Architecture of Mexico

2011:

corners of this five-story building are reminiscent of the Porfirian shopping palace in Art Nouveau style. Its rustic and classical western entrance echoes the Renaissance architecture. But Mariscal used 18th century architecture when dealing with the facade surface. He used the H-shaped window frame commonly seen in Baroque palaces, and set up a mixed linear retaining wall on the top of the building. Between the third and fourth floors, blue and white tiles are arranged in a zigzag pattern. In the uppermost story, Mariscal placed three colonial revival windows, with the central one shaped like a six-pointed star. Apart from this, Angel Torres Torija used the facade of the Gaona Apartment Building in 1922, which might be one of the most fascinating and earliest purpose-built apartments in the capital, to commemorate the colonial architecture. Different from his counterparts, he used the form of a historian and explicit pictorial references to refer to the country's political history. The Gaona Building was built outside the historic center, close to the most fashionable residences in Mexico City.

518: 1957: 2177: 1872: 1929: 1669: 1689: 2387: 1395: 493: 2154: 1639:

other intellectuals tried hard to organize the history of Mexican architecture, better define the whole industry, reform architectural teaching, preserve colonial architecture, and expand the understanding of the extraordinary architectural history of Mexico. These scholars and architects blended architectural history with beliefs about the ethnic cultural conditions, diversity and integration, the contributions of indigenous Mexicans to colonial architecture, and deep participation in the visual effects of Churrigueresque and Baroque architecture surfaces and facades. These are the roots of the development of modern architecture in Mexico.

842: 427: 2196: 1943: 2368: 534: 1537: 999: 2422: 692: 1580: 2108:

architecture designs. It became known as a stronger and more durable material that acted in a similar matter as previously used traditional construction techniques, like adobe. The concrete block houses are built in a similar manner to some adobe homes in how blocks of adobe are placed with a person's hand. The concrete block residences are designed to allow the homes to be constructed easily and still maintained the opportunity to use thermal mass as a cooling strategy - similar to vernacular strategies in dry climates in Mexico.

1100: 2138: 2218: 1445:'s terms (1876–1880, 1884–1911), patrons and practitioners of architecture manifested two impulses: to create an architecture that would indicate Mexico's participation in modernity and the emphasize Mexico's difference from other countries through the incorporation of local characteristics into the architecture. The first goal took precedence over the second during most of the 19th century. Major infrastructure projects of building a railway network and a sanitation project to drain the central lake system (the 2024: 2349: 59: 2241: 1660: 1127:. This style came into being here because of the pottery industry. Tiles are mostly found on the bell towers, domes and main portals of the exterior. They are also found interspersed on the rest of the facade as accents to brickwork. This type of Baroque first appeared in the 17th century and reached its height in the 18th. While wholesale use of this style is mostly confined to two states, elements of this tile work appear, especially in domes, in many other parts of the country. 1465: 1051: 1981: 899: 770: 1680: 1327: 1212: 2467: 292: 2406: 1922:

international modernist planning is also very significant. In 1968, Mexico City hosted the Olympic Games. Architects, planners and designers created a network of buildings and images. These buildings and images are interdependent, showing Mexico's internationalization and history rooted in local history. In the 1970s, as the capital was occupied by buildings designed by non-architects, urban expansion and pollution both increased.

19: 1181:

Kings. He also created a stronger horizontal division between the first and second levels, which derived Mexican ultra Baroque from the Spanish version. The ultra Baroque appeared when Mexican mines were producing great wealth, prompting numerous building projects. Much of Mexican ultra Baroque can be seen in and the city of Guanajuato and its mines. For this reason, the style became more developed in Mexico than in Spain.

2453: 1349:. The academy emphasized neoclassicism, which drew on the inspiration of the clean lines of Greek and Roman architecture. Neoclassicism in architecture was directly linked to crown policies that sought to rein in the exuberance of the baroque, considered in "bad taste" and creating public buildings of "good taste" funded by the crown. Notable neoclassical buildings built in the late colonial era include the 1145: 613:, also called the "Kingdom of the Serpent". Calakmul won two of these wars, in 599 and 611. B'akaal rulers claimed that their royal lineage originated in the distant past, some even boasting that their genealogy dated to the creation of the world, which in Maya mythology was in the year 3114 B.C. Modern archaeological theories speculate that the first dynasty of their rulers was probably of 1918:

influenced the industry. Since the 1920s, public customers have been the most significant clients of modern buildings, and these buildings often meet people's needs for better education, housing and healthcare. This period also witnessed the rise of modern suburbs, the evolution of single-family houses and the creation of cultural institutions, especially museums.

1438:. Along the broad Reforma, double rows of eucalyptus trees were planted, gas lamps installed, and the first mule-drawn streetcars were introduced. The development was the catalyst for a new phase of growth from downtown Mexico City to the west, a direction that would define the city's structure for the next half century. 2014:

In the years after the Mexican Revolution, the main leaders of the Mexican government borrowed their ideas from architects and historians before the war and promoted the colonial revival style in various ways. The government of President Venustiano Carranza (1917-20) granted federal tax exemptions to

1917:

In the mid-twentieth century, the architecture of Mexico City was affected by rapid economic and urban development, new construction techniques, demographic changes and politics. Mario Pani, José Villagrán García, Juan O'gorman and Luis Barragán designed major new works, played key roles and strongly

1723:

Mexico is a large country with a diverse population, so it has never had a single architectural style that has pervaded its entire territory. Instead, the variety of local materials, cultures and historical periods that have influenced its different regions are reflected in the country's regional and

1638:

In the first two decades of the 20th century, the nature of Mexican architecture and culture was at the core of a complex and rich dialogue of Mexican colonial architecture, with many of the best minds in this country paying attention to it. To various degrees, Baxter, Acevedo, Mariscals, García, and

1046:

The spaces of Mexican Baroque churches tend to be more introverted than their European counterparts, focusing especially on the main altar. The purpose was contemplation and meditation. The rich ornamentation was created to keep attention focused on the central themes. This was especially true of the

1996:

Colonial buildings in Mexico were recalled in the first 25 years of the 20th century, such as the renovation and extension of the City Hall (1906). Over the next 30 years, architects transformed the buildings around the square, thus created a more visually coherent and immortal city center. By 1940,

1184:

The combination of Indian and Arabic decorative influences, with an extremely expressive interpretation of the churrigueresque, could explain the variety and intensity of the Baroque in New Spain. Even more than its Spanish counterpart, the American Baroque developed as a style of stucco decoration.

1160:

after the Spanish Churriguera family, who made altarpieces at this time. However, the more technical term for this very exuberant, anti-classical style is ultra Baroque. It originated in Spain as architectural decoration, spreading to sculpture and furniture carving. In Spain, the definitive element

1130:

In the late Baroque era artists in the provincial area of New Spain created intricately textured church facades and interiors similar to those of the major cities. It had a more two-dimensional quality, which led it to be called Mestizo Baroque or Folk Baroque. The two-level effect was less based on

1646:, successive Mexican regimes would use the pre-Hispanic past to represent the nation. Architects also took inspiration from the architecture of the colonial period and regional architecture as the creation of a genuinely Mexican architecture became a nationalist issue during the early 20th century. 1619:

At the beginning of the 20th century, Luis Zalazar enthusiastically encouraged architects to create a national style of architecture based on the study of pre-Hispanic ruins. His writings would be influential for the nationalistic tendencies in Mexican architecture which developed during the second

1134:

Other Baroque styles in Mexico did not adorn all of the surfaces of the interior or exterior but focused their ornamentation on columns, pilasters and the spaces between pairs of these supports. Medallions and niches with statues commonly appear between columns and pilasters, especially around main

1038:

Spanish Baroque was transplanted to Mexico and developed its own varieties from the late 16th to late 18th centuries. Baroque art and architecture were mostly applied to churches. One reason for this was that in nearly all cities, towns and villages, the church was the center of the community, with

565:

during the early Classic period. The city was abandoned by the social elite and much of the rest of its population at the end of Phase Xoo. However, the ceremonial enclosure that constitutes the complex of the archeological site of Monte Albán was reused by the Mixtec during the Postclassic period.

652:

in 1987. Teotihuacan archaeological excavations continue to this day, and have resulted in a gradual increase in the quality and quantity of knowledge of the city's history; even so, such important facts as its original name and the ethnic affiliation of its founders are still unknown. It is known

822:

buildings and their "T" form doors. Only a fraction of its total length is fenced and less is excavated. Its buildings have traits of Oasisamerican culture and demonstrate the skill of the Prehispanic architects of the region who designed multifamily adobe houses up to four stories high utilizing

2107:

enabled the creation of functional and modern buildings that led to a gradual replacement of natural materials (wood, stone, adobe, etc.) in the construction of private residences. In the 19th century, concrete was introduced to Mexican vernacular and became a very natural transition for Mexican

1891:

in Mexico bears some noteworthy parallels to its North American and European counterparts, its trajectory highlights several unique characteristics, which challenged existing definitions modern architecture. During the post-Revolutionary period, idealization of the indigenous and the traditional

1180:

was the inspiration for the Altar of the Kings, constructed in 1717. Balbás used estípites to convey a sense of fluidity, but his Mexican followers flattened the facades and aligned the estípites, with less dynamic results. This is what Lorenzo Rodríguez did to Balbás design for the Altar of the

742:

The buildings of Chichen Itza show a large number of architectural and iconographic elements that some historians have called Mexicanized. The influence of cultures from central Mexico, mixed with the Puuc style of the upper peninsula, is visible in its Classic Maya architecture. The presence of

1087:

As it developed in Mexico, the Baroque split into a number of sub-styles and techniques. "Estucado" Baroque was purely decorative and did not employ any architectural features. Features were molded from stucco with intricate detail and either covered in gold leaf or paint. This form reached its

972:, obtain medical treatment, and even hold funerals. These buildings, spread across the central part of what is now Mexico, contain superb examples of the indigenous mastery of architecture and the sculptural arts. Their work, created under the supervision of the Catholic friars, was done in the 2111:

This was a period of diverse experimentation and even structural innovation, as seen in the thin-shell concrete structures by the Spanish architect Felix Candela, such as his Church of the Miraculous Virgin (1953) in Mexico City and the Cosmic Rays Pavilion (1951) on the university campus. The

2010:

was the first architect to use colonial revival forms in new buildings near the city center. In 1917, he took the charge of designing the Sostres y Dosal building, a department store located on the corner of Correo Mayor, which is called Venustiano Carranza now. The volume and striking rounded

787:

peoples, residing in what is now northwest Mexico and southwest United States, were architecturally influenced as a result of commercial exchanges with Mesoamerica, leading to a unique style of building construction in the Americas. Architectural details testifying to this exchange include the

620:

During the Tollan phase, the city reached its greatest extent and population. Some authors estimate the urban area of Tollan-Xicocotitlan at the time was between 5 and 16 km, with a population of between 16,000 and 55,000 people. During this phase the monumental space that constitutes the

1603:

In the 19th century, Neo-Indigenist architecture played an active part of the representation of national identity as constructed by the Porfirian regime. The representation of the local in Mexican architecture was achieved mainly through themes and decorative motifs inspired by pre-Hispanic

1921:

As in the past a few decades, architects use non-architectural art, especially painting, to distinguish their works. The legacy of the Mexican mural movement is most obviously reflected in the facades of the main buildings of the new University City, and the influence of the principles of

2305:

and Daniel Alvarez stands out both in their numerous residences as well as in the San Juan de Letrán Station (1994) in Mexico City. The residential work of José Antonio Aldrete-Haas in Mexico City shows both the influence of the attenuated Modernism of the great Portuguese architect

629:

and several palaces occupied by the Toltec elite. By this time, Tollan-Xicocotitlan had become not only the nexus of the Mesoamerican commercial networks, it also hosted a military-theocratic elite who imposed their rule in various parts of Mesoamerica, whether by military

2092:. Perhaps the most famous integration of mural art with the architecture is seen in the University Library, by O'Gorman, Gustavo Saavedra, and Juan Martínez de Velasco, which features a monumental mosaic design on the facade by O'Gorman. Another architect of note is 2015:

those who built houses in the colonial-revival style. Many officials have sponsored the renovation of the historic center, the most famous of which is the Minister of Education José Vasconcelos who oversaw the design and construction of several major buildings.

2272:'s Music Conservatory (1994) and the Neo-Barragánesque library (1994) by Legorreta coexist in the new National Centre of the Arts with the work of a younger generation of architects who are influenced by contemporary architecture in Europe and North America. 1449:) near Mexico City necessitated the civil engineers and architects. Railway stations and bridges across ravines were designed and built. Old colonial buildings in the capital, such as the Nacional Palace, were refurbished, and the new penitentiary of 1030:

with the purpose of breaking with Renaissance style. Its aim was to use painting and sculpture in and on churches to create iconography to teach and reinforce Church doctrine. In Spain, the first works in Baroque include the Patio of the Kings in

2287:

for his contributions to the US arts and culture through his work. In 2005 he received the "Leonardo da Vinci" World Award of Arts by the World Cultural Council and was the first Mies van der Rohe Award recipient for Latin American Architecture.

707:

style originated in the hilly region of western Yucatán during the Terminal Classic period. The basic construction method of Puuc buildings is a concrete and rubble core covered in a cut stone veneer. Some distinct architectural details include

1204:(begun in 1745) is a first-Baroque cathedral, whose surface is covered with bright red tiles, which contrast with a plethora of compressed ornament applied generously on the front and sides of the towers. The true capital of Mexican Baroque is 604:

B'akaal was an important center of Maya civilization between the 5th and 9th centuries, during which it formed various, shifting alliances, and fought numerous wars with its enemies. On more than one occasion it made an alliance with

382:

By the mid-20th century, the nationalist architectural styles began to lose popularity as international architecture movements permeated. Nonetheless, architects during this era designed public and private projects that combined

1084:(an inverted truncated pyramid) in the later colonial period. Even if the rest of the structure was not covered in decoration, such as in the "purist" style, columns and spaces between doubled columns were profusely decorated. 450:

civilizations that arose there developed a sophisticated architecture that evolved from simplistic to complex forms; in the north it was manifested in buildings of adobe and stone, the multi-storied housing as seen in

1604:

antiquity. These representations were essential to the construction of a common heritage by which the nation might be unified. The first building based on the ancient Mexican motifs built in the 19th century was the

1131:

sculptural modeling and more on drilling into the surface to create a screen-like effect. This has some similarities to pre-Hispanic stone and wood carving, allowing elements of indigenous art tradition to survive.

1496:

could now be imported. Diaz was determined to transform the landscape of the nation's capital into one reminiscent of Paris or London. It is not surprising that the most important architectural commissions of the

339:

reflects the influences of various cultures, regions, and periods that have shaped the country's history and identity. In the pre-Columbian era, distinct styles emerged that reflected the distinct cultures of the

1793:

Other styles are the result of immigration and cultural exchange. For instance, some styles were wholly transplanted by immigrants who settled in certain areas of Mexico, such as the American-style towns of the

1161:

of ultra Baroque was the use of the Salomonic column along with the profuse decoration. In Mexico, the Salomonic column appears as well but the main distinctive aspect of Mexican ultra Baroque is the use of the

1234:

meaning unclean, mottled, flamboyant, daring, the most striking example of New Spanish Baroque art is in religious architecture, where indigenous artisans gave it a unique character. Highlights include the

2279:, and the School of Dance (1994), by Luis Vicente Flores, express a modernity that reinforces the government's desire to present a new image of Mexico as an industrialized country with a global presence. 1895:

Functionalism, expressionism, and other schools have left their imprint on a large number of works in which Mexican stylistic elements have been combined with European and North American techniques.

1778:(palm leaf roofs), have also influenced the design and construction of many rural and some urban dwellings in Mexico. Some architectural styles are unique to a specific town or city, such as the 1576:

Statue. Diaz's conviction about the importance of public monuments in the urban landscape started a tradition that has become permanent in Mexico: public monuments in the 20th century landscape.

1956: 1948: 853:

With the establishment of Spanish rule in Mexico, the first churches and monasteries were built utilizing architectural principles of classical order and the Arabic formalities of Spanish

1887:

Fifteen years after the end of the Mexican Revolution in 1917, government endorsements for federal housing, educational, and health care building programs began. While the development of

2176: 1608:

executed by engineer Francisco Jiménez and the sculptor Miguel Noreña. Other 19th-century buildings incorporating pre-Hispanic decorative motifs include the monument to Benito Juarez in

918:

Amerindian-Christian mode of architecture developed organically as indigenous people interpreted European architectural and decorative features in the native, pre-Columbian style called

2201: 2167: 2000: 876:

The first cathedrals in Mexico were built beginning in 1521 when New Spain was established; from that time onward ever more elaborate structures were built, a prime example being the

1809:

In other locations, the styles introduced by immigrants were blended with local styles and new vernacular expressions emerged. Such as the French-influenced riverside houses in the

2153: 1247:

in the State of Mexico, the Chapel of the Rosary in the church of Santo Domingo of the city of Puebla, the convent and the church of Santo Domingo de Guzmán in Oaxaca, and the

1230:

is an artistic movement that appeared in what is now Mexico in the late 16th century, approximately, which was preserved until the mid-18th century. From the Portuguese word

589:

about 100 B.C., during the Formative period (2500 B.C. – 300 A.D.), predominantly as a farmers' village favored by the numerous springs and streams nearby. The population of

561:

cities, Monte Albán was a city with a multi-ethnic population. Throughout its history, the city maintained strong ties to other peoples in Mesoamerica, especially with the

2195: 1522: 1165:

column in both buildings and altarpieces. This is not a true column, but rather an elongated base in the form of an inverted, truncated pyramid. This can be seen in the

751:

groups. However, recent studies suggest that they may have been the cultural expression of a prestigious and widespread political system during the Early Postclassic in

2421: 1992:. The colonial-era Baroque building was significantly remodeled in the 20th century, including the addition of a third level, while maintaining the architectural style. 1525:(1902–11). Neo-Gothic designs incorporated into the monumental public buildings of the early 20th century. The two best examples were the Central post office and the 2386: 4495: 2069: 1056: 4450: 968:), the convents became community training centers, so to speak, where the Indians could learn various arts and trades as well as European social customs and the 2824: 2073: 4528: 1928: 1208:, where the abundance of hand-painted tiles and local gray stone led to a very personal and localized evolution of style, with a pronounced Indian flavor. 2131:

with the Spanish colonial tradition. This new synthesis created a completely original Modernist architecture that is uniquely adapted to its environment.

1152:. Under construction for more than 240 years, the Cathedral reflects the successive architectural styles, including Renaissance, Baroque and Neoclassical. 3700: 593:

grew during the Early Classic period (200–600) as it became a full-fledged city; during the Late Classic period (600–900) it was made the capital of the

517: 3430: 4255: 1624: 764: 3352: 3129: 1751: 1934: 1385: 1277:(which he had also founded), on the condition that they be made available to the general public, and not just to ecclesiastics and seminarians. 1609: 1871: 980:

style, which originated in the architectural stone carving and decorative painting practiced by their ancestors before the Spanish conquest.

815:. Researchers estimate that the population probably grew to about 3,500 inhabitants, but their linguistic and ethnic affiliation is unknown. 791:

Paquimé was a prehistoric settlement that had cultural influence in the northwest of the Sierra Madre Occidental, most of modern-day western

3400: 3864: 2217: 2367: 832: 4443: 4122: 2850: 446:

Important archaeological finds of the remains of structures built by the indigenous peoples of Mexico have been made in the country. The

322: 1043:

tended to follow the rectilinear pattern of squares and cubes, rather than contemporary European churches that favored curves and orbs.

1556:

President Diaz had enacted a decree in 1877 that called for the placement of a series of political statues of Mexican heroes along the

1039:

streets in a regular pattern leading away from it. This reflected the Church's role as the center of community life. Church design in

4593: 4218: 1942: 3339:

La particular forma de la xa'anil naj... se debe a que ésta permite a los vientos huracanados rodear la casa sin tener un choque...

2227: 2053: 1668: 242: 2137: 3564: 1737: 2112:

integration of art and architecture became a constant in Mexican modern architecture, which can be seen in the courtyard of the

2056:. A cooperative venture, the project was directed by Carlos Lazo, Enrique Del Moral, and Pani. In the new campus the art of the 679:

capital. Its ruins are situated on a large artificial platform excavated into the Yahuarato hillside, with a commanding view of

4613: 4436: 4377: 4132: 4001: 278: 3378: 4563: 4265: 3450: 3246: 3170: 2943: 2914: 2887: 2860: 2803: 2751: 2722: 2693: 2348: 1975: 376: 1308:

wood. The size of the collection continually increased, and a third level of bookshelves was added in the mid-19th century.

4558: 3665: 3630: 3322: 2206: 1196:. This ultrabaroque style culminates in the works of Lorenzo Rodríguez, whose masterpiece is the Sagrario Metropolitano in 2582:. Cuadernos de Arquitectura y Conservación del Patrimonio Artístico. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes 1981. 2005: 1790:

and is known for its distinctive town layout and building facades that create a continuous covered passage along streets.

1688: 4094: 3979: 522: 2405: 1358: 3996: 3905: 3613: 1236: 1149: 1414:

Townscapes changed little during the first half of the 19th century in Mexico, until the French occupation during the

1394: 1321: 4543: 4515: 3827: 3715: 3655: 2030: 1354: 492: 2113: 2061: 1962: 1866: 1837:

in Sonora, which were influenced by turn of the 20th century American architecture and incorporate elements such as

4648: 4618: 4523: 4403: 3822: 3797: 3577: 2245: 669: 4700: 4603: 4320: 3915: 3854: 2767: 2041:

Mexico's first project of high-density, low-cost housing was the Centro Urbano Alemán (1947–49), Mexico City, by

1215: 836: 469:

until the demise of the city, which occurred around the 9th century. The native name of this city founded by the

315: 1561: 1469: 4553: 4064: 3792: 1731:

Some of the most distinctive and enduring examples of regional architecture are those that originated from the

1521:

in 1903, founded an architectural studio where he took Mexican students. Silvio Contri was responsible for the

1422:

brought a new set of urban design ideas to Mexico. Drawing from the mid-century Parisian redevelopment plan of

870: 1345:

in 1785 to train painters, sculptors, and architects in New Spain, under the direction of peninsular Spaniard

4633: 4598: 4127: 4032: 3787: 3635: 2354: 2269: 2253: 1892:

symbolized attempts to reach into the past and retrieve what had been lost in the race toward modernization.

384: 1899: 473:

in the late Preclassic is still the subject of discussion. According to some sources, the original name was

4608: 4573: 4335: 4233: 4137: 4117: 3937: 3920: 3817: 2412: 1732: 1506: 683:. There, five rounded pyramids called "Yácatas" face the lake. The site has a small archaeological museum. 341: 198: 2795:

The Islamic Design Module in Latin America: Proportionality and the Techniques of Neo-Mudejar Architecture

2310:

and a continuity with the lessons of Barragán. Other notable and emerging contemporary architects include

1584: 1192:, the current Mexico, was an architecture fantastically extravagant and visually frenetic that is Mexican 4628: 4623: 4578: 4483: 4042: 3942: 3869: 3603: 3557: 3137: 3102: 1588: 1518: 1248: 360: 345: 3529: 1476:

building, but it incorporates other stylistic elements as it was built during the period of Eclecticism.

1281: 747:

was conjectured recently to have been a result of a mass migration to, or conquest of, the Maya city by

4710: 4674: 4345: 4166: 4057: 4047: 3720: 3675: 2490: 2295: 2223: 2117: 1510: 1288:

hall on the Colegio's second floor. This was finished in 1773, and has two levels of bookshelves and a

411: 308: 42: 2657: 2533:. Seville: Consejería de Obras Públicas y Transportes, and Mexico: Gobierno del Distrito Federal 2001. 2339: 1350: 1346: 1088:

height in the 17th century in Puebla and Oaxaca. Surviving examples include the Chapel del Rosario in

665: 4643: 4588: 4583: 4505: 4250: 3969: 3952: 3874: 3807: 2049: 1795: 1270: 1072:

were an important element of Mexican Baroque style, in particular the part of the column between the

1061: 268: 171: 100: 80: 2065: 1627:

was a former convent that was seized and secularized in the 19th century, reflecting the increasing

1605: 1565: 1300:

in the mid-14th century. The bookshelves were the work of the viceregal cabinetmakers who carved in

566:

By this time, the Zapotec people's political power was divided among various city-states, including

4478: 4152: 4147: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3781: 3772: 3650: 1985: 881: 622: 3295: 2048:

Perhaps the most ambitious project of modern architecture was the construction, begun in 1950, of

4664: 4638: 4568: 4548: 4533: 4500: 4223: 4084: 3812: 3620: 2284: 2089: 1725: 1526: 1399: 1266:, considered by some historians the first public library in the Americas, was founded in 1646 by 407: 23: 3680: 3512: 359:

In 19th century independent Mexico, foreign architectural influence lead to the gradual rise of

4538: 4490: 4473: 4465: 4193: 4099: 4089: 3947: 3927: 3625: 3550: 3530:

Amazon.com: Houses by the Sea: Mexico's Pacific Coast (9789709241075): Mauricio Martinez: Books

2683: 2517:

Evolución de la Arquitectura en México: Epocas Prehispanica, Virreinal Moderna, y Contemporánea

2377: 2127:. The houses that he designed in the 1950s and '60s explored a way to reconcile the lessons of 2077: 2034: 1419: 1263: 1073: 395:

to create a distinctive Mexican style of architecture. Most notable among these architects was

349: 263: 2877: 2793: 2710: 1200:(1749-1769). Other notable examples are in remote mining towns. For example, the sanctuary of 4360: 4213: 4203: 4079: 4027: 3957: 3910: 3849: 3670: 3442: 3160: 3066: 3037: 2931: 2904: 2739: 2144: 1450: 1415: 1342: 1338: 1166: 1027: 952: 626: 235: 220: 90: 2685:

Twin Tollans: Chichén Itzá, Tula, and the Epiclassic to Early Postclassic Mesoamerican World

1369: 1330: 955:

with a stone cross at the center; they were characterized by different decorative elements.

915: 841: 4705: 4669: 4372: 4208: 4183: 4178: 4069: 3974: 3608: 3593: 3270: 2622:

Modern Architecture in Mexico City: History, Representation, and the Shaping of the Capital

1573: 1536: 1389: 1285: 1173: 1104: 998: 858: 846: 470: 388: 186: 176: 156: 146: 3730: 2436: 1902:, was one of the first examples of this new national architecture. The studio designed by 1201: 426: 8: 4325: 4315: 4198: 4104: 3984: 3932: 3755: 3735: 3230:

Modern Architecture in Mexico City: History, Representation, and the Shaping of a Capital

2458: 2257: 2100: 2076:. The Rectory (1952), by Pani, del Moral, and Salvador Ortega Flores, includes murals by 1888: 1787: 1557: 1427: 1403: 1185:

Twin towers facades of many American cathedrals of the 17th century have medieval roots.

1096:. One reason this style fell out of favor was that the stucco work eventually dissolved. 1007: 993: 989: 653:

that it was a cosmopolitan place, however, by the documented presence of groups from the

645: 631: 601:. The oldest of the structures that have been discovered were built around the year 600. 392: 95: 1373: 877: 4355: 4330: 3893: 3879: 3695: 3493: 3252: 2331: 2159: 1876: 1775: 1643: 1484:

technology from Europe and the United States allowed for new building designs. Italian

1435: 1317: 1293: 1124: 635: 368: 230: 166: 151: 105: 2573:

Building the New World: Studies in the Modern Architecture of Latin America, 1930-1960

533: 466: 4396: 4280: 4260: 4245: 4142: 4074: 4015: 3989: 3802: 3777: 3767: 3585: 3485: 3446: 3242: 3166: 2939: 2910: 2883: 2856: 2799: 2747: 2718: 2689: 2615:

Artifacts of Revolution: Architecture, Society and Politics in Mexico City, 1920-1940

1997:

almost all Zócalo buildings were either true colonial buildings or their evocations.

1803: 1579: 1514: 1430:. This elegant boulevard ran for miles from the downtown National Palace to the lush 1177: 1023: 959: 893: 792: 728: 546: 435: 85: 50: 2608:

El Palacio de Hierro: Arranque dela modernidad arquitectónica en la Ciudad de México

1296:, an oil painting presumably modeled on the sculpture carved by the Sicilian master 1135:

portals and windows. Decorative patterns in columns after were wavy grooves (called

1099: 716:, and plain lower facades with mosaic upper facades featuring masks of the rain god 680: 4298: 4052: 3745: 3740: 3640: 3438: 3234: 2323: 2096:(Spanish), who designed the expressionistic church Nuestra Señora de los Milagros. 2081: 2057: 1903: 1858: 1830: 1431: 1410:, Mérida, reflecting the architectural tastes of the wealthy during the Porfiriato. 1407: 1301: 1077: 969: 936: 658: 462: 208: 161: 136: 2485: 2163: 2124: 2060:

was incorporated into the architecture, beginning with Rivera's relief in the new

1569: 1541: 1442: 1284:

ordered the construction of the premises which currently house the library in the

396: 4412: 4367: 4350: 4340: 4303: 4238: 4188: 3725: 3162:

Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz and the Gender Politics of Knowledge in Colonial Mexico

2524:

La Arquitectura de la Revolución: Corrientes y Estilos en la Década de los Veinte

2392: 2311: 2276: 1818: 1767: 1423: 1193: 1157: 1108: 1018:

The dominant form of art and architecture during most of the colonial period was

1011: 1003: 774: 744: 709: 497: 486: 353: 215: 193: 181: 141: 110: 4428: 2283:, the founder of TEN Arquitectors, was presented with the "Legacy Award" by the 2023: 1365: 691: 625:

archaeological zone was consolidated in two pyramidal bases, two courts for the

4037: 3859: 3323:"La arquitectura maya reflejó la relación que la cultura tenía con el Universo" 2480: 2373: 2335: 2327: 2319: 2315: 2302: 2280: 2186: 1989: 1596: 1454: 1205: 1089: 939:

in the 16th century to convert the large number of indigenous non-Catholics in

778: 676: 654: 258: 75: 2307: 2240: 1244: 458: 4694: 4417: 4270: 3964: 3489: 3474:"Historical Influences on the Use of Cement in Mexican Domestic Construction" 2627:

Reese, Carol McMichael. "The Urban Development of Mexico City, 1850-1930" in

2472: 2432: 2396: 2358: 2291: 2093: 1862: 1854: 1814: 1810: 1493: 1123:. The main defining feature was the use of hand-painted ceramic tiles of the 673: 506: 478: 452: 403: 296: 3256: 3228: 2744:

Supplement to the Handbook of Middle American Indians, Volume 1: Archaeology

2715:

Supplement to the Handbook of Middle American Indians, Volume 1: Archaeology

2294:

is the founder of Loyzaga Studio, which has become a prominent proponent of

1659: 906:

shows the fusion of European and Mesoamerican architecture. Such as in this

4308: 4109: 3705: 2128: 1907: 1756: 1635:

neoclassical addition in 1921 and was painted with murals by Diego Rivera.

1464: 1240: 1093: 1050: 907: 784: 713: 609:, the other great Maya city of the time, to contain the spread of militant 538: 526: 2123:

Another side of Mexican modern architecture is represented in the work of

1980: 1742: 1631:

of 19th century Mexico. Following the Revolution, the building received a

873:

elements. The Mannerist style remained popular for about a hundred years.

4293: 3238: 2495: 2428: 2104: 1911: 1826: 1783: 1710: 1632: 1549: 1545: 1530: 1502: 1473: 1297: 1197: 1032: 932: 903: 898: 769: 752: 641: 579: 562: 558: 510: 500:, Teotihuacan showing some distinct architectural elements, including an 447: 372: 273: 225: 203: 126: 34:

interior. The National Museum of Architecture is housed in its top floor.

27: 3497: 3473: 3379:"Emblematic wooden houses of Chetumal to be rescued - The Yucatan Times" 2681: 1426:, Maximillain administered the building of a broad new diagonal avenue- 3690: 3685: 3660: 3645: 2182: 2042: 1838: 1628: 1498: 1458: 884:

architectural style and one of the oldest cathedrals in the New World.

812: 575: 364: 1914:(1931–32) is a fine example of vanguard architecture built in Mexico. 1679: 854: 788:

presence of ball courts and parrot enclosures at Oasisamerican sites.

3598: 2265: 2249: 1842: 1799: 1760: 1746: 1481: 1326: 1211: 1189: 1040: 940: 920: 862: 699:, showing the intricate mosaic facade associated with the Puuc style. 415: 3401:"Cananea Hopes Revolutionary Past Earns 'Pueblo Magico' Recognition" 2603:. Mexico City: Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Azcapotzalco 1990. 2552:

Architecture as Revolution: Episodes in the History of Modern Mexico

2052:

outside Mexico City, a complex of buildings and grounds housing the

1544:

in Guanajuato City. It has eclectic interior elements, including an

1480:

A modern, sophisticated Mexico City was the goal of President Diaz.

348:. During the colonial era, the region was transformed by successive 4228: 3710: 1880: 1822: 1706: 1592: 1256: 1162: 1120: 1081: 1069: 944: 866: 808: 610: 567: 431: 31: 3542: 2936:

Mestizaje and Globalization: Transformations of Identity and Power

1766:

The availability and affordability of building materials, such as

1111:, an emblematic element of Mexican colonial religious architecture 406:

has led to the localization of international movements, including

18: 3353:"Arquitectura vernácula. Las casas de las riberas del río Nautla" 2852:

Maya Missions: Exploring the Spanish Colonial Churches of Yucatan

2610:. Mexico city: Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas, UNAM 2005. 2526:. Mexico City: UNAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas 1990. 1834: 1779: 1714: 1702: 1489: 1289: 1169:

in the Altar of the Kings and the main portal of the Tabernacle.

1019: 948: 925: 800: 598: 2740:"Recent Researches and Perspectives in Mesoamerican Archaeology" 1813:

of Veracruz, with distinctive rounded ceramic tiles replicating

1115:

Talavera Baroque was a variety mostly confined to the states of

3573: 1613: 1485: 1267: 1116: 857:. Great cathedrals and civic buildings were later built in the 796: 748: 649: 550: 2848: 2452: 1560:. Classical designs were used to build structures such as the 1292:, or altarpiece, a delicate work which houses an image of the 1144: 1076:

and the base, which can be categorized in six types including

951:

model, incorporating new features such as the open chapel and

537:

The Temple of the Warriors shows the eclectic architecture of

1771: 1252: 1219: 1156:

Another late Baroque style in Mexico is often called Mexican

819: 736: 732: 724: 717: 696: 614: 606: 571: 542: 3513:"Jacinto Avalos : Emociones junto al mar.(Entremuros)" 3296:"Original Mexican Troje, Traditional Mexican Wood Building" 2027: 1379: 1341:'s cultural impact on New Spain, the crown established the 823:

wood, reed, and stone as supplementary building materials.

804: 704: 2566:

Art and Architecture in Viceregal Latin America, 1521-1821

3136:(in Spanish). DEMOS, Desarrollo de Medios. Archived from 3130:"Historia de una pasión por los libros y el conocimiento" 3103:"Historia de una pasión por los libros y el conocimiento" 2906:

Military Ethos and Visual Culture in Post-conquest Mexico

2675: 902:

The 16th century mission of St. Michael the Archangel in

461:

was long the seat of the dominant political power in the

455:, and the cave dwellings of the Sierra Madre Occidental. 2929: 1188:

To the north, the richest province of the 18th century,

375:

in the arts that promoted neo-Mesoamerican styles and a

3127: 2902: 1898:

The Institute of Hygiene (1925) in Popotla, Mexico, by

1848: 1649: 1239:

with his Altar of the Kings, the church of Santa María

3435:

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History

2342:, with award winning works in Mexico, USA and Europe. 1798:

in Chihuahua and Sonora or the Canadian prairie-style

712:

in the facades, boot-shaped stones in construction of

2875: 865:

styles, while in rural areas estate manor houses and

3187:

Mexican Art and the Academy of San Carlos, 1785-1915

2568:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2008. 2448: 2731: 2682:Jeff Karl Kowalski; Cynthia Kristan-Graham (2007). 2211:: Government Palace of the State of Campeche (1963) 1825:in Quintana Roo, which feature raised foundations, 910:

incorporating indigenous and Christian iconography.

638:, or by establishing colonies in strategic places. 3005: 3003: 2923: 2629:Planning Latin America's Capital Cities: 1850-1950 2624:. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press 2016. 1364:The preeminent neoclassical Mexican architect was 935:was one of the solutions devised by friars of the 4458: 3202:. London: Thames and Hudson 2013, pp.132-33, 150. 2869: 2702: 2636:The City of Palaces: Chronicle of a Lost Heritage 1749:traditionally constructed without nails, and the 1705:, Yucatán; one of the remaining wooden houses of 1625:Secretariat of Public Education Main Headquarters 765:List of archaeological sites in Chihuahua, Mexico 4692: 2966: 2964: 2934:. In Stefanie Wickstrom, Philip D. Young (ed.). 2742:. In Victoria Bricker, Jeremy A. Sabloff (ed.). 2737: 2713:. In Victoria Bricker, Jeremy A. Sabloff (ed.). 2708: 2631:. Arturo Almandoz, ed. New York: Routledge 2002. 1064:, with a facade incorporating a Talavera mosaic. 723:The most prominent city built in this style was 352:. With the foremost style during this era being 3189:. Austin: University of Texas Press 1962, p. 25 3061: 3059: 3000: 2791: 2512:. Coral Gables: University of Miami Press 1968. 1386:Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes y Literatura 1273:of Puebla, with a gift of 5,000 volumes to the 1010:. The city is also known for its distinct pink 931:Organizing local indigenous communities around 3158: 1523:Secretariat of Communications and Public Works 1176:into Mexico, whose design for an altar at the 4444: 3558: 3021: 3012: 2991: 2961: 2952: 2930:Sofía Irene Velarde Cruz (20 November 2014). 2842: 2746:. University of Texas Press. pp. 38–39. 2601:Para una historia de la arquitectura mexicana 1136: 974: 963: 758: 421: 316: 3085: 3056: 2982: 2973: 1713:, Veracruz; a former commercial building in 1501:were given to foreigners. Italian architect 1453:was designed, conforming to the precepts of 947:, but based architecturally on the European 826: 795:and some areas of what is now the states of 4095:North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 3350: 3121: 3101:Hernandez, Arturo Garcia (26 August 2003). 2938:. University of Arizona Press. p. 46. 2909:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 66–67. 2617:. Lanham MD: Rowman & Littlefield 2008. 1709:, Quintana Roo; row of porticoed houses in 545:masks (element from Puuc architecture) and 4451: 4437: 3565: 3551: 3128:Arturo Garcia Hernandez (26 August 2003). 2896: 2825:"St. Michael the Archangel in Huejotzingo" 2785: 2717:. University of Texas Press. p. 497. 323: 309: 3510: 3100: 2849:Richard D. Perry; Rosalind Perry (1988). 2554:. Austin: University of Texas Press 2010. 2547:. Austin: University of Texas Press 1994. 1969: 1833:, or the buildings of the mining town of 1759:that are rounded to mitigate damage from 833:Monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl 3431:"Architecture in Mexico City, 1940–1980" 3428: 3226: 3152: 2882:. Oxford University Press. p. 263. 2545:Modernity and the Architecture of Mexico 2531:Ciudad de México: Arquitectura 1921-1970 2239: 2054:National Autonomous University of Mexico 2022: 1979: 1870: 1578: 1535: 1463: 1393: 1380:19th and early 20th century architecture 1325: 1210: 1143: 1098: 1049: 997: 897: 840: 768: 743:these elements from the cultures of the 690: 532: 516: 491: 425: 17: 3094: 3030: 2538:Spanish-Colonial Architecture in Mexico 2519:. Mexico City: Panorama Editorial 1987. 2080:. The Science Building was designed by 1509:built by Gonzalo Garita (1902) and the 1333:, Mexico City, designed by Manuel Tolsá 477:. It is known, however, that the local 4693: 3471: 3443:10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.326 2819: 2817: 2815: 2578:Gómez, Lilia and Miguel Angel Quevdo, 1806:in Chihuahua, Durango, and Zacatecas. 1620:and third decade of the 20th century. 1434:where the Austrian ruler lived in the 4432: 3546: 3424: 3422: 3320: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 2018: 1976:Spanish Colonial Revival architecture 1949:Diego Rivera & Frida Kahlo Studio 1587:was repurposed from the Neoclassical 1237:Metropolitan Cathedral of Mexico City 1150:Metropolitan Cathedral of Mexico City 695:Detail from the Governor's Palace at 3351:Desconocido, México (21 July 2010). 3165:. Taylor & Francis. p. 46. 2594:Arquitectura del siglo XIX en México 1849:Modern and contemporary architecture 1650:Regional and vernacular architecture 402:In contemporary Mexico, the rise of 3572: 3429:O’Rourke, Kathryn E. (2017-07-27). 2932:"Mestizaje in Colonial Mexican Art" 2879:Handbook to Life in the Aztec World 2812: 2738:Gordon R. Willey (7 January 2014). 2709:Richard A. Diehl (7 January 2014). 2589:. London: Thames & Hudson 2013. 849:is an example of Renaissance style. 521:A ceramic model of a home from the 13: 3419: 3233:. University of Pittsburgh Press. 3205: 2501: 1368:. His most notable works were the 1359:Palace of the Marquis del Apartado 994:Mexican art § Mexican Baroque 983: 57: 14: 4722: 3716:Institutional Revolutionary Party 3538: 2658:"National Museum of Architecture" 2580:Testimonios vivos, 20 arquitectos 2275:The School of Theatre (1994), by 1591:under construction and became an 1540:The Neoclassical exterior of the 1355:Palace of the Count of Buenavista 1243:in Puebla, the Jesuit convent of 672:was the ceremonial center of the 2903:Mónica Domínguez Torres (2013). 2688:. Dumbarton Oaks. p. 5451. 2465: 2451: 2420: 2404: 2385: 2366: 2347: 2338:, Productora, Macias Peredo,and 2216: 2194: 2175: 2152: 2136: 2116:(c. 1963–65) in Mexico City, by 1955: 1941: 1927: 1755:, the oval-shaped houses of the 1687: 1678: 1667: 1658: 1529:, designed by Italian architect 1311: 1172:Ultra Baroque was introduced by 585:The Maya appear to have founded 290: 3523: 3511:Hernández, Rubén (1999-08-02). 3504: 3465: 3393: 3371: 3344: 3314: 3288: 3263: 3192: 3179: 3159:Stephanie Kirk (23 June 2016). 2792:John F. Moffitt (1 July 2004). 2235: 1906:in San Angel, Mexico City, for 1322:Nuestra Señora de Loreto Church 837:Mendicant monasteries in Mexico 597:('bone') region in Chiapas and 3327:National Geographic en Español 3275:Museo Nacional de Antropología 3200:Art and Architecture in Mexico 2876:Manuel Aguilar-Moreno (2007). 2855:. Espadaña Press. p. 97. 2760: 2650: 2606:Martínez Gutiérrez, Patricia. 2587:Art and Architecture in Mexico 2228:Museo Nacional de Antropología 2168:Capilla de San José el Altillo 2062:Estadio Olímpico Universitario 1963:Luis Barragán House and Studio 1867:Luis Barragán House and Studio 1562:Angel of Independence monument 1548:lounge and an auditorium with 727:. Other notable sites include 377:revival of Novohispanic styles 1: 4459:Architecture of North America 3636:Centralist Republic of Mexico 3321:Leija, Lydia (29 June 2022). 3227:O’ROURKE, KATHRYN E. (2016). 2643: 2559:Modern Architecture in Mexico 2510:Style in Mexican Architecture 1875:The Edificio San Martin from 1697:Clockwise from upper left: A 1513:(1904). The French architect 943:. These were conceived of as 686: 430:A courtyard in the Palace of 4065:Institutional stock exchange 3701:Second American intervention 2634:Tovar de Teresa, Guillermo. 2529:Anda Alanis, Enrique X. de. 2522:Anda Alanis, Enrique X. de. 2515:Anda Alanis, Enrique X. de. 1774:(sun-dried clay bricks) and 1770:(a type of volcanic stone), 1733:indigenous peoples of Mexico 1470:Postal Palace of Mexico City 958:Early in the history of the 924:('laborer' or 'mason', from 887: 525:, depicting the distinctive 342:indigenous peoples of Mexico 7: 4266:Water supply and sanitation 3631:Spanish reconquest attempts 2444: 1280:More than a century later, 346:architecture of Mesoamerica 10: 4727: 3666:Second French intervention 3614:Control of Central America 2798:. McFarland. p. 144. 2613:Olsen, Patrice Elizabeth. 2491:List of Mexican architects 2296:New Classical architecture 1973: 1852: 1585:Monument to the Revolution 1511:National Theatre of Mexico 1418:in the mid 1860s. Emperor 1383: 1315: 1222:, Mexican Churrigueresque. 987: 891: 830: 818:The site is known for its 762: 759:Oasisamerican architecture 541:. Including a facade with 523:Western shaft tomb culture 422:Pre-Columbian architecture 363:, particularly during the 4657: 4514: 4464: 4390: 4279: 4174: 4165: 4023: 4014: 3901: 3892: 3865:Tropical cyclone rainfall 3763: 3754: 3584: 2561:. New York: Praeger 1961. 2413:Gran Museo del Mundo Maya 1786:, a river town that is a 1271:Juan de Palafox y Mendoza 1062:Historic Centre of Puebla 880:in Yucatán, built in the 827:Novohispanic architecture 659:Central Valleys of Oaxaca 463:Central Valleys of Oaxaca 3906:Administrative divisions 3009:Rosas Volume 5, p.12-13. 2564:Donahue-Wallace, Kelly. 2355:Teodoro González de León 2270:Teodoro González de León 2254:Teodoro González de León 2084:and features the mural, 1282:Francisco Fabián y Fuero 504:(roof ornament) and the 434:. The city has a unique 4321:Handcrafts and folk art 4090:National stock exchange 3828:Protected natural areas 3656:Second Mexican Republic 3621:Supreme Executive Power 2638:. (Mexico: Vuelta 1990) 2543:Burian, Edward R. ed., 2340:Bernardo Gómez-Pimienta 2285:Smithsonian Institution 2202:Joaquín Álvarez Ordóñez 1726:vernacular architecture 1527:Palacio de Bellas Artes 1372:in Mexico City and the 1361:, both in Mexico City. 1351:Alhóndiga de Granaditas 869:buildings incorporated 557:Like most of the great 24:Palacio de Bellas Artes 4701:Architecture in Mexico 4133:States by unemployment 4123:Science and technology 3626:First Mexican Republic 3018:Rosas Volume 5, p.8-9. 2958:Rosas Volume 5, p.2-3. 2599:Lira Vázquez, Carlos. 2411:Grupo 4A Arquitectos: 2378:Biblioteca Vasconcelos 2261: 2086:The Conquest of Energy 2078:David Alfaro Siqueiros 2066:Augusto Pérez Palacios 2038: 1993: 1970:Colonial Revival style 1884: 1606:Monument to Cuauhtémoc 1600: 1566:Monument to Cuauhtémoc 1553: 1477: 1411: 1334: 1264:Biblioteca Palafoxiana 1249:church of Santa Prisca 1223: 1216:Church of Santa Prisca 1153: 1137: 1112: 1065: 1015: 975: 964: 911: 850: 781: 700: 664:Located in the modern 554: 530: 514: 485:(Green Hill) in their 465:, from the decline of 443: 344:, particularly in the 337:architecture of Mexico 62: 35: 4361:Our Lady of Guadalupe 3855:Territorial evolution 3671:Second Mexican Empire 3472:WALKER, ALEX (2000). 3027:Rosas Volume 5, p.10. 2997:Rosas Volume 5, p.11. 2970:Rosas Volume 4, p.14. 2575:. London: Verso 2000. 2243: 2224:Pedro Ramírez Vázquez 2145:Torre Latinoamericana 2118:Pedro Ramírez Vázquez 2026: 1983: 1900:José Villagrán García 1874: 1582: 1539: 1467: 1416:Second Mexican Empire 1397: 1343:Academy of San Carlos 1339:Spanish Enlightenment 1329: 1214: 1167:Mexico City Cathedral 1147: 1102: 1053: 1028:Academy of Saint Luke 1001: 965:reducciones de indios 901: 844: 772: 694: 536: 520: 495: 429: 221:Mesoamerican ballgame 61: 26:, a building with an 21: 4378:World Heritage Sites 3793:Environmental issues 3651:Mexican–American War 3609:First Mexican Empire 3478:Construction History 3239:10.2307/j.ctt1kk666f 3091:Rosas Volume 5, p.5. 2988:Rosas Volume 5, p.7. 2979:Rosas Volume 5, p.6. 2301:The refined work of 2050:Ciudad Universitaria 2031:Ciudad Universitaria 1517:, who worked on the 1390:Haciendas of Yucatan 1347:Gerónimo Antonio Gil 373:nationalist movement 279:World Heritage Sites 4033:Automotive industry 3921:Chamber of Deputies 3604:War of Independence 3302:. 14 September 2016 3140:on November 8, 2016 2620:O'Rourke, Kathryn. 2536:Baxter, Sylvester. 2459:Architecture portal 2427:From left to right: 2258:Abraham Zabludovsky 2246:Museo Rufino Tamayo 2143:Leonardo Zeevaert: 2114:Anthropology Museum 2101:reinforced concrete 2099:The development of 2070:Jorge Bravo Jiménez 1889:modern architecture 1788:World Heritage Site 1558:Paseo de la Reforma 1474:Plateresque Revival 1428:Paseo de la Reforma 1404:Renaissance Revival 1353:in Guanajuato, the 1275:Colegio de San Juan 1228:New Spanish Baroque 1103:The Ex-Convento de 1057:Casa de los Muñecos 1008:Zacatecas Cathedral 990:New Spanish Baroque 646:World Heritage Site 438:style known as the 4234:Indigenous peoples 4138:Telecommunications 3997:State legislatures 3938:Federal government 3818:Metropolitan areas 3696:Mexican Revolution 3357:México Desconocido 3071:Latin American Art 3042:Latin American Art 2508:Aldrich, Richard. 2262: 2160:Enrique de la Mora 2090:José Chávez Morado 2039: 2019:Mid-century Modern 1994: 1885: 1877:Ernesto Buenrostro 1644:Mexican Revolution 1601: 1568:, the monument to 1554: 1519:Legislative Palace 1478: 1436:Chapultepec Castle 1412: 1370:Palacio de Minería 1335: 1331:Palacio de Minería 1318:Chapultepec Castle 1294:Madonna of Trapani 1224: 1154: 1113: 1092:and the Church at 1066: 1016: 912: 851: 782: 701: 668:of the same name, 636:political alliance 555: 531: 515: 444: 436:Maya architectural 369:Mexican Revolution 350:styles from Europe 63: 36: 4711:Culture of Mexico 4688: 4687: 4426: 4425: 4386: 4385: 4161: 4160: 4010: 4009: 3980:Political parties 3943:Foreign relations 3888: 3887: 3676:Restored Republic 3594:Pre-Columbian era 3452:978-0-19-936643-9 3407:. 11 October 2018 3248:978-0-8229-4462-1 3172:978-1-317-05256-2 3038:"Mestizo Baroque" 2945:978-0-8165-9857-1 2916:978-0-7546-6671-4 2889:978-0-19-533083-0 2862:978-0-9620811-0-1 2805:978-0-7864-1806-0 2753:978-0-292-79171-8 2724:978-0-292-79171-8 2695:978-0-88402-323-4 2592:Katzman, Israel. 2571:Fraser, Valerie. 2437:Torre BBVA México 2074:Raúl Salinas Moro 2058:Mexican muralists 2001:Federico Mariscal 1821:wooden houses of 1441:During President 1178:Seville Cathedral 1024:Pope Gregory XIII 960:Indian reductions 894:Indochristian art 845:The Cathedral of 547:feathered serpent 333: 332: 297:Mexico portal 51:Culture of Mexico 4718: 4649:Washington, D.C. 4453: 4446: 4439: 4430: 4429: 4406: 4399: 4346:National symbols 4172: 4171: 4113: 4058:Renewable energy 4048:Economic history 4021: 4020: 3899: 3898: 3761: 3760: 3741:Chiapas conflict 3641:Texas Revolution 3567: 3560: 3553: 3544: 3543: 3532: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3459: 3426: 3417: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3381:. 27 August 2018 3375: 3369: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3336: 3334: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3224: 3203: 3196: 3190: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3098: 3092: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3063: 3054: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3034: 3028: 3025: 3019: 3016: 3010: 3007: 2998: 2995: 2989: 2986: 2980: 2977: 2971: 2968: 2959: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2821: 2810: 2809: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2772:Oxford Reference 2764: 2758: 2757: 2735: 2729: 2728: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2679: 2673: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2654: 2585:Grove, Richard. 2550:Carranza, Luis. 2475: 2470: 2469: 2468: 2461: 2456: 2455: 2424: 2408: 2389: 2370: 2351: 2324:Beatriz Peschard 2220: 2210: 2198: 2179: 2156: 2140: 2082:Eugenio Peschard 2009: 1959: 1945: 1931: 1859:Basurto Building 1831:louvered windows 1815:slate roof tiles 1691: 1682: 1671: 1662: 1432:Chapultepec Park 1408:Paseo de Montejo 1376:in Guadalajara. 1374:Hospicio Cabañas 1140: 978: 970:Spanish language 967: 937:mendicant orders 933:monastic centers 878:Mérida Cathedral 644:was listed as a 481:called the city 325: 318: 311: 295: 294: 293: 60: 38: 37: 4726: 4725: 4721: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4716: 4715: 4691: 4690: 4689: 4684: 4653: 4510: 4460: 4457: 4427: 4422: 4409: 4402: 4395: 4382: 4275: 4251:Public holidays 4224:Nationality law 4219:Life expectancy 4157: 4111: 4006: 3970:Law enforcement 3884: 3875:Water resources 3750: 3726:Mexican miracle 3580: 3571: 3541: 3536: 3535: 3528: 3524: 3509: 3505: 3470: 3466: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3427: 3420: 3410: 3408: 3399: 3398: 3394: 3384: 3382: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3362: 3360: 3349: 3345: 3332: 3330: 3319: 3315: 3305: 3303: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3279: 3277: 3269: 3268: 3264: 3249: 3225: 3206: 3197: 3193: 3184: 3180: 3173: 3157: 3153: 3143: 3141: 3126: 3122: 3112: 3110: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3086: 3076: 3074: 3067:"Ultra baroque" 3065: 3064: 3057: 3047: 3045: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3001: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2962: 2957: 2953: 2946: 2928: 2924: 2917: 2901: 2897: 2890: 2874: 2870: 2863: 2847: 2843: 2833: 2831: 2823: 2822: 2813: 2806: 2790: 2786: 2776: 2774: 2766: 2765: 2761: 2754: 2736: 2732: 2725: 2707: 2703: 2696: 2680: 2676: 2666: 2664: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2504: 2502:Further reading 2471: 2466: 2464: 2457: 2450: 2447: 2440: 2425: 2416: 2409: 2400: 2393:Fernando Romero 2390: 2381: 2371: 2362: 2352: 2312:Mario Schjetnan 2277:TEN Arquitectos 2238: 2231: 2221: 2212: 2204: 2199: 2190: 2180: 2171: 2157: 2148: 2141: 2035:Central Library 2021: 2003: 1990:Bell of Dolores 1986:National Palace 1978: 1972: 1965: 1960: 1951: 1946: 1937: 1932: 1869: 1851: 1819:Anglo-Caribbean 1796:Mormon colonies 1721: 1720: 1719: 1718: 1694: 1693: 1692: 1684: 1683: 1674: 1673: 1672: 1664: 1663: 1652: 1472:is primarily a 1424:Baron Haussmann 1392: 1382: 1337:As part of the 1324: 1314: 1302:ayacahuite pine 1194:churrigueresque 1174:Jerónimo Balbás 1158:Churrigueresque 1138:estrías móviles 1109:capilla abierta 1004:Churrigueresque 996: 988:Main articles: 986: 984:Mexican Baroque 896: 890: 847:Mérida, Yucatán 839: 829: 775:cliff dwellings 767: 761: 745:Mexican Plateau 710:engaged columns 689: 498:Quetzalpapalotl 467:San José Mogote 440:Palencano style 424: 354:Mexican Baroque 329: 291: 289: 58: 12: 11: 5: 4724: 4714: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4661: 4659: 4655: 4654: 4652: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4520: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4487: 4486: 4481: 4470: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4456: 4455: 4448: 4441: 4433: 4424: 4423: 4421: 4420: 4415: 4408: 4407: 4400: 4392: 4391: 4388: 4387: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4364: 4363: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4312: 4311: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4285: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4242: 4241: 4236: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4175: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4159: 4158: 4156: 4155: 4153:Water scarcity 4150: 4148:Transportation 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4107: 4105:Pension system 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4061: 4060: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4012: 4011: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3993: 3992: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3961: 3960: 3955: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3924: 3923: 3918: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3886: 3885: 3883: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3846: 3845: 3843:Municipalities 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3798:Extreme points 3795: 3790: 3785: 3782:Climate change 3775: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3617: 3616: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3590: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3570: 3569: 3562: 3555: 3547: 3540: 3539:External links 3537: 3534: 3533: 3522: 3503: 3464: 3451: 3418: 3392: 3370: 3343: 3313: 3287: 3262: 3247: 3204: 3191: 3185:Jean Charlot, 3178: 3171: 3151: 3120: 3093: 3084: 3055: 3029: 3020: 3011: 2999: 2990: 2981: 2972: 2960: 2951: 2944: 2922: 2915: 2895: 2888: 2868: 2861: 2841: 2811: 2804: 2784: 2759: 2752: 2730: 2723: 2701: 2694: 2674: 2648: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2639: 2632: 2625: 2618: 2611: 2604: 2597: 2590: 2583: 2576: 2569: 2562: 2555: 2548: 2541: 2540:10 vols. 1901. 2534: 2527: 2520: 2513: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2499: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2481:Enrique Norten 2477: 2476: 2462: 2446: 2443: 2442: 2441: 2426: 2419: 2417: 2410: 2403: 2401: 2391: 2384: 2382: 2374:Alberto Kalach 2372: 2365: 2363: 2353: 2346: 2336:Frida Escobedo 2328:Mauricio Rocha 2320:Tatiana Bilbao 2316:Michel Rojkind 2303:Alberto Kalach 2281:Enrique Norten 2264:In Mexico the 2252:building from 2237: 2234: 2233: 2232: 2222: 2215: 2213: 2200: 2193: 2191: 2187:Torre Insignia 2181: 2174: 2172: 2158: 2151: 2149: 2142: 2135: 2020: 2017: 1984:Detail of the 1974:Main article: 1971: 1968: 1967: 1966: 1961: 1954: 1952: 1947: 1940: 1938: 1933: 1926: 1850: 1847: 1735:. Such as the 1696: 1695: 1686: 1685: 1677: 1676: 1675: 1666: 1665: 1657: 1656: 1655: 1654: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1597:Social Realism 1492:, bronzes and 1455:Jeremy Bentham 1381: 1378: 1313: 1310: 1006:facade of the 985: 982: 889: 886: 828: 825: 779:Cuarenta Casas 760: 757: 688: 685: 681:Lake Pátzcuaro 677:Tarascan state 423: 420: 371:, there was a 331: 330: 328: 327: 320: 313: 305: 302: 301: 300: 299: 284: 283: 282: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 253: 252: 248: 247: 246: 245: 240: 239: 238: 233: 228: 223: 213: 212: 211: 201: 196: 191: 190: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 154: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 121: 120: 116: 115: 114: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 70: 69: 65: 64: 54: 53: 47: 46: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4723: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4656: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4634:San Francisco 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4599:New York City 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4564:Fredricksburg 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4516:United States 4513: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4476: 4475: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4463: 4454: 4449: 4447: 4442: 4440: 4435: 4434: 4431: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4410: 4405: 4401: 4398: 4394: 4393: 4389: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4362: 4359: 4358: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4310: 4307: 4306: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4278: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4256:States by HDI 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4176: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4164: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4128:States by GDP 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4085:Manufacturing 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4059: 4056: 4055: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4013: 4003: 4002:Supreme Court 4000: 3998: 3995: 3991: 3988: 3987: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3950: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3913: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3891: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3844: 3841: 3840: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3615: 3612: 3611: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3568: 3563: 3561: 3556: 3554: 3549: 3548: 3545: 3531: 3526: 3518: 3514: 3507: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3468: 3454: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3425: 3423: 3406: 3402: 3396: 3380: 3374: 3358: 3354: 3347: 3340: 3328: 3324: 3317: 3301: 3297: 3291: 3276: 3272: 3266: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3231: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3201: 3195: 3188: 3182: 3174: 3168: 3164: 3163: 3155: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3124: 3108: 3104: 3097: 3088: 3072: 3068: 3062: 3060: 3043: 3039: 3033: 3024: 3015: 3006: 3004: 2994: 2985: 2976: 2967: 2965: 2955: 2947: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2926: 2918: 2912: 2908: 2907: 2899: 2891: 2885: 2881: 2880: 2872: 2864: 2858: 2854: 2853: 2845: 2830: 2826: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2807: 2801: 2797: 2796: 2788: 2773: 2769: 2763: 2755: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2734: 2726: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2705: 2697: 2691: 2687: 2686: 2678: 2663: 2659: 2653: 2649: 2637: 2633: 2630: 2626: 2623: 2619: 2616: 2612: 2609: 2605: 2602: 2598: 2595: 2591: 2588: 2584: 2581: 2577: 2574: 2570: 2567: 2563: 2560: 2556: 2553: 2549: 2546: 2542: 2539: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2525: 2521: 2518: 2514: 2511: 2507: 2506: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2486:Luis Barragán 2484: 2482: 2479: 2478: 2474: 2473:Mexico portal 2463: 2460: 2454: 2449: 2438: 2434: 2433:Torre Reforma 2430: 2423: 2418: 2414: 2407: 2402: 2398: 2397:Museo Soumaya 2394: 2388: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2359:Arcos Bosques 2356: 2350: 2345: 2344: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2297: 2293: 2292:Jorge Loyzaga 2289: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2271: 2267: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2229: 2225: 2219: 2214: 2208: 2203: 2197: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2178: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2164:Félix Candela 2161: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2139: 2134: 2133: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2125:Luis Barragán 2121: 2119: 2115: 2109: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2095: 2094:Felix Candela 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2044: 2036: 2032: 2029: 2025: 2016: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1998: 1991: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1964: 1958: 1953: 1950: 1944: 1939: 1936: 1935:Ateneo Fuente 1930: 1925: 1924: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1904:Juan O'Gorman 1901: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1864: 1863:Torre Reforma 1860: 1856: 1855:Museo Soumaya 1846: 1844: 1843:exposed brick 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1811:Nautla Region 1807: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1782:buildings of 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1753: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1727: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1690: 1681: 1670: 1661: 1647: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1621: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1570:Benito Juárez 1567: 1563: 1559: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1542:Teatro Juárez 1538: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1507:Postal Palace 1505:designed the 1504: 1500: 1495: 1494:stained glass 1491: 1487: 1483: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1443:Porfirio Díaz 1439: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1387: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1319: 1312:Neoclassicism 1309: 1307: 1304:, cedar, and 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1229: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1182: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1151: 1146: 1142: 1139: 1132: 1128: 1126: 1125:Talavera type 1122: 1118: 1110: 1106: 1101: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1063: 1059: 1058: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1042: 1036: 1034: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1000: 995: 991: 981: 979: 977: 971: 966: 961: 956: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 929: 927: 923: 922: 917: 909: 905: 900: 895: 885: 883: 879: 874: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 848: 843: 838: 834: 824: 821: 816: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 789: 786: 785:Oasisamerican 780: 776: 771: 766: 756: 754: 750: 746: 740: 738: 734: 730: 726: 721: 719: 715: 714:corbel vaults 711: 706: 698: 693: 684: 682: 678: 675: 674:pre-Columbian 671: 667: 662: 660: 657:coast or the 656: 651: 647: 643: 639: 637: 633: 628: 624: 618: 616: 612: 608: 602: 600: 596: 592: 588: 583: 581: 577: 573: 569: 564: 560: 552: 548: 544: 540: 535: 528: 524: 519: 512: 509: 508: 507:talud tablero 503: 499: 494: 490: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 454: 449: 441: 437: 433: 428: 419: 417: 413: 412:New Classical 409: 405: 404:globalization 400: 398: 397:Luis Barragán 394: 390: 386: 385:functionalism 380: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 357: 355: 351: 347: 343: 338: 326: 321: 319: 314: 312: 307: 306: 304: 303: 298: 288: 287: 286: 285: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 256: 255: 254: 250: 249: 244: 241: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 218: 217: 214: 210: 207: 206: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 159: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 124: 123: 122: 118: 117: 112: 109: 107: 104: 102: 99: 97: 94: 92: 89: 87: 84: 82: 79: 77: 74: 73: 72: 71: 67: 66: 56: 55: 52: 49: 48: 44: 40: 39: 33: 30:exterior and 29: 25: 20: 16: 4679: 4609:Philadelphia 4589:Miami Modern 4574:Jacksonville 4289:Architecture 4288: 4194:Demographics 4038:Central bank 3948:Human rights 3928:Constitution 3746:War on drugs 3721:World War II 3706:Cristero War 3599:Colonial era 3525: 3516: 3506: 3481: 3477: 3467: 3456:. Retrieved 3434: 3411:25 September 3409:. Retrieved 3404: 3395: 3385:25 September 3383:. Retrieved 3373: 3363:25 September 3361:. Retrieved 3359:(in Spanish) 3356: 3346: 3338: 3333:25 September 3331:. Retrieved 3329:(in Spanish) 3326: 3316: 3306:25 September 3304:. Retrieved 3299: 3290: 3280:25 September 3278:. Retrieved 3274: 3265: 3257:j.ctt1kk666f 3229: 3199: 3198:James Oles, 3194: 3186: 3181: 3161: 3154: 3142:. Retrieved 3138:the original 3133: 3123: 3111:. Retrieved 3109:(in Spanish) 3106: 3096: 3087: 3077:November 29, 3075:. Retrieved 3073:. Britannica 3070: 3048:November 29, 3046:. Retrieved 3044:. Britannica 3041: 3032: 3023: 3014: 2993: 2984: 2975: 2954: 2935: 2925: 2905: 2898: 2878: 2871: 2851: 2844: 2832:. Retrieved 2829:Khan Academy 2828: 2794: 2787: 2775:. Retrieved 2771: 2768:"Puuc style" 2762: 2743: 2733: 2714: 2704: 2684: 2677: 2665:. Retrieved 2661: 2652: 2635: 2628: 2621: 2614: 2607: 2600: 2596:. UNAM 1973. 2593: 2586: 2579: 2572: 2565: 2558: 2557:Cetto, Max. 2551: 2544: 2537: 2530: 2523: 2516: 2509: 2300: 2290: 2274: 2263: 2236:Contemporary 2129:Le Corbusier 2122: 2110: 2105:steel alloys 2098: 2085: 2047: 2040: 2013: 1999: 1995: 1988:showing the 1920: 1916: 1908:Diego Rivera 1897: 1894: 1886: 1879:, known for 1827:gabled roofs 1808: 1792: 1765: 1757:Yucatec Maya 1750: 1736: 1730: 1722: 1698: 1641: 1637: 1622: 1618: 1610:Paseo Juarez 1602: 1555: 1515:Émile Bénard 1479: 1446: 1440: 1420:Maximilian I 1413: 1366:Manuel Tolsá 1363: 1336: 1305: 1279: 1274: 1261: 1241:Tonantzintla 1231: 1227: 1225: 1187: 1183: 1171: 1155: 1133: 1129: 1114: 1094:Tonantzintla 1086: 1068:Columns and 1067: 1055: 1054:The Baroque 1047:main altar. 1045: 1037: 1026:created the 1017: 973: 957: 930: 919: 913: 908:atrial cross 875: 852: 817: 790: 783: 741: 722: 702: 670:Tzintzuntzan 663: 640: 619: 603: 594: 590: 586: 584: 563:Teotihuacans 559:Mesoamerican 556: 539:Chichen Itza 527:pitched roof 505: 501: 496:Detail from 482: 474: 457: 448:Mesoamerican 445: 439: 401: 381: 367:. After the 358: 336: 334: 264:Coat of arms 243:Video gaming 132:Architecture 131: 15: 4706:Mexican art 4629:San Antonio 4624:Puerto Rico 4594:New Orleans 4579:Kansas City 4484:Quebec City 4214:Immigration 4080:Land reform 4028:Agriculture 3850:Territories 3788:Earthquakes 3736:Peso crisis 3731:Lost Decade 2662:Mexico City 2496:Mexican art 2429:Torre Mayor 2332:Isaac Broid 2308:Álvaro Siza 2298:in Mexico. 2205: [ 2064:(1952), by 2004: [ 1912:Frida Kahlo 1839:metal roofs 1784:Tlacotalpan 1752:xa'anil naj 1711:Tlacotalpan 1699:xa'anil naj 1633:ionic order 1550:Orientalist 1546:Art Nouveau 1531:Adamo Boari 1503:Adamo Boari 1488:, European 1406:mansion on 1298:Nino Pisano 1245:Tepotzotlán 1198:Mexico City 1105:Teposcolula 1035:monastery. 1033:El Escorial 1022:. In 1577, 904:Huejotzingo 882:Renaissance 855:mudéjarismo 753:Mesoamerica 642:Teotihuacan 617:ethnicity. 580:Tehuantepec 549:columns (a 511:entablature 459:Monte Albán 389:regionalism 361:Eclecticism 274:Miss Mexico 226:Lucha libre 91:Immigration 28:Art Nouveau 4695:Categories 4675:Costa Rica 4496:St. John's 4373:Television 4331:Literature 4209:Healthcare 4184:Censorship 4179:Corruption 4112:(currency) 4070:Irrigation 3691:Porfiriato 3686:Yaqui Wars 3661:La Reforma 3646:Pastry War 3458:2021-10-09 3271:"El Troje" 3144:8 November 3134:La Jornada 3113:8 November 3107:La Jornada 2834:20 January 2777:26 January 2644:References 2183:Mario Pani 2043:Mario Pani 1853:See also: 1804:Mennonites 1800:farmhouses 1747:log cabins 1642:After the 1629:Liberalism 1572:, and the 1499:Porfiriato 1459:panopticon 1451:Lecumberri 1400:Beaux-Arts 1384:See also: 1316:See also: 949:conventual 945:fortresses 892:See also: 831:See also: 813:New Mexico 773:The adobe 763:See also: 687:Puuc style 576:Lambityeco 408:Postmodern 365:Porfiriato 187:Television 177:Newspapers 152:Literature 4644:St. Louis 4584:Las Vegas 4529:Allentown 4506:Vancouver 4336:Monuments 4326:Languages 4199:Education 4118:Petroleum 4075:Labor law 4043:Companies 3985:President 3933:Elections 3823:Mountains 3756:Geography 3681:Caste War 3490:0267-7768 3484:: 87–98. 3405:Fronteras 2667:5 October 2266:Brutalism 2250:Brutalist 1883:buildings 1780:porticoed 1761:hurricane 1743:Purépecha 1717:, Sonora. 1482:Cast iron 1190:New Spain 1078:Salomonic 1070:pilasters 1041:New Spain 976:tequitqui 941:New Spain 921:tequitqui 916:syncretic 888:Tequitqui 871:Mozarabic 863:Mannerist 793:Chihuahua 553:element). 416:Neomodern 393:modernism 199:Monuments 172:Magazines 96:Languages 4619:Portland 4614:Plymouth 4554:Columbus 4479:Montreal 4413:Category 4356:Religion 4316:Folklore 3975:Military 3953:Intersex 3911:Congress 3894:Politics 3880:Wildlife 3870:Volcanos 3711:Maximato 3578:articles 3498:41613815 3300:Demejico 2445:See also 2435:(2016), 2431:(2003), 2103:and new 1881:Art Deco 1823:Chetumal 1707:Chetumal 1616:(1889). 1599:monument 1593:Art Deco 1574:Columbus 1306:coloyote 1257:Guerrero 1232:barrueco 1163:estipite 1121:Tlaxcala 1082:estipite 1014:masonry. 867:hacienda 809:Colorado 632:conquest 627:ballgame 611:Calakmul 591:Lakam Ha 587:Lakam Ha 568:Zaachila 487:language 483:Yuku kúi 475:Dani Baá 471:Zapotecs 432:Palenque 231:Football 209:Muralism 204:Painting 167:Internet 106:Religion 101:Holidays 81:Folklore 76:Mexicans 43:a series 41:Part of 32:Art Deco 4665:Bermuda 4639:Seattle 4569:Houston 4559:Detroit 4549:Chicago 4544:Buffalo 4534:Atlanta 4501:Toronto 4397:Outline 4304:Cuisine 4281:Culture 4271:Welfare 4261:Smoking 4246:Poverty 4167:Society 4143:Tourism 4016:Economy 3990:Cabinet 3808:Islands 3803:Forests 3778:Climate 3768:Borders 3586:History 3517:Reforma 2361:(1996) 2170:(1958) 2147:(1956) 1835:Cananea 1802:of the 1768:cantera 1763:winds. 1745:, pine 1741:of the 1715:Cananea 1703:Tekanto 1589:Capitol 1552:motifs. 1490:granite 1447:desagűe 1290:retablo 1286:vaulted 1202:Ocotlán 1107:with a 1074:capital 1060:in the 1020:Baroque 1012:cantera 953:atriums 926:Nahuatl 859:Baroque 801:Arizona 599:Tabasco 595:B'akaal 453:Paquimé 251:Symbols 142:Cuisine 86:History 68:Society 4680:Mexico 4658:Others 4539:Boston 4524:Albany 4491:Ottawa 4474:Quebec 4466:Canada 4418:Portal 4368:Sports 4299:Cinema 4229:People 4053:Energy 3916:Senate 3838:States 3833:Rivers 3773:Cities 3576: 3574:Mexico 3496: 3488: 3449: 3255: 3245: 3169: 2942: 2913: 2886: 2859: 2802: 2750: 2721: 2711:"Tula" 2692: 2439:(2015) 2415:(2012) 2399:(2011) 2380:(2008) 2230:(1964) 2189:(1962) 2072:, and 2037:(1954) 1865:, and 1817:, the 1776:palapa 1738:trojes 1614:Oaxaca 1564:, the 1486:marble 1268:Bishop 1206:Puebla 1117:Puebla 1090:Puebla 797:Sonora 749:Toltec 650:Unesco 551:Toltec 502:almena 479:Mixtec 391:, and 269:Anthem 216:Sports 137:Comics 119:Topics 45:on the 4604:Omaha 4404:Index 4351:Radio 4341:Music 4239:Women 4204:Flags 4189:Crime 4110:Peso 3813:Lakes 3494:JSTOR 3253:JSTOR 2209:] 2088:, by 2033:with 2008:] 1772:adobe 1253:Taxco 1220:Taxco 820:adobe 737:Sayil 733:Labna 729:Kabah 725:Uxmal 718:Chaac 697:Uxmal 615:Olmec 607:Tikal 572:Yagul 543:Chaac 236:Rugby 194:Music 182:Radio 157:Media 147:Dance 111:Women 4670:Cuba 4309:Wine 3958:LGBT 3860:Time 3486:ISSN 3447:ISBN 3413:2023 3387:2023 3365:2023 3335:2023 3308:2023 3282:2023 3243:ISBN 3167:ISBN 3146:2016 3115:2016 3079:2011 3050:2011 2940:ISBN 2911:ISBN 2884:ISBN 2857:ISBN 2836:2024 2800:ISBN 2779:2024 2748:ISBN 2719:ISBN 2690:ISBN 2669:2023 2256:and 2248:, a 2244:The 2162:and 2028:UNAM 1910:and 1841:and 1829:and 1623:The 1583:The 1468:The 1388:and 1357:and 1320:and 1262:The 1226:The 1148:The 1119:and 1080:and 1002:The 992:and 928:). 914:The 861:and 835:and 811:and 805:Utah 735:and 705:Puuc 703:The 666:town 655:Gulf 623:Tula 578:and 414:and 335:The 259:Flag 162:Film 22:The 4294:Art 4100:Oil 3965:Law 3439:doi 3235:doi 2268:of 1728:. 1701:in 1457:'s 1251:in 1218:in 1141:). 777:of 720:. 648:by 634:or 127:Art 4697:: 3515:. 3492:. 3482:16 3480:. 3476:. 3445:. 3437:. 3433:. 3421:^ 3403:. 3355:. 3337:. 3325:. 3298:. 3273:. 3251:. 3241:. 3207:^ 3132:. 3105:. 3069:. 3058:^ 3040:. 3002:^ 2963:^ 2827:. 2814:^ 2770:. 2660:. 2395:: 2376:: 2357:: 2334:, 2330:, 2326:, 2322:, 2318:, 2314:, 2226:: 2207:es 2185:: 2166:: 2120:. 2068:, 2045:. 2006:es 1861:, 1857:, 1845:. 1612:, 1533:. 1461:. 1398:A 1259:. 1255:, 807:, 803:, 799:, 755:. 739:. 731:, 661:. 582:. 574:, 570:, 489:. 418:. 410:, 399:. 387:, 379:. 356:. 4452:e 4445:t 4438:v 3784:) 3780:( 3566:e 3559:t 3552:v 3519:. 3500:. 3461:. 3441:: 3415:. 3389:. 3367:. 3310:. 3284:. 3259:. 3237:: 3175:. 3148:. 3117:. 3081:. 3052:. 2948:. 2919:. 2892:. 2865:. 2838:. 2808:. 2781:. 2756:. 2727:. 2698:. 2671:. 2260:. 1595:/ 1402:/ 962:( 529:. 513:. 442:. 324:e 317:t 310:v

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.