbar
4425:Khatam
4409:Suzani
4404:Soumak
4389:Damask
4320:Prayer
4303:Motifs
4200:Sitara
4180:Mihrab
4137:Yemeni
4097:Mamluk
4076:Mughal
3848:Tughra
3808:Firman
3757:Others
3748:Taʿlīq
3725:Ruq'ah
3715:Diwani
3657:Hijazi
3649:Arabic
3641:Styles
3394:Diwani
3381:Script
3339:(case)
3336:ʾIʿrāb
3322:Tajwid
3267:Bongor
3246:Maridi
3196:Habban
3070:Others
3054:Tihami
3034:Yemeni
3029:Shihhi
3014:Hejazi
2982:Bedawi
2977:Bareqi
2833:Syrian
2791:Saʽidi
2723:Nemadi
2709:Maqil
2607:Sahili
2574:Żejtun
2510:spoken
2508:Modern
2003:Arabic
1875:MSS 77
1571:Maqama
1553:Maqama
1407:
1286:: 12.
1222:بيانات
1073:
1063:
1038:
924:Ashura
877:. For
741:Legacy
664:, Iraq
534:script
532:Ruq'ah
528:script
522:script
492:Diwani
470:, and
468:Thulth
451:Medina
421:Ghazni
367:Ruq'ah
259:Coptic
217:Arabic
209:Arabic
132:Korean
87:Indian
60:Arabic
55:Arabic
4747:Cairo
4672:tiles
4668:Girih
4631:Hilya
4600:Taliq
4580:Naskh
4570:Kufic
4466:Glass
4451:Brass
4446:Music
4384:Batik
4348:Iznik
4298:Kilim
4260:Qajar
4256:Early
4155:Ablaq
4122:Tatar
4056:Hausa
3904:Qalam
3886:Tools
3813:Hilya
3692:Naskh
3687:Mashq
3672:Kufic
3553:Other
3474:Tawqi
3429:Mashq
3419:Kufic
3327:Imāla
3296:Names
3262:Turku
3190:Adeni
3024:Omani
3019:Najdi
2924:North
2914:South
2909:Shawi
2891:Gilit
2855:South
2815:North
2713:Fessi
2632:Jebli
2618:Jijel
2593:Tunis
2588:Urban
2569:Qormi
2178:ʾAlif
2148:Hamza
2120:i‘jām
1331:Coran
1291:(PDF)
1276:(PDF)
960:Saudi
760:Naskh
756:Amiri
676:Syria
447:Mecca
427:Naskh
388:Kufic
382:Kufic
371:Kufic
302:Qalam
225:Kufic
213:khatt
149:Latin
121:Hanzi
4763:Arts
4752:Doha
4595:Sini
4394:Ikat
4233:Arts
4170:Jali
4165:Iwan
3764:Sini
3449:Rasm
3252:Nubi
3240:Juba
3213:and
3193:Beda
3165:Wqal
3162:Kjal
2992:Gulf
2340:Ġayn
2331:ʿAyn
1713:S.23
1405:ISSN
1071:OCLC
1061:ISBN
1036:ISBN
906:The
844:The
490:and
486:and
482:The
449:and
417:Urdu
415:and
402:Kufa
365:and
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321:The
287:The
269:and
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199:and
109:Vyaz
4293:Gul
3537:864
3532:720
3528:711
3525:710
3522:709
3518:708
3361:IPA
2421:Yāʾ
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2403:Hāʾ
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2385:Mīm
2376:Lām
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2358:Qāf
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2322:Ẓāʾ
2313:Ṭāʾ
2304:Ḍād
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2259:Rāʾ
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2241:Dāl
2232:Ḫāʾ
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2205:Ṯāʾ
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2187:Bāʾ
824:Art
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