28:
316:
20:
166:
312:, which was launched in 1839 and named in honor of Archimedes and his work on the screw. Developments in maritime transport occurred over the next 180 years from the Fawcett, Preston and Company double blade design and patents by Sharrow Marine to address rotary propulsion and flow control on boating vessels through loop propellers. Electricity generation through hydropower pumps such as the Meriden project operated by New England Hydropower also uses Archimedes screw to direct water into the top, rather than the bottom, of the screw which forces it to rotate.
1780:
874:
339:
1896:
365:(ASTs) are a new form of generator for small hydroelectric powerplants that could be applied even in low-head sites. The low rotation speed of ASTs reduces negative impacts on aquatic life and fish. This technology is used primarily at fish hatcheries to lift fish safely from ponds and transport them to another location. An Archimedes screw was used in the successful 2001 stabilization of the
194:, was composed of tubes wound round a cylinder; as the entire unit rotates, water is lifted within the spiral tube to the higher elevation. A later screw pump design from Egypt had a spiral groove cut on the outside of a solid wooden cylinder and then the cylinder was covered by boards or sheets of metal closely covering the surfaces between the grooves.
888:. It is contained within a tube and turned by a motor to deliver material from one end of the conveyor to the other and particularly suitable for transport of granular materials such as plastic granules used in injection moulding. It may also be used to transport liquids. In industrial control applications, the conveyor may be used as a
408:
The contact surface between the screw and the pipe does not need to be perfectly watertight, as long as the amount of water being scooped with each turn is large compared to the amount of water leaking out of each section of the screw per turn. If water from one section leaks into the next lower one,
933:
If water is fed into the top of an
Archimedes screw, it will force the screw to rotate. The rotating shaft can then be used to drive an electric generator. Such an installation has the same benefits as using the screw for pumping: the ability to handle very dirty water and widely varying rates of
404:
surface surrounding a central cylindrical shaft) inside a hollow pipe. The screw is usually turned by windmill, manual labor, cattle, or by modern means, such as a motor. As the shaft turns, the bottom end scoops up a volume of water. This water is then pushed up the tube by the rotating helicoid
267:
and was launched by
Archimedes who designed device with a revolving screw-shaped blade inside a cylinder to remove any potential water leaking through the hull. Archimedes' screw was turned by hand, and could also be used to transfer water from a low-lying body of water into irrigation canals.
412:
In some designs, the screw is fused to the casing and they both rotate together, instead of the screw turning within a stationary casing. The screw could be sealed to the casing with pitch resin or other adhesive, or the screw and casing could be cast together as a single piece in bronze.
593:
67:. It is a reversible hydraulic machine, and there are several examples of Archimedes screw installations where the screw can operate at different times as either pump or generator, depending on needs for power and watercourse flow.
428:
Studies show that the volume of flow passes through
Archimedes screws is a function of inlet depth, diameter and rotation speed of the screw. Therefore, the following analytical equation could be used to design Archimedes screws:
78:
ditches, water is lifted by turning a screw-shaped surface inside a pipe. In the modern world, Archimedes screw pumps are widely used in wastewater treatment plants and for dewatering low-lying regions. Run in reverse,
424:
was built of wood strips (or occasionally bronze sheeting) around a heavy wooden pole. A cylinder was built around the helices using long, narrow boards fastened to their periphery and waterproofed with pitch.
434:
1592:
Nuernbergk D. M.: "Wasserkraftschnecken – Berechnung und optimaler
Entwurf von archimedischen Schnecken als Wasserkraftmaschine", Verlag Moritz Schäfer, Detmold, 1. Edition. 2012, 272 papes,
283:
water screws show them being powered by a human treading on the outer casing to turn the entire apparatus as one piece, which would require that the casing be rigidly attached to the screw.
1589:
Nuernbergk, D. and Rorres C.: „An
Analytical Model for the Water Inflow of an Archimedes Screw Used in Hydropower Generation", ASCE Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Published: 23 July 2012
788:
1257:
733:
157:) and heads (0.1 m to 10 m), including low heads and moderate flow rates that is not ideal for traditional turbines and not occupied by high performance technologies.
1605:
Nagel, G.; Radlik, K.: Wasserförderschnecken – Planung, Bau und
Betrieb von Wasserhebeanlagen; Udo Pfriemer Buchverlag in der Bauverlag GmbH, Wiesbaden, Berlin (1988)
830:
670:
155:
120:
857:
810:
622:
369:. Small amounts of subsoil saturated by groundwater were removed from far below the north side of the tower, and the weight of the tower itself corrected the lean.
648:
1602:
Rorres C.: "The turn of the Screw: Optimum design of an
Archimedes Screw", ASCE Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Volume 126, Number 1, Jan.2000, pp. 72–80
692:
1322:
1295:
1582:
588:{\displaystyle D_{O}={\sqrt{\frac {16\pi Q}{\sigma \omega (2\theta _{O}-sin2\theta _{O}-\delta ^{2}(2\theta _{i}-sin(2\theta _{i}))}}}}
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301:(1405). This mechanism quickly replaced the ancient practice of working the pipe by treading. The world's first seagoing
737:
Based on the common standards that the
Archimedes screw designers use this analytical equation could be simplified as:
202:
19:
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1360:
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315:
1945:
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1074:
The
Archimedes' screw was developed in ancient Egypt and was subsequently used by Archimedes (287–212 b.c.)
217:
to describe casting water screws in bronze some 350 years earlier. This is consistent with Greek historian
1318:
1950:
859:, other design parameters of Archimedes screws can be calculated using a step-by-step analytical method.
241:, circa 234 BC. This tradition may reflect only that the apparatus was unknown to the Greeks before
1287:
1960:
1940:
1935:
1725:
1718:
222:
198:
1804:
1739:
1666:
1609:
271:
Archimedes never claimed credit for its invention, but it was attributed to him 200 years later by
416:
The design of the everyday Greek and Roman water screw, in contrast to the heavy bronze device of
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31:
Animation showing how
Archimedes screws can generate power if they are driven by flowing fluid
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1136:"Sennacherib, Archimedes, and the Water Screw: The Context of Invention in the Ancient World"
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125:
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Sennacherib, Archimedes, and the Water Screw: The Context of Invention in the Ancient World
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233:
The screw pump was later introduced from Hellenistic Egypt to Greece. It was described by
8:
1930:
1899:
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1871:
1659:
1478:
884:
A screw conveyor is a similar device which transports bulk materials such as powders and
627:
347:
264:
1876:
1814:
1746:
1222:
1157:
987:
967:
900:
677:
389:
242:
183:
84:
23:
Animation showing how the Archimedes screw works, with the red balls representing water
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1866:
1845:
1794:
1704:
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1562:, Technology and Change in History, vol. 2, Leiden, pp. 217–302 (242–251),
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plants because they cope well with varying rates of flow and with suspended solids.
165:
83:
act as a new form of small hydroelectric powerplant that can be applied even in low
1458:
1279:
1149:
915:. On a much larger scale, Archimedes's screws of decreasing pitch are used for the
420:, with its problematic drive chains, has a powerful simplicity. A double or triple
358:
214:
1925:
1779:
1447:"Design Guideline for Hydropower Plants Using One or Multiple Archimedes Screws"
1920:
1767:
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912:
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381:
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276:
275:, who believed that Archimedes invented the screw pump in Egypt. Depictions of
1914:
1538:
Greek and Roman mechanical water-lifting devices. The History of a Technology
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306:
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80:
64:
1499:
P. J. Kantert: "Manual for Archimedean Screw Pump", Hirthammer Verlag 2008,
1112:
The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: an elusive World Wonder traced
873:
1153:
935:
280:
190:
before the 3rd century BC. The Egyptian screw, used to lift water from the
63:
who first described it around 234 BC, although the device had been used in
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1753:
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904:
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210:
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P. J. Kantert: "Praxishandbuch Schneckenpumpe" - 2nd edition 2020, DWA,
1510:
P. J. Kantert: "Praxishandbuch Schneckenpumpe", Hirthammer Verlag 2008,
1732:
1682:
907:
machines and extrusion of plastics, which employ a screw of decreasing
343:
328:
234:
75:
60:
1463:
1446:
1135:
992:
946:
schemes operating in England. The screw works well as a generator at
916:
911:
to compress and melt the material. It is also used in a rotary-screw
302:
255:
246:
56:
197:
Some researchers have proposed this device was used to irrigate the
896:
to deliver a measured rate or quantity of material into a process.
401:
320:
272:
1294:. Technology and Culture Volume 44, Number 1, January 2003 (PDF).
186:. The first records of a water screw, or screw pump, date back to
1482:
409:
it will be transferred upwards by the next segment of the screw.
206:
71:
1861:
1278:
951:
885:
324:
218:
1384:"Archimedes Screw Being Used To Generate Power At Meriden Dam"
87:
sites. Such generators operate in a wide range of flows (0.01
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421:
238:
170:
1629:
The Turn of the Screw: Optimal Design of an Archimedes Screw
899:
A variant of the Archimedes screw can also be found in some
295:
equipped the Archimedes screw with a crank mechanism in his
1445:
YoosefDoost, Arash; Lubitz, William David (December 2021).
260:
191:
74:
used for lifting water from a low-lying body of water into
319:
Modern Archimedes' screw which have replaced some of the
173:
from the 1950s which uses the Archimedes' screw mechanism
1479:"Windsor Castle water turbine installed on River Thames"
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Other inventions using Archimedes screws include the
128:
93:
1250:"Athenaeus, The Deipnosophists, BOOK V., chapter 40"
263:. It is said to have been the largest ship built in
1408:"Meriden power plant uses Archimedes Screw Turbine"
1193:
One hundred greatest science inventions of all time
1221:
1168:
1055:. Standard Educational Corp. 1978. p. A-257.
950:, commonly found in English rivers, including the
851:
824:
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792:The value of η could simply determinate using the
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587:
249:quotes a certain Moschion in a description on how
149:
114:
1444:
672:: Rotation speed of the Archimedes screw (rad/s)
1912:
1486:, 20 September 2011. Retrieved: 19 October 2017.
1554:Oleson, John Peter (2000), "Water-Lifting", in
1321:. Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences.
1134:Dalley, Stephanie; Oleson, John Peter (2003).
1023:Stewart, Bobby Alton; Terry A. Howell (2003).
1667:
405:until it pours out from the top of the tube.
286:
1133:
400:The Archimedes screw consists of a screw (a
259:, a luxury ship which would be a display of
1674:
1660:
1581:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1462:
1426:
1319:"Archimedes' screw – Optimal Design"
1316:
1224:Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World
1196:. USA: Libraries Unlimited. pp. 6–.
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1018:
1016:
1014:
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1008:
783:{\displaystyle D_{O}\approx \eta Q^{3/7}}
59:machines named after Greek mathematician
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26:
18:
1471:
1093:. The Encyclopaedia Britannica Co. 2011
1913:
1553:
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1005:
1841:List of things named after Archimedes
1655:
1614:Medieval Technology and Social Change
1608:
1440:
1438:
1429:"Lift Water with an Archimedes Screw"
1343:
1189:
342:Archimedes screw as a form of art by
213:(704–681 BC) has been interpreted by
1560:Handbook of Ancient Water Technology
1183:
1129:
1127:
305:driven by a screw propeller was the
1363:from the original on 2 October 2011
177:
13:
1435:
1381:
1260:from the original on 15 March 2023
819:
237:, on the occasion of his visit to
228:
203:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
14:
1977:
1761:The Method of Mechanical Theorems
1621:
1325:from the original on 22 July 2012
1298:from the original on 16 July 2015
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922:
1895:
1894:
1778:
1616:, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press
1420:
1400:
1375:
1349:
1337:
1310:
1272:
1029:. USA: CRC Press. p. 759.
877:An Archimedes' screw seen on a
253:commissioned the design of the
1681:
1640:Wolfram Demonstrations Project
1242:
1228:. Princeton University Press.
1210:
1104:
1091:Encyclopædia Britannica online
1043:
722:
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637:
631:
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526:
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357:Archimedes screws are used in
1:
1026:Encyclopedia of water science
205:. A cuneiform inscription of
182:The screw pump is the oldest
1712:On the Equilibrium of Planes
7:
1800:Archimedes's cattle problem
1427:Ben Finio (July 11, 2019).
961:
901:injection moulding machines
862:
832:graph. By determination of
10:
1982:
1956:Hanging Gardens of Babylon
1788:Discoveries and inventions
1726:On the Sphere and Cylinder
1719:Quadrature of the Parabola
1646:"Archimedes Screw Examples
1493:
1190:Haven, Kendall F. (2006).
926:
866:
287:Development and modern use
199:Hanging Gardens of Babylon
184:positive displacement pump
160:
1890:
1854:
1823:
1787:
1776:
1689:
1052:New Standard Encyclopedia
934:flow at high efficiency.
728:{\displaystyle (m^{3}/s)}
395:
81:Archimedes screw turbines
55:, is one of the earliest
1740:On Conoids and Spheroids
1540:, Dordrecht: D. Reidel,
1346:, pp. 105, 111, 168
998:
225:as irrigated by screws.
1698:Measurement of a Circle
1631:, by Chris Rorres, PhD.
973:Screw-propelled vehicle
825:{\displaystyle \Theta }
694:: Volumetric flow rate
665:{\displaystyle \omega }
150:{\displaystyle m^{3}/s}
115:{\displaystyle m^{3}/s}
16:Water pumping mechanism
1431:. Scientific American.
1154:10.1353/tech.2003.0011
1141:Technology and Culture
978:Screw (simple machine)
942:are two reverse screw
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247:Athenaeus of Naucratis
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32:
24:
1836:Archimedes Palimpsest
1805:Archimedes' principle
1648:Various sources, 2021
1254:www.perseus.tufts.edu
876:
854:
852:{\displaystyle D_{O}}
827:
807:
805:{\displaystyle \eta }
785:
730:
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619:
617:{\displaystyle D_{O}}
590:
367:Leaning Tower of Pisa
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30:
22:
1831:Archimedes' heat ray
894:variable rate feeder
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251:Hiero II of Syracuse
221:, who describes the
126:
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39:, also known as the
1946:Egyptian inventions
1882:Eutocius of Ascalon
1872:Apollonius of Perga
1636:"Archimedean Screw"
1382:HLADKY, GREGORY B.
919:of waste material.
643:{\displaystyle (m)}
265:classical antiquity
1951:Ancient inventions
1877:Hero of Alexandria
1815:Claw of Archimedes
1810:Archimedes's screw
1747:On Floating Bodies
1534:Oleson, John Peter
1284:Oleson, John Peter
1180:, pp. 242–251
1110:Stephanie Dalley,
988:Toroidal propeller
968:Archimedean spiral
882:
849:
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390:chocolate fountain
355:
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323:used to drain the
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45:hydrodynamic screw
33:
25:
1961:Ptolemaic Kingdom
1941:Rotating machines
1936:History of mining
1908:
1907:
1867:Eudoxus of Cnidus
1846:Pseudo-Archimedes
1795:Archimedean solid
1705:The Sand Reckoner
1638:by Sándor Kabai,
1598:978-3-87696-136-1
1527:978-3-88721-888-1
1516:978-3-88721-202-5
1505:978-3-88721-896-6
1464:10.3390/pr9122128
1280:Dalley, Stephanie
1235:978-0-691-03536-9
1120:978-0-19-966226-5
879:combine harvester
687:{\displaystyle Q}
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188:Hellenistic Egypt
41:Archimedean screw
37:Archimedes' screw
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1002:
1000:
997:
996:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
963:
960:
956:Windsor Castle
927:Main article:
924:
923:Reverse action
921:
913:air compressor
869:Screw conveyor
867:Main article:
864:
861:
846:
842:
821:
801:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
758:
753:
749:
724:
721:
717:
711:
707:
703:
683:
661:
639:
636:
633:
611:
607:
581:
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572:
567:
563:
559:
556:
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547:
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531:
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510:
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485:
481:
477:
474:
471:
468:
463:
460:
457:
450:
445:
441:
397:
394:
386:concrete mixer
382:grain elevator
374:auger conveyor
363:Screw turbines
288:
285:
230:
227:
179:
176:
162:
159:
146:
142:
136:
132:
111:
107:
101:
97:
53:Egyptian screw
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1978:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
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1939:
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1824:Miscellaneous
1822:
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1690:Written works
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1584:
1578:
1571:
1569:90-04-11123-9
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1547:90-277-1693-5
1543:
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1259:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1237:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1205:
1203:1-59158-264-4
1199:
1195:
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1128:
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1092:
1088:
1082:
1075:
1064:
1062:9780873921831
1058:
1054:
1053:
1046:
1038:
1036:0-8247-0948-9
1032:
1028:
1027:
1019:
1017:
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1011:
1009:
1004:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
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976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
965:
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
930:
929:Screw turbine
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
897:
895:
891:
890:rotary feeder
887:
886:cereal grains
880:
875:
870:
860:
844:
840:
799:
790:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
756:
751:
747:
738:
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719:
715:
709:
705:
681:
673:
659:
651:
634:
609:
605:
595:
579:
565:
561:
557:
551:
548:
545:
542:
537:
533:
529:
521:
517:
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508:
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491:
488:
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430:
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423:
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406:
403:
393:
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375:
370:
368:
364:
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353:
349:
345:
340:
334:
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326:
322:
317:
313:
311:
310:
304:
300:
299:
294:
293:Konrad Kyeser
284:
282:
278:
274:
269:
266:
262:
258:
257:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
201:, one of the
200:
195:
193:
189:
185:
172:
167:
158:
144:
140:
134:
130:
109:
105:
99:
95:
86:
82:
77:
73:
68:
66:
65:Ancient Egypt
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
29:
21:
1771:(apocryphal)
1766:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1628:
1613:
1559:
1537:
1481:
1473:
1457:(12): 2128.
1454:
1450:
1422:
1411:. Retrieved
1402:
1391:. Retrieved
1387:
1377:
1365:. Retrieved
1351:
1339:
1327:. Retrieved
1312:
1300:. Retrieved
1289:
1274:
1262:. Retrieved
1253:
1244:
1223:
1212:
1192:
1185:
1145:
1139:
1111:
1106:
1095:. Retrieved
1090:
1081:
1073:
1066:. Retrieved
1051:
1045:
1025:
936:Settle Hydro
932:
898:
883:
791:
739:
736:
674:
652:
596:
431:
427:
415:
411:
407:
399:
371:
356:
308:
296:
290:
270:
254:
232:
196:
181:
69:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
34:
1966:Sennacherib
1754:Ostomachion
1388:courant.com
1178:Oleson 2000
1148:(1): 1–26.
983:Spiral pump
954:, powering
944:micro hydro
940:Torrs Hydro
905:die casting
418:Sennacherib
378:snow blower
352:Netherlands
333:Netherlands
298:Bellifortis
261:naval power
243:Hellenistic
211:Sennacherib
49:water screw
1931:Archimedes
1915:Categories
1733:On Spirals
1683:Archimedes
1413:2017-08-01
1393:2017-08-01
1367:22 January
1344:White 1962
1097:2011-03-24
917:compaction
344:Tony Cragg
329:Kinderdijk
309:Archimedes
235:Archimedes
76:irrigation
61:Archimedes
1451:Processes
1162:110119248
993:Vitruvius
948:low heads
820:Θ
812:graph or
800:η
760:η
757:≈
660:ω
562:θ
543:−
534:θ
518:δ
514:−
505:θ
489:−
480:θ
470:ω
467:σ
459:π
321:windmills
303:steamship
256:Syracusia
57:hydraulic
1900:Category
1612:(1962),
1577:citation
1536:(1984),
1361:Archived
1323:Archived
1296:Archived
1258:Archived
1220:(1971).
1068:30 April
962:See also
863:Variants
273:Diodorus
207:Assyrian
122:to 14.5
1642:, 2007.
1558:(ed.),
1494:Sources
1483:bbc.com
1329:23 July
1302:23 July
1264:7 March
1087:"Screw"
402:helical
350:in the
331:in the
325:polders
245:times.
161:History
72:machine
1926:Screws
1862:Euclid
1596:
1566:
1544:
1525:
1514:
1503:
1232:
1200:
1160:
1118:
1059:
1033:
952:Thames
624:is in
597:where
396:Design
219:Strabo
1921:Pumps
1477:BBC.
1158:S2CID
999:Notes
909:pitch
650:and:
422:helix
376:in a
281:Roman
277:Greek
239:Egypt
209:King
171:Egypt
70:As a
1594:ISBN
1583:link
1564:ISBN
1542:ISBN
1523:ISBN
1512:ISBN
1501:ISBN
1369:2011
1331:2007
1304:2007
1266:2023
1230:ISBN
1198:ISBN
1116:ISBN
1070:2020
1057:ISBN
1031:ISBN
938:and
388:and
279:and
192:Nile
85:head
35:The
1459:doi
1150:doi
892:or
346:at
327:at
307:SS
51:or
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1575:{{
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1268:.
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444:O
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100:3
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