294:
point, generating tremendous amounts of heat that vaporizes the carbon and creates a pit in the anode's surface. This pit is heated from 6000 to 6500 degrees
Fahrenheit (3300 to 3600 degrees Celsius, just below its melting point), causing it to glow very brightly with incandescence. Due to this, the electrodes were often placed at right angles from each other with the anode facing outward to keep from blocking its light output. Since carbon has the highest melting point of any element, it is the only lamp whose blackbody radiation is capable of nearly matching the Sun's temperature of 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit (5500 degrees Celsius), especially when filters are used to remove most of the IR and UV light.
179:
286:
soon discovered to produce large amounts of infrared and harmful ultraviolet-radiation not found in sunlight. If the arc was encased in a glass globe, it was found that many of these invisible rays could be blocked. However, carbon-arcs were soon displaced by safer, more efficient, versatile, and easier to maintain incandescent and gas-discharge lamps. Carbon-arc lamps are still used where a close approximation of sunlight is needed, for testing materials, paints, and coatings for wear, fading, or deterioration, or, for example, spacecraft materials that are to be exposed to sunlight at orbits closer than Earth's.
63:
47:
203:
164:
ballast, which has a high inductance and therefore tries to maintain the current flow (the ballast opposes any change in current through it); it cannot, as there is no longer a 'circuit'. As a result, a high voltage appears across the ballast momentarily, to which the lamp is connected; therefore the lamp receives this high voltage across it which 'strikes' the arc within the tube/lamp. The circuit will repeat this action until the lamp is ionized enough to sustain the arc.
243:
223:
215:
258:, the electrodes are carbon rods in free air. To ignite the lamp, the rods are touched together, thus allowing a relatively low voltage to strike the arc. The rods are then slowly drawn apart, and electric current heats and maintains an arc across the gap. The tips of the carbon rods are heated and the carbon vaporizes. The rods are slowly burnt away in use, and the distance between them needs to be regularly adjusted in order to maintain the arc.
31:
231:
343:
510:(which corresponds to the amount of film in said reels when projected at 24 frames/second). The projectionist would watch the rod burn down by eye (though a peephole like a welder's glass) and replace the carbon rod when changing film reels. The two-projector changeover setup largely disappeared in the 1970s with the advent of xenon projector lamps, being replaced with
388:, on April 29, 1879. Despite this, Wabash, Indiana claims to be the first city ever to be lit with "Brush Lights". Four of these lights became active there on March 31, 1880. Wabash was a small enough city to be lit entirely by 4 lights, whereas the installation at Cleveland's Public Square only lit a portion of that larger city. In 1880, Brush established the
448:, the company protected its new patent rights. Coffin's management also led the company towards an aggressive policy of buy-outs and mergers with competitors. Both strategies reduced competition in the electrical lighting manufacturing industry. By 1890, the Thomson-Houston company was the dominant electrical manufacturing company in the U.S.
408:
reported in 1881 that the system was being used in: 800 lights in rolling mills, steel works, shops, 1,240 lights in woolen, cotton, linen, silk, and other factories, 425 lights in large stores, hotels, churches, 250 lights in parks, docks, and summer resorts, 275 lights in railroad depots and shops,
285:
The spectrum emitted by a carbon-arc lamp is the closest to that of sunlight of any lamp. One of the first electric lights, their harsh, intense output usually limited their use to lighting large areas. Although invisible wavelengths were unknown at the time of their invention, unenclosed lamps were
313:
to create an arc across a 4-inch (100 mm) gap. He mounted his electrodes horizontally and noted that, because of the strong convection flow of air, the arc formed the shape of an arch. He coined the term "arch lamp", which was contracted to "arc lamp" when the devices came into common usage.
509:
Carbon arc lighting left its imprint on other film projection practices. The practice of shipping and projecting motion pictures on 2,000-foot reels, and employing "changeovers" between two projectors, was due to the carbon rods used in projector lamphouses having a lifespan of roughly 22 minutes
475:
when off camera to relieve sore eyes resulting from the ultra-violet light. The problem was solved by adding a sheet of ordinary window glass in front of the lamp, blocking the ultra-violet. By the dawn of the "talkies", arc lamps had been replaced in film studios with other types of lights. In
293:
Most of the visible and IR radiation is produced from incandescence created at the positive electrode, or anode. Unlike the tungsten anodes found in other arc lamps, which remain relatively cool, carbon produces much higher resistance and the electrons are forced to enter the anode at the hottest
289:
The arc consists of pure carbon-vapor heated to a plasma state. However, the arc contributes very little of the light output, and is considered non-luminous, as most of its emission occurs in spectral lines in the violet and UV portions of the spectrum. Most of the carbon spectra occurs in a very
269:
through a solenoid attached to the top electrode. If the points of the electrodes are touching (as in start up) the resistance falls, the current increases and the increased pull from the solenoid draws the points apart. If the arc starts to fail the current drops and the points close up again.
167:
When the lamp sustains the arc, the ballast performs its second function, to limit the current to that needed to operate the lamp. The lamp, ballast, and igniter are rating-matched to each other; these parts must be replaced with the same rating as the failed component or the lamp will not work.
186:
The temperature of the arc in an arc lamp can reach several thousand degrees
Celsius. The outer glass envelope can reach 500 degrees Celsius, therefore before servicing one must ensure the bulb has cooled sufficiently to handle. Often, if these types of lamps are turned off or lose their power
163:
First, when the power is first switched on, the igniter/starter (which is wired in parallel across the lamp) sets up a small current through the ballast and starter. This creates a small magnetic field within the ballast windings. A moment later the starter interrupts the current flow from the
506:, but were still being manufactured as spotlights at least as late as 1982 and are still manufactured for at least one purpose – simulating sunlight in "accelerated aging" machines intended to estimate how fast a material is likely to be degraded by environmental exposure.
409:
130 lights in mines, smelting works, 380 lights in factories and establishments of various kinds, 1,500 lights in lighting stations, for city lighting, 1,200 lights in
England and other foreign countries. A total of over 6,000 lights which are actually sold.
187:
supply, one cannot restrike the lamp again for several minutes (called cold restrike lamps). However, some lamps (mainly fluorescent tubes/energy saving lamps) can be restruck as soon as they are turned off (called hot restrike lamps).
460:. Conversely, Edison's control of direct current distribution and generating machinery patents blocked further expansion of Thomson-Houston. The roadblock to expansion was removed when the two companies merged in 1892 to form the
451:
Around the turn of the century arc-lighting systems were in decline, but
Thomson-Houston controlled key patents to urban lighting systems. This control slowed the expansion of incandescent lighting systems being developed by
349:
In the United States, there were attempts to produce arc lamps commercially after 1850, but the lack of a constant electricity supply thwarted efforts. Thus electrical engineers began focusing on the problem of improving
484:. These were used aboard warships of all navies during the 20th century for signaling and illuminating enemies. In the 1920s, carbon arc lamps were sold as family health products, a substitute for natural sunlight.
423:
In the U.S., patent protection of arc-lighting systems and improved dynamos proved difficult and as a result the arc-lighting industry became highly competitive. Brush's principal competition was from the team of
416:
invented in 1880 a mechanism to allow the automatic adjustment of the electrodes. The arcs were enclosed in a small tube to slow the carbon consumption (increasing the life span to around 100 hours).
327:, explaining that these phenomena were the result of oxygen coming into contact with the carbon rods used to create the arc. In 1899, she was the first woman ever to read her own paper before the
265:. In one of the simplest mechanically-regulated forms (which was soon superseded by more smoothly acting devices) the electrodes are mounted vertically. The current supplying the arc is passed in
152:. A high voltage is pulsed across the lamp to "ignite" or "strike" the arc, after which the discharge can be maintained at a lower voltage. The "strike" requires an electrical circuit with an
444:. Thomson remained, though, the principal inventive genius behind the company patenting improvements to the lighting system. Under the leadership of Thomson-Houston's patent attorney,
380:
conducted a comparative test of dynamo systems. The one developed by Brush performed best, and Brush immediately applied his improved dynamo to arc-lighting, an early application being
194:, Vancouver, Canada, made the Guinness Book of World Records in 1986 and 1993 as the most powerful continuously burning light source at over 300 kW or 1.2 million candle power.
306:
in the early 19th century, but sources disagree about the year he first demonstrated it; 1802, 1805, 1807 and 1809 are all mentioned. Davy used charcoal sticks and a two-thousand-
420:
were introduced where the carbon rods had metal salts (usually magnesium, strontium, barium, or calcium fluorides) added to increase light output and produce different colours.
317:
In the late nineteenth century, electric arc lighting was in wide use for public lighting. The tendency of electric arcs to flicker and hiss was a major problem. In 1895,
136:, which produces a high intensity white light, is now used in many of the applications which formerly used the carbon arc, such as movie projectors and searchlights.
358:
290:
broad line centered at 389 nm (UV-A, just outside the visual spectrum), and a very narrow line at 250 nm (UV-B), plus some other less-powerful lines in the UV-C.
395:
The harsh and brilliant light was found most suitable for public areas, such as
Cleveland's Public Square, being around 200 times more powerful than contemporary
995:
277:
is a simple arc lamp without a regulator, but it has the drawbacks that the arc cannot be restarted (single use) and a limited lifetime of only a few hours.
334:
The arc lamp provided one of the first commercial uses for electricity, a phenomenon previously confined to experiment, the telegraph, and entertainment.
1482:
498:, and searchlights. In the 1950s and 1960s the high-power D.C. for the carbon-arc lamp of an outdoor drive-in projector would typically be supplied by a
1313:
1910:
1169:
105:
in the early 20th century. It continued in use in more specialized applications where a high intensity point light source was needed, such as
467:
Arc lamps were used in some early motion-picture studios to illuminate interior shots. One problem was that they produce such a high level of
502:
combo (AC motor powering a DC generator). Even in these applications conventional carbon-arc lamps were mostly pushed into obsolescence by
1125:
972:
956:
908:
818:
175:
is a similar principle where the atmosphere is ionized by the high potential difference (voltage) between earth and storm clouds.
1089:
1306:
729:
693:
2052:
1285:
1148:
635:
247:
2020:
328:
171:
The colour of the light emitted by the lamp changes as its electrical characteristics change with temperature and time.
1775:
992:
117:. The carbon arc lamp is now obsolete for most of these purposes, but it is still used as a source of high intensity
1299:
1051:
801:
668:
2074:
1815:
658:
2057:
1460:
441:
101:. It was widely used starting in the 1870s for street and large building lighting until it was superseded by the
2318:
2215:
2190:
1953:
1820:
588:
457:
487:
Arc lamps were superseded by filament lamps in most roles, remaining in only certain niche applications such as
2045:
1830:
1067:
191:
2040:
1840:
1747:
1183:
529:
2341:
2210:
1371:
549:
534:
495:
210:
arc lamp, cover removed, on the point of ignition. This model requires manual adjustment of the electrodes
2102:
1870:
1504:
1237:
578:
413:
2079:
178:
2222:
1783:
1770:
1366:
389:
363:
17:
511:
128:, which produce light by an arc between metal electrodes through a gas in a glass bulb. The common
2283:
1498:
1472:
1266:
381:
2143:
1427:
1253:
396:
55:
432:. These two had formed the American Electric Corporation in 1880, but it was soon bought up by
2346:
1900:
1825:
826:
721:
714:
261:
Many ingenious mechanisms were invented to control the distance automatically, mostly based on
93:
The carbon arc light, which consists of an arc between carbon electrodes in air, invented by
74:, are very different in the shape of the electrodes, in particular, the cathode (on the left).
2313:
544:
310:
190:
The Vortek water-wall plasma arc lamp, invented in 1975 by David Camm and Roy
Nodwell at the
986:
953:
919:
747:
by M. Schach and JH. Boeckel - National
Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1967, Page 571
2025:
1528:
1220:
915:
477:
307:
8:
2153:
2012:
1477:
1455:
977:
437:
404:
62:
2303:
1975:
1760:
1703:
1695:
1230:
840:
688:. Electrical Engineering and Electronics. Vol. 65. New York: Dekker. p. 350.
631:
377:
157:
125:
102:
1845:
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1765:
1685:
1523:
1511:
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1341:
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797:
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725:
689:
664:
563:
445:
433:
373:
274:
51:
1280:
2128:
2062:
1992:
1943:
1494:
1383:
1378:
877:
830:
568:
559:
461:
429:
369:
129:
46:
539:
226:
Early experimental carbon arc light powered by liquid batteries, similar to Davy's
202:
2288:
2247:
2205:
2200:
2035:
1855:
1632:
1361:
1336:
999:
960:
554:
499:
491:
385:
351:
323:
110:
1140:
623:
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2067:
1958:
1922:
1895:
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1732:
1351:
1346:
1245:
1013:
593:
583:
503:
266:
133:
98:
35:
2335:
2257:
1987:
1890:
1885:
1807:
1708:
1615:
1593:
1419:
1400:
1356:
881:
865:
778:
759:
by Herman
Goodman - American Journal of Clinical Medicine, 1928, Page 159-161
488:
453:
425:
318:
235:
71:
1250:
America by Design: Science, Technology, and the Rise of
Corporate Capitalism
1018:
America By Design: Science, Technology, and the Rise of
Corporate Capitalism
942:
514:, though films would continue to be shipped to cinemas on 2,000-foot reels.
2267:
2163:
2158:
2133:
2123:
2084:
1905:
1860:
1737:
1588:
1553:
1489:
1447:
1432:
1388:
573:
468:
303:
160:. The ballast is wired in series with the lamp and performs two functions.
114:
94:
87:
242:
2308:
2262:
2138:
1997:
1725:
1720:
1680:
1652:
1647:
1578:
1573:
1558:
1516:
1437:
716:
The New Innovators: How Canadians Are Shaping the Knowledge-Based Economy
481:
118:
106:
1917:
700:
The fluorescent lamp is ... activated by ... a low-pressure mercury arc.
660:
Victorian Technology: Invention, Innovation, and the Rise of the Machine
222:
2252:
2118:
2113:
2002:
1965:
1948:
1880:
1875:
1850:
1545:
472:
214:
2298:
2195:
2148:
1713:
1642:
1622:
172:
67:
1063:
835:
342:
30:
2030:
1970:
1637:
1598:
1563:
1533:
1322:
524:
262:
230:
1187:
1982:
1927:
1627:
1605:
1232:
The Rise of the Electrical Industry during the Nineteenth Century
480:
began manufacturing his invention of a high-intensity carbon arc
357:. The concept was improved upon by a number of people including
246:
Self-regulating arc lamp proposed by William Edwards Staite and
1610:
1568:
354:
207:
2293:
1657:
1583:
1042:
I. C. B. Dear and Peter Kemp, eds., "Sperry, Elmer Ambrose,"
745:
Publications of the Goddard Space Center, 1959-1962, Volume 2
302:
The concept of carbon-arc lighting was first demonstrated by
1291:
39:
97:
in the first decade of the 1800s, was the first practical
1033:, McFarland and Company, 2007 ISBN 0-7864-2784-0, pg. 84
149:
402:
The usage of Brush electric arc lights spread quickly.
331:(IEE). Her paper was "The Hissing of the Electric Arc".
686:
Industrial Power Distribution and Illuminating Systems
1046:, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006).
720:. Toronto: James Lorimer & Company Ltd. pp.
66:
A krypton long arc lamp (top) is shown above a xenon
372:. It was not until the 1870s that lamps such as the
796:(2 ed.). New York: Facts on File. p. 35.
1229:
1212:
1064:"Eveready Carbon Arc Sunshine Lamp Advertisements"
870:Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers
771:Electrical Engineering for Electric Light Artisans
713:
337:
218:An electric arc, demonstrating the “arch” effect.
2333:
1020:(New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), 6-10.
868:(June 1899). "The Hissing of the Electric Arc".
819:"The life and material culture of Hertha Ayrton"
1031:Motion Picture Photography: A History 1891-1960
773:. London: Longmans, Green and Co. p. 607.
1286:Moonlight towers: light pollution in the 1800s
412:There were three major advances in the 1880s:
1307:
768:
1281:"UNILAM Super High Pressure Short Arc Lamp"
1168:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
148:is the discharge that occurs when a gas is
27:Lamp that produces light by an electric arc
1314:
1300:
1009:
1007:
1210:
1141:"Arc Lamps - How They Work & History"
1044:The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea
834:
769:Slingo, William; Brooker, Arthur (1900).
1227:
617:
615:
613:
611:
609:
341:
241:
229:
221:
213:
201:
177:
132:is a low-pressure mercury arc lamp. The
61:
45:
29:
1260:
1004:
757:Clinical Medicine and Surgery Volume 35
684:Chen, Kao (1990). "Fluorescent Lamps".
656:
14:
2334:
1124:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
864:
816:
650:
638:from the original on November 10, 2014
621:
471:light that many actors needed to wear
376:were more commonly seen. In 1877, the
1295:
1244:
791:
762:
711:
606:
1675:
1139:Center, Copyright 2015 Edison Tech.
683:
182:A krypton arc lamp during operation.
86:is a lamp that produces light by an
985:(14). April 2, 1881. Archived from
329:Institution of Electrical Engineers
24:
1138:
197:
25:
2358:
1274:
918:. 2008. p. 3. Archived from
1070:from the original on 1 June 2009
794:Encyclopedia of world scientists
512:single-projector platter systems
442:Thomson-Houston Electric Company
1831:Parabolic aluminized reflector
1204:
1176:
1151:from the original on 2017-06-17
1132:
1082:
1056:
1036:
1023:
965:
947:
936:
901:
898:The Independent, 6 October 2011
888:
858:
589:Timeline of lighting technology
458:Edison General Electric Company
338:Carbon-arc lighting in the U.S.
321:wrote a series of articles for
1776:Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide
1288:, article in Low-tech Magazine
991:; also Ohio Memory Collection
810:
785:
750:
738:
705:
677:
192:University of British Columbia
13:
1:
600:
530:High-intensity discharge lamp
236:used to treat skin conditions
90:(also called a voltaic arc).
1321:
1263:The Electrical Manufacturers
823:Science Museum Group Journal
657:Sussman, Herbert L. (2009).
550:List of Nikola Tesla patents
535:Large-format slide projector
139:
7:
2021:Automotive light bulb types
1871:Intelligent street lighting
1261:Prasser, Harold C. (1953).
792:Oakes, Elizabeth A (2007).
517:
280:
10:
2363:
1784:Hydrargyrum quartz iodide
1238:Princeton University Press
1228:MacLaren, Malcolm (1943).
1215:Labor and Monopoly Capital
973:"The Brush Electric Light"
817:Bruton, Elizabeth (2018).
579:Shielded metal arc welding
297:
70:. The two lamps, used for
2276:
2231:
2223:Stage lighting instrument
2172:
2095:
2011:
1936:
1806:
1746:
1694:
1666:
1544:
1446:
1418:
1409:
1329:
1211:Braverman, Harry (1974).
663:. ABC-CLIO. p. 124.
124:The term is now used for
2284:Battlefield illumination
2041:high-intensity discharge
1473:Electrochemiluminescence
1267:Harvard University Press
1145:www.edisontechcenter.org
882:10.1049/jiee-1.1899.0020
462:General Electric Company
234:Medical carbon arc lamp
2144:Electroluminescent wire
1254:Oxford University Press
1029:H. Mario Raimondo-Souto
954:Brush Lights, Cleveland
909:"Cleveland+ Public Art"
56:fluorescence microscope
1826:Multifaceted reflector
827:Science Museum, London
390:Brush Electric Company
359:William Edwards Staite
346:
251:
239:
227:
219:
211:
183:
75:
59:
43:
2216:ellipsoidal reflector
1821:Ellipsoidal reflector
1505:Fluorescent induction
1483:field-induced polymer
1066:. The Einhorn Press.
712:Voyer, Roger (1994).
545:List of light sources
345:
245:
233:
225:
217:
205:
181:
65:
49:
33:
2053:Rear position lights
2026:Daytime running lamp
1954:Mechanically powered
1841:Aviation obstruction
1221:Monthly Review Press
989:on January 11, 2011.
916:Positively Cleveland
478:Elmer Ambrose Sperry
36:xenon short-arc lamp
2342:Gas discharge lamps
1461:Electron-stimulated
978:Scientific American
622:Whelan, M. (2013).
438:Lynn, Massachusetts
405:Scientific American
126:gas discharge lamps
2304:Luminous gemstones
1478:Electroluminescent
1456:Cathodoluminescent
998:2016-03-13 at the
993:cover reproduction
959:2008-05-17 at the
632:Edison Tech Center
440:, and renamed the
378:Franklin Institute
347:
252:
240:
228:
220:
212:
184:
103:incandescent light
76:
60:
44:
42:projection system.
2329:
2328:
1846:Balanced-arm lamp
1802:
1801:
1686:Yablochkov candle
1554:Acetylene/Carbide
1524:Radioluminescence
1396:Luminous efficacy
1342:Color temperature
1097:www.film-tech.com
894:Gilbert, Gerard.
731:978-1-55028-463-8
695:978-0-8247-8237-5
564:Yablochkov candle
446:Frederick P. Fish
434:Charles A. Coffin
374:Yablochkov candle
275:Yablochkov candle
16:(Redirected from
2354:
2129:Christmas lights
2063:Safety reflector
2058:Reversing lights
1993:Navigation light
1944:Bicycle lighting
1834:
1787:
1779:
1753:
1512:Photoluminescent
1495:Fluorescent lamp
1468:Chemiluminescent
1416:
1415:
1384:Bi-pin lamp base
1379:Lightbulb socket
1316:
1309:
1302:
1293:
1292:
1270:
1257:
1256:. pp. 6–10.
1241:
1235:
1224:
1218:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1186:. Archived from
1184:"Index of /suga"
1180:
1174:
1173:
1167:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1123:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1105:
1099:. Archived from
1094:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1060:
1054:
1040:
1034:
1027:
1021:
1011:
1002:
990:
969:
963:
951:
945:
943:Roadside America
940:
934:
933:
931:
930:
924:
913:
905:
899:
892:
886:
885:
876:(140): 400–436.
862:
856:
855:
853:
851:
838:
814:
808:
807:
789:
783:
782:
766:
760:
754:
748:
742:
736:
735:
719:
709:
703:
702:
681:
675:
674:
654:
648:
647:
645:
643:
619:
569:Photolithography
560:Pavel Yablochkov
430:Edwin J. Houston
414:František KĹ™iĹľĂk
370:Charles F. Brush
367:
130:fluorescent lamp
111:movie projectors
54:arc lamp from a
21:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2289:Bioluminescence
2272:
2241:
2227:
2184:
2168:
2107:
2091:
2007:
1932:
1856:Emergency light
1832:
1798:
1785:
1777:
1751:
1749:
1742:
1690:
1662:
1633:Magnesium torch
1540:
1442:
1411:
1405:
1362:Light pollution
1337:Accent lighting
1325:
1320:
1277:
1246:Noble, David F.
1207:
1202:
1193:
1191:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1161:
1160:
1154:
1152:
1137:
1133:
1117:
1116:
1109:
1107:
1106:on 13 June 2001
1103:
1092:
1090:"Archived copy"
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418:Flame arc lamps
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134:xenon arc lamp
99:electric light
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19:
2164:Strobe light
2159:Plasma globe
2134:Crackle tube
2124:Bubble light
2085:trafficators
2080:Turn signals
1906:Street light
1861:Gas lighting
1794:Sodium vapor
1766:Metal-halide
1668:Electric arc
1667:
1420:Incandescent
1389:Edison screw
1262:
1252:. New York:
1249:
1231:
1219:. New York:
1214:
1205:Bibliography
1192:. Retrieved
1188:the original
1178:
1153:. Retrieved
1144:
1134:
1108:. Retrieved
1101:the original
1096:
1084:
1072:. Retrieved
1058:
1043:
1038:
1030:
1025:
1017:
987:the original
982:
976:
967:
949:
938:
927:. Retrieved
920:the original
903:
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848:. Retrieved
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642:November 22,
640:. Retrieved
627:
574:Praseodymium
508:
486:
469:ultra-violet
466:
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304:Humphry Davy
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189:
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145:
143:
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115:World War II
113:until after
107:searchlights
95:Humphry Davy
92:
88:electric arc
83:
79:
77:
38:used in the
2309:Signal lamp
2263:Stroboscope
2139:DJ lighting
2075:Stop lights
2046:sealed beam
1998:Searchlight
1738:Xenon flash
1681:Klieg light
1529:Solid-state
1490:Fluorescent
1448:Luminescent
1074:11 November
624:"Arc Lamps"
482:searchlight
436:, moved to
362: [
119:ultraviolet
2336:Categories
2253:Grow light
2248:Germicidal
2238:Scientific
2235:Industrial
2191:Floodlight
2177:Theatrical
2119:Blacklight
2114:Aroma lamp
2103:Decorative
2013:Automotive
2003:Solar lamp
1966:Glow stick
1949:Flashlight
1881:Nightlight
1876:Light tube
1851:Chandelier
1808:Stationary
1750:discharge
1676:Carbon arc
1546:Combustion
1412:generation
1410:Methods of
1194:2015-04-16
1155:2018-01-13
1110:13 January
929:2009-05-18
923:(brochure)
601:References
496:spotlights
492:projection
473:sunglasses
34:The 15 kW
2319:Reflected
2299:Light art
2211:Spotlight
2196:Footlight
2181:Cinematic
2149:Lava lamp
1911:in the US
1816:Reflector
1733:Xenon arc
1714:Neon lamp
1643:Rushlight
1623:Limelight
1372:Hong Kong
845:240796451
779:264936769
628:Resources
352:Faraday's
263:solenoids
173:Lightning
140:Operation
84:arc light
68:flashtube
18:Arc lamps
2031:Headlamp
1971:Headlamp
1959:Tactical
1937:Portable
1918:Torchère
1599:Petromax
1594:Kerosene
1564:Campfire
1534:LED lamp
1330:Concepts
1323:Lighting
1248:(1977).
1164:cite web
1149:Archived
1120:cite web
1068:Archived
996:Archived
957:Archived
636:Archived
525:Graphite
518:See also
281:Spectrum
80:arc lamp
2314:Sources
2268:Tanning
2154:Marquee
2099:Display
1983:Lantern
1976:outdoor
1928:Troffer
1771:ceramic
1628:Luchina
1606:Lantern
1499:compact
1497: (
1433:Halogen
1428:Regular
311:battery
298:History
250:in 1847
158:ballast
154:igniter
150:ionized
121:light.
52:mercury
2036:hidden
1901:Sconce
1726:Sulfur
1721:Plasma
1653:Tilley
1648:Safety
1611:Fanous
1574:Carcel
1569:Candle
1559:Argand
1438:Nernst
1367:Hawaii
1050:
850:23 May
843:
800:
777:
728:
692:
667:
489:cinema
476:1915,
355:dynamo
267:series
238:, 1909
208:carbon
156:and a
2294:Laser
2206:Scoop
1833:(PAR)
1786:(HQI)
1778:(HMI)
1752:(HID)
1658:Torch
1616:Paper
1584:Flare
1352:Glare
1104:(PDF)
1093:(PDF)
912:(PDF)
841:S2CID
366:]
254:In a
2201:Gobo
1709:Neon
1579:Diya
1170:link
1126:link
1112:2022
1076:2008
1048:ISBN
852:2019
798:ISBN
775:OCLC
726:ISBN
690:ISBN
665:ISBN
644:2014
562:and
428:and
368:and
308:cell
273:The
109:and
40:IMAX
1638:Oil
1589:Gas
878:doi
831:doi
456:'s
384:in
146:arc
144:An
82:or
78:An
2338::
1166:}}
1162:{{
1147:.
1143:.
1122:}}
1118:{{
1095:.
1016:,
1006:^
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981:.
975:.
914:.
874:28
872:.
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821:.
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722:20
698:.
634:.
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626:.
608:^
494:,
464:.
399:.
392:.
364:de
206:A
50:A
1501:)
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1308:t
1301:v
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1172:)
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1078:.
932:.
884:.
880::
854:.
833::
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734:.
673:.
646:.
58:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
