3153:
101:
36:
2124:
765:
3181:
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589:: a zone of mulch can be installed around the tree trunk to: limit root zone competition (from turf or weeds), reduce soil compaction, improve soil structure, conserve moisture, and keep lawn equipment at a distance. No more than 5-10cm of mulch should be used to avoid suffocating the roots. Mulch must be kept approximately 20cm from the trunk to avoid burying the root flare. With city trees additional tree well preparation includes:
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607:: newly planted, immature trees should be staked for one growing season to allow for the root system to establish. Staking for longer than one season should only be considered in situations where the root system has failed to establish sufficient structural support. Guy wires can be used for larger, newly planted trees. Care must be used to avoid stem girdling from the support system ties.
566:
the planting hole should be 3 times the width of the root ball. The hole should be dug deep enough that when the root ball is placed on the substrate, the root flare is 3-5cm above the surrounding soil grade. If soil is left against the trunk, it may lead to bark, cambium and wood decay. Angular
553:
must be used. There must be no visible damage or sign of disease. Ideally the tree should have good crown structure. A healthy root ball should not have circling roots and new fibrous roots should be present at the soil perimeter. Girdling or circling roots should be pruned out. Excess soil
702:
The role of the
Arborist or Local Government Arboricultural Officer is likely to have a great effect on such matters. Identification of trees of high quality which may have extensive longevity is a key element in the preservation of trees.
528:
circling roots occurs when roots encounter obstructions/limitations such as a small tree well or being grown too long in a nursery pot; these cannot provide adequate structural support and are limited in accessing nutrients and
713:
Historically the profession divides into the operational and professional areas. These might be further subdivided into the private and public sectors. The profession is broadly considered as having one trade body known as the
209:. The science of arboriculture studies how these plants grow and respond to cultural practices and to their environment. The practice of arboriculture includes cultural techniques such as selection, planting, training,
271:
considerations have come to play prominent roles in the practice of arboriculture. Businesses often need to hire arboriculturists to complete "tree hazard surveys" and generally manage the trees on-site to fulfill
617:
are an underground reservoir from which water is wicked into soil. Watering bags may be temporarily installed around tree stakes to provide water until the root system becomes established.
567:
sides to the planting hole will encourage roots to grow radially from the trunk, rather than circling the planting hole. In urban settings, soil preparation may include the use of:
468:
symptoms/signs of disease: e.g. oozing through the bark, sunken areas in the bark, and bark with abnormal patterns or colours, stunted new growth, discolouration of the foliage
313:
Tree benefits are the economic, ecological, social and aesthetic use, function purpose, or services of a tree (or group of trees), in its situational context in the landscape.
263:
is more typically someone who is trained in the physical maintenance and manipulation of trees and therefore more a part of the arboriculture process rather than an arborist.
706:
Urban and rural trees may benefit from statutory protection under the Town and
Country Planning system. Such protection can result in the conservation and improvement of the
2768:
1042:
494:: sunken or open areas wherein a tree has suffered injury followed by decay. Further indications include: fungal fruiting structures, insect or animal nests.
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1092:
696:
1772:
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A tree defect is any feature, condition, or deformity of a tree that indicates weak structure or instability that could contribute to tree failure.
2164:
1198:
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900:
65:
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2247:
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The qualifications associated with the industry range from vocational to
Doctorate. Arboriculture is a comparatively young industry.
1961:
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growing medium composed of 80% crushed rock and 20% loam, which supports surface load without it leading to soil compaction
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613:: irrigation infrastructure may be installed to ensure a regular water supply throughout the lifetime of the tree.
58:
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512:(water sprouts in canopy or suckers from root system): often grow in response to major damage or excessive pruning
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transverse cracks result from buckled wood, often caused by unnatural loading on branches, such as lion's tailing.
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3129:
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above the root flare should be removed immediately, since it present a risk of disease ingress into the trunk.
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17:
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Proper tree installation ensures the long-term viability of the tree and reduces the risk of tree failure.
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forces roots to grow down under surface asphalt/concrete/pavers to limit infrastructure damage from roots
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1966:
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occurs in excurrent trees only after the leader is killed and multiple leaders compete for dominance
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Modulates environmental conditions in a given microclimate: shields wind, humidifies, provides shade
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433:: two or more stems that grow upward from a single point of origin and compete with one another.
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or other populated settings, by arborists, for the enjoyment, protection, and benefit of people.
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Arboriculture is primarily focused on individual woody plants and trees maintained for permanent
358:
Soil health: organic matter accumulation from leaf litter and root exudates (symbiotic microbes)
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kinked roots provide poor structural support; the kink is a site of potential root failure
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girdling roots compress the trunk, leading to poor trunk taper, and restrict vascular flow
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longitudinal cracks result from interior decay, bark rips/tears, or torsion from wind load
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Increases the amount of time customers will spend in a mall, strip mall, shopping district
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healthy soil texture and depth, drainage, water availability, makes for healthy roots
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386:: parks, gatherings, social events, tourism, senses (fragrance, visual), focal point
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allows for water infiltration in paved urban settings, such as parks and walkways.
134:
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offers a route for professional recognition and chartered arboriculturist status.
447:: bark is incorporated in the joint between two limbs, creating a weak attachment
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generally fall or early spring in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere.
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1178:
993:
The
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Online
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occurs in branch unions with a high attachment angle (i.e. v-shaped unions)
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suspended pavement over modular cells containing soil for root development
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The UK based
Chartered body for forestry and arboricultural professionals
859:
829:
595:: limit compaction on root zone and mechanical damage to roots and trunk
500:: a lean of more than 40% from vertical presents a risk of tree failure
294:
Arboricultural matters are also considered to be within the practice of
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1533:
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1453:
1411:
1288:
1188:
844:
659: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
392:
Climate control (e.g shade): can reduce energy consumption of buildings
389:
Adds character and prestige to the landscape, creating a “natural” feel
374:
210:
117:
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2060:
2007:
1987:
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1113:
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1036:
839:
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Protection from exposure: windbreak, shade, impact from hail/rainfall
280:
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109:
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1811:
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1007:
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woundwood cannot grow over stubs or dead branches to seal off decay
298:
yet the clear and separate divisions are not distinct or discreet.
249:
214:
113:
105:
951:. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. pp. 2–3.
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2405:
2065:
2027:
2017:
1893:
1528:
1418:
284:
247:
A person who practices or studies arboriculture can be termed an
226:
218:
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949:
Arboriculture: Care of Trees, Shrubs, and Vines in the
Landscape
736:
506:
change in diameter over the length of trunks branches and roots
2862:
2600:
2437:
2385:
2284:
1757:
1750:
1745:
1161:
789:
380:
Run-off and flood control (e.g. bioswales, plantings on slopes)
195:
167:
146:
3194:
2914:
1846:
750:
191:
164:
1019:
691:
trees are considered as a material consideration within the
182:
173:
140:
2973:
2948:
2622:
2176:
1767:
1382:
1013:
924:
288:
199:
454:
common in many columnar/fastigiate growing deciduous trees
190:) is the cultivation, management, and study of individual
1695:
968:
Merriam-Webster's
Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition
158:
149:
155:
152:
732:
179:
161:
143:
27:
Management and study of trees and other woody plants
176:
137:
1033:Promoting the importance of British trees to bats
3247:
398:Cultural benefits: eg. memorials for a loved one
355:Food for decomposers, consumers, and pollinators
57:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
1100:
2192:
1086:
1962:List of organic gardening and farming topics
410:Property value: trees can increase by 10-20%
327:Improved water infiltration and percolation
2199:
2185:
1093:
1079:
484:Seams: bark edges meet at a crack or wound
339:Carbon sequestration and oxygen production
675:Learn how and when to remove this message
365:
316:
88:Learn how and when to remove this message
901:"Amenity landscapes • Environment Guide"
487:Ribs: bulges, indicating interior cracks
404:Materials: wood for building, paper pulp
401:Medical benefits: eg. Taxus chemotherapy
395:Privacy and protection: from noise, wind
99:
925:"Town and Country Planning Association"
14:
3248:
1020:International Society of Arboriculture
946:
820:International Society of Arboriculture
343:
2180:
1074:
929:Town and Country Planning Association
2147:
657:adding citations to reliable sources
628:
536:
29:
3124:
2159:
437:common with decurrent growth habits
24:
558:Appropriate time of year to plant:
459:Dead, diseased, or broken branches
324:Erosion control and soil retention
25:
3282:
2473:Global Forest Information Service
1000:
995:. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2000.
3229:
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3193:
3179:
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2158:
2146:
2135:
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2122:
1037:Institute of Chartered Foresters
763:
749:
735:
720:Institute of Chartered Foresters
633:
301:
133:
34:
3230:
1026:European Arboricultural Council
795:European Arboricultural Council
695:system and may be conserved as
644:needs additional citations for
417:
917:
893:
873:
710:as well as rural settlements.
377:: forestry, education, tourism
308:Urban forestry § Benefits
287:purposes, usually in gardens,
274:occupational safety and health
13:
1:
866:
426:Common types of tree defects:
2206:
593:Tree grates/grill and frames
7:
1993:Index of pesticide articles
947:Harris, Richard W. (1983).
905:www.environmentguide.org.nz
728:
242:
10:
3287:
2584:Growth and yield modelling
1137:Climate-friendly gardening
1014:Arboricultural Association
716:Arboricultural Association
540:
305:
231:
3158:Earth sciences portal
3144:Climate change portal
3119:
2996:
2828:
2725:Great Green Wall (Africa)
2670:
2361:
2271:
2214:
2116:
2038:
2013:Plant disease forecasting
1975:
1967:Vegan organic agriculture
1942:
1817:Genetically modified tree
1704:
1247:
1112:
886:Dictionary.com Unabridged
3256:Horticultural techniques
2730:Great Green Wall (China)
2303:Close to nature forestry
1045:Urban forestry resources
43:This article includes a
2764:Million Tree Initiative
1049:Encyclopædia Britannica
1008:Arboriculture Australia
982:Encyclopædia Britannica
72:more precise citations.
3186:Environment portal
2618:Sustainable management
2513:Trillion Tree Campaign
1952:Biodynamic agriculture
1889:Postharvest physiology
1837:Landscape architecture
1534:Indonesian home garden
1062:Encyclopedia Americana
825:Landscape architecture
367:Socioeconomic Benefits
352:Increased biodiversity
349:Attracting pollinators
318:Environmental Benefits
125:
3111:Wood process engineer
2815:Urban forest inequity
1199:Historic conservation
1056:"Arboriculture"
855:Tropical horticulture
624:
551:Quality nursery stock
103:
2774:Shifting cultivation
2715:Forest fragmentation
2685:Carbon sequestration
2555:Woodland Carbon Code
2520:Forest certification
2428:Even-aged management
2343:Sustainable forestry
2129:Gardening portal
2028:Aquamog weed remover
2003:List of insecticides
653:improve this article
407:Fodder for livestock
267:, legal issues, and
2579:Formally designated
2423:Ecological thinning
2333:Plantation forestry
2241:Research institutes
344:Ecological Benefits
3172:Ecology portal
2705:Forest degradation
2700:Ecosystem services
2308:Community forestry
1998:List of fungicides
1763:Companion planting
810:Fruit tree pruning
510:Epicormic branches
492:Cavity and hollows
361:Ecological habitat
333:Air humidification
126:
122:Kallista, Victoria
120:tree in a park at
45:list of references
3271:Forest management
3243:
3242:
3200:Plants portal
2986:green woodworking
2174:
2173:
2046:Community orchard
1872:drought tolerance
991:"arboriculture".
979:"arboriculture".
966:"arboriculture".
697:amenity landscape
685:
684:
677:
580:Structural soils:
537:Tree Installation
98:
97:
90:
16:(Redirected from
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3214:Trees portal
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2848:Forest gardening
2805:Timber recycling
2752:Invasive species
2640:Tree measurement
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2103:Plant collecting
2039:Related articles
1976:Plant protection
1157:French intensive
1095:
1088:
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1072:
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1066:
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1043:American Forests
1031:BatsandTrees.com
996:
987:
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771:Gardening portal
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619:Permeable paving
431:Codominant stems
384:Aesthetic beauty
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68:this article by
59:inline citations
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2969:spruce-pine-fir
2942:Christmas trees
2824:
2740:Illegal logging
2672:
2666:
2381:Controlled burn
2366:
2357:
2338:Social forestry
2318:Energy forestry
2298:Bamboo forestry
2293:Analog forestry
2267:
2210:
2205:
2175:
2170:
2121:
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2108:Turf management
2093:Lists of plants
2088:List of gardens
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265:Risk management
255:arboriculturist
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49:related reading
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3101:Timber cruiser
3098:
3096:Shingle weaver
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2873:pulp and paper
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2843:Forest farming
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2826:
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2823:
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2793:
2791:slash-and-char
2788:
2786:slash-and-burn
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2710:Forest dieback
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2735:High grading
2720:Ghost forest
2690:Clearcutting
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1790:Floriculture
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850:Tree shaping
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780:Agroforestry
743:Trees portal
724:
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665:January 2021
662:
651:Please help
646:verification
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615:Wicking beds
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418:Tree Defects
366:
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278:
260:tree surgeon
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207:woody plants
202:, and other
128:
127:
84:
75:
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2997:Occupations
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1219:Proplifting
1184:Garden tool
1152:Foodscaping
860:Viticulture
830:Landscaping
687:Within the
213:, pest and
108:practicing
70:introducing
3250:Categories
3076:Lumberjack
3071:Log scaler
2954:engineered
2905:non-timber
2878:sawmilling
2830:Industries
2797:svedjebruk
2508:transition
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2418:Dendrology
2368:management
2234:Ministries
1827:Indigenous
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1469:Greenhouse
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1361:East Asian
1269:Australian
1224:Raised bed
1189:Green wall
934:2020-04-28
910:2020-04-28
867:References
845:Tree forks
699:features.
611:Irrigation
587:Tree wells
541:See also:
375:employment
373:Increases
232:See also:
118:eucalyptus
116:to fell a
112:: using a
78:March 2013
3024:Ecologist
2937:Tree farm
2838:Coppicing
2780:chitemene
2680:Acid rain
2628:allometry
2550:SmartWood
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2262:Arbor Day
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2008:Pesticide
1988:Herbicide
1983:Fungicide
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1194:Guerrilla
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1106:gardening
1010:Australia
840:Silvology
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3009:Arborist
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2208:Forestry
2141:Category
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1065:. 1920.
986:. 2007.
605:Staking
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3266:Trees
2915:rayon
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2220:Index
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1022:(USA)
529:water
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2974:teak
2959:fuel
2949:Wood
2769:REDD
2623:Tree
2540:PEFC
2525:ATFS
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