210:
44:
1290:
4096:
1145:
65:
1404:
3518:
1440:, primarily due to the misattributed bones. Lamberton also speculated that it would have resembled a ground sloth—a view later supported by Jungers in 1980 after several misattributions had been corrected and having considered its gorilla-like size. Jungers went on to propose that it would have spent most of its time on the ground (
1421:), a view supported by wear patterns on its teeth. Its fused mandibular symphyses and the likelihood of accelerated dental development suggest that it began processing fibrous foods in the mouth with thorough chewing. Its diet may also have included some fruits and seeds. Like most of the other giant lemurs,
1173:
of the femur in 2008, Jungers and colleagues generated the current best estimate of 161.2 kg (355 lb) with a possible range of 150–187.8 kg (331–414 lb). These estimates were considered to be more accurate since the harder cortical bone in the midshaft of the femur supported an
368:. The arms were longer than the legs, but no hand or foot bones have been found for comparison with the other sloth lemurs. Size estimates based on the limited remains have varied widely, ranging as high as 244 kilograms (538 pounds), but the most thorough statistical investigation using
1484:. Prior to human arrival, the area around Ampasambazimba was not completely forested, but more of an open habitat, consisting of a mix of woodlands, bushlands, and savanna. Animal remains at this subfossil site have yielded about 20 species of lemur living in
2475:
Jungers, W. L.; Godfrey, L. R.; Simons, E. L.; Wunderlich, R. E.; Richmond, B. G.; Chatrath, P. S. (2001). "Ecomorphology and
Behavior of Giant Extinct Lemurs from Madagascar". In Plavcan, J. M.; Kay, R. F.; Jungers, W. L.; van Schaik, C. P. (eds.).
1081:, he placed them in separate genera due to what he perceived as a great size difference. Lamberton was also persuaded by the size difference, partly because he failed to recognize the smaller tibia and fibulae as belonging to the smaller
1156:
Since its discovery, size estimates have varied from "larger than a human" to "possibly the largest primate ever". In a study by
Jungers from 1990, the area of its molar teeth predicted a mass of 230.5 kg (508 lb), while the
1140:
was one of the largest primates to ever evolve, and was the largest-known strepsirrhine primate, weighing an estimated 160 kg (350 lb). It was roughly the size of an adult male gorilla, which was first noted by
Lamberton.
1378:
In the adult, the humerus was significantly longer than the femur, while in the immature specimen, both the humerus and ulna were much longer than the femur, making the arms considerably longer than the legs, as also seen in
1053:
In 1936, Alice
Carleton corrected Lamberton by identifying the tibia and fibulae as belonging to a koala lemur. Carleton's corrections were later confirmed and other misattributions were corrected in the 1960s and 1970s by
916:
The family
Palaeopropithecidae contained a large number of species compared to most other subfossil lemur families. It included four known genera and seven species, all of which are now extinct. Among these was the genus
1528:
was still alive on the high plateau in 350 BCE when the first humans reached the west coast of
Madagascar, despite being rare by that time. Consequently, it would have been especially vulnerable to hunting and
338:
later discovered a complete skull. Only six bones from the lower skeleton have been found and excavations in the 1980s offered no leads for new finds. Its remains have been found at only one location:
357:, while smaller leg bones from a juvenile and a massive adult leg bone were erroneously assumed to belong to two separate species. These errors were gradually corrected between the 1930s and 1980s.
1455:
spent considerable time in the trees for feeding and possibly nesting, although it also would have visited the ground to feed and travel. It is described as a deliberate, scansorial (climbing)
1371:(a small depression in the head of the femur). The femur was short and extremely robust, had a very high collodiaphyseal angle (the angle of the neck and shaft of the bone), and the
1104:, it was not until 1988 that Martine Vuillaume-Randriamanantena provided a definitive proof. Vuillaume-Randriamanantena also established associations between the
379:
moved in its environment, ranging from tree-dwelling to ground-dwelling. Its skeleton suggests it was a deliberate climber that visited the ground to travel.
2929:
2382:
Godfrey, L. R.; Jungers, W. L.; Schwartz, G. T. (2006). "Ecology and
Extinction of Madagascar's Subfossil Lemurs". In Gould, L.; Sauther, M. L. (eds.).
2515:
MacPhee, R. D. E.; Burney, D. A.; Wells, N. A. (1985). "Early
Holocene chronology and environment of Ampasambazimba, A Malagasy subfossil lemur site".
2440:
Jungers, W. L.; Demes, B.; Godfrey, L. R. (2008). "How Big were the "Giant" Extinct Lemurs of
Madagascar?". In Fleagle, J. G.; Gilbert, C. C. (eds.).
1274:, meaning its eyes were as sensitive to light as those of living diurnal lemurs. Yet the ratio was not as low as in comparably sized apes, suggesting
1447:
However, the functional morphology of its hip joint indicates a degree of mobility typically seen in more arboreal animals. Other traits shared with
1030:, resulting in incorrect interpretations of its anatomy and behavior. In 1934, Lamberton missed earlier attribution errors and incorrectly labeled a
1309:(bones on the roof of the mouth) was rectangular. Like other sloth lemurs, it likely experienced accelerated dental development, and had an adult
4207:
3749:
2477:
1262:. The area of the orbit was 946 mm (1.466 sq in), comparable to that of gorillas. The ratio of its orbit area to the size of its
411:
3664:
3576:
3209:
2952:
3174:
1174:
animal's weight, and its thickness better correlated with the animal's mass than the midshaft diameter (which includes both hard cortex and
4293:
3719:
3682:
3654:
3395:
908:). Molecular analysis has shown strong support for the former, placing the monkey lemurs in a clade with the sloth lemurs and indriids.
4253:
3031:
4194:
2763:
2198:
959:(P4) and all three molars (M1–M3), and the right maxillary fragment bears both premolars (P2 and P4) and the first molar (M1).
4288:
4263:
2343:
Godfrey, L. R.; Jungers, W. L.; Burney, D. A. (2010). "Subfossil Lemurs of
Madagascar". In Werdelin, L.; Sanders, W. J (eds.).
2294:
4278:
2694:
2601:
2566:
2498:
2465:
2430:
2407:
2372:
2283:
2260:
4258:
1165:
estimated a mass of 197.5 kg (435 lb) using the midshaft circumferences of the humerus and femur. Using multiple
1019:. Excavations run by a multi-disciplinary Malagasy-American team at this fossil site between 1983 and 1984 yielded no new
4268:
896:
However, other anatomical and developmental traits suggested that monkey lemurs might be more closely related to family
2704:
Vuillaume-Randriamanantena, M. (1988). "The taxonomic attributions of giant subfossil lemur bones from Ampasambazimba:
1332:
that would have made up the toothcomb were modified, being shorter and more robust, possibly for feeding purposes. The
1344:
included small third upper and lower molars (M3 and m3), the first and second molars were narrow and long, and the
1463:
in performing hang-feeding since hand and foot bones are missing. Given its bulky size, this would be unexpected.
1050:. Because of these misattributions and Lamberton's use of the immature bones, his reconstruction was inaccurate.
2593:
2352:
1474:
is known from only one subfossil site, Ampasambazimba, in central Madagascar, and all remains date to the Late
1116:, summarized what is known about the postcranial skeleton, and documented the strong similarity with the genus
1016:
4095:
4273:
1500:
Despite being the most species-rich family among the giant lemurs, all four genera of sloth lemur, including
1055:
369:
64:
2756:
2553:
2275:
1363:. As with many cranial features, the postcranial bones that have been discovered are similar to that of
1355:
Most bones of the postcranial skeleton, including the bones of the hands, feet, vertebral column, ribs,
316:, translates to "ancient indri-like lemur", even though it probably became extinct recently, around 350
2558:
2248:
997:(thigh bone). The other four come from an immature individual and include a damaged humerus, a damaged
952:
456:) at the time. Fontoynont was reported to have been supervising the excavation when it was discovered.
2270:
Godfrey, L. R.; Jungers, W. L. (2003a). "Subfossil Lemurs". In Goodman, S. M.; Benstead, J. P (eds.).
4283:
2686:
2504:
955:. The mandible contains a complete set of upper teeth, the left maxillary fragment contains the last
342:, a subfossil site in central Madagascar. Following its initial discovery, some subfossil remains of
2449:
1240:
1011:
is one of the least common of the subfossil lemurs, and the few known specimens were all found at
4172:
3889:
1211:
not seen in the two other less specialized genera of sloth lemur. These traits included deflated
1179:
874:
2364:
1348:
of its cheek teeth was crenulated (low and rounded), though not as wrinkled and slightly higher-
1243:(narrowing of the skull behind the eye sockets) is pronounced. The skull also bore a low, broad
452:), was selected in honor of Antoine Maurice Fontoynont, the president of the Académie Malgache (
4225:
4134:
3596:
2749:
2356:
2252:
1368:
4212:
2418:
2391:
893:(a specialized grooming structure found in lemuriforms), have long suggested a relationship.
278:" (Palaeopropithecidae) and, because of its extremely large size, it has been compared to the
4248:
4220:
2611:
Orlando, L.; Calvignac, S.; Schnebelen, C.; Douady, C. J.; Godfrey, L. R.; Hänni, C. (2008).
1489:
1247:(a ridge of bone on the top of the skull to which jaw muscles attach) and robust but smaller
870:
403:
183:
2441:
2383:
2344:
2240:
4181:
3644:
3610:
2721:
2624:
2548:
2239:
Godfrey, L. R.; Jungers, W. L. (2002). "Quaternary fossil lemurs". In Hartwig, W. C (ed.).
1456:
1337:
866:
3517:
2174:
1227:, but shorter, measuring 269 millimeters (10.6 inches). Its face was shorter than that of
1026:
Historically, some remains from other subfossil lemurs have been mistakenly attributed to
8:
2544:
2442:
1530:
1367:, but significantly larger and more robust. The head of the femur was large and lacked a
1166:
936:
803:
480:
415:
327:
159:
2725:
2628:
1305:(joining of the two halves of the lower jaw), which fused early during development. Its
2647:
2612:
2586:
2532:
2317:
1505:
1441:
1388:
1372:
1097:
1059:
225:
59:
2221:
1492:
today contains only four species, roughly 20% of the area's original lemur diversity.
4076:
3951:
3917:
3910:
2733:
2690:
2652:
2597:
2572:
2562:
2494:
2461:
2426:
2403:
2384:
2368:
2345:
2279:
2256:
2241:
2213:
1349:
1271:
971:
901:
798:
641:
335:
284:
43:
2665:
2536:
2325:
375:
Misattributions and limited remains have resulted in varying opinions about the way
3763:
2729:
2642:
2632:
2524:
2486:
2453:
2395:
2360:
2321:
2309:
1682:
1670:
1429:
because of its relatively small orbits, which are comparable to those of gorillas.
483:(tree-dwelling), and this giant sloth lemur has been compared to the extinct giant
453:
267:
2199:"Giant rabbits, marmosets, and British comedies: etymology of lemur names, part 1"
1215:
and paired protrusions of bone around the nasal opening consisting of part of the
1069:, Standing identified a massive right femur from Ampasambazimba as a new species,
471:(family Palaeopropithecidae), a recently extinct family of giant lemurs (known as
4157:
4117:
4069:
3672:
3603:
3316:
2959:
2945:
2490:
2457:
1643:
1302:
1255:
1188:
1175:
922:
826:
591:
472:
251:
2399:
1524:) and 2711–2338 BP (761–388 BCE). From these dates, it is likely that
1289:
1144:
1085:. Furthermore, Lamberton did not realize that the smaller femurs he assigned to
802:, a genus containing the second largest of the sloth lemurs and specialized for
3880:
3858:
3838:
3774:
3637:
3620:
3447:
3426:
3388:
3147:
2847:
1517:
1310:
1306:
1244:
1212:
1162:
1012:
951:—AM-6239 (maxillae) and AM-6237 (mandible)—are stored in the collection at the
948:
399:
339:
1340:(gap) between the lower premolars (p2 and p4). Other dental similarities with
4242:
3998:
3739:
3346:
3261:
3220:
3161:
3052:
3024:
2980:
2966:
2830:
2817:
2772:
2576:
2217:
2102:
1998:
1842:
1478:. The area today is dominated by grasslands, particularly of the grass genus
1356:
1279:
1208:
1170:
1152:
was wide and short, with a pair of bony protrusions around the nasal openings
552:
493:
431:
288:, the second largest type of sloth lemur. Along with the other sloth lemurs,
126:
2637:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1403:
4018:
3991:
3982:
3968:
3944:
3535:
3489:
3188:
3181:
3017:
2894:
2871:
2656:
2423:
Body Size in Mammalian Paleobiology: Estimation and Biological Implications
1509:
1345:
1333:
1248:
1232:
882:
858:
834:
756:
534:
518:
484:
407:
305:
301:
279:
1520:, while two other specimens were dated to 2362–2149 BP (412–199
1319:
1316:
209:
4166:
4112:
4046:
3903:
3896:
3848:
3797:
3709:
3360:
3298:
3284:
3229:
3202:
3131:
3117:
3110:
3089:
3059:
3045:
2915:
2857:
2390:. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospect. Springer. pp.
2051:
2022:
1825:
1786:
1746:
1283:
1263:
1251:(ridges of bone on the back of the skull to which neck muscles attach).
1039:
989:
have been found. Two of these belonged to an adult and include a damaged
886:
575:
468:
350:
344:
282:
that once roamed North and South America. It was most closely related to
275:
139:
30:
2613:"DNA from extinct giant lemurs links archaeolemurids to extant indriids"
4199:
3961:
3937:
3783:
3756:
3548:
3478:
3456:
3381:
3339:
3291:
3270:
3103:
3096:
2996:
2938:
2901:
2528:
2313:
2114:
2068:
2066:
1969:
1521:
1475:
1426:
1220:
1216:
1158:
1105:
807:
476:
386:
was mostly leaves, and its habitat—prior to human arrival—was a mix of
317:
259:
1944:
1942:
1594:
1584:
4062:
4009:
3928:
3693:
3565:
3463:
3417:
3402:
3374:
3367:
3353:
3332:
3325:
3277:
3243:
3140:
2908:
2887:
2419:"Problems and methods in reconstructing body size in fossil primates"
1874:
1872:
1859:
1857:
1699:
1697:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1193:
1020:
1002:
982:, both of which were well preserved. He published this find in 1934.
963:
897:
890:
885:(Archaeolemuridae). Dental features, such as the morphology of their
838:
812:
699:
616:
395:
331:
76:
4128:
2090:
2063:
4151:
3869:
3630:
3471:
3250:
3073:
3038:
3003:
2989:
2790:
2543:
2180:
2162:
1939:
1813:
1688:
1676:
1485:
1480:
1418:
1161:
diameter predicted a mass of 244.1 kg (538 lb). In 1995,
956:
944:
387:
96:
34:
1896:
1884:
1869:
1854:
1694:
1561:
1542:
4186:
3831:
3433:
3236:
3195:
3010:
2880:
2802:
2138:
2126:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1803:
1801:
1660:
1658:
1329:
1109:
990:
975:
940:
391:
263:
255:
116:
2741:
2610:
2448:. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. pp.
2041:
2039:
2037:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1649:
1235:(braincase) was small and elevated relative to the face, unlike
4032:
3587:
3082:
2796:
2784:
1709:
1488:(sharing the same geographic area). In comparison, the nearby
1073:. Although Standing recognized the strong similarities between
1035:
850:
736:
297:
106:
86:
2474:
2108:
2078:
2004:
1920:
1798:
1655:
4025:
3817:
3790:
3730:
2150:
2034:
1981:
1765:
1721:
1359:(lower arm bone), tibia, and fibula, have not been found for
1031:
994:
926:
878:
842:
716:
440:
394:, rich in lemur diversity. Today, the region is dominated by
309:
293:
271:
1959:
1957:
364:
was massive and robust, and shared many traits with that of
2197:
Dunkel, A. R.; Zijlstra, J. S.; Groves, C. P. (2011–2012).
1065:
In 1910, twenty-four years before Lamberton's monograph on
1023:, and no other potential sites are known for this species.
998:
2703:
2057:
2028:
1848:
1836:
1792:
1759:
1383:. Yet, the relative length of arms to legs was shorter in
430:, meaning "ancient indri-like lemur", is derived from the
2196:
2010:
1954:
1600:
2381:
2096:
2072:
1975:
1908:
2666:"Subfossiles provenant des fouilles d'Ampasambazimba"
2551:; Richardson, M.; Schwitzer, C.; et al. (2010).
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1328:, both in morphology and proportions. The four lower
4043:
3979:
3957:
3865:
3854:
3844:
3745:
3715:
3705:
3678:
3660:
3650:
3626:
3616:
3572:
3561:
3444:
3414:
3313:
3158:
3128:
3070:
2977:
2926:
2868:
2853:
2843:
2479:
Reconstructing Behavior in the Primate Fossil Record
2342:
2302:
Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews
2168:
2120:
1948:
1819:
1606:
1588:
1555:
900:, which include five genera of lemur, including the
2439:
1902:
1890:
1878:
1863:
1703:
1336:were short and stout, but sharp. Also, there was a
1001:(lower arm bone), and two femurs, both lacking the
414:, and it would have been vulnerable to hunting and
2585:
2514:
2144:
2132:
1618:
962:At the time, Standing noted similarities with the
833:All four genera of sloth lemurs are known to be a
816:was the next most closely related sloth lemur to
4240:
2425:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 103–118.
2292:
2269:
2084:
1933:
1807:
1715:
1664:
1451:, particularly seen in the femur, suggest that
865:). This relationship is supported by data from
398:and lemur diversity is very low in the nearest
372:predicts a mass of 160 kg (350 lb).
2238:
2156:
2045:
1992:
1780:
1740:
1231:, with its eyes directed further forward. The
2757:
406:. Although it was a rare lemur, it was still
2828:
1258:(eye sockets) were not as thick as those of
970:. Sixteen years after Standing's discovery,
2557:. Illustrated by S.D. Nash (3rd ed.).
1466:
911:
2764:
2750:
2680:
2016:
1963:
1324:. Its teeth were also similar to those of
1136:was significantly larger and more robust.
889:and the modified number of teeth in their
434:word ἀρχαῖος (archaios, or "ancient") and
208:
42:
2646:
2636:
2421:. In Damuth, J.; MacFadden, B. J (eds.).
2365:10.1525/california/9780520257214.003.0021
1123:
1005:(rounded end of the bone) on both ends.
810:(skeleton below the skull) indicate that
438:, a common variation of the generic name
2663:
2295:"The extinct sloth lemurs of Madagascar"
2293:Godfrey, L. R.; Jungers, W. L. (2003b).
1612:
1459:, and it is unknown whether it was like
1402:
1391:was over 100, it was lower than that of
1288:
1143:
993:(upper arm bone) and an almost complete
2416:
1914:
1601:Dunkel, Zijlstra & Groves 2011–2012
1092:Although some later authors considered
974:discovered the first and only complete
806:in its arboreal habitat. Traits of the
459:
4241:
1436:to be a slow-moving tree-dweller like
1417:is thought to have been a leaf-eater (
4133:
4132:
3533:
2815:
2745:
2583:
1637:
1293:Mandible and fragmentary maxillae of
2517:International Journal of Primatology
2097:Godfrey, Jungers & Schwartz 2006
2073:Godfrey, Jungers & Schwartz 2006
1976:Godfrey, Jungers & Schwartz 2006
1432:Both Standing and Lamberton assumed
1038:(lower leg bones) from a species of
978:(skull) and associated mandible for
830:, the smallest of the sloth lemurs.
4294:Monotypic prehistoric mammal genera
2189:
1223:. Its skull was wider than that of
13:
2444:Elwyn Simons: A Search for Origins
2169:Godfrey, Jungers & Burney 2010
2121:Godfrey, Jungers & Burney 2010
1949:Godfrey, Jungers & Burney 2010
1820:Godfrey, Jungers & Burney 2010
1589:Godfrey, Jungers & Burney 2010
1556:Godfrey, Jungers & Burney 2010
985:Only six postcranial specimens of
412:humans first arrived on Madagascar
353:) were mistakenly associated with
304:, as well as the recently extinct
14:
4305:
4254:Prehistoric animals of Madagascar
2816:
2771:
2272:The Natural History of Madagascar
1903:Jungers, Demes & Godfrey 2008
1891:Jungers, Demes & Godfrey 2008
1879:Jungers, Demes & Godfrey 2008
1864:Jungers, Demes & Godfrey 2008
1704:Jungers, Demes & Godfrey 2008
1301:The jaw exhibited a long, robust
881:(related group) is the family of
877:research. Another member of this
4094:
3534:
3516:
2145:MacPhee, Burney & Wells 1985
2133:MacPhee, Burney & Wells 1985
1516:remains were dated to 8000
939:in 1909 from two fragments of a
500:and its closest lemur relatives
63:
2670:Bulletin de l'Académie Malgache
2058:Vuillaume-Randriamanantena 1988
2029:Vuillaume-Randriamanantena 1988
1849:Vuillaume-Randriamanantena 1988
1837:Vuillaume-Randriamanantena 1988
1793:Vuillaume-Randriamanantena 1988
1760:Vuillaume-Randriamanantena 1988
1071:Lemuridotherium madagascariense
262:, comparable in size to a male
234:Lemuridotherium madagascariense
2594:Johns Hopkins University Press
2485:. Springer. pp. 371–411.
2386:Lemurs: Ecology and Adaptation
2353:University of California Press
1182:that was probably larger than
1:
4289:Fossil taxa described in 1909
4264:Extinct animals of Madagascar
2588:Walker's Mammals of the World
1536:
1495:
1490:Ambohitantely Special Reserve
404:Ambohitantely Special Reserve
4279:Quaternary mammals of Africa
2734:10.1016/0047-2484(88)90027-9
2491:10.1007/978-1-4615-1343-8_10
2458:10.1007/978-0-387-73896-3_23
837:(close relatives) of family
796:was most closely related to
487:of North and South America.
479:. Its ancestors were likely
421:
7:
4259:Endemic fauna of Madagascar
2400:10.1007/978-0-387-34586-4_3
2276:University of Chicago Press
2085:Godfrey & Jungers 2003b
1934:Godfrey & Jungers 2003b
1808:Godfrey & Jungers 2003b
1716:Godfrey & Jungers 2003a
1665:Godfrey & Jungers 2003a
1398:
943:(upper jaw) and a complete
334:fragmentary jaws, although
10:
4310:
4269:Prehistoric primate genera
2714:Journal of Human Evolution
2683:The Primates of Madagascar
2559:Conservation International
2347:Cenozoic Mammals of Africa
2249:Cambridge University Press
2157:Godfrey & Jungers 2002
2046:Godfrey & Jungers 2002
1993:Godfrey & Jungers 2002
1781:Godfrey & Jungers 2002
1741:Godfrey & Jungers 2002
1409:Archaeoindris fontoynontii
1199:Like all three species of
1089:belonged to a juvenile.
953:University of Antananarivo
933:Archaeoindris fontoynontii
292:was related to the living
247:Archaeoindris fontoynontii
219:Archaeoindris fontoynontii
196:Archaeoindris fontoynontii
52:Archaeoindris fontoynontii
4141:
4107:
4092:
4042:
4008:
3978:
3927:
3879:
3826:
3815:
3773:
3729:
3701:
3692:
3586:
3557:
3546:
3542:
3529:
3514:
3488:
3443:
3413:
3312:
3260:
3219:
3169:
3157:
3127:
3069:
2976:
2925:
2867:
2839:
2824:
2811:
2779:
2687:Columbia University Press
2243:The Primate Fossil Record
1284:trichromatic color vision
750:
730:
710:
703:
655:
637:
630:
612:
605:
587:
580:
548:
530:
523:
511:
258:known to have evolved on
231:
224:
216:
207:
189:
182:
60:Scientific classification
58:
50:
41:
23:
2664:Standing, H. F. (1909).
2617:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1467:Distribution and habitat
1425:is thought to have been
1282:than apes do and lacked
1241:Postorbital constriction
912:Taxonomic classification
330:in 1909 on the basis of
308:(Archaeolemuridae). The
2681:Tattersall, I. (1982).
2638:10.1186/1471-2148-8-121
2417:Jungers, W. L. (1990).
2183:, pp. 37 & 39.
2181:Mittermeier et al. 2010
1689:Mittermeier et al. 2010
1677:Mittermeier et al. 2010
1083:Megaladapis grandidieri
1044:Megaladapis grandidieri
935:was first described by
326:was first described by
2278:. pp. 1247–1252.
1504:, have gone extinct.
1411:
1298:
1192:, a close relative of
1189:Gigantopithecus blacki
1153:
1124:Anatomy and physiology
4221:Paleobiology Database
2584:Nowak, R. M. (1999).
1406:
1369:fovea capitis femoris
1292:
1147:
841:, which includes the
4274:Holocene extinctions
2554:Lemurs of Madagascar
1407:Life restoration of
1303:mandibular symphysis
921:, one of only a few
460:Evolutionary history
444:. The species name,
175:A. fontoynontii
4047:Palaeopropithecidae
2726:1988JHumE..17..379V
2629:2008BMCEE...8..121O
2123:, pp. 356–357.
2109:Jungers et al. 2001
2005:Jungers et al. 2001
1851:, pp. 381–382.
1650:Orlando et al. 2008
1510:stratigraphic level
947:(lower jaw). These
937:Herbert F. Standing
804:suspensory behavior
576:Palaeopropithecidae
448:(sometimes spelled
370:regression analyses
349:(a type of extinct
328:Herbert F. Standing
266:. It belonged to a
252:extinct giant lemur
217:Subfossil sites for
140:Palaeopropithecidae
16:Extinct giant lemur
2930:Ekgmowechashalidae
2529:10.1007/BF02735571
2314:10.1002/evan.10123
1506:Radiocarbon dating
1412:
1389:intermembral index
1387:, so although its
1373:greater trochanter
1299:
1154:
1128:Though similar to
1060:William L. Jungers
1046:) as belonging to
4236:
4235:
4135:Taxon identifiers
4126:
4125:
4103:
4102:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4077:Palaeopropithecus
3811:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3525:
3524:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3308:
3307:
2696:978-0-231-04704-3
2603:978-0-8018-5789-8
2568:978-1-934151-23-5
2545:Mittermeier, R.A.
2500:978-0-306-46604-5
2467:978-0-387-73895-6
2432:978-0-521-36099-9
2409:978-0-387-34585-7
2374:978-0-520-25721-4
2285:978-0-226-30306-2
2262:978-0-521-66315-1
1691:, pp. 39–40.
1679:, pp. 37–40.
1652:, p. 4 of 9.
1461:Palaeopropithecus
1449:Palaeopropithecus
1393:Palaeopropithecus
1381:Palaeopropithecus
1365:Palaeopropithecus
1342:Palaeopropithecus
1326:Palaeopropithecus
1272:retinal summation
1260:Palaeopropithecus
1237:Palaeopropithecus
1229:Palaeopropithecus
1201:Palaeopropithecus
1130:Palaeopropithecus
1118:Palaeopropithecus
1021:subfossil remains
1017:Central Highlands
972:Charles Lamberton
968:Palaeopropithecus
902:ring-tailed lemur
822:Palaeopropithecus
799:Palaeopropithecus
791:
790:
786:
785:
777:
776:
768:
767:
689:
688:
680:
679:
671:
670:
642:Palaeopropithecus
564:
563:
426:The generic name
390:, bushlands, and
366:Palaeopropithecus
336:Charles Lamberton
285:Palaeopropithecus
243:
242:
238:
163:
4301:
4284:Subfossil lemurs
4229:
4228:
4216:
4215:
4203:
4202:
4190:
4189:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4130:
4129:
4098:
4045:
3983:Archaeolemuridae
3981:
3959:
3867:
3856:
3846:
3824:
3823:
3764:Xanthonycticebus
3747:
3717:
3707:
3699:
3698:
3680:
3662:
3652:
3628:
3618:
3574:
3563:
3555:
3554:
3544:
3543:
3531:
3530:
3520:
3446:
3416:
3315:
3167:
3166:
3160:
3130:
3072:
2979:
2928:
2870:
2855:
2845:
2837:
2836:
2826:
2825:
2813:
2812:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2700:
2677:
2660:
2650:
2640:
2607:
2592:(6th ed.).
2591:
2580:
2540:
2511:
2509:
2503:. Archived from
2484:
2471:
2447:
2436:
2413:
2389:
2378:
2350:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2330:
2324:. Archived from
2299:
2289:
2266:
2246:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2226:
2220:. Archived from
2203:
2190:Literature cited
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1979:
1978:, p. 53–55.
1973:
1967:
1961:
1952:
1946:
1937:
1931:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1867:
1861:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1763:
1757:
1744:
1738:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1559:
1553:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1254:The rims of the
706:
705:
633:
632:
608:
607:
583:
582:
526:
525:
519:Archaeolemuridae
514:
513:
507:
506:
490:
489:
473:subfossil lemurs
454:Malagasy Academy
360:The skeleton of
254:and the largest
236:
212:
198:
194:
158:
151:
138:
68:
67:
46:
29:Temporal range:
21:
20:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4224:
4219:
4211:
4206:
4198:
4193:
4185:
4180:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4156:
4155:
4150:
4137:
4127:
4122:
4118:Subfossil lemur
4099:
4082:
4070:Mesopropithecus
4038:
4004:
3974:
3923:
3875:
3820:
3803:
3769:
3725:
3688:
3582:
3551:
3538:
3521:
3504:
3484:
3439:
3409:
3317:Caenopithecidae
3304:
3256:
3215:
3153:
3123:
3065:
2972:
2960:Muangthanhinius
2946:Ekgmowechashala
2921:
2863:
2833:
2820:
2807:
2775:
2770:
2740:
2710:Lemuridotherium
2697:
2689:. p. 382.
2604:
2569:
2507:
2501:
2482:
2468:
2433:
2410:
2375:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2297:
2286:
2263:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2201:
2192:
2187:
2179:
2175:
2167:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2095:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2071:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2044:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2017:Tattersall 1982
2015:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1991:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1964:Tattersall 1982
1962:
1955:
1947:
1940:
1932:
1921:
1913:
1909:
1901:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1870:
1862:
1855:
1847:
1843:
1835:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1806:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1766:
1758:
1747:
1739:
1722:
1718:, p. 1248.
1714:
1710:
1702:
1695:
1687:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1667:, p. 1252.
1663:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1636:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1587:
1562:
1554:
1543:
1539:
1512:of some of the
1498:
1469:
1401:
1315:
1314:
1295:A. fontoynontii
1266:indicates that
1213:auditory bullae
1126:
1094:Lemuridotherium
1075:Lemuridotherium
914:
827:Mesopropithecus
787:
778:
769:
690:
681:
672:
592:Mesopropithecus
565:
462:
424:
203:
200:
192:
191:
178:
157:
149:
136:
62:
37:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4307:
4297:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4217:
4204:
4191:
4178:
4163:
4147:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4073:
4066:
4059:
4051:
4049:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4029:
4022:
4014:
4012:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3995:
3987:
3985:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3965:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3933:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3900:
3893:
3885:
3883:
3881:Cheirogaleidae
3877:
3876:
3874:
3873:
3863:
3859:Plesiopithecus
3852:
3842:
3835:
3827:
3821:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3794:
3787:
3779:
3777:
3775:Perodicticinae
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3743:
3735:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3713:
3702:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3676:
3669:
3658:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3624:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3592:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3570:
3558:
3552:
3547:
3540:
3539:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3494:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3460:
3452:
3450:
3448:Djebelemuridae
3441:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3430:
3427:Algeripithecus
3422:
3420:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3399:
3392:
3389:Mescalerolemur
3385:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3321:
3319:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3266:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3225:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3178:
3170:
3164:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3148:Marcgodinotius
3144:
3136:
3134:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3078:
3076:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3014:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2985:
2983:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2934:
2932:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2876:
2874:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2851:
2848:Plesiopithecus
2840:
2834:
2829:
2822:
2821:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2769:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2746:
2739:
2738:
2720:(4): 379–391.
2701:
2695:
2678:
2661:
2608:
2602:
2581:
2567:
2541:
2523:(5): 463–489.
2512:
2510:on 2006-09-09.
2499:
2472:
2466:
2437:
2431:
2414:
2408:
2379:
2373:
2340:
2308:(6): 252–263.
2290:
2284:
2267:
2261:
2236:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2173:
2171:, p. 353.
2161:
2159:, p. 118.
2149:
2147:, p. 463.
2137:
2135:, p. 467.
2125:
2113:
2111:, p. 393.
2101:
2089:
2087:, p. 257.
2077:
2062:
2060:, p. 389.
2050:
2048:, p. 102.
2033:
2031:, p. 387.
2021:
2019:, p. 225.
2009:
2007:, p. 388.
1997:
1995:, p. 103.
1980:
1968:
1966:, p. 224.
1953:
1951:, p. 355.
1938:
1936:, p. 256.
1919:
1917:, p. 114.
1907:
1905:, p. 350.
1895:
1893:, p. 347.
1883:
1881:, p. 345.
1868:
1866:, p. 344.
1853:
1841:
1839:, p. 380.
1824:
1822:, p. 361.
1812:
1810:, p. 255.
1797:
1795:, p. 390.
1785:
1783:, p. 112.
1764:
1762:, p. 379.
1745:
1743:, p. 101.
1720:
1708:
1706:, p. 343.
1693:
1681:
1669:
1654:
1642:
1617:
1605:
1593:
1591:, p. 356.
1560:
1558:, p. 354.
1540:
1538:
1535:
1497:
1494:
1468:
1465:
1400:
1397:
1311:dental formula
1245:sagittal crest
1209:derived traits
1180:fossil primate
1163:Laurie Godfrey
1125:
1122:
1013:Ampasambazimba
949:type specimens
913:
910:
824:, followed by
789:
788:
784:
783:
780:
779:
775:
774:
771:
770:
766:
765:
762:
761:
749:
746:
745:
742:
741:
729:
726:
725:
722:
721:
709:
704:
702:
696:
695:
692:
691:
687:
686:
683:
682:
678:
677:
674:
673:
669:
668:
665:
664:
654:
651:
650:
647:
646:
636:
631:
629:
626:
625:
622:
621:
611:
606:
604:
601:
600:
597:
596:
586:
581:
579:
571:
570:
567:
566:
562:
561:
558:
557:
547:
544:
543:
540:
539:
529:
524:
522:
512:
510:
505:
502:
501:
467:was a type of
461:
458:
423:
420:
400:protected area
340:Ampasambazimba
241:
240:
237:Standing, 1910
229:
228:
222:
221:
214:
213:
205:
204:
202:Standing, 1909
201:
187:
186:
180:
179:
171:
169:
165:
164:
147:
143:
142:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
56:
55:
48:
47:
39:
38:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4306:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4227:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4183:
4179:
4174:
4173:Archaeoindris
4168:
4164:
4159:
4153:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4143:Archaeoindris
4140:
4136:
4131:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4097:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4056:Archaeoindris
4053:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3999:Hadropithecus
3996:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3814:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3750:Nycticeboides
3744:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3673:Sciurocheirus
3670:
3667:
3666:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3528:
3519:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3347:Caenopithecus
3344:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3311:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3262:Sivaladapinae
3259:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3221:Hoanghoniinae
3218:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3162:Sivaladapidae
3156:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3053:Pronycticebus
3050:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3025:Mazateronodon
3022:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2981:Cercamoniidae
2975:
2969:
2968:
2967:Palaeohodites
2964:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2831:Strepsirrhini
2827:
2823:
2819:
2818:Strepsirrhini
2814:
2810:
2804:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2773:Strepsirrhini
2767:
2762:
2760:
2755:
2753:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2706:Archaeoindris
2702:
2698:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2672:(in French).
2671:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2589:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2480:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2445:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2387:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2341:
2331:on 2012-03-20
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2244:
2237:
2227:on 2016-11-06
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2195:
2194:
2182:
2177:
2170:
2165:
2158:
2153:
2146:
2141:
2134:
2129:
2122:
2117:
2110:
2105:
2099:, p. 53.
2098:
2093:
2086:
2081:
2075:, p. 49.
2074:
2069:
2067:
2059:
2054:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2030:
2025:
2018:
2013:
2006:
2001:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1977:
1972:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1916:
1911:
1904:
1899:
1892:
1887:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1850:
1845:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1821:
1816:
1809:
1804:
1802:
1794:
1789:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1742:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1717:
1712:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1690:
1685:
1678:
1673:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1651:
1646:
1640:, p. 91.
1639:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1614:
1613:Standing 1909
1609:
1603:, p. 68.
1602:
1597:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1541:
1534:
1532:
1527:
1526:Archaeoindris
1523:
1519:
1515:
1514:Archaeoindris
1511:
1507:
1503:
1502:Archaeoindris
1493:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1472:Archaeoindris
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1453:Archaeoindris
1450:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1434:Archaeoindris
1430:
1428:
1424:
1423:Archaeoindris
1420:
1416:
1415:Archaeoindris
1410:
1405:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1385:Archaeoindris
1382:
1376:
1375:was small.
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1361:Archaeoindris
1358:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1280:visual acuity
1277:
1276:Archaeoindris
1273:
1269:
1268:Archaeoindris
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1249:nuchal crests
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1205:Archaeoindris
1202:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1184:Archaeoindris
1181:
1177:
1172:
1171:cortical area
1168:
1164:
1160:
1151:
1150:Archaeoindris
1148:The skull of
1146:
1142:
1139:
1138:Archaeoindris
1135:
1134:Archaeoindris
1131:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1114:Archaeoindris
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:Archaeoindris
1099:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1087:Archaeoindris
1084:
1080:
1079:Archaeoindris
1076:
1072:
1068:
1067:Archaeoindris
1063:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1049:
1048:Archaeoindris
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:Archaeoindris
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1009:Archaeoindris
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
987:Archaeoindris
983:
981:
980:Archaeoindris
977:
973:
969:
965:
960:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
928:
924:
920:
919:Archaeoindris
909:
907:
903:
899:
894:
892:
888:
884:
883:monkey lemurs
880:
876:
872:
871:developmental
868:
867:morphological
864:
860:
859:woolly lemurs
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
831:
829:
828:
823:
819:
818:Archaeoindris
815:
814:
809:
805:
801:
800:
795:
794:Archaeoindris
782:
781:
773:
772:
764:
763:
760:
758:
757:woolly lemurs
754:
748:
747:
744:
743:
740:
738:
734:
728:
727:
724:
723:
720:
718:
714:
708:
707:
701:
698:
697:
694:
693:
685:
684:
676:
675:
667:
666:
663:
662:
661:
660:Archaeoindris
653:
652:
649:
648:
645:
644:
643:
635:
634:
628:
627:
624:
623:
620:
619:
618:
610:
609:
603:
602:
599:
598:
595:
594:
593:
585:
584:
577:
573:
572:
569:
568:
560:
559:
556:
555:
554:
553:Hadropithecus
546:
545:
542:
541:
538:
537:
536:
528:
527:
520:
516:
515:
509:
508:
504:
503:
499:
498:Archaeoindris
495:
492:
491:
488:
486:
485:ground sloths
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
465:Archaeoindris
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
442:
437:
433:
429:
428:Archaeoindris
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
384:Archaeoindris
380:
378:
377:Archaeoindris
373:
371:
367:
363:
362:Archaeoindris
358:
356:
355:Archaeoindris
352:
348:
346:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
324:Archaeoindris
321:
319:
315:
314:Archaeoindris
311:
307:
306:monkey lemurs
303:
302:woolly lemurs
299:
295:
291:
290:Archaeoindris
287:
286:
281:
280:ground sloths
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
248:
239:
235:
230:
227:
223:
220:
215:
211:
206:
199:
197:
188:
185:
184:Binomial name
181:
177:
176:
170:
167:
166:
161:
156:
155:
154:Archaeoindris
148:
145:
144:
141:
135:
132:
131:
128:
127:Strepsirrhini
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
78:
75:
72:
71:
66:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
40:
36:
32:
26:
25:Archaeoindris
22:
19:
4249:Lemur genera
4142:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4031:
4024:
4017:
3997:
3992:Archaeolemur
3990:
3967:
3960:
3950:
3943:
3936:
3916:
3909:
3902:
3897:Cheirogaleus
3895:
3888:
3868:
3857:
3847:
3837:
3830:
3796:
3791:Perodicticus
3789:
3782:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3738:
3718:
3708:
3681:
3671:
3665:Saharagalago
3663:
3653:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3619:
3609:
3602:
3595:
3577:Saharagalago
3575:
3564:
3536:Lemuriformes
3490:Lemuriformes
3477:
3470:
3462:
3455:
3432:
3425:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3210:Yunnanadapis
3208:
3201:
3194:
3189:Kyitchaungia
3187:
3182:Guangxilemur
3180:
3173:
3146:
3139:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3018:Donrussellia
3016:
3009:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2965:
2958:
2953:Gatanthropus
2951:
2944:
2937:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2895:Hesperolemur
2893:
2886:
2879:
2872:Notharctidae
2856:
2846:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2682:
2673:
2669:
2623:(121): 121.
2620:
2616:
2587:
2552:
2520:
2516:
2505:the original
2478:
2443:
2422:
2385:
2346:
2333:. Retrieved
2326:the original
2305:
2301:
2271:
2242:
2229:. Retrieved
2222:the original
2209:
2205:
2176:
2164:
2152:
2140:
2128:
2116:
2104:
2092:
2080:
2053:
2024:
2012:
2000:
1971:
1915:Jungers 1990
1910:
1898:
1886:
1844:
1815:
1788:
1711:
1684:
1672:
1645:
1615:, p. 9.
1608:
1596:
1531:habitat loss
1525:
1513:
1501:
1499:
1479:
1471:
1470:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1422:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1341:
1325:
1300:
1294:
1275:
1267:
1259:
1253:
1236:
1233:neurocranium
1228:
1224:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1187:
1183:
1178:). The only
1159:femoral head
1155:
1149:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1117:
1113:
1101:
1093:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1027:
1025:
1008:
1007:
986:
984:
979:
967:
961:
932:
931:
918:
915:
905:
895:
862:
854:
846:
835:sister taxon
832:
825:
821:
817:
811:
797:
793:
792:
752:
751:
732:
731:
712:
711:
659:
658:
656:
640:
638:
615:
613:
590:
588:
551:
549:
535:Archaeolemur
533:
531:
497:
475:) native to
464:
463:
449:
446:fontoynontii
445:
439:
435:
427:
425:
416:habitat loss
383:
382:The diet of
381:
376:
374:
365:
361:
359:
354:
343:
323:
322:
313:
289:
283:
276:sloth lemurs
246:
245:
244:
233:
232:
218:
195:
190:
174:
173:
153:
152:
51:
24:
18:
4167:Wikispecies
4113:Adapiformes
4033:Propithecus
3849:Megaladapis
3832:Daubentonia
3798:Pseudopotto
3710:Mioeuoticus
3361:Europolemur
3299:Sivaladapis
3285:Siamoadapis
3230:Hoanghonius
3203:Paukkaungia
3175:Anthradapis
3132:Asiadapidae
3118:Palaeolemur
3111:Microadapis
3090:Cryptadapis
3060:Protoadapis
3046:Periconodon
2916:Smilodectes
2858:Sulaimanius
2549:Louis, E.E.
2355:. pp.
2251:. pp.
1442:terrestrial
1438:Megaladapis
1264:optic canal
1225:Megaladapis
1221:nasal bones
1176:spongy bone
1167:regressions
1056:Alan Walker
1040:koala lemur
906:Lemur catta
887:molar teeth
855:Propithecus
808:postcranium
733:Propithecus
469:sloth lemur
450:fontoynonti
351:koala lemur
347:grandidieri
345:Megaladapis
270:of extinct
31:Pleistocene
4243:Categories
4111:See also:
3962:Pachylemur
3904:Microcebus
3818:Lemuroidea
3784:Arctocebus
3757:Nycticebus
3645:Paragalago
3611:Galagoides
3549:Lorisoidea
3499:see below↓
3479:Shizarodon
3457:Djebelemur
3382:Masradapis
3340:Aframonius
3292:Sinoadapis
3271:Indraloris
3104:Magnadapis
3097:Leptadapis
2997:Anchomomys
2939:Bugtilemur
2902:Notharctus
2335:2012-08-21
2231:2012-08-19
2206:Lemur News
1638:Nowak 1999
1537:References
1496:Extinction
1476:Quaternary
1419:folivorous
1278:had lower
1217:premaxilla
1207:exhibited
1194:orangutans
1106:postcrania
477:Madagascar
396:grasslands
274:known as "
260:Madagascar
123:Suborder:
4158:Q13223268
4063:Babakotia
4010:Indriidae
3945:Hapalemur
3929:Lemuridae
3890:Allocebus
3839:Lepilemur
3731:Lorisinae
3720:Namaloris
3694:Lorisidae
3683:Wadilemur
3655:Progalago
3588:Galagidae
3566:Karanisia
3464:Notnamaia
3418:Azibiidae
3403:Notnamaia
3396:Namadapis
3375:Mahgarita
3368:Godinotia
3354:Darwinius
3333:Afradapis
3326:Adapoides
3278:Ramadapis
3244:Rencunius
3141:Asiadapis
2909:Pelycodus
2888:Copelemur
2783:Kingdom:
2577:670545286
2218:1608-1439
2212:: 64–70.
1003:epiphyses
964:dentition
923:monotypic
898:Lemuridae
891:toothcomb
875:molecular
839:Indriidae
813:Babakotia
700:Indriidae
617:Babakotia
494:Phylogeny
422:Etymology
388:woodlands
332:subfossil
168:Species:
83:Kingdom:
77:Eukaryota
4187:10568346
4152:Wikidata
3870:Propotto
3638:Otolemur
3631:Laetolia
3597:Euoticus
3472:Omanodon
3251:Wailekia
3074:Adapidae
3039:Panobius
3032:Nievesia
3004:Barnesia
2990:Agerinia
2803:Primates
2797:Mammalia
2791:Chordata
2789:Phylum:
2785:Animalia
2657:18442367
2537:44449535
1486:sympatry
1481:Aristida
1399:Behavior
1338:diastema
1330:incisors
1270:had low
1219:and the
1034:and two
957:premolar
945:mandible
481:arboreal
226:Synonyms
160:Standing
133:Family:
117:Primates
107:Mammalia
97:Chordata
93:Phylum:
87:Animalia
73:Domain:
35:Holocene
4213:1108712
4200:4827335
3969:Varecia
3938:Eulemur
3434:Azibius
3237:Lushius
3196:Laomaki
3011:Buxella
2881:Cantius
2801:Order:
2795:Class:
2722:Bibcode
2676:: 9–11.
2648:2386821
2625:Bibcode
2322:4834725
1508:of the
1457:browser
1427:diurnal
1350:crowned
1334:canines
1320:2.0.2.3
1317:2.1.2.3
1169:of the
1098:synonym
1036:fibulae
1015:in the
991:humerus
976:cranium
941:maxilla
857:), and
851:sifakas
737:sifakas
578:
574: †
521:
517: †
392:savanna
298:sifakas
264:gorilla
256:primate
193:†
172:†
146:Genus:
113:Order:
103:Class:
3918:Phaner
3604:Galago
3083:Adapis
2693:
2655:
2645:
2600:
2575:
2565:
2535:
2497:
2464:
2452:–360.
2429:
2406:
2371:
2359:–367.
2320:
2282:
2259:
2255:–121.
2216:
1357:radius
1346:enamel
1307:palate
1297:(1909)
1256:orbits
1110:crania
925:lemur
873:, and
436:indris
408:extant
300:, and
272:lemurs
268:family
250:is an
162:, 1909
54:skull
4226:40790
4208:IRMNG
4026:Indri
4019:Avahi
3952:Lemur
3911:Mirza
3740:Loris
3621:Komba
2533:S2CID
2508:(PDF)
2483:(PDF)
2394:–64.
2329:(PDF)
2318:S2CID
2298:(PDF)
2225:(PDF)
2202:(PDF)
1444:).
1032:tibia
995:femur
879:clade
863:Avahi
847:Indri
843:indri
753:Avahi
717:indri
713:Indri
441:Indri
432:Greek
410:when
310:genus
294:indri
4195:GBIF
2708:and
2691:ISBN
2653:PMID
2598:ISBN
2573:OCLC
2563:ISBN
2495:ISBN
2462:ISBN
2427:ISBN
2404:ISBN
2369:ISBN
2280:ISBN
2257:ISBN
2214:ISSN
1186:was
1108:and
1077:and
1058:and
999:ulna
927:taxa
820:and
4182:EoL
2730:doi
2712:".
2643:PMC
2633:doi
2525:doi
2487:doi
2454:doi
2450:343
2396:doi
2361:doi
2357:351
2310:doi
1522:BCE
1313:of
1112:of
1100:of
966:of
849:),
496:of
318:BCE
4245::
4223::
4210::
4197::
4184::
4169::
4154::
2728:.
2718:17
2716:.
2685:.
2668:.
2651:.
2641:.
2631:.
2619:.
2615:.
2596:.
2571:.
2561:.
2547:;
2531:.
2519:.
2493:.
2460:.
2402:.
2392:41
2367:.
2351:.
2316:.
2306:12
2304:.
2300:.
2274:.
2253:97
2247:.
2210:16
2208:.
2204:.
2065:^
2036:^
1983:^
1956:^
1941:^
1922:^
1871:^
1856:^
1827:^
1800:^
1767:^
1748:^
1723:^
1696:^
1657:^
1620:^
1563:^
1544:^
1533:.
1518:BP
1395:.
1352:.
1286:.
1239:.
1203:,
1196:.
1132:,
1120:.
1096:a
1062:.
929:.
869:,
759:)
739:)
719:)
418:.
402:,
320:.
312:,
296:,
4044:†
3980:†
3958:†
3866:†
3862:?
3855:†
3845:†
3746:†
3716:†
3706:†
3679:†
3668:?
3661:†
3651:†
3627:†
3617:†
3573:†
3569:?
3562:†
3467:?
3445:†
3415:†
3406:?
3314:†
3159:†
3129:†
3071:†
2978:†
2927:†
2869:†
2854:†
2844:†
2765:e
2758:t
2751:v
2736:.
2732::
2724::
2699:.
2674:6
2659:.
2635::
2627::
2621:8
2606:.
2579:.
2539:.
2527::
2521:6
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2470:.
2456::
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2412:.
2398::
2377:.
2363::
2338:.
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2288:.
2265:.
2234:.
1042:(
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861:(
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755:(
735:(
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657:†
639:†
614:†
589:†
550:†
532:†
150:†
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33:-
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