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courses, and, more significantly, language courses for Arabic. From a study involving many notable universities, motivation for learning the language was diverse and ranged from "literature and culture", "wanting to travel/live in the Middle East," "to talk with Arabs," to "research of original sources". Learning Arabic would be a gateway to cultural appreciation, communication between cultures, and career and research opportunities and that would only be possible from learning the language. According to the Modern
Language Association, Arabic is shown to be the 8th most studied language in secondary education, with 31,554 enrollments in Fall 2016 and 22,918 enrollments in 2021. Arabic languages being taught did not only include Arabic but also "Arabic, Classical," "Arabic, Egyptian," "Arabic, Gulf," "Arabic, Iraqi," "Arabic, Levantine," "Arabic, Modern Standard," "Arabic, Moroccan," "Arabic, Qur’anic," "Arabic, Sudanese," and "Arabic, Syrian," to cater to the different dialects, focuses, and regional tones.
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encountered two teenage boys who cursed and stabbed Othman, clearly stating that he deserved to be stabbed for being Arab. This exemplifies the risk that Arab
Americans are subjected to in their daily lives for speaking their language. Many Arabic teachers believe that Arabic is not a language to be used on streets because of possible implications and potential threat perceived by non-Arabs. This impacts their teaching strategies, and affects the motivation for students to learn Arabic knowing that they have to be careful when speaking it in public. In Chicago, protests were held to call for law enforcement to stop the racial profiling against Muslims and Arabs. The community has received multiple suspicious activity reports (SAR) just for daily activities, including taking photos and speaking Arabic. With constant fear surrounding speaking the language, the continued use of it could potentially decrease, and students would be less likely to learn the language.
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development and maturity of the programs. Since Arabic is the native language of over twenty sovereign nations and territories, each region has its own dialect, and some regions speak more than one form of it. This creates an issue as students of Arabic language programs can be composed of different backgrounds, thus speaking different variations of the language. Deciding which form of the language to use for instructions and how to improve teaching techniques to be inclusive of all the students becomes important. Besides students from the different regions of the Arabic Muslim world, Arabic is also a language of Islam to non-Arab followers of Islam. The diversity of the speakers of the language imply that there is no single Arabic identity in the United States. The language could be used for communication for some while only being used during the practice of religion for others.
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curriculum. The school first caught attention when the first principal of school, Debbie
Almontaser, was labeled as the "intifada principal" for seemingly defending the Palestinian intifada. With the accusation of her attempting to start a jihad in NY, she was eventually fired and replaced by a Jewish principal. This portrays the language panic as people disregarded the facts that Khalil Gibran International Academy's curriculum also incorporated other faiths, such as Judaism, and that Khalil Gibran is a peace advocate and Christian by faith. However, none of these mattered when it came to evaluating the public and political discourse of this academy. It further shows the linkage of the terms Arab, Muslim, jihadist, threatening, and terrorist to non-Arabs with little to no knowledge of these terms.
638:
for higher education institutes in the USA to teach solely Modern
Standard Arabic, and as of the 2020s, it is still prevalent in universities to teach Modern Standard Arabic first to new learners of the language. After students have gained some degree of proficiency, they then switch to be taught Arabic dialects. Focus on the dialects has increased post the 9/11 events. Difficulties have been reported that arise from this situation: the use of Modern Standard Arabic is limited beyond Islam, while materials used in Arabic language teaching, such as films and reports produced by media based in the Middle East, come in various dialects that may not be fully comprehensible to speakers of MSA.
634:
reported observing a swift transition from using Arabic to using
English among Arab immigrant families in the US. Nevertheless, the Arabic language is still spoken by a great number of heritage speakers and is regarded as a symbol of ethnic or religious identity by many. The phenomenon of "code-switching", namely the mixed usage of English and Arabic words in a sentence while speaking, has been observed in an increasing number of Arab Americans. In the early years of the 2020s, an increase in heritage speakers enrolled in Arabic language lessons at universities has been observed.
246:
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population has led to this change. Migration from the Arab-speaking population to the United States dates back to the 18th century in the
Atlantic slave trade. African Muslim slaves used Arabic as their means of communication. More sustained immigration started in the late 19th century onward, following trends such as education and have continued to the present. According to the 2017 American Census Bureau, there were 2 million Arab Americans recorded, while the Arab American Institute suggested numbers may reach 3.7 million.
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priests who speak Arabic or Syriac. Most of these Arab tradesmen were willing to learn
English as well. In the twentieth century, Arabs taught and spoke to their children English in order to create an American identity, leaving no time and use for Arabic. Arabic only started to be picked up again after the 1960s when it was used in church and media.
279:, an Assyriologist, established a comprehensive Semitic philology program at Johns Hopkins University, which later influenced the development of similar programs across the nation. By the end of the nineteenth century, there were sixteen major departments of Semitics in the United States, with Arabic being offered in various colleges and seminaries.
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heritage language. Language is often viewed as part of identity, so maintaining the language is crucial for Arabic in the U.S. Thus, more effort and research are still needed to implement more and better Arabic language programs whether to maintain Arabic as the heritage language of Arab
Americans or to be taught to non-Arabs for other purposes.
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play a vital role for all in the community. Their standard or classical Arabic language functions as a symbol of unification among all language speakers, as it is an expression of identity. Moreover, Arab
Americans share more affinity to the Arabic language and culture as it could be either tied to their ethnic identity or their common religion.
637:
Arabic exists in many forms, with a standard version, Modern
Standard Arabic (MSA), and a myriad of dialects from different regions of the Middle East and North Africa. The debate over which version of Arabic is to be taught at American schools has long existed. Before the 9/11 attacks, it was common
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In conclusion, the history of Arabic in America shows the enduring influence of linguistic diversity, cultural exchange, and the frequent migrations of Arabic communities. From the precolonial period to modern times, the Arabic language and its cultures have deeply shaped American society, as well as
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Numerous U.S. government agencies, including the Department of State, the National Security Agency (NSA), the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and the Peace Corps, established language training programs for Arabic. These initiatives contributed to the teaching and testing of Arabic, the development
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During the Second World War, there was a significant transformation in the study of Arabic in the United States. The urgent need to train the military in the Arabic language exposed the nation's lack of professionals in this area. Therefore, the federal government, with the assistance of the American
607:
Despite the obstacles of prejudicial beliefs and racial profiling, the Arabic language has established its cultural and educational phenomenon in the United States. The migration of Arab-speaking communities, along with a significant surge of motivated learners, ensures that the language will become
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Hate crimes are common, and the only way for non-Arabic people to distinguish those who are Arabic is through observing their language. In 2015, Said Othman just picked up his wife and son from school and were taking a casual stroll down a neighborhood. While speaking Arabic to his wife, the couple
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Following the 9/11 event and specifically during the presidency period of Donald Trump, Arabs and Muslims were targeted due to their identity, and labeled as enemies. Due to the prejudicial association of Arabs and Muslims as terrorists, men are viewed as violent and women are viewed as passive and
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Heritage speakers of Arabic are undoubtedly a crucial constituent of the Arabic-speaking community of the USA. Arab Americans, almost 3.7 million strong as of 2023 according to census data provided by the Arab American Institute, do not all speak Arabic, and less than half are Muslim. Some scholars
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While the development of Arabic language education in the USA has been significant since the start of the 21st century, with several identifiable trends in the scale and methods in which the language is taught, it is also in the face of obstacles mainly serving from socio-political factors of the
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The study of Arabic language maintenance found two contrasting results. One study found that English continues to be the dominant language spoken by Arab Americans. However, another research found varying degrees of multilingual proficiency in the Detroit area and deduced that Arabic continues to
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Similar to other cultural minority groups in the U.S., by the third generation, it is predicted that English will become the primary language as the newer generation becomes more Americanized and assimilated into the western culture. This poses a challenge in preserving the Arabic language as a
271:
Arabic language education in the United States dates back to over a century before the Declaration of Independence. Initially, the study of Arabic was introduced to complement the study of Hebrew and the Old Testament. Harvard was the first American college to offer Semitic languages, including
681:
Another challenge posed to the Arabic language in the United States is the replacement of Arabic with English. During the first wave of Arab immigration, Christianity was the dominant faith and most were tradesmen. English was used as the language of worship in Arab churches due to the lack of
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The 2000 U.S. census reported 1.2 million Arab Americans, with significant population concentrations in metropolitan areas such as Los Angeles, Detroit, New York, Chicago, and Washington, DC. The largest proportion of Arab Americans traced their heritage to Lebanon, Syria, and Egypt. Regarding
672:
When it comes to the Arabic language itself, multiple challenges still remain despite the increasing investment in Arabic language programs. There is a lack of formal training to prepare and support the teachers for teaching Arabic. This affects the quality of the learning and hinders further
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Growing philological interest in the Arab and Middle Eastern world has also factored in the development of the increase in Arabic speakers. Universities have been able to provide many more courses related to the Arab and Middle East regions, including Middle Eastern studies, religious studies
599:
This number demonstrates the increasing popularity of Arabic as it continues to grow from a decade ago, when only 860 thousand speakers, according to the United States Census Bureau, were recorded, indicating a remarkable growth to where it is now. More frequent migration of the Arab-speaking
309:
The enduring impact of this national effort resulted in providing language proficiency to a large number of individuals, many of whom later became educators, government officials, or businessmen dealing with the regions they were trained for. Additionally, the instruction of Arabic and other
595:
Arabic in the United States and its ever-growing presence showcase the increasing significance of the language. Arabic has more than 1.35 million speakers in the United States, making it the sixth most common language spoken in the country and catering to almost 0.5% of the U.S. population.
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Additionally, the Khalil Gibran International Academy, a dual language school of Arabic and English, was meant to open in Brooklyn, NY, on September 4, 2007, but was met with panic and resistance upon its opening. Conservative columnists claimed that the school has a fundamentalist Islamic
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Hebrew, Chaldaic, and Syriac in 1640, and later added Arabic between 1654 and 1672. This approach was then adopted by other institutions such as Yale in 1700, the University of Pennsylvania in 1788, Dartmouth and Andover in 1807, and the Theological Seminary in Princeton in 1822.
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Council of Learned Societies (ACLS), tried to mobilize linguistic experts to create educational materials for numerous languages and dialects, as well as established programs such as the Army Specialized Training Program (ASTP) for intensive language training.
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The history of Arabic in America spans centuries, which mainly includes the progress of pre-colonial contact, the dark legacy of the Atlantic slave trade, and waves of immigration that have left an indelible mark on the cultural fabric of the United States.
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socio-economic characteristics, Arab Americans have largely maintained an economic advantage compared to the overall U.S. population. They are engaged in management-level and professional work at a larger proportion compared to the general population.
976:
296:
Sustained immigration from the Arab world to the United States started in the late 19th century. This influx of immigrants brought rich traditions, cuisine, and customs, which later deeply combined Arabic influences within American society.
1076:
Oral history interview with Arabic Language Professor Amani S. Hassan at New York University Department of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies on Dec 10 2023. This is part of New York University Shanghai's Student Oral History Projects.
960:
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terrorist extensions. Thus, the language itself is often labeled as threatening and un-American. These common prejudicial beliefs have impacted the daily lives of Arab Americans, making them fearful of speaking Arabic in public.
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The Atlantic slave trade brought significant numbers of Arabic speakers to America. Many African Muslim slaves were fluent in Arabic and thus contributed to the language's presence in the United States.
317:
Furthermore, various universities and institutions received support to develop instructional materials and programs for different Arabic dialects under the support of the national standard.
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increasingly prevalent in the future. The article will follow through a more detailed exploration of the history, development, and challenges of the Arabic language in the United States.
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https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2010.B16001?q=B16001: LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT HOME BY ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH FOR THE POPULATION 5 YEARS AND OVER&g=010XX00US&y=2010.
1201:
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https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2021.B16001?q=B16001: LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT HOME BY ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH FOR THE POPULATION 5 YEARS AND OVER&g=010XX00US.
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813:"Detailed Language Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for Persons 5 Years and Over --50 Languages with Greatest Number of Speakers: United States 1990"
700:
37:
915:
876:
846:
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https://www.mla.org/content/download/191324/file/Enrollments-in-Languages-Other-Than-English-in-US-Institutions-of-Higher-Education-Fall-2021.pdf, 49.
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3423:
987:
U.S. Census Bureau, "PEOPLE REPORTING ANCESTRY Universe: Total population more information 2017 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates," 2017,
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Modern Language Association, "Enrollments in Languages Other Than English in US Institutions of Higher Education, Fall 2021," MLA, 2023,
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After that, the focus on Arabic education gradually transitioned from theological motivations to philological interests. In 1883,
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2012:
842:
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U.S. Census Bureau, "LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT HOME BY ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH FOR THE POPULATION 5 YEARS AND OVER," 201,.
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U.S. Census Bureau, "LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT HOME BY ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH FOR THE POPULATION 5 YEARS AND OVER," 2021,
232:
167:
51:
3478:
2451:
1308:
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2017:
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1004:
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R. Kirk Belnap, "WHO'S TAKING ARABIC AND WHAT ON EARTH FOR? A Survey Of Students in Arabic Language Programs,"
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of instructional materials, and the training of a substantial number of individuals in Arabic dialects.
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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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1159:"Chicago community groups say 'suspicious activity reports' lead to racial profiling by police"
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https://ia801007.us.archive.org/34/items/2017ancestrybystate/2017%20ancestry%20by%20state.pdf
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1098:"Teaching Arabic to children and youth in the United States: between love and indictment"
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non-European languages became a regular part of educational programs across the country.
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E.N.McCarus. "The study of Arabic in the United States: A history of its development."
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https://web.archive.org/web/20161023235625/http://www.aaiusa.org/demographics
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American Community Survey, ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Table B16001
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American Community Survey, ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Table B16001
790:
102:
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3286:
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1145:"Teens Allegedly Stab Brooklyn Man "Because You're Arabic & Deserve It"
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https://shanghai.nyu.edu/news/documenting-ordinary-through-oral-history
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American-Arab Institute Foundation, "Demographics," Web Archive,
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American Community Survey, ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables,
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made interconnections and exchanges with the American culture.
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1102:
International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism
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139:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
1007:, archived October 23, 2016, accessed December 13, 2023.
1081:. To request more details, please email: sw141@nyu.edu.
676:
472:
Arabic speakers in the United States by states in 2010
701:
History of the Middle Eastern people in Metro Detroit
767:"Arabic as a Heritage Language in the United States"
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1209:
1371:North-Central American / Upper Midwestern English
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756:
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771:International Multilingual Research Journal
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732:
201:, as article structure and flow is way off.
52:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1202:
1188:
1084:
320:
233:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
3696:Immigrant languages of the United States
866:
864:
729:
267:Prior to the Declaration of Independence
244:
1461:
300:
282:
3678:
251:Detroit People Mover Grand Circus Park
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1183:
1142:
1095:
1022:http://www.jstor.org/stable/43191686.
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718:
716:
975:, 2010, accessed December 14, 2023,
959:, 2021, accessed December 14, 2023,
764:
677:English potentially replacing Arabic
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179:
121:
58:
17:
13:
991:2017, accessed December 14, 2023,
909:
870:
843:United States Bureau of the Census
713:
14:
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668:Flaws of Arabic language programs
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33:This article has multiple issues.
3479:Sandy River Valley Sign Language
1309:Inland Northern American English
184:
126:
63:
22:
3461:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language
1151:
1143:Yakas, Ben (October 24, 2015).
1136:
1041:
1010:
997:
912:"American FactFinder - Results"
873:"American FactFinder - Results"
839:"Language Spoken at Home: 2000"
41:or discuss these issues on the
1211:Languages of the United States
981:
965:
949:
903:
831:
805:
628:
249:An Arabic warning sign at the
1:
1114:10.1080/13670050.2021.1989372
706:
3414:Black American Sign Language
3192:Creole Hawai'i Sign Language
1433:Western Pennsylvania English
1096:Deiri, Youmna (2023-08-09).
783:10.1080/19313152.2010.499041
765:Bale, Jeffrey (2010-08-13).
650:
74:may incorporate text from a
7:
3208:Navajo Family Sign Language
1020:20, no. 1/2 (1987): 29–42,
817:United States Census Bureau
689:
197:to comply with Knowledge's
103:the project page about this
10:
3712:
3424:Puerto Rican Sign Language
331:Arabs in the United States
324:
257:
3499:
3470:
3450:
3432:
3399:
3390:
3348:
3310:
3267:
3229:
3220:
3180:
3147:Anishinaabe Sign Language
3138:
3129:
3084:
3022:
3015:
2951:
2853:
2825:
2807:
2703:
2685:
2633:
2507:
2402:
2348:
2309:
2282:
2230:
2193:
2162:
2126:
2031:
1983:
1809:
1759:
1731:
1694:
1656:
1468:
1450:
1396:Southern American English
1376:Pacific Northwest English
1366:Northern American English
1247:
1228:
1217:
645:
340:Arabic speakers in the US
337:
2174:San Felipe–Santo Domingo
1428:Western American English
1324:Midland American English
1299:General American English
1252:African-American English
210:may contain suggestions.
195:may need to be rewritten
3150:Blackfoot Sign Language
1361:New York Latino English
1264:American Indian English
1053:Arab American Institute
321:Historical Demographics
3486:Henniker Sign Language
3409:American Sign Language
3153:Cheyenne Sign Language
2018:Central Siberian Yupik
2013:Central Alaskan Yup'ik
1508:Malecite-Passamaquoddy
1418:Upper Michigan English
1391:Puerto Rican Englishes
254:
148:by rewriting it in an
3686:Arab-American culture
3188:Hawai'i Sign Language
3171:Ktunaxa Sign Language
3166:Plateau Sign Language
2928:Northern Sierra Miwok
2868:Southern Sierra Miwok
2177:Zia–Santa Ana Pueblos
1925:Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie
1413:Transatlantic English
1356:New York City English
1346:New Mexican Englishes
1329:New England Englishes
910:Bureau, U.S. Census.
871:Bureau, U.S. Census.
248:
3636:Serbo-Croatian (0.3)
3504:in 2021 in millions)
3442:Samoan Sign Language
3159:Navajo Sign Language
3094:Afro-Seminole Creole
2863:Central Sierra Miwok
2442:North Straits Salish
1866:Mescalero-Chiricahua
1386:Philadelphia English
849:on February 12, 2020
301:The Second World War
283:Atlantic Slave Trade
99:copyright violations
76:large language model
3502:(number of speakers
3500:Immigrant languages
3198:Inuit Sign Language
1423:Utah Mormon English
1351:New Orleans English
1269:Appalachian English
474:
3277:Pennsylvania Dutch
3156:Cree Sign Language
2968:Havasupai–Hualapai
2914:Kings River Yokuts
2893:Buena Vista Yokuts
2873:Tule-Kaweah Yokuts
1381:Pennsylvania Dutch
1304:High Tider English
1289:California English
941:has generic name (
895:has generic name (
470:
255:
150:encyclopedic style
137:is written like a
3673:
3672:
3495:
3494:
3386:
3385:
3216:
3215:
3130:Manual Indigenous
3125:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3011:
3010:
2386:Northeastern Pomo
2373:Southeastern Pomo
2146:Northern Kalapuya
1446:
1445:
1274:Baltimore English
1163:Chicago Sun-Times
593:
592:
468:
467:
292:Late 19th Century
243:
242:
235:
225:
224:
199:quality standards
178:
177:
170:
120:
119:
56:
3703:
3397:
3396:
3368:Louisiana Creole
3227:
3226:
3136:
3135:
3020:
3019:
2311:Plateau Penutian
2139:Central Kalapuya
1466:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1241:American English
1235:
1234:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1181:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1093:
1082:
1074:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1024:
1014:
1008:
1001:
995:
985:
979:
969:
963:
953:
947:
946:
940:
936:
934:
926:
924:
923:
914:. Archived from
907:
901:
900:
894:
890:
888:
880:
875:. Archived from
868:
859:
858:
856:
854:
845:. Archived from
835:
829:
828:
826:
824:
809:
803:
802:
762:
727:
720:
481:Arabic speakers
475:
469:
335:
334:
238:
231:
220:
217:
211:
188:
180:
173:
166:
162:
159:
153:
130:
129:
122:
115:
112:
106:
93:claims that are
67:
59:
48:
26:
25:
18:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3691:Arabic language
3676:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3503:
3501:
3491:
3466:
3446:
3428:
3392:
3382:
3344:
3306:
3263:
3222:
3212:
3176:
3131:
3117:
3086:
3080:
3007:
2954:
2947:
2849:
2821:
2803:
2748:Northern Paiute
2699:
2695:Coast Tsimshian
2681:
2629:
2503:
2398:
2344:
2305:
2278:
2226:
2189:
2158:
2122:
2027:
1979:
1886:Upper Kuskokwim
1812:
1805:
1755:
1727:
1690:
1652:
1453:
1452:Oral Indigenous
1442:
1438:Yeshiva English
1294:Chicano English
1243:
1224:
1213:
1208:
1178:
1177:
1168:
1166:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1141:
1137:
1094:
1085:
1075:
1066:
1057:
1055:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1034:
1027:
1015:
1011:
1002:
998:
986:
982:
970:
966:
954:
950:
938:
937:
928:
927:
921:
919:
908:
904:
892:
891:
882:
881:
869:
862:
852:
850:
837:
836:
832:
822:
820:
811:
810:
806:
763:
730:
721:
714:
709:
692:
679:
670:
653:
648:
631:
614:
589:
577:
565:
553:
541:
529:
517:
505:
493:
464:
454:
444:
434:
424:
414:
404:
394:
384:
374:
364:
354:
349:
342:
333:
323:
303:
294:
285:
269:
260:
239:
228:
227:
226:
221:
215:
212:
202:
189:
174:
163:
157:
154:
146:help improve it
143:
131:
127:
116:
110:
107:
85:information or
81:It may include
80:
68:
27:
23:
12:
11:
5:
3709:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3661:
3655:
3649:
3643:
3637:
3634:
3628:
3622:
3616:
3610:
3604:
3598:
3592:
3589:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3514:
3507:
3505:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3482:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3456:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3438:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3405:
3403:
3394:
3391:Manual settler
3388:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3359:
3357:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3320:CalĂł (Chicano)
3316:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3235:
3233:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3203:Keresan Pueblo
3200:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3142:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3099:Chinook Jargon
3096:
3090:
3088:
3085:Mixed or trade
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3071:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3026:
3024:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2959:
2957:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2907:Gashowu Yokuts
2903:
2896:
2889:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2859:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2794:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2778:Ute-Chemehuevi
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2691:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2498:Upper Chehalis
2494:
2487:
2480:
2477:Lower Chehalis
2473:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2417:Columbia-Moses
2414:
2408:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2389:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2335:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2315:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2295:
2294:
2288:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2199:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2171:Cochiti Pueblo
2168:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2134:
2132:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1899:
1898:
1896:Western Apache
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1767:
1765:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1700:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1662:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1598:Mohegan-Pequot
1594:
1591:Miami-Illinois
1587:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1474:
1472:
1463:
1456:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1279:Boston English
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1184:
1176:
1175:
1150:
1135:
1108:(7): 817–829.
1083:
1064:
1049:"Demographics"
1040:
1025:
1009:
996:
980:
964:
948:
902:
879:on 2020-02-12.
860:
830:
804:
777:(2): 125–151.
728:
711:
710:
708:
705:
704:
703:
698:
696:Arab Americans
691:
688:
678:
675:
669:
666:
652:
649:
647:
644:
630:
627:
613:
612:Current Status
610:
591:
590:
587:
585:
579:
578:
575:
573:
567:
566:
563:
561:
555:
554:
551:
549:
543:
542:
539:
537:
531:
530:
527:
525:
519:
518:
515:
513:
507:
506:
503:
501:
495:
494:
491:
489:
483:
482:
479:
466:
465:
462:
460:
456:
455:
452:
450:
446:
445:
442:
440:
436:
435:
432:
430:
426:
425:
422:
420:
416:
415:
412:
410:
406:
405:
402:
400:
396:
395:
392:
390:
386:
385:
382:
380:
376:
375:
372:
370:
366:
365:
362:
360:
356:
355:
352:
350:
347:
344:
343:
338:
327:Arab Americans
322:
319:
302:
299:
293:
290:
284:
281:
268:
265:
259:
256:
241:
240:
223:
222:
192:
190:
183:
176:
175:
134:
132:
125:
118:
117:
71:
69:
62:
57:
31:
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3708:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3498:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3389:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3219:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3128:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2878:Valley Yokuts
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2658:Southern Tiwa
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2617:Tutelo-Saponi
2614:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2412:Coeur d'Alene
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2393:Northern Pomo
2390:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2378:Southern Pomo
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2186:Laguna Pueblo
2185:
2182:
2180:Western Keres
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2110:Susquehannock
2107:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2096:Neutral Huron
2093:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
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2067:
2064:
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2052:
2049:
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2042:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2023:Chevak Cup’ik
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1957:
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1954:
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1948:
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1946:Plains Apache
1943:
1941:
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1936:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1913:
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1897:
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1781:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1752:
1751:Upper Chinook
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1718:
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1600:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1577:Nawathinehena
1574:
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1558:
1557:
1553:
1552:
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1471:
1467:
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1449:
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1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1408:Texan English
1406:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1397:
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1389:
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1379:
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1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1319:Maine English
1317:
1315:
1314:Miami English
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1284:Cajun English
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1219:Languages in
1216:
1212:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1186:
1185:
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1164:
1160:
1154:
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1127:
1123:
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1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
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1080:
1073:
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1054:
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1032:
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1019:
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1006:
1000:
994:
990:
984:
978:
974:
968:
962:
958:
952:
944:
932:
918:on 2020-02-12
917:
913:
906:
898:
886:
878:
874:
867:
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834:
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278:
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264:
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237:
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219:
216:February 2024
209:
205:
200:
196:
193:This article
191:
187:
182:
181:
172:
169:
161:
158:February 2024
151:
147:
141:
140:
135:This article
133:
124:
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114:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
78:
77:
72:This article
70:
66:
61:
60:
55:
53:
46:
45:
40:
39:
34:
29:
20:
19:
16:
3534:
3484:
3477:
3459:
3451:
3340:Sabine River
3335:Puerto Rican
3287:Plautdietsch
3221:Oral settler
3164:
3112:Mohawk Dutch
3110:
3073:
3066:
2942:Plains Miwok
2940:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2796:
2789:
2674:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2391:
2384:
2363:Eastern Pomo
2358:Central Pomo
2337:
2330:
2298:
2271:
2219:
2183:Acoma Pueblo
2151:
2144:
2137:
2127:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2087:
1972:
1967:Upper Umpqua
1965:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1891:Upper Tanana
1861:Lower Tanana
1798:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1760:
1720:
1658:Austronesian
1645:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1612:Narragansett
1610:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1513:Massachusett
1239:Dialects of
1223:are extinct.
1220:
1167:. Retrieved
1165:. 2022-07-01
1162:
1153:
1138:
1105:
1101:
1056:. Retrieved
1052:
1043:
1018:Al-’Arabiyya
1017:
1012:
999:
988:
983:
972:
967:
956:
951:
920:. Retrieved
916:the original
905:
877:the original
851:. Retrieved
847:the original
833:
821:. Retrieved
807:
774:
770:
726:(1987):14-26
724:al-'Arabiyya
723:
684:
680:
671:
662:
658:
654:
640:
636:
632:
623:
619:
615:
606:
602:
598:
594:
471:
339:
316:
312:
308:
304:
295:
286:
274:
270:
261:
229:
213:
204:You can help
194:
164:
155:
136:
111:January 2024
108:
95:unverifiable
83:hallucinated
73:
49:
42:
36:
35:Please help
32:
15:
3570:Hindi (0.9)
3378:Angloromani
3330:New Mexican
3259:New England
2900:Coast Miwok
2773:TĂĽbatulabal
2705:Uto-Aztecan
2687:Tsimshianic
2676:Piro Pueblo
2596:Mitchigamea
2552:Omaha–Ponca
2517:Assiniboine
2432:Lushootseed
2284:Palaihnihan
2117:Wenrohronon
1813:Yeniseian?)
1676:Refaluwasch
1563:Gros Ventre
939:|last=
893:|last=
629:Development
3680:Categories
3591:Urdu (0.5)
3559:Portuguese
3529:Vietnamese
3419:Protactile
3401:Francosign
3068:Chitimacha
2921:Lake Miwok
2422:Halkomelem
1918:Holikachuk
1793:Purisimeño
1538:Potawatomi
1257:Vernacular
1169:2023-12-15
1058:2023-12-15
922:2016-04-29
707:References
547:New Jersey
487:California
325:See also:
277:Paul Haupt
87:references
38:improve it
3393:languages
3373:Spanglish
3356:languages
3282:Hutterite
3239:Louisiana
3223:languages
3140:Hand Talk
3132:languages
3087:Languages
2935:Palewyami
2886:Bay Miwok
2855:Yuk-Utian
2733:Kitanemuk
2567:Winnebago
2491:Tillamook
2319:Nez Perce
2273:Apalachee
2245:Chickasaw
2232:Muskogean
2129:Kalapuyan
2076:Tuscarora
2033:Iroquoian
1876:Tanacross
1851:Jicarilla
1826:Deg Xinag
1800:Ventureño
1772:Barbareño
1762:Chumashan
1741:Kathlamet
1733:Chinookan
1686:Tokelauan
1605:Nanticoke
1518:Menominee
1488:Blackfoot
1454:languages
1130:244503001
1122:1367-0050
853:August 8,
799:144182703
791:1931-3152
651:Post-9/11
463:1,117,304
208:talk page
89:. Please
44:talk page
3640:Armenian
3613:Gujarati
3607:Japanese
3471:Isolates
3297:Alsatian
3249:Missouri
3181:Isolates
3023:Isolates
2983:Maricopa
2978:Kumeyaay
2809:Wakashan
2768:Timbisha
2763:Shoshoni
2728:Kawaiisu
2723:Ivilyuat
2713:Comanche
2484:Quinault
2457:Thompson
2447:Okanagan
2437:Nooksack
2404:Salishan
2324:Sahaptin
2300:Atsugewi
2292:Achumawi
2265:Muscogee
2260:Mikasuki
2153:Yoncalla
2103:Nottoway
2061:Onondaga
2046:Cherokee
1985:Eskaleut
1953:Tsetsaut
1836:Gwich’in
1831:Dena'ina
1786:Obispeño
1671:Hawaiian
1666:Chamorro
1626:Powhatan
1556:Etchemin
1493:Cheyenne
1462:Families
931:cite web
885:cite web
823:July 22,
690:See also
559:Virginia
535:Illinois
511:New York
499:Michigan
353:Speakers
3631:Punjabi
3619:Bengali
3595:Persian
3586:Italian
3565:Haitian
3553:Russian
3523:Tagalog
3517:Chinese
3511:Spanish
3452:Kentish
3312:Spanish
3292:Bernese
3254:Muskrat
3075:Tonkawa
3045:Siuslaw
3040:Kutenai
3003:Yavapai
2993:Quechan
2963:Cocopah
2955:CochimĂ
2835:Nomlaki
2827:Wintuan
2758:Serrano
2753:O'odham
2738:Luiseño
2653:Picuris
2603:Moneton
2589:Chiwere
2582:Catawba
2532:Hidatsa
2470:Cowlitz
2427:Klallam
2368:Kashaya
2332:Klamath
2255:Koasati
2250:Choctaw
2240:Alabama
2213:Nisenan
2195:Maiduan
2164:Keresan
2081:Wyandot
2008:Alutiiq
1998:Inupiat
1974:Wailaki
1960:Tututni
1939:Mattole
1856:Koyukon
1779:Cruzeño
1714:Wichita
1704:Arikara
1696:Caddoan
1633:Quiripi
1619:Pamlico
1584:Mahican
1543:Shawnee
1523:Mi'kmaq
1483:Arapaho
1478:Abenaki
1339:Western
1334:Eastern
1230:English
1221:italics
571:Florida
504:101,470
492:158,398
453:864,961
443:614,582
433:355,150
423:251,409
258:History
253:station
144:Please
3658:Hebrew
3601:Telugu
3580:Polish
3574:German
3547:Korean
3541:French
3535:Arabic
3513:(41.3)
3434:BANZSL
3363:Gullah
3350:Creole
3325:Isleño
3269:German
3231:French
3104:Michif
3016:Others
2998:Tiipai
2988:Mojave
2953:Yuman–
2840:Patwin
2798:Tongva
2791:Cupeño
2635:Tanoan
2624:Woccon
2575:Biloxi
2562:Stoney
2557:Quapaw
2547:Mandan
2542:Lakota
2527:Dakota
2509:Siouan
2452:Salish
2350:Pomoan
2339:Molala
2203:Konkow
2071:Seneca
2056:Oneida
2051:Mohawk
2041:Cayuga
1881:Tolowa
1871:Navajo
1811:Dené(–
1746:TsinĂşk
1722:Kitsai
1681:Samoan
1533:Ojibwe
1528:Munsee
1128:
1120:
819:. 1990
797:
789:
646:Future
588:33,125
576:34,698
564:36,683
552:51,011
540:53,251
528:54,340
516:86,269
478:State
413:73,657
403:49,908
393:50,940
383:67,830
373:57,557
363:32,868
206:. The
101:. See
91:remove
3666:(0.2)
3664:Khmer
3660:(0.2)
3654:(0.2)
3652:Hmong
3648:(0.3)
3646:Greek
3642:(0.3)
3633:(0.3)
3627:(0.3)
3625:Tamil
3621:(0.4)
3615:(0.4)
3609:(0.5)
3603:(0.5)
3597:(0.5)
3588:(0.5)
3582:(0.5)
3576:(0.9)
3567:(0.9)
3561:(0.9)
3555:(1.0)
3549:(1.1)
3543:(1.2)
3537:(1.4)
3531:(1.5)
3525:(1.7)
3519:(3.4)
3354:mixed
3302:Texas
3244:MĂ©tis
3055:Yuchi
3050:Washo
3035:Karuk
3030:Haida
2845:Wintu
2817:Makah
2783:Yaqui
2648:Kiowa
2643:Jemez
2537:Kansa
2462:Twana
2221:Chico
2208:Maidu
2066:Osage
2003:Aleut
1993:Inuit
1932:Lipan
1904:Cahto
1821:Ahtna
1709:Caddo
1647:Wiyot
1640:Unami
1548:Yurok
1470:Algic
1401:Older
1126:S2CID
795:S2CID
642:USA.
523:Texas
3352:and
3060:Zuni
2973:Ipai
2743:Mono
2718:Hopi
2668:Tewa
2663:Taos
2522:Crow
2089:Erie
1911:Eyak
1846:Hupa
1570:Loup
1498:Cree
1118:ISSN
943:help
897:help
855:2012
825:2012
787:ISSN
583:Ohio
459:2014
449:2010
439:2000
429:1990
419:1980
409:1970
399:1960
389:1940
379:1930
369:1920
359:1910
348:Year
329:and
2610:Ofo
1841:Hän
1503:Fox
1110:doi
779:doi
97:or
3682::
1161:.
1124:.
1116:.
1106:26
1104:.
1100:.
1086:^
1067:^
1051:.
1028:^
935::
933:}}
929:{{
889::
887:}}
883:{{
863:^
841:.
815:.
793:.
785:.
773:.
769:.
731:^
715:^
47:.
1203:e
1196:t
1189:v
1172:.
1147:.
1132:.
1112::
1061:.
945:)
925:.
899:)
857:.
827:.
801:.
781::
775:4
236:)
230:(
218:)
214:(
171:)
165:(
160:)
156:(
152:.
113:)
109:(
105:.
79:.
54:)
50:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
