600:
35:
709:
308:
374:
449:. The Great Mosque of Janad also has a courtyard form, but it was rebuilt in its present form circa 1200 and it's unclear what its original layout would have been. The Great Mosque of Shibam, like the Great Mosque of Sanaa, has a richly-painted ceiling, though its columns and their capitals resemble pre-Islamic forms. The Mosque of Arwa bint Ahmad was reportedly part of a Sulayhid palace before being converted to a mosque. Unlike other local hypostyle mosques at the time, it features a dome over the space in front of its
17:
160:
1981:
1991:
627:
556:
103:
512:
366:), which both have richly-decorated ceilings carved and painted with interlacing star-like patterns. Another type consisted of a rectangular chamber, with a transverse orientation, with multiple entrances and supporting columns inside, sometimes preceded by a courtyard. Examples of this include the Mosque of Sulayman ibn Dawud (1089, reusing ancient remains) at Marib and the congregational mosque of
422:
649:
362:(13th–15th centuries), among other local states. One type of mosque attested around this time consists of a large cubic chamber with one entrance, which had antecedents in the pre-Islamic temple architecture of the region. Examples include the al-Abbas Mosque in Asnaf (1126, near Sanaa) and the Mosque of Sarha (13th century, near
539:
to the region, but none of their buildings in Yemen have survived. The
Rasulids after them, however, were prolific patrons of architecture and perpetuated these new building types, influenced by their political links with Egypt. The Rasulids were based in Ta'izz and several of their buildings survive
551:
The oldest madrasas in Yemen also date from the
Rasulid period, including three in Ta'izz: the Asadiyya Madrasa (before 1258), the Mu'tabiyya Madrasa (1392) and the Ashrafiyya Madrasa (attached to the mosque of the same name). Unlike contemporary madrasas in Egypt, the Rasulid madrasas do not follow
303:
styles can be documented. Yemeni architecture can be characterized as "conservative", as the Yemeni people combine their pre-Islamic and
Islamic past. This philosophy is demonstrated in the construction of the Mosque of Sulayman ibn Dawud in Marib, which was built directly on top of an old temple.
253:), which was enclosed by double walls and nine gates. It had a citadel, the Raidan fortress or Raydan Palace, which was the seat of the Himyarite kings. Other stone castles were built in various locations. By the 5th century AD, there is evidence that the indigenous styles were being influenced by
146:
was first built in the 6th century BCE and repaired up until the 5th or 6th century CE. It was a major feat of engineering in the ancient world and was used to harness the water of biannual floods, allowing for more systematic irrigation. The first dam was a basic earth-built structure around 580
389:
mosque with courtyard, which was more common throughout much of the
Islamic world at the time, was comparatively rare in early Islamic Yemen. The Great Mosque of Sanaa was one of the few mosques of this type in the region. After its foundation, it was rebuilt in larger form on the orders of the
574:
imams in northern Yemen were buried in richly-decorated domed tombs which were among the only significant examples of this type of building in Yemen at the time, as the
Rasulid rulers were normally buried in tombs attached to their madrasas. Minarets in the later Rasulid period were strongly
277:. The Ghumdan Palace, which was probably first built around 200 CE, was preserved in collective memory and probably influenced the architecture of future palaces. It apparently had many stories, a transparent roof of alabaster, coloured stone inlay decorating its façades, and animal statues.
220:
region, resulting in a shift in power and trade networks. A new
Himyarite kingdom took control of Yemen. In the same century, the Palace of Shaqir (the "Towering One") was built in Shabwa. It was destroyed circa 230 CE but subsequently rebuilt and restored. The building, made of
413:
roof, though these too have been repaired and restored over the centuries. The mosque's decoration reflects the multiple restorations but also exemplifies the best artistic techniques in Yemen over the centuries, including carved and painted wood, carved stone, and
552:
the four-iwan layout. The Mu'tabiyya and
Ashrafiyya madrasas both have rectangular floor plans with a domed prayer hall to the north and a courtyard to the south flanked by smaller domed and vaulted chambers on either side which were used for teaching.
619:. Coral stone is also used in coastal towns. Traditionally, the ground floor could be used for practical functions such as agriculture, the middle floors consisted of various multi-functional rooms, and the top floor often had a large reception room (
754:
While these structures are repaired and restored over time, this architectural style has remained generally unchanged for hundreds of years. The old city of Sanaa is a prominent example which preserves many of these houses. Since 1986 it is a
735:. At Sanaa, typical designs consist of bands of geometric motifs on the exterior created with protruding bricks that are whitewashed. Plasterwork is also found around the windows, and geometric or floral motifs can be used in
155:
in or after the late 2nd century CE, who rebuilt it as another earthen structure faced with stone, this time 720 meters (2,360 feet) long, 14 meters (46 feet) high, and complete with more sophisticated hydraulic systems.
1946:
680:
and nearby villages, tradtional houses are built with a mud and straw mixture and have a tapered shape, with the top of the house marked by pointed protrusions of gypsum. Some houses have window panes made of
225:
and wood on stone foundations, consisted of a towering multi-story structure attached to a courtyard surrounded by two-story galleries. The galleries had octagonal pillars covered with carved vine motifs and
1956:
1915:
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meters (1,900 feet) long and probably about 4 meters (13 feet) high, situated between two rock formations. A second dam was built towards 500 BC as a sloping rampart with a triangular
1951:
1910:
607:
Yemen is notable for its historic tower-houses, built on two or more floors. These houses vary in form and materials from region to region. They are typically built of mud (either
645:), others were encircled by a high mud-brick wall (e.g. Shibam), and some were built so that the houses themselves formed an outer wall along an elevated position (e.g. Khawlan).
1920:
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form. In both the Jawf and
Hadramawt regions, there were also temples consisting of an interior space divided by two rows of three or four pillars, which in Hadramawt often had
1865:
1785:
1850:
1695:
615:, the lower floors are built in heavier stone and the upper floors are built in lighter brick. Mud is sometimes mixed with straw and the walls are sometimes finished with
482:(9th to 11th centuries). It has the highest concentration of historic religious buildings of any city in Yemen aside from Sanaa. Two of the most important mosques are the
381:(left) is an early example of the hypostyle courtyard mosque in Yemen. Founded in the 7th century, it was rebuilt and expanded into its current form in later centuries.
1905:
766:. The oldest house in the city is believed to one of stone and earth located in the Harat al-'Alami area, as its existence is documented as early as the 14th century.
1675:
1805:
299:
in the 7th century, but few buildings from the early
Islamic period have been preserved intact today. It is only from the 10th century onward that distinctive
471:
in Yemen, covered in carved arabesques and featuring a rectangular frame with a Kufic inscription. This design was imitated in later mihrabs in the region.
834:
Finster, Barbara (2009). "Arabian
Peninsula, art and architecture". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
61:, displaying both local characteristics and external influences. The historic cities and towns of Yemen are known for their traditional tower-houses.
83:
architecture. Historical texts and archeological evidence indicate that large and richly-decorated palaces existed in several cities, such as the
273:
ruler who made Sanaa his capital, built a cathedral there circa 567, allegedly with the help of two architects provided by Byzantine emperor
579:
minarets, with shafts divided into multiple levels with differing designs, while Zaydi minarets were generally simpler. With the advent of
1457:
138:. Marib city and some constructions in the Wadi Dhana valley were likely established as early as the 2nd millennium BCE and artificial
1870:
676:, the houses also incorporate Southeast Asian influences due to the history of locals working in Indonesia in the 19th century. At
151:. It stood about 7 meters (23 feet) high and was faced with stone and mortar. The next major reconstruction was undertaken by the
1895:
1033:
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rule in Yemen after 1538, Rasulid-style architecture continued to be the local norm in Sunni-controlled areas, but elements of
1549:
1523:
1496:
1262:
1043:
991:
1622:
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751:(15 kilometres north of Sanaa), dating to the 1930s, which features rich gypsum decoration and coloured glass fanlights.
1248:
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and brick in the south. Houses in Zabid tend to also omit exterior decoration and focus on interior decoration instead.
548:(built by Sultan al-Malik al-Ashraf in 1397–1401), both of which feature large central domes flanked by smaller domes.
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or sun-dried mudbrick), stone, or a combination of both, with timber used for roofs and floors. In some cases, as at
245:
As the Himyarite kingdom grew stronger, it cultivated a period of peace and cultural exchanges. The capital was at
1815:
1432:
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or Mahram Bilqis, which was erected at the edge of a large, roughly oval, walled enclosure. Some temples in the
2020:
2015:
1223:
1200:
664:
Various different styles of houses are found across different regions of Yemen. The mud-brick houses in the
1830:
405:). It was reconstructed again in 753–4 and after 875. On the latter occasion it was rebuilt with stone and
238:
depicted scenes with women and other decorative motifs. The ornamental repertoire displays links with late
1755:
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1645:
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1875:
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1745:
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198:. The art of these temples is characterized by their abstractness, as exemplified by their distinctive
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began to be introduced in the late 16th century with the construction of new monuments such as the
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emerged around this period, built with stone foundations and upper sections in wood and clay.
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Other examples of early hypostyle courtyard mosques in the region are the Great Mosque of
8:
1935:
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759:
693:, the buildings are instead built low, with one or two stories. They tend to be built of
588:
576:
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336:
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28:
339:. Traditional Muslim sources claim the Great Mosque of Sanaa was built on the orders of
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1135:
1513:
1990:
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1492:
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1258:
1166:
1039:
987:
949:
839:
657:
490:, both hypostyle courtyard mosques built by the Ziyadid ruler al-Husayn ibn Salamah (
460:
442:
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391:
347:. A study by 'Abd al-Muhsin al-Mad'aj suggests that it was most likely built in 633.
544:(built by Sultan al-Malik al-Muẓaffar Yusuf sometime between 1249 and 1295) and the
1231:
1127:
545:
541:
516:
355:
270:
254:
307:
1227:
616:
497:). The brick minaret of the Great Mosque of Zabid is one of the oldest surviving
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320:
312:
239:
183:
76:
1235:
736:
638:
580:
415:
373:
258:
84:
79:, Yemen was home to several wealthy city-states and an indigenous tradition of
478:, which was the capital under several successive dynasties, starting with the
205:. Aside from temple architecture, it also appears that the traditional Yemeni
16:
2009:
1984:
1298:
1170:
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195:
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91:. Most of these structures have not been preserved, although the remains of
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126:, alongside other kingdoms in the region. Its influence reached as far as
1994:
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274:
206:
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have a distinct style of architecture compared to other regions in Yemen
1600:
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665:
474:
For many centuries, one of the most important cites in the regions was
395:
332:
152:
139:
135:
115:
96:
1116:"An Outline of the History of Islamic Religious Architecture in Yemen"
793:
1325:
Architecture; VI. c. 1250–c. 1500; C. Central Islamic lands; 2. Yemen
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698:
682:
653:
386:
351:
324:
191:
175:
174:
Classical Sabaean temples were structures with an inner courtyard in
143:
107:
42:
1131:
1090:
Architecture; V. c. 900–c. 1250; B. Central Islamic lands; 4. Yemen
740:
721:
626:
555:
528:
479:
340:
222:
127:
119:
118:, the first large South Arabian kingdom, Saba', was created by the
102:
1182:
1180:
732:
686:
571:
536:
498:
370:(12th–13th century). This type also had pre-Islamic antecedents.
231:
217:
179:
1458:"Yemen's UNESCO-listed Old Sanaa houses collapse in heavy rains"
511:
354:
period, the region was ruled by various dynasties including the
315:
was founded in 627–8 but rebuilt in later centuries (2014 photo)
53:
dates back to ancient times, when it was part of a tradition of
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717:
669:
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451:
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266:
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92:
25:
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may date as far back as the third millennium BCE. The ancient
1201:"The Founding of the Great Mosque (al-Jami al-Kabir) in Sana"
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475:
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131:
123:
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21:
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164:
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heads from the Sabaean period in Yemen, on display at the
762:, although its conservation is threatened by the ongoing
363:
331:. The mosque in Janad was reportedly founded in 627–8 (6
1488:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture
563:
in Sanaa (1597) demonstrates the influence of the domed
501:
in Yemen, though it was added later under the Ayyubids (
421:
319:
The oldest mosque in Yemen is believed to be either the
942:"The Material Culture of Pre‐ and Early Islamic Arabia"
648:
134:
of this region grew their agriculture with the help of
603:
Example of traditional houses in the old city of Sanaa
944:. In Flood, Finbarr Barry; Necipoğlu, Gülru (eds.).
1283:"The mosques of Zabīd, Yemen: a preliminary report"
984:
Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats
1032:Jarzombek, Mark M.; Prakash, Vikramaditya (2011).
641:, were built around a fortified citadel (e.g. the
459:influence via the Sulayhids (who acknowledged the
1155:"Taʿizz, capital of the Rasulid dynasty in Yemen"
261:Mediterranean art. In the 5th and 6th centuries,
2007:
1542:The Architecture of Yemen and Its Reconstruction
1031:
57:architecture. Developments continued during the
1511:
1186:
977:
1512:Serjeant, R.B.; Lewcock, Ronald, eds. (1983).
1287:Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies
1159:Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies
265:spread in the region and churches were built.
1616:
978:Langmead, Donald; Garnaut, Christine (2001).
1583:Wadi Hadramawt and the walled city of Shibam
727:Decoration of houses is often executed with
689:plain along the coast, including towns like
633:, an example of a historic fortified village
99:, provide some evidence of their structure.
946:A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture
1623:
1609:
1485:Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila (2009).
1484:
1389:
1344:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1249:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
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877:
594:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
743:. This style can be seen also be seen at
531:introduced domed mosque types as well as
1630:
1404:
1362:
1257:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 370–371.
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33:
15:
1579:
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1383:
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1356:
1305:
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833:
747:, a palace built on a rocky outcrop in
467:is the oldest surviving well-decorated
2008:
1329:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1038:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 107.
1604:
1280:
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886:
852:
810:
1433:"UNESCO sites in Yemen under threat"
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1398:
1349:Vernacular architecture; VII. Yemen
1215:
1094:
948:. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 61–88.
13:
1533:
1408:Dictionary of Islamic Architecture
1405:Petersen, Andrew (1996). "San'a".
1366:Dictionary of Islamic Architecture
1363:Petersen, Andrew (1996). "Yemen".
1271:
14:
2032:
1518:. World of Islam Festival Trust.
1437:Middle East Eye édition française
962:
914:
781:
668:valley are especially tall, with
637:Some villages and towns, such as
280:
1989:
1980:
1979:
1199:Al-Madaj, Abd Al-Muhsin (1993).
1035:A Global History of Architecture
672:being among the most famous. In
623:) which enjoyed the best views.
323:(located in Janad, northeast of
64:
1515:Ṣanʻāʼ: an Arabian Islamic city
1478:
1450:
1425:
1369:. Routledge. pp. 310–313.
1192:
1146:
492:
400:
1947:British Indian Ocean Territory
1025:
1000:
986:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 190–191.
212:In the first century BCE, the
163:Decorative frieze of stylized
1:
1540:Damluji, Salma Samar (2020).
836:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
769:
502:
182:). An example of this is the
1562:The Old walled city of San'a
1544:. Laurence King Publishing.
798:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
774:
570:During the same period, the
343:, carried out by one of his
7:
1491:. Oxford University Press.
1187:Serjeant & Lewcock 1983
441:(9th–10th century) and the
10:
2037:
1411:. Routledge. p. 251.
358:(11th–12th centuries) and
284:
68:
20:Historic cityscape of old
1975:
1934:
1894:
1636:
1114:Finster, Barbara (1992).
1012:Louvre ; collections
940:Finster, Barbara (2017).
455:, which is likely due to
443:Mosque of Arwa bint Ahmad
427:Mosque of Arwa bint Ahmad
1696:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
1580:Lewcock, Ronald (1986).
1559:Lewcock, Ronald (1986).
739:within the semicircular
716:near Sanaa, with carved
291:Islamic history of Yemen
114:In the first millennium
95:, the former capital of
71:Ancient history of Yemen
1957:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
595:Vernacular architecture
575:influenced by Egyptian
106:Remains of the ancient
1390:Bloom & Blair 2009
1345:Bloom & Blair 2009
1321:Bloom & Blair 2009
1086:Bloom & Blair 2009
906:Bloom & Blair 2009
878:Bloom & Blair 2009
724:
661:
634:
604:
567:
524:
434:
382:
316:
230:carved with images of
171:
111:
46:
31:
2021:Architectural history
2016:Architecture in Yemen
1008:"plaque ; niche"
731:, lime or some other
711:
651:
629:
602:
558:
540:there, including the
514:
484:Great Mosque of Zabid
457:Fatimid architectural
425:Courtyard inside the
424:
379:Great Mosque of Sanaa
376:
329:Great Mosque of Sanaa
321:Great Mosque of Janad
313:Great Mosque of Janad
310:
301:Islamic architectural
162:
105:
37:
19:
1871:United Arab Emirates
1631:Architecture of Asia
1281:Sadek, Noha (1998).
1222:Sadek, Noha (2002).
1153:Sadek, Noha (2003).
794:"Old City of Sana'a"
585:Ottoman architecture
515:Central dome of the
287:Islamic architecture
178:form (surrounded by
49:The architecture of
1898:limited recognition
1205:New Arabian Studies
760:World Heritage Site
720:and coloured glass
701:in the north or of
542:Muẓaffariyya Mosque
122:with its center at
29:World Heritage Site
882:Yemen, Republic of
725:
662:
652:Tall buildings of
635:
605:
591:in Sanaa in 1597.
568:
525:
435:
383:
317:
172:
112:
47:
32:
2003:
2002:
1940:other territories
1551:978-1-78627-572-1
1525:978-0-905035-04-8
1498:978-0-19-530991-1
1462:www.aljazeera.com
1264:978-90-04-12756-2
1045:978-0-470-90248-6
993:978-1-57607-112-0
643:Citadel of Rada'a
546:Ashrafiyya Mosque
517:Ashrafiyya Mosque
488:al-Asha'ir Mosque
463:as caliphs). Its
110:(photo from 1988)
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1993:
1983:
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1952:Christmas Island
1638:Sovereign states
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764:Yemeni Civil War
712:Room inside the
589:Bakiriyya Mosque
561:Bakiriyya Mosque
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350:After the early
337:Mu'adh ibn Jabal
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1911:Northern Cyprus
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403: 705–715
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196:bent entrances
85:Ghumdan Palace
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59:Islamic period
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149:cross section
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81:South Arabian
78:
72:
65:Ancient Yemen
62:
60:
56:
55:South Arabian
52:
44:
40:
36:
30:
27:
23:
18:
1936:Dependencies
1885:
1866:Turkmenistan
1831:Saudi Arabia
1582:
1561:
1541:
1514:
1502:. Retrieved
1487:
1479:Bibliography
1465:. Retrieved
1461:
1452:
1441:. Retrieved
1436:
1427:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1385:
1365:
1348:
1324:
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1254:
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1208:
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1158:
1148:
1123:
1119:
1089:
1034:
1027:
1015:. Retrieved
1011:
1002:
983:
945:
909:
881:
835:
801:. Retrieved
797:
753:
745:Dar al-Hajar
726:
714:Dar al-Hajar
703:rubble stone
663:
636:
620:
609:rammed earth
606:
569:
550:
526:
523:(circa 1397)
473:
468:
464:
450:
445:(1087–9) in
436:
409:walls and a
384:
349:
318:
294:
263:Christianity
259:Late Antique
244:
211:
184:Awwam Temple
173:
113:
74:
48:
39:Dar Al Hajar
1995:Asia portal
1896:States with
1816:Philippines
1756:South Korea
1751:North Korea
1646:Afghanistan
1439:(in French)
1293:: 239–245.
1165:: 309–313.
1126:: 124–147.
980:"Marib Dam"
506: 1200
275:Justinian I
207:tower-house
136:floodwaters
2010:Categories
1876:Uzbekistan
1851:Tajikistan
1766:Kyrgyzstan
1746:Kazakhstan
1666:Bangladesh
1656:Azerbaijan
1586:. UNESCO.
1565:. UNESCO.
1504:2013-03-15
1467:2022-06-10
1443:2022-06-10
1253:Volume XI:
1017:8 November
803:2022-06-10
770:References
345:companions
295:Yemen was
285:See also:
269:, a local
153:Himyarites
140:irrigation
69:See also:
43:Wadi Dhahr
1962:Hong Kong
1916:Palestine
1841:Sri Lanka
1836:Singapore
1716:Indonesia
1299:0308-8421
1171:0308-8421
838:. Brill.
775:Citations
749:Wadi Dahr
741:fanlights
699:palm wood
685:. In the
683:alabaster
666:Hadramawt
387:hypostyle
356:Sulayhids
327:) or the
297:Islamized
255:Byzantine
192:hypostyle
180:porticoes
176:peristyle
144:Marib Dam
108:Marib Dam
97:Ḥaḍramawt
77:Antiquity
1985:Category
1906:Abkhazia
1856:Thailand
1811:Pakistan
1791:Mongolia
1786:Maldives
1781:Malaysia
1681:Cambodia
1246:(eds.).
1120:Muqarnas
722:fanlight
537:madrasas
529:Ayyubids
499:minarets
486:and the
480:Ziyadids
461:Fatimids
396:al-Walid
360:Rasulids
352:caliphal
341:Muhammad
271:Aksumite
236:frescoes
232:griffins
228:capitals
223:mudbrick
128:Ethiopia
120:Sabaeans
1881:Vietnam
1796:Myanmar
1776:Lebanon
1706:Georgia
1661:Bahrain
1651:Armenia
1394:Housing
1224:"Zabīd"
1140:1523140
733:plaster
581:Ottoman
394:caliph
392:Umayyad
234:. Wall
218:Red Sea
203:friezes
45:, Yemen
1926:Taiwan
1861:Turkey
1826:Russia
1761:Kuwait
1741:Jordan
1731:Israel
1691:Cyprus
1676:Brunei
1671:Bhutan
1590:
1569:
1548:
1522:
1495:
1415:
1373:
1297:
1261:
1242:&
1169:
1138:
1042:
990:
952:
842:
757:UNESCO
729:gypsum
718:gypsum
687:Tihama
670:Shibam
654:Yafa'a
639:Rada'a
631:Shibam
621:mafraj
577:Mamluk
535:-syle
521:Ta'izz
469:mihrab
465:mihrab
452:mihrab
439:Shibam
407:gypsum
325:Ta'izz
267:Abraha
249:(near
214:Romans
169:Louvre
130:. The
93:Shabwa
26:UNESCO
1967:Macau
1886:Yemen
1846:Syria
1821:Qatar
1801:Nepal
1736:Japan
1711:India
1701:Egypt
1686:China
1226:. In
1136:JSTOR
910:San῾a
695:reeds
691:Zabid
678:Saada
674:Tarim
658:Lahij
613:Sanaa
572:Zaydi
559:The
533:Sunni
476:Zabid
447:Jibla
431:Jibla
368:Damar
335:) by
251:Yarim
247:Zafar
132:oases
124:Marib
89:Sanaa
51:Yemen
22:Sanaa
1806:Oman
1771:Laos
1726:Iraq
1721:Iran
1588:ISBN
1567:ISBN
1546:ISBN
1520:ISBN
1493:ISBN
1413:ISBN
1371:ISBN
1295:ISSN
1259:ISBN
1167:ISSN
1040:ISBN
1019:2022
988:ISBN
950:ISBN
840:ISBN
697:and
617:lime
527:The
411:teak
385:The
377:The
311:The
289:and
257:and
200:ibex
188:Jawf
165:ibex
24:, a
1938:and
1255:W–Z
1128:doi
519:in
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429:in
364:Ibb
116:BCE
87:in
75:In
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