389:
2057:
1733:
2034:
1872:
1989:
1917:
3072:' or 'earthquake architecture' was first introduced in 1985 by Robert Reitherman. The phrase "earthquake architecture" is used to describe a degree of architectural expression of earthquake resistance or implication of architectural configuration, form or style in earthquake resistance. It is also used to describe buildings in which seismic design considerations impacted its architecture. It may be considered a new aesthetic approach in designing structures in seismic prone areas. The wide breadth of expressive possibilities ranges from metaphorical uses of seismic issues, to the more straightforward exposure of seismic technology. While outcomes of an earthquake architecture can be very diverse in their physical manifestations, architectural expression of seismic principles can also take many forms and levels of sophistication.
2188:
2008:
40:
1966:
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2269:, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order, focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. They rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly declining aristocratic order. The approach of the Modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms, removing historical references and ornament in favor of functional details. Buildings displayed their functional and structural elements, exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of hiding them behind decorative forms. Architects such as
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541:, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the "art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them" contributes "to his mental health, power, and pleasure". For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string
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has been an increased separation of the 'design' architect from the 'project' architect who ensures that the project meets the required standards and deals with matters of liability. The preparatory processes for the design of any large building have become increasingly complicated, and require preliminary studies of such matters as durability, sustainability, quality, money, and compliance with local laws. A large structure can no longer be the design of one person but must be the work of many.
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363:
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606:". While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural.
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613:, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.... To restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality".
2463:, buildings with expressive sculpture façades made of unfinished concrete. But an even younger postwar generation critiqued modernism and Brutalism for being too austere, standardized, monotone, and not taking into account the richness of human experience offered in historical buildings across time and in different places and cultures.
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of the building shell. The latter is often part of sustainable architecture practices, conserving resources through "recycling" a structure by adaptive redesign. Generally referred to as the spatial art of environmental design, form and practice, interior architecture is the process through which the
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Urban design is the process of designing and shaping the physical features of cities, towns, and villages. In contrast to architecture, which focuses on the design of individual buildings, urban design deals with the larger scale of groups of buildings, streets and public spaces, whole neighborhoods
2640:
Since the 1980s, as the complexity of buildings began to increase (in terms of structural systems, services, energy and technologies), the field of architecture became multi-disciplinary with specializations for each project type, technological expertise or project delivery methods. Moreover, there
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A project architect is one who is responsible for ensuring the design is built correctly and who administers building contracts â in non-specialist architectural practices the project architect is also the design architect and the term refers to the differing roles the architect plays at differing
2799:
Landscape architecture is the design of outdoor public areas, landmarks, and structures to achieve environmental, social-behavioral, or aesthetic outcomes. It involves the systematic investigation of existing social, ecological, and soil conditions and processes in the landscape, and the design of
2649:
have been criticized by some members of the architectural profession who feel that successful architecture is not a personal, philosophical, or aesthetic pursuit by individualists; rather it has to consider everyday needs of people and use technology to create livable environments, with the design
2657:
has become a mainstream issue, with a profound effect on the architectural profession. Many developers, those who support the financing of buildings, have become educated to encourage the facilitation of environmentally sustainable design, rather than solutions based primarily on immediate cost.
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in Italy, who collectively popularized an interest in a new contemporary architecture aimed at expanding human experience using historical buildings as models and precedents. Postmodernism produced a style that combined contemporary building technology and cheap materials, with the aesthetics of
651:. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon the natural environment for
2090:
and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also the rise of the "gentleman architect" who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes, typified by the many
1836:
in architecture was accompanied by a burgeoning of science and engineering, which affected the proportions and structure of buildings. At this stage, it was still possible for an artist to design a bridge as the level of structural calculations involved was within the scope of the generalist.
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Interior architecture is the design of a space which has been created by structural boundaries and the human interaction within these boundaries. It can also be the initial design and plan for use, then later redesigned to accommodate a changed purpose, or a significantly revised design for
1502:, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, Turkey, North Africa, the Indian Sub-continent and in parts of Europe, such as Spain, Albania, and the Balkan States, as the result of the expansion of the
285:
movement that sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. Emphasis was put on modern techniques, materials, and simplified geometric forms, paving the way for high-rise
566:
wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is
Architecture". Le Corbusier's contemporary
2722:. Glass curtain walls, which were the hallmark of the ultra modern urban life in many countries surfaced even in developing countries like Nigeria where international styles had been represented since the mid 20th Century mostly because of the leanings of foreign-trained architects.
491:. The most important aspect of beauty was, therefore, an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially, and was based on universal, recognizable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of
778:
became the term used to describe the highly formalized and respected aspects of the craft. It is widely assumed that architectural success was achieved through trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as results became satisfactory over time.
2522:
famously defined postmodern architecture as a "decorated shed" (an ordinary building which is functionally designed inside and embellished on the outside) and upheld it against modernist and brutalist "ducks" (buildings with unnecessarily expressive tectonic forms).
2007:
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that developed from trial and error to successful replication. Ancient urban architecture was preoccupied with building religious structures and buildings symbolizing the political power of rulers until Greek and Roman architecture shifted focus to civic virtues.
1339:. Also, the grandest houses were relatively lightweight structures mainly using wood until recent times, and there are few survivals of great age. Buddhism was associated with a move to stone and brick religious structures, probably beginning as
1988:
1916:
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materials, and more attention to a structure's energy usage. This major shift in architecture has also changed architecture schools to focus more on the environment. There has been an acceleration in the number of buildings that seek to meet
2300:
worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the
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and structures. Naval architecture involves basic and applied research, design, development, design evaluation and calculations during all stages of the life of a marine vehicle. Preliminary design of the vessel, its detailed design,
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laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production.
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principles. Sustainable practices that were at the core of vernacular architecture increasingly provide inspiration for environmentally and socially sustainable contemporary techniques. The U.S. Green
Building Council's
1942:
2973:(by means of conversion, rebuilding, modernization, or repair). Naval architecture also involves the formulation of safety regulations and damage control rules and the approval and certification of ship designs to meet
2254:, Germany in 1919, redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout history, viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis – the apex – of art, craft, and technology.
516:). This treatise exerted immense influence throughout Europe, being the first handbook that emphasized the practical rather than the theoretical aspects of architecture, and it was the first to catalog the five orders.
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Industrial architecture is the design of specialized industrial buildings, whose primary focus is designing buildings that can fulfil their function while ensuring the safe movement of labor and goods in the facility.
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1965:
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were formed by craftsmen to organize their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason, or
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Nunzia
Rondanini stated, "Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing
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Texts on architecture have been written since ancient timesâthese texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of
2114:
Vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental. Housebuilders could use current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals.
1019:
2901:. It is common for professionals in all these disciplines to practice urban design. In more recent times different sub-subfields of urban design have emerged such as strategic urban design,
2157:
1809:, which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects â Brunelleschi,
4397:
Earthquake
Engineering and Earthquake Architecture. Part of the AIA Workshop for Architects and Related Building Professionals on Designing for Earthquakes in the Western Mountain States
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1468:
487:, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealized human figure, the
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The practice of the architect where architecture means offering or rendering professional services in connection with the design and construction of buildings or built environments.
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is the art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction. It is both the process and the product of sketching, conceiving,
497:
1654:. From about 900 onward, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic.
219:". "Function" began to replace the classical "utility" and was understood to include not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological, and cultural dimensions. The idea of
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2277:, in which the form was defined by its environment and purpose, with an aim to promote harmony between human habitation and the natural world with prime examples being
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landscape master planning and design; all at varying scales of design, planning and management. A practitioner in the profession of landscape architecture is called a
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2131:
3014:, defined as "a blueprint of the enterprise that provides a common understanding of the organization and is used to align strategic objectives and tactical demands",
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2246:, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine-made objects. The rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here. Following this lead, the
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civilizations evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones. New building types emerged and architectural style developed in the form of the
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1134:, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in their architecture to symbolically represent the political power of the ruler or the state itself.
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developed. Over the years, the field of architectural construction has branched out to include everything from ship design to interior decorating.
105:
4496:â Collection of digitized images of buildings and cities drawn from across time and throughout the world from the University of Washington Library
1782:
527:(1836) that, as the title suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world.
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and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a
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Commercial architecture is the design of commercial buildings that serves the needs of businesses, the government and religious institutions.
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across the continent. From the
Balkans to Spain, and from Malta to Estonia, these buildings represent an important part of European heritage.
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and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern architecture. Notable among these is the
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In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of
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developed his ideas further, seeing beauty as an objective quality of buildings to be found in their proportions. In the 19th century,
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is said to have stated in a 1959 interview that "architecture starts when you carefully put two bricks together. There it begins."
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superstructures. Many architects became disillusioned with modernism which they perceived as ahistorical and anti-aesthetic, and
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2478:, both using nature as the primary source of inspiration and design. While it is considered by some to be merely an aspect of
2443:, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of historical styles. As the first generation of modernists began to die after
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Scott Zurn. (2023, May 16). Types of commercial architecture & how to find success. Level
Engineering & Inspection.
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older pre-modern and non-modern styles, from high classical architecture to popular or vernacular regional building styles.
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have concerned themselves with the nature of architecture and whether or not architecture is distinguished from building.
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In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the
152: 'creator'. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as
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2985:"Architecture" is used as a metaphor for many modern techniques or fields for structuring abstractions. These include:
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Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (e.g. shelter, security, and worship) and means (available
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According to
Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible.
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Urban design is an interdisciplinary field that uses elements of many built environment professions, including
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and districts, and entire cities, with the goal of making urban areas functional, attractive, and sustainable.
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in France, gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility.
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Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of
Classical learning accompanied by the development of
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in the early 1st century AD. According to
Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of
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The emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and
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531:, Pugin believed, was the only "true Christian form of architecture." The 19th-century English art critic,
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D. Rowland â T.N. Howe: Vitruvius. Ten Books on
Architecture. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1999,
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It is not the line that is between two points, but the point that is at the intersection of several lines.
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was a technological break-through in building ever higher. By mid-century, Modernism had morphed into the
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interiors of buildings are designed, concerned with all aspects of the human uses of structural spaces.
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in the 1st century BC. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are religious.
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Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are
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4262:"Co-evolutions of planning and design: Risks and benefits of design perspectives in planning systems"
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Residential architecture is the design of functional fits the user's lifestyle while adhering to the
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2239:
2013:
1900:
1328:, which developed from around the 5th century CE, is in theory governed by concepts laid down in the
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2992:, a set of rules and methods that describe the functionality, organization, and implementation of
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Islamic architecture began in the 7th century, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient
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Hannu Jaakkola and Bernhard Thalheim. (2011) "Architecture-driven modelling methodologies." In:
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emerged as an important movement in the early reaction against modernism, with architects like
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179:. Texts on architecture have been written since ancient times. The earliest surviving text on
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are the main activities involved. Ship design calculations are also required for ships being
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2683:(Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) rating system has been instrumental in this.
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1829:, or any of the related vocations, and the appellation was often one of regional preference.
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interventions that will produce the desired outcome. The scope of the profession includes
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The style of design and method of construction of buildings and other physical structures.
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Product and process of planning, designing and constructing buildings and other structures
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Around the beginning of the 20th century, general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on
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process being informed by studies of behavioral, environmental, and social sciences.
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1821:â and the cult of the individual had begun. There was still no dividing line between
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Proceedings of the 2011 conference on Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases XXII
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D'Anjou, Philippe (2011). "An Ethics of Freedom for Architectural Design Practice".
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One such reaction to the cold aesthetic of modernism and Brutalism is the school of
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not only transformed the building and the city, but also the role and status of the
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Information Systems Transformation: Architecture-Driven Modernization Case Studies.
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movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after
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promote a sustainable approach towards construction that appreciates and develops
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82:
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7166:
A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful
6719:
6659:
6536:
6305:
6285:
6265:
6260:
6250:
6145:
5780:
5770:
5755:
5715:
5680:
5673:
5604:
5564:
5333:
5206:
5196:
5104:
5061:
5041:
4770:
4721:
4517:
4502:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Adrian Tinniswood, Gillian Darley and Gavin Stamp (
4488:
4350:
4268:
4105:
3564:
3487:"Vitruvius Ten Books on Architecture, with regard to landscape and garden design"
3279:
3210:
2970:
2632:
2559:
2322:
2047:
1952:
1774:
1739:
1723:
1622:
1606:
1351:
1150:
963:
442:
416:
186:
4261:
4168:
The Landscape of Man: Shaping the Environment from Prehistory to the Present Day
3297:
2482:, others consider it to be a school in its own right and a later development of
2193:
1320:
did not. Some Asian architecture showed great regional diversity, in particular
895:
800:
7305:
7285:
7155:
6912:
6864:
6824:
6759:
6709:
6689:
6624:
6330:
6275:
6228:
6210:
6012:
5760:
5750:
5745:
5720:
5514:
5494:
5367:
5338:
5288:
5221:
5191:
5181:
5144:
5066:
5024:
5019:
4901:
4896:
4886:
4804:
4782:
4616:
4606:
4366:
4163:
4029:
and green building rating systems include Energy Star, Green Globes, and CHPS (
3353:"7 Things I Learned About "Home" from Talking to Architects on Every Continent"
2890:
2863:
2715:
2672:
2667:
2654:
2547:
2519:
2510:
2424:
2378:
2293:
2231:
2201:
2167:
2149:
1980:
1658:
1657:
Also, a significant part of the Middle Ages architectural heritage is numerous
1503:
1197:
1142:
644:
599:
583:
492:
424:
420:
212:
86:
6392:
3782:
7553:
7453:
7335:
7125:
6984:
6907:
6849:
6764:
6744:
6604:
6556:
6335:
6320:
6300:
6223:
6125:
5957:
5947:
5775:
5765:
5740:
5705:
5268:
5201:
5124:
5099:
5051:
5036:
4743:
4663:
3147:
2828:
2805:
2755:
2479:
2456:
2452:
2416:
2297:
2141:
2001:(Paris), early 1880s â demolished in 1895, by William Klein and Albert Duclos
1904:
1249:
1115:
819:
625:
467:
Durability â a building should stand up robustly and remain in good condition
376:
6526:
6378:
6364:
4499:
4217:
3916:
Architecture's Historical Turn: Phenomenology and the Rise of the Postmodern
3840:
Istorie urbanÄ, Lotizarea Èi Parcul Ioanid din BucureÈti Ăźn context european
7443:
6939:
6804:
6684:
6664:
6516:
6218:
6195:
6165:
6150:
5439:
5056:
4997:
4809:
4760:
4686:
4638:
4631:
3548:, editor, Joseph Rykwert, Profile 21, Architectural Design, Vol. 49 No. 5â6
2958:
2949:
2876:
2719:
2703:
2687:
2444:
2282:
1814:
1146:
1131:
1096:
884:
563:
558:
488:
395:
of the second floor (attic storey) of the HĂŽtel de Brionne in Paris â 1734.
333:
157:
75:
4412:
Seismic Architecture â The architecture of earthquake resistant structures
3667:"9 innovative contemporary buildings that test the limits of humble brick"
3557:
3329:
Malta before History â The World's Oldest Free Standing Stone Architecture
2099:
styles. Formal architectural training in the 19th century, for example at
362:
7500:
7495:
7475:
7438:
7412:
7108:
7061:
6917:
6869:
6829:
6779:
6571:
6295:
6290:
6270:
6190:
6110:
5919:
5824:
5134:
5109:
5081:
5010:
4955:
4933:
4681:
4658:
4653:
4596:
4591:
2966:
2941:
2742:
2471:
2432:
2401:
2374:
2370:
2352:
2278:
2266:
2262:
2227:
2083:
1994:
1922:
1802:
1495:
1119:
959:
838:
Miniature of a regular Cucuteni-Trypillian house, full of ceramic vessels
617:
532:
282:
278:
248:
153:
4234:
3598:
2317:, an aesthetic epitomized in many ways by the Twin Towers of New York's
1161:
as they incorporated many Greek elements into their building practices.
7525:
7505:
7480:
7078:
7056:
6949:
6734:
6694:
6654:
6521:
6436:
5909:
5504:
5283:
5005:
4985:
4839:
4677:
3046:
3025:
2953:
2663:
2605:
2514:
2219:
2087:
2071:
2043:
1976:
1885:
911:
872:
868:
851:
621:
595:
504:
In the 16th century, Italian Mannerist architect, painter and theorist
392:
371:
264:
164:
4149:
https://www.levelengineering.com/architecture/commercial-architecture/
1650:
The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and
574:
439:
The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is
160:
are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.
7515:
7485:
6989:
6959:
6754:
6699:
6619:
6551:
6175:
5899:
5884:
5842:
5454:
5014:
4854:
4260:
Van Assche, K., Beunen, R., Duineveld, M., & de Jong, H. (2013).
3695:
Heresies II, Vol. 3, No. 3, New York, Neresies Collective Inc., 1981.
3266:
Pierre, Leclercq; Safin, Stéphane; Delfosse, Vincent (October 2010).
3038:
2974:
2962:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2620:
2460:
2440:
2397:
2067:
1956:
1651:
1625:
in Paris, completed in 1248, mostly constructed between 1194 and 1220
1499:
1451:
1359:
1296:
Asian architecture developed differently compared to Europe, and the
1284:
1193:
1165:
1041:
1029:
758:
470:
Utility â it should be suitable for the purposes for which it is used
448:
404:
268:
192:
172:
145:
128:
111:
56:
1332:, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm.
7510:
7490:
7290:
7024:
6974:
6954:
6819:
5509:
4556:
4453:
4118:
3042:
1826:
1818:
1689:
1635:
1288:
1123:
907:
888:
313:
306:
A general term to describe buildings and other physical structures.
78:
67:
1071:
807:, founded in 10th millennium BC and abandoned in 8th millennium BC
7470:
7433:
7103:
7051:
7009:
6994:
6964:
6130:
6058:
5798:
4668:
2578:
2247:
2223:
2171:
1763:
1428:
1363:
1329:
1230:
1225:: The Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests, the main building of the
1011:
971:
931:
927:
923:
903:
823:
750:
734:
718:
408:
168:
2932:
501:
had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish, and English.
7465:
7036:
7014:
6944:
6922:
5889:
4540:
4108:. American Institute of Architects. Retrieved on 23 March 2014.
3142:
3050:
2759:
2624:
2601:
2551:
2420:
2251:
2175:
2145:
1877:
1822:
1631:
1583:
1486:
1482:
1280:
1253:
1127:
1037:
967:
915:
880:
855:
804:
702:
498:
Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects
310:
71:
7381:
4458:
3083:
175:. For this reason, architecture is considered to be a form of
7448:
6809:
6405:
4601:
4043:
2832:
2628:
2627:, Denmark), inspired by form and color of icebergs, 2013, by
2555:
2086:
began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on
1693:
1639:
1459:
1405:
1367:
1261:
1201:
1100:
875:, which in some cases grew and evolved very rapidly, such as
864:
771:
412:
48:
3728:
3286:
from the original on 18 April 2023 – via ResearchGate.
3201:
Museo Galileo, Museum and Institute of History and Science,
3171:
A design architect is one who is responsible for the design.
2020:): The C.N. CĂąmpeanu House on Bulevardul Dacia (Bucharest),
1324:. Moreover, other architectural achievements in Asia is the
1308:
architectural styles have different characteristics. Unlike
481:, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise,
332:
The design activity of the architect, from the macro-level (
7030:
7004:
5641:
4343:
2940:
Naval architecture, also known as naval engineering, is an
2820:
1647:
as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents.
1560:
1552:
1455:
1432:
1000:
602:, promoted an overriding precept to architectural design: "
3567:, Columbia University Libraries, accessed February 5, 2021
1563:), decorated in the 5th century with this glamorous mosaic
340:) to the micro-level (construction details and furniture).
7428:
6999:
4509:
4186:
3272:
Mixed-Reality Prototypes to Support Early Creative Design
2980:
2091:
country houses of Great Britain that were created in the
176:
3327:
Pace, Anthony (2004). "Tarxien". In Daniel Cilia (ed.).
1536:, the first cathedral in the world, founded 303 year AD.
1316:, which had great influence on the surrounding regions,
4476:
4099:
Issue Brief: Smart-Growth: Building Livable Communities
4074:"Beauty, Humanism, Continuity between Past and Future"
3892:. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
1840:
681:
7216:
The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
2823:
and recreation planning; visual resource management;
783:
continues to be produced in many parts of the world.
247:
in particular took diverse local flavors. During the
4333:
3975:"Imaginaries on Matter: Tools, Materials, Origins -"
3737:"Essay: The Later Ottomans and the Impact of Europe"
3079:
403:, dealing with aesthetic value of architecture, its
329:
Knowledge of art, science, technology, and humanity.
207:(durability, utility, and beauty). Centuries later,
3867:(in Romanian). Editura Istoria Artei. p. 184.
3759:
3265:
1074:(France), one of the best-preserved Roman temples,
4439:. 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.
4385:. Anneli HeimbĂŒrger et al. (eds). IOS Press. p. 98
3953:
2714:architecture, as well as leaning against solitary
2050:(Bucharest), 8 June 1897 â 1900, by Paul Gottereau
1621:Gothic architecture: Stained glass windows of the
867:. Expanding economies resulted in the creation of
267:known by name. Later, the roles of architects and
3775:Entangled Histories of the Balkans â Volume Three
2459:tried to expand the aesthetics of modernism with
1509:
1477:: The interior side view of the main dome of the
1346:Early Asian writings on architecture include the
7551:
4340:OMG Business Architecture Special Interest Group
4076:. Traditional Architecture Group. Archived from
2447:, the second generation of architects including
1959:, Romania), late 19th century, unknown architect
3409:MerriamâWebster's Dictionary of English Usage,
1114:In many ancient civilizations such as those of
457:, commonly known by the original translation â
4468:Architectural centers and museums in the world
4191:RISD Interior Architecture Graduate Department
3919:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
3887:
2916:
514:Complete Works on Architecture and Perspective
399:The philosophy of architecture is a branch of
7397:
6421:
4525:
3962:complexity and contradiction in architecture.
3734:
1949:19th century Eclectic Classicist architecture
195:, according to whom a good building embodies
7146:The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons
3998:
3956:Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture
3912:
3558:Sebastiano Serlio â On domestic architecture
1350:of China from the 7thâ5th centuries BC; the
473:Beauty â it should be aesthetically pleasing
463:. An equivalent in modern English would be:
3628:, G. Allen (1880), reprinted Dover, (1989)
3576:
2965:, operation and maintenance, launching and
2857:Charles Rennie Mackintosh â Music Room 1901
2749:
1664:
1126:reflected the constant engagement with the
786:
452:
440:
411:. Many philosophers and theoreticians from
202:
196:
184:
51:) in the early 15th century, the architect
7404:
7390:
6428:
6414:
4532:
4518:
4394:
4179:
4031:Collaborative for High Performance Schools
3837:
2773:
2765:
510:Tutte L'Opere D'Architettura et Prospetiva
4434:
4233:
3862:
3618:
3616:
3463:
2936:Body plan of a ship showing the hull form
2788:
326:A unifying or coherent form or structure.
223:was introduced in the late 20th century.
6049:Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art)
4209:
3881:
3865:Paul Gottereau â Un Regal Ăźn ArhitecturÄ
3509:
3242:"architecture â Expression of technique"
2931:
2852:
2842:
2729:
573:
552:On the difference between the ideals of
387:
361:
259:cathedrals and abbeys emerged while the
38:
3951:
3451:
3057:
2658:Major examples of this can be found in
2596:The Library and Learning Center of the
2489:Beginning in the late 1950s and 1960s,
1373:
894:Neolithic archaeological sites include
263:favored Classical forms implemented by
167:, has been used as a way of expressing
14:
7552:
4409:
4215:
3664:
3613:
2686:Concurrently, the recent movements of
1343:, which has often survived very well.
755:Dimitrie Gusti National Village Museum
594:The notable 19th-century architect of
562:, the renowned 20th-century architect
7385:
6409:
6094:
6054:Good Design Award (Chicago Athenaeum)
5797:
5242:
4569:
4513:
4463:Royal Institute of British Architects
4129:from the original on 19 November 2018
3890:Architecture: The Making of Metaphors
3799:from the original on 13 February 2019
3747:from the original on 13 February 2019
3386:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3308:from the original on 16 November 2017
3227:, Becocci, Florence (1980), Chapter:
2921:
2526:
1979:(Paris), 1850s-destroyed in 1971, by
1171:
434:
4297:from the original on 20 October 2017
3765:
3706:"Introduction to Greek architecture"
3363:from the original on 8 November 2020
3326:
3268:"Phases of an architectural project"
3024:theories about the structure of the
2827:planning and provision; and private
2710:. This in contrast to modernist and
863:Early human settlements were mostly
407:and in relation with development of
3768:"The Ottoman Legacy in the Balkans"
1841:Early modern and the industrial age
682:Origins and vernacular architecture
24:
6095:
5998:American Institute of Graphic Arts
4437:Towards An Earthquake Architecture
4361:). Accessed 2015-04-03; Cited in:
4218:"LEED-ND and Livability Revisited"
4001:"Vernacular Architecture in India"
3960:. New York: Museum of Modern Art.
3933:from the original on 19 March 2022
3579:Journal of Architectural Education
3375:
2226:, the Netherlands), 1934â1935, by
2016:of a national style (in this case
1880:: The piĂšce de la vaisselle d'or (
589:
226:Architecture began as rural, oral
25:
7576:
6008:Design and Industries Association
4447:
4197:from the original on 30 July 2022
4054:from the original on 29 June 2015
4044:"The Charter of the New Urbanism"
4007:from the original on 3 March 2021
3523:from the original on 30 July 2022
3391:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
3204:The Dome of Santa Maria del Fiore
1137:The architecture and urbanism of
163:The practice, which began in the
7364:
4477:American Institute of Architects
4284:
4242:from the original on 4 July 2019
3673:from the original on 29 May 2023
3665:Verney, Harriet (25 July 2017).
3591:10.1111/j.1531-314X.2010.01137.x
3082:
2977:and non-statutory requirements.
2952:, maintenance, and operation of
2612:
2589:
2566:
2539:
2470:, which includes such things as
2408:
2385:
2363:
2341:
2328:
2208:
2186:
2156:
2130:
2055:
2032:
2006:
1987:
1964:
1941:
1915:
1893:
1870:
1847:
1781:
1751:
1731:
1712:
1677:
1614:
1591:
1568:
1541:
1522:
1467:
1440:
1413:
1386:
1269:
1238:
1215:
1178:
1085:
1056:
1018:
985:
944:
937:
843:
831:
812:
793:
742:
726:
710:
694:
653:heating, ventilation and cooling
7411:
4570:
4482:Glossary of Architectural Terms
4428:
4403:
4388:
4375:
4317:Ship hydrostatics and stability
4309:
4287:"Careers in Naval Architecture"
4278:
4254:
4153:
4141:
4111:
4092:
4066:
4036:
4019:
3992:
3967:
3945:
3906:
3856:
3831:
3698:
3685:
3658:
3638:
3625:The Seven Lamps of Architecture
3570:
3551:
3535:
3479:
3445:
3419:
3174:
3165:
3008:covering more specific aspects.
2870:
2394:Cambridge Judge Business School
2261:was first practiced, it was an
460:firmness, commodity and delight
183:is the 1st century AD treatise
6435:
6003:Chartered Society of Designers
5243:
4344:What Is Business Architecture?
3999:OneWorld.net (31 March 2004).
3888:Fez-Barringten, Barie (2012).
3735:Marika Sardar (October 2004).
3693:Architecture and Social Change
3456:. Paris: Minuit. p. 219.
3403:
3345:
3320:
3290:
3259:
3234:
3217:
3195:
3113:Index of architecture articles
2706:, architectural tradition and
1510:European medieval architecture
521:Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin
297:
171:by civilizations on all seven
13:
1:
6074:Prince Philip Designers Prize
4717:Architectural lighting design
4494:Cities and Buildings Database
3838:Woinaroski, Cristina (2013).
3188:
2660:passive solar building design
2021:
1767:
1738:The Hall of Perspective from
1205:
1104:
1075:
1045:
1004:
993:Ancient Egyptian architecture
975:
32:Architecture (disambiguation)
7276:Aestheticization of politics
5880:Electronic design automation
5863:Virtual home design software
4835:Automotive suspension design
4454:World Architecture Community
4216:Boeing; et al. (2014).
3913:Otero-Pailos, Jorge (2010).
3648:, Dover Publications(1985).
3280:10.1007/978-1-84882-733-2_21
3214:, (accessed 30 January 2013)
2981:Metaphorical "architectures"
2944:discipline dealing with the
2907:water-sensitive urban design
2635:, Louis Paillard, and SeARCH
2392:Multicolour interior of the
2117:
1356:Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra
454:firmitas, utilitas, venustas
380:, a text on architecture by
118: 'architect'; from
7:
4739:Environmental impact design
4395:Reitherman, Robert (1985).
3429:. Gov.ns.ca. Archived from
3075:
2917:Other types of architecture
2491:architectural phenomenology
1398:MosqueâCathedral of CĂłrdoba
920:Cucuteni-Trypillian culture
580:National Congress of Brazil
538:Seven Lamps of Architecture
519:In the early 19th century,
495:. By the 18th century, his
10:
7581:
6018:International Forum Design
5388:Engineering design process
4539:
4435:Charleson, Andrew (2000).
3646:Towards a New Architecture
3128:Philosophy of architecture
3061:
2946:engineering design process
2925:
2874:
2846:
2792:
2777:
2700:New Classical architecture
2696:Complementary architecture
2530:
2484:expressionist architecture
2332:
2198:ThĂ©Ăątre des Champs-ĂlysĂ©es
2178:, Germany), 1919â1922, by
2164:Expressionist architecture
2121:
1668:
1513:
1377:
1064:Ancient Roman architecture
1026:Ancient Greek architecture
685:
674:
670:
358:Philosophy of architecture
351:
138:
135: 'chief' and
121:
104:
85:. The term comes from
43:In adding the dome to the
29:
7534:
7419:
7344:
7268:
7117:
6890:
6597:
6509:
6443:
6353:
6101:
6090:
6031:
5990:
5933:
5823:
5819:
5793:
5249:
5238:
5140:Integrated circuit design
5075:
5062:Stage/set lighting design
4994:
4951:Hardware interface design
4910:
4867:Hardware interface design
4818:
4700:
4580:
4576:
4565:
4547:
4470:, list of links from the
4222:Berkeley Planning Journal
3842:(in Romanian). SIMETRIA.
3783:10.1163/9789004290365_006
3519:. Penelope.uchicago.edu.
3098:Architectural engineering
2533:Contemporary architecture
2439:Many architects resisted
2138:Early Modern architecture
2064:Darmstadt Artists' Colony
1903:: The west facade of the
1901:Neoclassical architecture
1326:Hindu temple architecture
1190:Kandariya Mahadeva Temple
952:Mesopotamian architecture
705:: wood and elevated-level
347:
292:contemporary architecture
251:, pan-European styles of
5975:Industrial design rights
5963:Fashion design copyright
5875:Design quality indicator
5324:Creative problem-solving
5115:Electrical system design
4971:Sonic interaction design
4882:Photographic lens design
4756:Healthy community design
4500:"Architecture and Power"
4104:19 November 2018 at the
3952:Venturi, Robert (1966).
3863:Marinache, Oana (2017).
3452:Deleuze, Gilles (1990).
3158:
3138:Timeline of architecture
3103:Architectural technology
2750:Residential architecture
2725:
2581:, China), 2003â2007, by
2575:Beijing National Stadium
2499:Christian Norberg-Schulz
1995:Orientalist architecture
1951:: The Museum of Ages on
1933:(London), 1850â1859, by
1923:Historicist architecture
1671:Renaissance architecture
1665:Renaissance architecture
1576:Carolingian architecture
787:Prehistoric architecture
753:: peasant houses in the
649:sustainable architecture
569:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
370:arm clusters containing
221:sustainable architecture
7296:Evolutionary aesthetics
7246:The Aesthetic Dimension
6171:New product development
6136:Enterprise architecture
6064:IF Product Design Award
6023:Design Research Society
5575:Reliability engineering
4410:Llunji, Mentor (2016).
4315:Biran, Adrian; (2003).
4187:"Interior Architecture"
3302:Encyclopedia Britannica
3123:Outline of architecture
3016:Enterprise architecture
2780:Industrial architecture
2774:Industrial architecture
2766:Commercial architecture
2741:, England, designed by
2692:Metaphoric architecture
2476:zoomorphic architecture
2468:metaphoric architecture
2335:Postmodern architecture
2240:revivalist architecture
2200:(Paris), 1910â1913, by
2040:Beaux-Arts architecture
2027:, by Constantin NÄnescu
2014:Revivalist architecture
1973:industrial architecture
1907:(Versailles), 1764, by
1599:Romanesque architecture
1139:classical civilizations
850:Excavated dwellings at
781:Vernacular architecture
688:Vernacular architecture
677:History of architecture
447:by the Roman architect
309:The art and science of
302:Architecture can mean:
228:vernacular architecture
191:by the Roman architect
7539:List of artistic media
7226:Avant-Garde and Kitsch
7176:Lectures on Aesthetics
5627:Top-down and bottom-up
4976:User experience design
4877:Packaging and labeling
4850:Electric guitar design
4788:Landscape architecture
4487:28 August 2021 at the
3766:Lory, Bernard (2015).
3331:. Miranda Publishers.
3181:stages of the process.
3108:Ephemeral architecture
3064:Earthquake engineering
3022:Cognitive architecture
2937:
2887:landscape architecture
2858:
2795:Landscape architecture
2789:Landscape architecture
2746:
2583:Herzog & de Meuron
2497:in the United States,
2309:'s development of the
2062:Ernst Ludwig House in
1549:Byzantine architecture
1396:: Grand arches of the
586:
453:
441:
396:
385:
338:landscape architecture
318:nonbuilding structures
203:
197:
185:
181:architectural theories
91:
60:
7371:Philosophy portal
6156:Innovation management
6039:European Design Award
5805:Intellectual property
5622:Theory of constraints
5585:Responsibility-driven
5425:For manufacturability
5329:Creativity techniques
5167:Nuclear weapon design
4981:User interface design
4845:Corrugated box design
4766:Interior architecture
4321:Butterworth-Heinemann
4160:Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe
4003:. El.doccentre.info.
3563:16 April 2021 at the
3546:Alberti and Vitruvius
3012:Business architecture
3002:hardware architecture
2998:software architecture
2990:Computer architecture
2935:
2899:municipal engineering
2856:
2849:Interior architecture
2843:Interior architecture
2810:stormwater management
2733:
2604:, Austria), 2008, by
2503:Ernesto Nathan Rogers
2303:Industrial Revolution
2194:Art Deco architecture
2148:, Germany), 1911, by
2108:Industrial Revolution
1790:ChĂąteau de Chenonceau
1534:Etchmiadzin Cathedral
1530:Armenian Architecture
1516:Medieval architecture
1341:rock-cut architecture
1322:Buddhist architecture
1318:Japanese architecture
1246:Japanese architecture
1108: 1st century AD
1093:Armenian architecture
997:Great Pyramid of Giza
604:Form follows function
577:
549:, at the very least.
479:Leon Battista Alberti
391:
365:
245:Buddhist architecture
217:form follows function
209:Leon Battista Alberti
42:
7565:Architectural design
7316:Philosophy of design
7196:In Praise of Shadows
7186:The Critic as Artist
6201:Unintelligent design
6181:Philosophy of design
5895:Design specification
5848:Comprehensive layout
5420:For behaviour change
5393:Probabilistic design
5155:Power network design
4692:Visual merchandising
4649:Instructional design
4627:Postage stamp design
4349:13 July 2017 at the
4267:28 June 2013 at the
4125:. 10 February 2016.
3777:. pp. 355â405.
3209:1 April 2013 at the
3133:Reverse architecture
3118:List of BIM software
3070:seismic architecture
3058:Seismic architecture
3006:network architecture
2911:sustainable urbanism
2825:green infrastructure
2664:greener roof designs
2598:University of Vienna
2400:, the UK), 1995, by
2275:organic architecture
2101:Ăcole des Beaux-Arts
2076:Joseph Maria Olbrich
1909:Ange-Jacques Gabriel
1882:Palace of Versailles
1855:Baroque architecture
1807:Renaissance humanism
1702:Filippo Brunelleschi
1557:Santa Maria Maggiore
1475:Ottoman architecture
1421:Persian architecture
1394:Moorish architecture
1380:Islamic architecture
1374:Islamic architecture
1314:Chinese architecture
1223:Chinese architecture
354:Architectural theory
237:Chinese architecture
53:Filippo Brunelleschi
30:For other uses, see
7326:Philosophy of music
7301:Mathematical beauty
6121:Creative industries
6044:German Design Award
5953:Design infringement
5838:Architectural model
5177:Organization design
5172:Nucleic acid design
5120:Experimental design
4673:Traffic sign design
4235:10.5070/BP327120808
3090:Architecture portal
3031:System architecture
2837:landscape architect
2315:International Style
2288:Architects such as
2259:modern architecture
2250:school, founded in
2216:International Style
2124:Modern architecture
1935:William Butterfield
1929:): Interior of the
1878:Rococo architecture
1794:Philibert de l'Orme
1645:Magister lathomorum
1586:, Germany), 796â805
1448:Mughal architecture
1291:), completed in 881
1233:, China), 1703â1790
1186:Indian architecture
1122:, architecture and
1034:Acropolis of Athens
529:Gothic architecture
484:De re aedificatoria
429:Ludwig Wittgenstein
275:Modern architecture
7321:Philosophy of film
7311:Patterns in nature
7281:Applied aesthetics
7256:Why Beauty Matters
7042:Life imitating art
6903:Art for art's sake
6186:Process simulation
6161:Intelligent design
5485:Intelligence-based
5480:Integrated topside
5410:Framework-oriented
5095:Behavioural design
4966:Information design
4644:Information design
3716:on 14 October 2014
3691:Rondanini, Nunzia
3497:on 12 October 2007
3223:Giovanni Fanelli,
2938:
2928:Naval architecture
2922:Naval architecture
2903:landscape urbanism
2859:
2747:
2676:sustainable design
2527:Architecture today
2319:World Trade Center
2307:Fazlur Rahman Khan
2271:Frank Lloyd Wright
2244:Deutscher Werkbund
1859:ChĂąteau de Maisons
1744:Baldassare Peruzzi
1686:Florence Cathedral
1601:: Interior of the
1578:: Interior of the
1354:of ancient India;
1277:Khmer architecture
1172:Asian architecture
1159:Greek architecture
1157:was influenced by
1155:Roman architecture
768:building materials
587:
435:Historic treatises
397:
386:
271:became separated.
243:all over Asia and
198:firmitas, utilitas
61:
45:Florence Cathedral
7547:
7546:
7521:Site-specific art
7379:
7378:
7331:Psychology of art
7206:Art as Experience
6403:
6402:
6349:
6348:
6116:Conceptual design
6086:
6085:
6082:
6081:
6069:James Dyson Award
5925:Website wireframe
5915:Technical drawing
5789:
5788:
5637:Transgenerational
5378:Ecological design
5254:Activity-centered
5234:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5212:Spacecraft design
5006:Public art design
4944:Video game design
4922:Experience design
4892:Production design
4872:Motorcycle design
4830:Automotive design
4734:Ecological design
4612:Film title design
4363:William M. Ulrich
4275:, 12(2), 177â198.
4050:. 20 April 2015.
4027:energy efficiency
3899:978-1-4438-3517-6
3874:978-606-8839-09-7
3849:978-973-1872-30-8
3741:www.metmuseum.org
3415:978-0-87779-132-4
3357:Apartment Therapy
3153:Civil Engineering
3037:that defines the
2895:civil engineering
2623:housing project (
2507:Vittorio Gregotti
2290:Mies van der Rohe
2097:Scottish baronial
1832:A revival of the
1766:, Italy), 1567 â
1698:Arnolfo di Cambio
1696:), 1294â1436, by
1337:natural landscape
721:: rondavel stones
630:Poststructuralism
506:Sebastiano Serlio
401:philosophy of art
16:(Redirected from
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5555:Process-centered
5351:Designâbidâbuild
5319:Cradle-to-cradle
5299:Concept-oriented
5240:
5239:
5217:Strategic design
5187:Processor design
5162:Mechanism design
5130:Geometric design
5090:Algorithm design
5030:Jewellery design
4961:Immersive design
4855:Furniture design
4800:Landscape design
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3035:conceptual model
3018:is another term.
2994:computer systems
2893:, architecture,
2802:landscape design
2712:globally uniform
2708:classical design
2616:
2593:
2570:
2558:, US), 2001, by
2543:
2412:
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2377:, US), 1990, by
2367:
2355:, US), 1978, by
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2023:
2018:Romanian Revival
2010:
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1874:
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1851:
1825:, architect and
1785:
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1760:Villa La Rotonda
1755:
1735:
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1706:Emilio De Fabris
1681:
1618:
1609:, UK), 1093â1133
1603:Durham Cathedral
1595:
1580:Aachen Cathedral
1572:
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1526:
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1444:
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1258:HyĆgo Prefecture
1242:
1227:Temple of Heaven
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7236:Critical Essays
7229:
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6146:Futures studies
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5691:Value sensitive
5681:User innovation
5560:Public interest
5525:Object-oriented
5245:
5226:
5207:Software design
5197:Research design
5150:Physical design
5105:Database design
5079:
5077:
5071:
5047:Property design
5042:Game art design
4996:
4990:
4913:
4906:
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4771:Interior design
4722:Building design
4703:
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4489:Wayback Machine
4461:, published by
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4291:www.rina.org.uk
4283:
4279:
4273:Planning Theory
4269:Wayback Machine
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4080:on 5 March 2018
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3433:on 21 July 2011
3425:
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2879:
2873:
2851:
2845:
2797:
2791:
2782:
2776:
2768:
2752:
2728:
2720:suburban sprawl
2716:housing estates
2636:
2617:
2608:
2594:
2585:
2571:
2562:
2560:HBRA architects
2544:
2535:
2529:
2501:in Norway, and
2435:
2413:
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2390:
2381:
2368:
2359:
2349:Piazza d'Italia
2346:
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2323:Minoru Yamasaki
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2106:Meanwhile, the
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1969:
1960:
1946:
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1920:
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1898:
1889:
1875:
1866:
1852:
1843:
1834:Classical style
1797:
1786:
1777:
1775:Andrea Palladio
1770:
1756:
1747:
1740:Villa Farnesina
1736:
1727:
1724:Donato Bramante
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1682:
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1667:
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1623:Sainte-Chapelle
1619:
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1479:Selimiye Mosque
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187:De architectura
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6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6601:
6599:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6591:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6562:Psychoanalysis
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6513:
6511:
6507:
6506:
6504:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6447:
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6432:
6425:
6418:
6410:
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6398:
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6390:
6383:
6376:
6369:
6362:
6354:
6351:
6350:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6247:
6246:
6241:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6214:
6213:
6211:Wicked problem
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6102:
6099:
6098:
6096:Related topics
6088:
6087:
6084:
6083:
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6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6035:
6033:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6013:Design Council
6010:
6005:
6000:
5994:
5992:
5988:
5987:
5985:
5984:
5983:
5982:
5980:European Union
5972:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5939:
5937:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5866:
5865:
5860:
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5845:
5840:
5835:
5829:
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5817:
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5812:
5809:
5806:
5803:
5799:
5791:
5790:
5787:
5786:
5784:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5701:
5700:
5699:
5698:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5677:
5676:
5666:
5661:
5659:Usage-centered
5656:
5655:
5654:
5652:Design for All
5644:
5639:
5634:
5632:Transformation
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5613:
5612:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5580:Research-based
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5545:Platform-based
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5495:KISS principle
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5405:Fault-tolerant
5402:
5400:Error-tolerant
5397:
5396:
5395:
5385:
5383:Energy neutral
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5364:
5363:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5339:Design fiction
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
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5281:
5276:
5271:
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5256:
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5236:
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5232:
5231:
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5225:
5224:
5222:Systems design
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5192:Protein design
5189:
5184:
5182:Process design
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5158:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5145:Circuit design
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5086:
5084:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5069:
5067:Textile design
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5033:
5032:
5027:
5025:Costume design
5020:Fashion design
5017:
5008:
5002:
5000:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4931:
4930:
4929:
4918:
4916:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4902:Service design
4899:
4897:Sensory design
4894:
4889:
4887:Product design
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4863:
4862:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4826:
4824:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4805:Spatial design
4802:
4797:
4796:
4795:
4785:
4783:Keyline design
4780:
4779:
4778:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4749:Computer-aided
4741:
4736:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4719:
4714:
4708:
4706:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4675:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4617:Graphic design
4614:
4609:
4607:Exhibit design
4604:
4599:
4594:
4588:
4586:
4574:
4573:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4554:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4537:
4536:
4529:
4522:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4497:
4491:
4479:
4474:
4465:
4456:
4449:
4448:External links
4446:
4443:
4442:
4427:
4421:978-9940979409
4420:
4402:
4387:
4374:
4367:Philip Newcomb
4332:
4308:
4277:
4253:
4208:
4178:
4175:978-0500274316
4164:Susan Jellicoe
4152:
4140:
4119:"Architecture"
4110:
4091:
4065:
4035:
4018:
3991:
3966:
3944:
3926:978-0816666041
3925:
3905:
3898:
3880:
3873:
3855:
3848:
3830:
3821:|website=
3792:978-9004290365
3791:
3758:
3727:
3697:
3684:
3657:
3644:Le Corbusier,
3637:
3612:
3585:(2): 141â147.
3569:
3550:
3534:
3508:
3478:
3462:
3444:
3418:
3402:
3374:
3344:
3338:978-9990985085
3337:
3319:
3298:"architecture"
3289:
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3216:
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3110:
3105:
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3094:
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3077:
3074:
3062:Main article:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3028:
3019:
3009:
2982:
2979:
2954:marine vessels
2926:Main article:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2891:urban planning
2875:Main article:
2872:
2869:
2864:adaptive reuse
2847:Main article:
2844:
2841:
2793:Main article:
2790:
2787:
2778:Main article:
2775:
2772:
2767:
2764:
2756:building codes
2751:
2748:
2727:
2724:
2673:green building
2655:sustainability
2653:Environmental
2638:
2637:
2633:JDS Architects
2618:
2611:
2609:
2595:
2588:
2586:
2572:
2565:
2563:
2548:Meadows Museum
2545:
2538:
2531:Main article:
2528:
2525:
2520:Robert Venturi
2511:Michele Valori
2437:
2436:
2425:Czech Republic
2414:
2407:
2405:
2391:
2384:
2382:
2379:Michael Graves
2369:
2362:
2360:
2347:
2340:
2333:Main article:
2330:
2327:
2311:tube structure
2294:Philip Johnson
2236:
2235:
2232:Philip Johnson
2214:
2207:
2205:
2202:Auguste Perret
2192:
2185:
2183:
2168:Einstein Tower
2162:
2155:
2153:
2150:Walter Gropius
2136:
2129:
2122:Main article:
2119:
2116:
2080:
2079:
2061:
2054:
2052:
2048:Victory Avenue
2038:
2031:
2029:
2012:
2005:
2003:
1993:
1986:
1984:
1981:Victor Baltard
1970:
1963:
1961:
1953:Victory Avenue
1947:
1940:
1938:
1927:Gothic Revival
1925:(in this case
1921:
1914:
1912:
1899:
1892:
1890:
1876:
1869:
1867:
1853:
1846:
1842:
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1683:
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1669:Main article:
1666:
1663:
1659:fortifications
1628:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1611:
1597:
1590:
1588:
1574:
1567:
1565:
1547:
1540:
1538:
1532:: Interior of
1528:
1521:
1514:Main article:
1511:
1508:
1504:Ottoman Empire
1492:
1491:
1473:
1466:
1464:
1446:
1439:
1437:
1419:
1412:
1410:
1392:
1385:
1378:Main article:
1375:
1372:
1294:
1293:
1275:
1268:
1266:
1244:
1237:
1235:
1221:
1214:
1212:
1198:Madhya Pradesh
1184:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1112:
1111:
1091:
1084:
1082:
1062:
1055:
1053:
1024:
1017:
1015:
991:
984:
982:
956:Reconstruction
950:
943:
939:
936:
887:in modern-day
879:in modern-day
861:
860:
849:
842:
840:
837:
830:
828:
818:
811:
809:
799:
792:
788:
785:
764:
763:
748:
741:
739:
732:
725:
723:
716:
709:
707:
700:
693:
686:Main article:
683:
680:
675:Main article:
672:
669:
661:waste products
645:sustainability
634:Deconstruction
600:Louis Sullivan
591:
588:
584:Oscar Niemeyer
582:, designed by
493:Giorgio Vasari
475:
474:
471:
468:
436:
433:
425:Robert Venturi
421:Gilles Deleuze
349:
346:
345:
344:
341:
330:
327:
324:
321:
307:
299:
296:
213:Louis Sullivan
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7577:
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7563:
7561:
7558:
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7540:
7537:
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7509:
7507:
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7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7455:
7454:pallet crafts
7452:
7451:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
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7360:
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7336:Theory of art
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
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7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
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7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7273:
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7258:
7257:
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7233:
7227:
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7213:
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7158:
7157:
7153:
7148:
7147:
7143:
7138:
7137:
7133:
7128:
7127:
7126:Hippias Major
7123:
7122:
7120:
7116:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
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7092:
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7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6985:Entertainment
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
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6931:
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6926:
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6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6908:Art manifesto
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6898:Appropriation
6896:
6895:
6893:
6889:
6883:
6882:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
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6851:
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6833:
6831:
6828:
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6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6790:Merleau-Ponty
6788:
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6781:
6778:
6776:
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6768:
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6758:
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6708:
6706:
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6698:
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6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
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6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
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6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6605:Abhinavagupta
6603:
6602:
6600:
6596:
6590:
6589:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6557:Postmodernism
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
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6508:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
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6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6448:
6446:
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6438:
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6411:
6408:
6396:
6391:
6389:
6384:
6382:
6377:
6375:
6370:
6368:
6363:
6361:
6356:
6355:
6352:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6326:specification
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6239:architectural
6237:
6236:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6216:
6215:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6206:Visualization
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
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6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6126:Cultural icon
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6103:
6100:
6093:
6089:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6030:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5991:Organizations
5989:
5981:
5978:
5977:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5970:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5958:Design patent
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5948:Design around
5946:
5944:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5932:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
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5888:
5886:
5883:
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5873:
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5868:
5864:
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5856:
5855:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5810:
5808:Organizations
5807:
5804:
5801:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5703:
5702:
5697:
5694:
5693:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5670:
5669:User-centered
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5653:
5650:
5649:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5617:Tableless web
5615:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5540:Participatory
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5430:For Six Sigma
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5373:Domain-driven
5371:
5369:
5366:
5362:
5361:architect-led
5359:
5358:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5304:Configuration
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5269:Brainstorming
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5248:
5241:
5237:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5202:Social design
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5125:Filter design
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5100:Boiler design
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5074:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5052:Scenic design
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5037:Floral design
5035:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5001:
4999:
4993:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4909:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4817:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4744:Garden design
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4728:
4727:Passive solar
4725:
4724:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4702:Environmental
4699:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4664:Retail design
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4585:
4582:Communication
4579:
4575:
4568:
4564:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4546:
4542:
4535:
4530:
4528:
4523:
4521:
4516:
4515:
4512:
4505:
4501:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4438:
4431:
4423:
4417:
4414:. Msproject.
4413:
4406:
4398:
4391:
4384:
4378:
4372:(2010), p. 4.
4371:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4355:bawg.omg.org,
4352:
4348:
4345:
4341:
4336:
4330:
4329:0-7506-4988-7
4326:
4322:
4318:
4312:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4281:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4263:
4257:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4212:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4182:
4176:
4172:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4156:
4150:
4144:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4114:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4095:
4079:
4075:
4069:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4039:
4032:
4028:
4022:
4006:
4002:
3995:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3963:
3958:
3957:
3948:
3932:
3928:
3922:
3918:
3917:
3909:
3901:
3895:
3891:
3884:
3876:
3870:
3866:
3859:
3851:
3845:
3841:
3834:
3826:
3814:
3798:
3794:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3731:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3701:
3694:
3688:
3672:
3668:
3661:
3655:
3654:0-486-25023-7
3651:
3647:
3641:
3635:
3634:0-486-26145-X
3631:
3627:
3626:
3622:John Ruskin,
3619:
3617:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3554:
3547:
3543:
3538:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3475:0-521-00292-3
3472:
3466:
3459:
3455:
3448:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3340:
3334:
3330:
3323:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3262:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3198:
3194:
3177:
3168:
3164:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3148:Building code
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3080:
3073:
3071:
3065:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2934:
2929:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2868:
2865:
2855:
2850:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2814:environmental
2811:
2807:
2806:site planning
2803:
2796:
2786:
2781:
2771:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2677:
2674:
2669:
2668:biodegradable
2665:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2648:
2647:Postmodernism
2644:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2542:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2524:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2495:Charles Moore
2492:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2480:postmodernism
2477:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2457:Eero Saarinen
2454:
2453:Marcel Breuer
2450:
2446:
2442:
2434:
2430:
2429:Vlado MiluniÄ
2426:
2422:
2418:
2417:Dancing House
2411:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2361:
2358:
2357:Charles Moore
2354:
2350:
2344:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2329:Postmodernism
2326:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2298:Marcel Breuer
2295:
2291:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2142:Fagus Factory
2139:
2133:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2030:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1971:19th century
1967:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1905:Petit Trianon
1902:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1861:(France), by
1860:
1856:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1795:
1792:(France), by
1791:
1784:
1779:
1776:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1720:The Tempietto
1715:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1662:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1648:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1624:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:Himeji Castle
1247:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1213:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1169:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1083:
1073:
1069:
1068:Maison Carrée
1065:
1059:
1054:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1016:
1013:
1010:â2566 BC, by
1002:
998:
994:
988:
983:
979: 575 BC
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
947:
942:
941:
938:Classical era
935:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
910:in Pakistan,
909:
905:
901:
897:
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
857:
853:
846:
841:
834:
829:
825:
821:
820:Goseck circle
815:
810:
806:
802:
796:
791:
790:
784:
782:
777:
773:
769:
760:
756:
752:
745:
740:
736:
729:
724:
720:
713:
708:
704:
697:
692:
691:
689:
678:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
641:
639:
638:Phenomenology
635:
631:
627:
626:Structuralism
623:
619:
614:
612:
607:
605:
601:
597:
585:
581:
576:
572:
570:
565:
561:
560:
555:
550:
548:
544:
540:
539:
534:
530:
526:
522:
517:
515:
511:
507:
502:
500:
499:
494:
490:
486:
485:
480:
472:
469:
466:
465:
464:
462:
461:
455:
450:
445:
444:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
394:
390:
383:
379:
378:
377:Yingzao Fashi
373:
369:
364:
359:
355:
342:
339:
335:
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
315:
312:
308:
305:
304:
303:
295:
293:
289:
284:
280:
276:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
229:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
205:
199:
194:
189:
188:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
161:
159:
158:civilisations
156:. Historical
155:
151:
148:
141:
137:
134:
131:
124:
120:
117:
114:
107:
103:
100:
99:Ancient Greek
96:
95:
94:
88:
84:
80:
77:
73:
69:
65:
58:
54:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:Architectures
7560:Architecture
7444:Computer art
7424:Architecture
7423:
7254:
7244:
7234:
7204:
7194:
7174:
7164:
7154:
7144:
7134:
7124:
7071:
7047:Magnificence
7029:
6879:
6845:Schopenhauer
6680:Coomaraswamy
6598:Philosophers
6586:
6517:Aestheticism
6196:STEAM fields
6166:Lean startup
6151:Indie design
5967:
5934:Intellectual
5686:Value-driven
5664:Use-centered
5570:Regenerative
5550:Policy-based
5510:Mind mapping
5415:For assembly
5356:Designâbuild
5274:By committee
5259:Adaptive web
5057:Sound design
5015:glass design
5013: /
4998:applied arts
4939:Level design
4810:Urban design
4761:Hotel design
4712:Architecture
4711:
4687:Video design
4680: /
4671: /
4639:Illustration
4632:Print design
4602:Brand design
4503:
4436:
4430:
4411:
4405:
4396:
4390:
4382:
4377:
4369:
4354:
4335:
4316:
4311:
4299:. Retrieved
4290:
4280:
4272:
4256:
4244:. Retrieved
4225:
4221:
4211:
4199:. Retrieved
4190:
4181:
4167:
4155:
4143:
4131:. Retrieved
4122:
4113:
4094:
4082:. Retrieved
4078:the original
4068:
4056:. Retrieved
4047:
4038:
4021:
4009:. Retrieved
3994:
3982:. Retrieved
3978:
3969:
3961:
3955:
3947:
3935:. Retrieved
3915:
3908:
3889:
3883:
3864:
3858:
3839:
3833:
3801:. Retrieved
3774:
3771:(html / pdf)
3761:
3749:. Retrieved
3740:
3730:
3718:. Retrieved
3714:the original
3710:Khan Academy
3709:
3700:
3692:
3687:
3675:. Retrieved
3660:
3645:
3640:
3623:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3553:
3545:
3537:
3525:. Retrieved
3511:
3499:. Retrieved
3495:the original
3490:
3481:
3465:
3457:
3453:
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3435:. Retrieved
3431:the original
3421:
3405:
3390:
3365:. Retrieved
3356:
3347:
3328:
3322:
3310:. Retrieved
3301:
3292:
3271:
3261:
3251:21 September
3249:. Retrieved
3245:
3236:
3228:
3225:Brunelleschi
3224:
3219:
3202:
3197:
3176:
3167:
3067:
2984:
2959:construction
2950:shipbuilding
2939:
2884:
2880:
2877:Urban design
2871:Urban design
2860:
2798:
2783:
2769:
2753:
2704:smart growth
2688:New Urbanism
2685:
2652:
2639:
2488:
2472:bio morphism
2465:
2449:Paul Rudolph
2445:World War II
2438:
2427:), 1996, by
2321:designed by
2287:
2283:Fallingwater
2256:
2237:
2113:
2105:
2081:
1999:Ăden-ThĂ©Ăątre
1831:
1815:Michelangelo
1800:
1656:
1649:
1644:
1629:
1493:
1425:Jameh Mosque
1347:
1345:
1334:
1295:
1163:
1141:such as the
1136:
1132:supernatural
1113:
1097:Garni Temple
896:Göbekli Tepe
893:
885:Mohenjo-daro
869:proto-cities
862:
801:Göbekli Tepe
776:architecture
775:
765:
642:
615:
608:
593:
564:Le Corbusier
559:construction
557:
554:architecture
553:
551:
536:
524:
518:
513:
509:
503:
496:
482:
476:
458:
438:
398:
375:
334:urban design
301:
277:began after
273:
225:
162:
154:works of art
146:
143:
136:
129:
126:
119:
112:
109:
102:
93:architectura
90:
76:constructing
64:Architecture
63:
62:
36:
7501:Printmaking
7496:Photography
7476:Digital art
7413:Visual arts
7140:(c. 335 BC)
7130:(c. 390 BC)
7109:Work of art
7062:Picturesque
6918:Avant-garde
6875:Winckelmann
6750:Kierkegaard
6675:Collingwood
6645:Baudrillard
6572:Romanticism
6542:Historicism
6476:Mathematics
6234:competition
6191:Slow design
6141:Form factor
6111:Concept art
5920:HTML editor
5600:Sustainable
5435:For testing
5279:By contract
5135:Work design
5110:Drug design
5082:engineering
4956:Icon design
4934:Game design
4912:Interaction
4860:Sustainable
4793:Sustainable
4682:Type design
4659:Photography
4654:News design
4597:Book design
4592:Advertising
4571:Disciplines
4504:In Our Time
4359:archive.org
4301:26 February
4201:28 February
3803:12 February
3751:12 February
3743:. The Met.
3517:"Vitruvius"
3501:14 November
3454:Pourparlers
3427:"Gov.ns.ca"
3045:, and more
2967:dry-docking
2942:engineering
2817:restoration
2745:(1705â1785)
2743:Henry Hoare
2433:Frank Gehry
2402:John Outram
2375:Los Angeles
2371:Team Disney
2353:New Orleans
2279:Robie House
2267:World War I
2263:avant-garde
2228:Frits Peutz
2084:engineering
2074:, 1900, by
2025: 1923
1865:, 1630â1651
1803:Renaissance
1771: 1592
1746:, 1505â1510
1742:(Rome), by
1726:, 1444â1514
1722:(Rome), by
1634:during the
1496:Middle East
1348:Kao Gong Ji
1209: 1030
1120:Mesopotamia
1103:(Armenia),
1079: 2 AD
1008: 2589
960:Ishtar Gate
902:in Turkey,
873:urban areas
858:, Scotland)
618:Rationalism
596:skyscrapers
547:rustication
533:John Ruskin
489:Golden mean
384:(1065â1110)
372:cantilevers
316:and (some)
298:Definitions
283:avant-garde
279:World War I
261:Renaissance
249:Middle Ages
239:influenced
113:arkhitĂ©ktĆn
97:; from
7554:Categories
7526:Street art
7506:Public art
7481:Filmmaking
7079:Recreation
7057:Perception
6950:Creativity
6650:Baumgarten
6640:Baudelaire
6522:Classicism
6437:Aesthetics
6394:Wiktionary
6387:Wikisource
6341:technology
6311:principles
5910:Storyboard
5736:management
5731:leadership
5696:Privacy by
5535:Parametric
5505:Metadesign
5475:Integrated
5465:High-level
5450:Generative
5445:Functional
5314:Continuous
5309:Contextual
5284:C-K theory
5244:Approaches
4986:Web design
4840:CMF design
4820:Industrial
4678:Typography
3399:0198605757
3367:5 December
3312:27 October
3246:Britannica
3231:pp. 10â41.
3189:References
3068:The term '
3026:human mind
2606:Zaha Hadid
2515:Bruno Zevi
2373:Building (
2273:developed
2220:Glaspaleis
2093:Neo Gothic
2088:aesthetics
2044:CEC Palace
1977:Les Halles
1931:All Saints
1886:Versailles
1652:cathedrals
1049: 460
1036:, made of
1003:, Egypt),
912:Skara Brae
900:ĂatalhöyĂŒk
877:ĂatalhöyĂŒk
852:Skara Brae
737:: Yola hut
622:Empiricism
288:postmodern
265:architects
253:Romanesque
173:continents
106:áŒÏÏÎčÏÎÎșÏÏÎœ
83:structures
7516:Sculpture
7486:Light art
7084:Reverence
6990:Eroticism
6960:Depiction
6933:Masculine
6835:Santayana
6795:Nietzsche
6740:Hutcheson
6730:Heidegger
6715:Greenberg
6670:Coleridge
6635:Balthasar
6620:Aristotle
6582:Theosophy
6577:Symbolism
6552:Modernism
6537:Formalism
6380:Wikiquote
6366:Wikibooks
6316:rationale
6281:knowledge
6256:education
6176:OODA loop
5900:Prototype
5885:Flowchart
5843:Blueprint
5711:computing
5647:Universal
5595:Safe-life
5500:Low-level
5490:Iterative
5470:Inclusive
5455:Geodesign
5346:Defensive
5294:Co-design
5264:Affective
4228:: 31â55.
3979:aadr.info
3823:ignored (
3813:cite book
3607:110313708
3039:structure
2975:statutory
2833:residence
2739:Wiltshire
2735:Stourhead
2643:Modernism
2621:Isbjerget
2461:Brutalism
2441:modernism
2398:Cambridge
2118:Modernism
2068:Darmstadt
1957:Bucharest
1888:, France)
1500:Byzantium
1452:Taj Mahal
1360:Sri Lanka
1285:Siem Reap
1194:Khajuraho
1166:Vitruvius
1042:limestone
1030:Parthenon
759:Bucharest
657:water use
556:and mere
535:, in his
525:Contrasts
449:Vitruvius
405:semantics
314:buildings
311:designing
269:engineers
193:Vitruvius
81:or other
79:buildings
72:designing
57:architect
7511:Rock art
7491:Painting
7439:Ceramics
7359:Category
7291:Axiology
7160:(c. 500)
7150:(c. 100)
7025:Judgment
6980:Emotions
6975:Elegance
6955:Cuteness
6928:Feminine
6891:Concepts
6860:Tanizaki
6840:Schiller
6825:Richards
6815:RanciĂšre
6785:Maritain
6720:Hanslick
6660:Benjamin
6532:Feminism
6501:Theology
6481:Medieval
6471:Japanese
6466:Internet
6373:Wikinews
6306:paradigm
6286:language
6266:engineer
6261:elements
6251:director
5936:property
5781:thinking
5771:strategy
5756:research
5716:controls
5674:Empathic
5605:Systemic
5565:Rational
5520:New Wave
5334:Critical
4557:Designer
4485:Archived
4347:Archived
4295:Archived
4265:Archived
4246:15 April
4240:Archived
4195:Archived
4127:Archived
4102:Archived
4084:23 March
4058:23 March
4052:Archived
4005:Archived
3931:Archived
3797:Archived
3745:Archived
3671:Archived
3599:41318789
3561:Archived
3521:Archived
3361:Archived
3306:Archived
3284:Archived
3229:The Dome
3207:Archived
3076:See also
3043:behavior
2971:modified
1827:engineer
1819:Palladio
1690:Florence
1638:period,
1636:Medieval
1330:Shastras
1298:Buddhist
1289:Cambodia
1130:and the
1124:urbanism
908:Mehrgarh
889:Pakistan
665:lighting
647:, hence
204:venustas
68:planning
7471:Drawing
7434:Cartoon
7354:Outline
7269:Related
7136:Poetics
7104:Tragedy
7094:Sublime
7067:Quality
7052:Mimesis
7010:Harmony
6995:Fashion
6970:Ecstasy
6965:Disgust
6881:more...
6850:Scruton
6775:Lyotard
6710:Goodman
6690:Deleuze
6625:Aquinas
6615:Alberti
6588:more...
6567:Realism
6547:Marxism
6527:Fascism
6510:Schools
6496:Science
6451:Ancient
6359:Commons
6331:studies
6276:history
6244:student
6229:classic
6217:Design
6131:.design
6059:Graphex
5761:science
5751:pattern
5746:methods
5721:culture
5704:Design
5515:Modular
5368:Diffuse
5289:Closure
5011:Ceramic
4669:Signage
4552:Outline
4048:cnu.org
3984:23 June
3937:30 July
3720:23 June
3669:. CNN.
2996:, with
2579:Beijing
2248:Bauhaus
2224:Heerlen
2174:, near
2172:Potsdam
2072:Germany
1811:Alberti
1764:Vicenza
1429:Isfahan
1402:CĂłrdoba
1364:Araniko
1264:), 1609
1231:Beijing
1051:â406 BC
1032:on the
1012:Hemiunu
972:Germany
962:in the
958:of the
932:Ukraine
928:Moldova
924:Romania
904:Jericho
826:4900 BC
824:Germany
751:Romania
735:Ireland
719:Lesotho
671:History
543:courses
409:culture
368:bracket
169:culture
7466:Design
7260:(2009)
7250:(1977)
7240:(1946)
7230:(1939)
7220:(1935)
7210:(1934)
7200:(1933)
7190:(1891)
7180:(1835)
7170:(1757)
7037:Kitsch
7015:Humour
6945:Comedy
6923:Beauty
6865:Vasari
6855:Tagore
6830:Ruskin
6770:LukĂĄcs
6760:Langer
6705:Goethe
6630:BalĂĄzs
6610:Adorno
6491:Nature
6456:Africa
6336:studio
6321:review
6301:museum
6224:change
6032:Awards
5905:Sketch
5890:Mockup
5870:CAutoD
5811:Awards
5776:theory
5766:sprint
5741:marker
5706:choice
5080:&
5078:design
4914:design
4822:design
4704:design
4622:Motion
4584:design
4541:Design
4418:
4357:2008 (
4327:
4285:RINA.
4173:
4133:4 June
4123:Litcaf
4025:Other
4011:2 July
3923:
3896:
3871:
3846:
3789:
3677:29 May
3652:
3632:
3605:
3597:
3527:2 July
3473:
3437:2 July
3413:
3397:
3335:
3143:Zoning
3051:system
2963:trials
2909:, and
2829:estate
2762:laws.
2760:zoning
2625:Aarhus
2602:Vienna
2552:Dallas
2455:, and
2421:Prague
2252:Weimar
2218:: The
2196:: The
2176:Berlin
2166:: The
2146:Alfeld
2140:: The
2042:: The
1997:: The
1857:: The
1823:artist
1796:, 1576
1640:guilds
1632:Europe
1607:Durham
1584:Aachen
1487:Turkey
1483:Edirne
1450:: The
1423:: The
1310:Indian
1283:(near
1281:Bakong
1279:: The
1254:Himeji
1248:: The
1188:: The
1128:divine
1095:: The
1066:: The
1038:marble
1028:: The
995:: The
968:Berlin
918:, and
916:Orkney
881:Turkey
856:Orkney
805:Turkey
774:, and
703:Norway
611:values
523:wrote
508:wrote
382:Li Jue
348:Theory
281:as an
257:Gothic
233:Indian
201:, and
147:tĂ©ktĆn
140:ÏÎÎșÏÏÎœ
130:arkhi-
74:, and
7449:Craft
7349:Index
7118:Works
7099:Taste
7089:Style
6870:Wilde
6810:Plato
6805:Pater
6765:Lipps
6725:Hegel
6695:Dewey
6685:Danto
6665:Burke
6486:Music
6461:India
6444:Areas
6219:brief
6106:Agile
5825:Tools
5802:Tools
5440:For X
5076:Other
4995:Other
4353:" at
3603:S2CID
3595:JSTOR
3159:Notes
3047:views
2821:parks
2726:Types
2629:CEBRA
2556:Texas
2257:When
1773:, by
1694:Italy
1460:India
1406:Spain
1368:Nepal
1302:Hindu
1262:Japan
1202:India
1147:Roman
1143:Greek
1116:Egypt
1101:Garni
1099:from
1072:NĂźmes
1070:from
865:rural
803:from
772:craft
413:Plato
374:from
241:forms
123:áŒÏÏÎč-
101:
89:
87:Latin
49:Italy
7073:Rasa
7031:Kama
7005:Gaze
6940:Camp
6820:Rand
6755:Klee
6745:Kant
6735:Hume
6655:Bell
6296:load
6291:life
6271:firm
5858:CAID
5726:flow
5642:TRIZ
5530:Open
4416:ISBN
4325:ISBN
4303:2017
4248:2015
4203:2017
4171:ISBN
4135:2017
4086:2014
4060:2014
4013:2011
3986:2024
3939:2022
3921:ISBN
3894:ISBN
3869:ISBN
3844:ISBN
3825:help
3805:2019
3787:ISBN
3753:2019
3722:2017
3679:2023
3650:ISBN
3630:ISBN
3529:2011
3503:2005
3471:ISBN
3439:2011
3411:ISBN
3395:ISBN
3369:2020
3333:ISBN
3314:2017
3253:2022
3004:and
2897:and
2831:and
2758:and
2718:and
2698:and
2681:LEED
2645:and
2619:The
2573:The
2546:The
2505:and
2474:and
2431:and
2415:The
2296:and
2281:and
2230:and
1788:The
1758:The
1704:and
1684:The
1561:Rome
1553:Apse
1498:and
1456:Agra
1433:Iran
1362:and
1312:and
1306:Sikh
1304:and
1145:and
1118:and
1040:and
1001:Giza
930:and
898:and
883:and
663:and
636:and
578:The
427:and
393:Plan
356:and
290:and
255:and
235:and
7429:Art
7000:Fun
6780:Man
6700:Fry
5853:CAD
5833:AAD
5610:SOD
5590:RWD
5460:HCD
4927:EED
4776:EID
4472:UIA
4230:doi
3779:doi
3587:doi
3276:doi
2737:in
2095:or
2046:on
1801:In
1630:In
1555:of
1481:in
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1366:of
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