Archosaur - Knowledge

4119: 3229: 1242:. Most Ornithodirans had "advanced mesotarsal" ankles. This form of ankle incorporated a very large astragalus and very small calcaneum, and could only move in one plane, like a simple hinge. This arrangement, which was only suitable for animals with erect limbs, provided more stability when the animals were running. The earliest avemetatarsalians, such as Teleocrater and Asilisaurus, retained "primitive mesotarsal" ankles. The ornithodirans differed from other archosaurs in other ways: they were lightly built and usually small, their necks were long and had an S-shaped curve, their skulls were much more lightly built, and many ornithodirans were completely 114: 4498: 4060: 3137: 4277: 4596:, moves through the parabronchi, and exits through the first bronchial branch. Unidirectional airflow in both birds and alligators suggests that this type of respiration was present at the base of Archosauria and retained by both dinosaurs and non-dinosaurian archosaurs, such as aetosaurs, "rauisuchians" (non-crocodylomorph paracrocodylomorphs), crocodylomorphs, and pterosaurs. The use of unidirectional airflow in the lungs of archosaurs may have given the group an advantage over synapsids, which had lungs where air moved tidally in and out through a network of bronchi that terminated in 4527:. The shunt is used during diving to make the heart function as 3-chambered heart, providing the crocodilian with the neurally controlled shunting used by ectotherms. The researchers concluded that the ancestors of living crocodilians had fully 4-chambered hearts, and were therefore warm-blooded, before they reverted to a cold-blooded or ectothermic metabolism. The authors also provide other evidence for endothermy in stem archosaurs. It is reasonable to suggest that later crocodilians developed the pulmonary bypass shunt as they became cold-blooded, aquatic, and less active. 3627: 2470: 3666: 2908: 3481: 3444: 2722: 2690: 2197: 1881: 3782: 2789: 1763: 8438: 3592: 2883: 3551: 3395: 2757: 2665: 2167: 1733: 1703: 3698: 2933: 8950: 3365:'s 2011 monograph on early archosaurs, a phylogenetic analysis found strong support for phytosaurs falling outside Archosauria. Many subsequent studies supported this phylogeny. Because Crurotarsi is defined by the inclusion of phytosaurs, the placement of phytosaurs outside Archosauria means that Crurotarsi must include all of Archosauria. Nesbitt reinstated Pseudosuchia as a clade name for crocodile-line archosaurs, using it as a stem-based taxon. Below is a cladogram modified from Nesbitt (2011): 4023: 2329: 1901: 140: 2582: 2089: 1850: 3805: 2810: 2218: 1784: 1044: 2544: 2024: 1594: 7797: 8754: 7782: 8425: 3924: 3036: 2300: 736: 7789: 8432: 4486: 3993: 3104: 1112: 3209: 2507: 8938: 4097: 3172: 8926: 2613: 2120: 2055: 1656: 1625: 4511:

providing thermal insulation. Physiological, anatomical, and developmental features of the crocodilian heart support the paleontological evidence and show that the lineage reverted to ectothermy when it invaded the aquatic, ambush predator niche. Crocodilian embryos develop fully 4-chambered hearts at an early stage. Modifications to the growing heart form a pulmonary bypass shunt that includes the left

995:, which can be excreted as a paste, resulting in low water loss as opposed to a more dilute urine. It is reasonable to suppose that archosaurs (the ancestors of crocodilians, dinosaurs and pterosaurs) also excreted uric acid, and therefore were good at conserving water. The aglandular (glandless) skins of diapsids would also have helped to conserve water. 774:. Mandibular fenestrae may also have reduced the weight of the jaw in some forms. The fourth trochanter provides a large site for the attachment of muscles on the femur. Stronger muscles allowed for erect gaits in early archosaurs, and may also be connected with the ability of the archosaurs or their immediate ancestors to survive the catastrophic 1560:, the dinosaur and pterosaur line. Pseudosuchia was defined as all archosaurs more closely related to crocodiles, while Ornithosuchia was defined as all archosaurs more closely related to birds. Proterochampsids, erythrosuchids, and proterosuchids fell successively outside Archosauria in the resulting tree. Below is the 1491:

in 1859 to describe Triassic archosaurs, and it became widely used in the 20th century. Thecodonts were considered the "basal stock" from which the more advanced archosaurs descended. They did not possess features seen in later avian and crocodilian lines, and therefore were considered more primitive

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The metabolism of archosaurs is still a controversial topic. They certainly evolved from cold-blooded ancestors, and the surviving non-dinosaurian archosaurs, crocodilians, are cold-blooded. But crocodilians have some features which are normally associated with a warm-blooded metabolism because they

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and A. B. Arcucci in their phylogenetic study of archosaurs. They were the first to erect the clade Crurotarsi, while Ornithodira was named by Gauthier in 1986. Crurotarsi and Ornithodira replaced Pseudosuchia and Ornithosuchia, respectively, as the monophyly of both of these clades were questioned.

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and the joint rotated round a peg on the astragalus which fitted into a socket in the calcaneum. Early "crurotarsans" still walked with sprawling limbs, but some later crurotarsans developed fully erect limbs. Modern crocodilians are crurotarsans that can employ a diverse range of gaits depending on

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identified the basal split and thought that the crurotarsan ankle developed independently in these two groups, but in opposite ways. Cruickshank also thought that the development of these ankle types progressed in each group to allow advanced members to have semi-erect (in the case of crocodilians)

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Paleontological evidence shows that the ancestors of living crocodilians were active and endothermic (warm-blooded). Some experts believe that their archosaur ancestors were warm-blooded as well. This is likely because feather-like filaments evolved to cover the whole body and were capable of

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However, this theory has been questioned, since it implies synapsids were necessarily less advantaged in water retention, that synapsid decline coincides with climate changes or archosaur diversity (neither of which tested) and the fact that desert dwelling mammals are as well adapted in this

4440:, which are less efficient because they let the two flows mix and thus send some de-oxygenated blood out to the body instead of to the lungs. Modern crocodilians' hearts are 4-chambered, but are smaller relative to body size and run at lower pressure than those of modern birds and 1973:

and J. M. Clark produced a new tree in a phylogenetic study of basal archosaurs. As in Gauthier's tree, Benton and Clark's revealed a basal split within Archosauria. They referred to the two groups as Crocodylotarsi and Ornithosuchia. Crocodylotarsi was defined as an

1002:, which requires a relatively high urinary rate to keep it from leaving the urine by diffusion in the kidney tubules. Their skins also contain many glands, which also lose water. Assuming that early synapsids had similar features, e.g., as argued by the authors of 1526:

in 1978, a basal split in Archosauria was identified. Chatterjee considered these two groups to be Pseudosuchia with the "normal" ankle and Ornithosuchidae with the "reversed" ankle. Ornithosuchids were thought to be ancestral to dinosaurs at this time. In 1979,

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of two or more taxa and all of its descendants. Ornithodira includes the last common ancestor of pterosaurs and dinosaurs (which include birds), while Crurotarsi includes the last common ancestor of living crocodilians and three groups of Triassic archosaurs:

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Sereno and Arcucci incorporated archosaur features other than ankle types in their analyses, which resulted in a different tree than previous analyses. Below is a cladogram based on Sereno (1991), which is similar to the one produced by Sereno and Arcucci:

763:" (meaning "socket teeth"), which early paleontologists applied to many Triassic archosaurs. Additionally, non-muscular cheek and lip tissue appear in various forms throughout the clade, with all living archosaurs lacking non-muscular lips, unlike most 4307:

The hip sockets faced downwards and the knobs on the femurs were in line with the femur. This "pillar-erect" arrangement appears to have evolved independently in various archosaur lineages, for example it was common in "Rauisuchia" (non-crocodylomorph

1504:, meaning that they form a group that does not include all descendants of its last common ancestor: in this case, the more derived crocodilians and birds are excluded from "Thecodontia" as it was formerly understood. The description of the basal 1246:. The archosaurian fourth trochanter on the femur may have made it easier for ornithodirans to become bipeds, because it provided more leverage for the thigh muscles. In the late Triassic, the ornithodirans diversified to produce 2425:

Benton proposed the name Avemetatarsalia in 1999 to include all bird-line archosaurs (under his definition, all archosaurs more closely related to dinosaurs than to crocodilians). His analysis of the small Triassic archosaur

1299:, some continue to assign it a traditional biological rank. Traditionally, Archosauria has been treated as a Superorder, though a few 21st century researchers have assigned it to different ranks including Division and Class. 4612:. Birds and crocodilians lay hard-shelled eggs, as did extinct dinosaurs, and crocodylomorphs. Hard-shelled eggs are present in both dinosaurs and crocodilians, which has been used as an explanation for the absence of 4544:, were slim, leggy terrestrial predators whose build suggests a fairly active lifestyle, which requires a fairly fast metabolism. And some other crurotarsan archosaurs appear to have had erect limbs, while those of 4600:, which were cul-de-sacs. The better efficiency in gas transfer seen in archosaur lungs may have been advantageous during the times of low atmospheric oxygen which are thought to have existed during the Mesozoic. 2432:

placed it within bird-line archosaurs but outside Ornithodira, meaning that Ornithodira was no longer equivalent to bird-line archosaurs. Below is a cladogram modified from Benton (2004) showing this phylogeny:

1271:, which means that it only includes descendants of the last common ancestors of its living representatives. In the case of archosaurs, these are birds and crocodilians. Archosauria is within the larger clade 4304:

The hip sockets faced sideways, but the knobs on the femurs were at right angles to the rest of the femur, which therefore pointed downwards. Dinosaurs evolved from archosaurs with this hip arrangement.

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dinosaurs. Some archosaurs, such as birds, are secondarily toothless. Antorbital fenestrae reduced the weight of the skull, which was relatively large in early archosaurs, rather like that of modern

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Oliveira, T.V.; Soares, M.B.; Schultz, C.L. (2010). "Trucidocynodon riograndensis gen. nov. et sp. nov. (Eucynodontia), a new cynodont from the Brazilian Upper Triassic (Santa Maria Formation)".

1418: 4580:) has shown that the airflow through them is unidirectional, moving in the same direction during inhalation and exhalation. This is also seen in birds and many non-avian dinosaurs, which have 606:, also possessed these features yet originated prior to the split between the crocodilian and bird lineages. The older morphological definition of Archosauria nowadays roughly corresponds to 1448: 5872:

Seymour, R. S.; Bennett-Stamper, C. L.; Johnston, S. D.; Carrier, D. R. & Grigg, G. C. (2004). "Evidence for endothermic ancestors of crocodiles at the stem of archosaur evolution".

1464: 1430: 945:. Fossils from before the mass extinction have only been found around the Equator, but after the event fossils can be found all over the world. Suggested explanations for this include: 1519:

in the 1970s provided evidence that linked thecodonts with dinosaurs, and contributed to the disuse of the term "Thecodontia", which many cladists consider an artificial grouping.

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Archosaurs have more efficient respiratory systems featuring unidirectional air flow, as opposed to the tidal respiration of synapids. The ability to breathe more efficiently in

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became the most widely used method of classifying organisms, thecodonts were no longer considered a valid grouping. Because they are considered a "basal stock", thecodonts are

941:), attained a widespread distribution soon after the extinction. Following this, archosaurs and other archosauriforms quickly became the dominant land vertebrates in the early 1978:-based taxon based on the presence of a "crocodile-normal" ankle joint (considered to be the defining apomorphy of the clade). Gauthier's Pseudosuchia, by contrast, was a 4118: 3228: 4648:

as evidenced in various dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and crocodylomorphs. However, parental care did evolve independently multiple times in crocodilians, dinosaurs, and

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favored the development of these features, which are very important for active warm-blooded creatures, but of little apparent use to cold-blooded aquatic ambush

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birds (the only remaining dinosaur group) and many crocodyliforms survived. Both are descendants of archosaurs, and are therefore archosaurs themselves under

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Since the 1970s, scientists have classified archosaurs mainly on the basis of their ankles. The earliest archosaurs had "primitive mesotarsal" ankles: the

586:, which includes birds and their extinct relatives (such as non-avian dinosaurs and pterosaurs). Older definitions of the group Archosauria rely on shared 4445: 5229: 4660:

which incubate their eggs and rely on genetic sex determination – a trait that might have given them a survival advantage over other dinosaurs.

4470:. This is different from the lung-pumping mechanisms of mammals and birds, but similar to what some researchers claim to have found in some dinosaurs. 8975: 6484: 5331: 5065:

Poncelet, G., and Shimeld, S. M. (2020). The evolutionary origin of the vertebrate olfactory system. Open Biol. 10:200330. doi: 10.1098/rsob.200330

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intended to refer to the cranial arches, but has later also been understood as "leading reptiles" or "ruling reptiles" by association with Greek

4296:, some archosaur groups developed hip joints that allowed (or required) a more erect gait. This gave them greater stamina, because it avoided 953:. An objection to this explanation is that archosaurs became dominant while they still had sprawling or semi-erect limbs, similar to those of 8873: 4893:"The Origin and Early Evolution of Sauria: Reassessing the Permian Saurian Fossil Record and the Timing of the Crocodile-Lizard Divergence" 4320:

It has been pointed out that an upright stance requires more energy, so it may indicate a higher metabolism and a higher body temperature.

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4-chambered hearts. Both birds and mammals have 4-chambered hearts, which completely separate the flows of oxygenated and de-oxygenated

8980: 7100: 7079: 1351:, which are now considered synapsids. It was not until 1986 that Archosauria was defined as a crown-clade, restricting its use to more 1035:

were large sized predators. A study favors competition amidst mammaliaforms as the main explanation for Mesozoic mammals being small.

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Sereno, P. C.; Arcucci, A. B. (1990). "The monophyly of crurotarsal archosaurs and the origin of bird and crocodile ankle joints".

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reviews the messy history of archosaur phylogeny (family tree) and has an excellent image of the various archosaur ankle types.

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Hutchinson, John R.; Felkler, Dean; Houston, Kati; Chang, Yu-Mei; Brueggen, John; Kledzik, David; Vliet, Kent A. (2019-12-17).

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conditions may have been advantageous to early archosaurs during the suspected drop in oxygen levels at the end of the Permian.

759:). Being set in sockets, the teeth were less likely to be torn loose during feeding. This feature is responsible for the name " 5467:

Göhlich, U.B.; Chiappe, L.M.; Clark, J.M.; Sues, H.-D. (2005). "The systematic position of the Late Jurassic alleged dinosaur

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Gower, D. J.; Sennikov, A. G. (2003). "Early archosaurs from Russia". In Benton, M. J.; Shishkin, M. A.; Unwin, D. M. (eds.).

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Herrera, Yanina; Fernández, Marta S.; Lamas, Susana G.; Campos, Lisandro; Talevi, Marianella; Gasparini, Zulma (2017-02-01).

5670: 5573: 5050: 4995: 4967: 925: 8865: 1283:. These relatives are often referred to as archosaurs despite being placed outside of the crown group Archosauria in a more 1008:, they were at a disadvantage in a mainly arid world. The same well-respected site points out that "for much of Australia's 5661:

Benton, M. J.; Clark, J. M. (1985). "Archosaur phylogeny and the relationships of the Crocodylia". In Benton, M. J. (ed.).

5092:"Living fast in the Triassic: New data on life history in Lystrosaurus (Therapsida: Dicynodontia) from northeastern Pangea" 1548:

grouping, thus forming a true clade. One of the first studies of archosaur phylogeny was authored by French paleontologist

4394:). The Metriorhynchidae were rather dolphin-like, with paddle-like forelimbs, a tail fluke and smooth, unarmoured skins. 4300:, i.e. they could run and breathe easily at the same time. There were two main types of joint which allowed erect legs: 6518: 6045: 949:

Archosaurs made more rapid progress towards erect limbs than synapsids, and this gave them greater stamina by avoiding

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era. Birds in particular have become among the most species-rich groups of terrestrial vertebrates in the present day.

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Benton, M.J. (2004). "Origin and relationships of Dinosauria". In Weishampel, D.B.; Dodson, P.r; Osmólska, H. (eds.).

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together suggest that the lack of viviparity among archosaurs may be a consequence of lineage-specific restrictions.

4552:, but disadvantageous for more sluggish animals because they increase the energy costs of standing up and lying down. 4288:, early archosaurs had a sprawling gait because their hip sockets faced sideways, and the knobs at the tops of their 1295:, based on the presence of an antorbital fenestra. While many researchers prefer to treat Archosauria as an unranked 775: 4225:

about 200 million years ago, but other archosaurs had become extinct at or prior to the Triassic-Jurassic boundary.

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Richard J. Butler; Stephen L. Brusatte; Mike Reich; Sterling J. Nesbitt; Rainer R. Schoch; Jahn J. Hornung (2011).

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are very poorly adapted for any other posture. Erect limbs are advantageous for active animals because they avoid

8878: 6325:"A vertebrate nesting site in northeastern Italy reveals unexpectedly complex behavior for late Carnian reptiles" 4753:"Unappreciated diversification of stem archosaurs during the Middle Triassic predated the dominance of dinosaurs" 4584:

to further aid in respiration. Both birds and alligators achieve unidirectional air flow through the presence of

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clades defined as all taxa more closely related to one living group (either birds or crocodiles) than the other.

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history, where conditions were probably similar, the largest terrestrial predators were not mammals but gigantic

6085: 6068: 7072: 6193:"Morphology of the sacral region and reproductive strategies of Metriorhynchidae: a counter-inductive approach" 4669: 712:. Many of these characteristics appeared prior to the origin of the clade Archosauria, as they were present in 1287:

position within Archosauriformes. Historically, many archosauriforms were described as archosaurs, including

5328: 4763:(1). Christian Foth, Martín D. Ezcurra, Roland B. Sookias, Stephen L. Brusatte and Richard J. Butler.: 188. 6152:"Crocodylomorph eggs and eggshells from the Adamantina Formation (Bauru Group), Upper Cretaceous of Brazil" 5226: 4694:

from the latest Early Triassic of Germany and the timing and biogeography of the early archosaur radiation"

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have soft-shelled eggs, implying that hard shells are not a plesiomorphic condition. The pelvic anatomy of

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Liu, Jun; Organ, Chris L.; Benton, Michael J.; Brandley, Matthew C.; Aitchison, Jonathan C. (2017-02-14).

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Desmond, Adrián J., The hot-blooded dinosaurs: a revolution in palaeontology. 1976, Dial Press, page 87.

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Many phytosaurs and crocodyliforms dominated the rivers and swamps and even invaded the seas (e.g., the

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Ruben, J.; et al. (1997). "Lung structure and ventilation in theropod dinosaurs and early birds".

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in the analysis, meaning that Avemetatarsalia and Ornithodira occupy the same place in this cladogram

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Oliveira, C.E.M.; Santucci, R.M.; Andrade, M.B.; Fulfaro, V.J.; Basílo, J.A.F.; Benton, M.J. (2011).

4559:, dinosaurs would have had to evolve warm-blooded metabolisms in less than half the time it took for 6306:

Mark P. Witton (2013), Pterosaurs: Natural History, Evolution, Anatomy, Princeton University Press,

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The term "thecodont", now considered an obsolete term, was first used by the English paleontologist

8356: 8247: 7781: 7731: 4581: 676:) to eventually become the largest and most ecologically dominant terrestrial vertebrates from the 5174:

Brocklehurst, Robert J.; Schachner, Emma R.; Codd, Jonathan R.; Sellers, William I. (2020-03-02).

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Sereno, P.C. (1991). "Basal archosaurs: phylogenetic relationships and functional implications".

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Kulik, Zoe T.; Lungmus, Jacqueline K.; Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Sidor, Christian A. (2021-11-05).

4687: 4556: 4549: 4297: 2418:. These clades are not equivalent to "bird-line" and "crocodile-line" archosaurs, which would be 963: 950: 821:. A few fragmentary fossils of large carnivorous crocodilian-line archosaurs (informally termed " 8431: 4332:

were herbivores and some developed extensive armor. A few crocodyliforms were herbivores, e.g.,

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The Origin of Birds and the Evolution of Flight. Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences

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Gauthier, J. A. (1986). "Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds". In Padian, K. (ed.).

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had "reversed crurotarsal" ankles, with a peg on the calcaneum and socket on the astragalus.

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Archosaurs can traditionally be distinguished from other tetrapods on the basis of several

587: 4263:. It is generally agreed that birds have the most species of all terrestrial vertebrates. 8: 8970: 8954: 7176: 6479: 5274:"Mammaliaform extinctions as a driver of the morphological radiation of Cenozoic mammals" 5272:

Brocklehurst, Neil; Panciroli, Elsa; Benevento, Gemma Louise; Benson, Roger B.J. (2021).

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The clades Crurotarsi and Ornithodira were first used together in 1990 by paleontologist

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Farmer, C. G.; Sanders, K. (2010). "Unidirectional airflow in the lungs of alligators".

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Most were large predators, but members of various lines diversified into other niches.

764: 544: 430: 134: 6324: 6101: 6069:"Natural History of Reptilian Development: Constraints on the Evolution of Viviparity" 5731: 4482:

that spend the vast majority of their time floating in water or lying on river banks.

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between the left and right aortic arches, and the cog-tooth valve at the base of the

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With the identification of "crocodilian normal" and "crocodilian reversed" ankles by

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archosaurs were warm-blooded, this would help to resolve some evolutionary puzzles:

3480: 3443: 2721: 2689: 2196: 1880: 984:. Archosaurs were probably better at conserving water than early synapsids because: 8930: 8839: 7828: 7815: 7749: 7634: 7540: 7426: 7387: 7346: 7306: 7255: 7238: 7225: 7188: 7088: 6404: 6394: 6347: 6279: 6263: 6214: 6204: 6171: 6136: 6116: 6080: 6002: 5968: 5946: 5889: 5881: 5828: 5797: 5754: 5695: 5620: 5531: 5527: 5519: 5488: 5428: 5384: 5368: 5293: 5254: 5195: 5187: 5129: 5111: 4922: 4912: 4863: 4853: 4782: 4772: 4723: 4713: 4631: 4524: 4456: 4387: 3919: 3781: 3591: 3362: 2882: 2788: 2752: 2501: 2419: 2398: 2002: 1979: 1762: 1549: 1272: 1009: 848: 798: 794: 713: 607: 476: 392: 207: 194: 126: 5801: 5758: 3697: 3626: 3550: 3394: 2932: 2756: 2664: 2166: 1732: 1702: 8716: 8650: 8515: 8345: 8236: 8038: 8029: 7924: 7910: 7568: 7503: 7487: 7440: 7275: 6920: 6674: 6640: 6567: 6399: 6323:

Avanzini, M.; Dalla; Mietto, P; Piubelli, D; Preto, N; Rigo, M; Roghi, G (2007).

5335: 5233: 5116: 4917: 4842:"The early evolution of archosaurs: relationships and the origin of major clades" 4751:

Foth, C.; Ezcurra, M. D.; Sookias, R. B.; Brusatte, S. L.; Butler, R. J. (2016).

4718: 4540: 4490: 4355: 4092: 3968: 3937: 3901: 3798: 3439: 3167: 3080: 3049: 2982: 2804: 2717: 2538: 2324: 2192: 2049: 2019: 1876: 1778: 1619: 1589: 1336: 1328: 1239: 1231: 1224: 1152: 677: 626: 583: 371: 254: 3665: 2907: 8731: 8310: 8215: 8165: 8074: 7940: 7669: 7645: 7533: 7448: 7316: 7296: 6789: 6761: 6668: 6351: 5372: 5045:(2nd ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 26. 4645: 4463: 4411: 4022: 3527: 2860: 2328: 1970: 1900: 1147: 1104: 1079: 1031: 978: 970: 818: 751:(openings in front of the eyes and in the jaw, respectively), and a pronounced 673: 622: 618: 610:, a group named to encompass crown-group archosaurs and their close relatives. 330: 29: 6209: 6197:

Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh

6192: 5817:"Bristles before down: A new perspective on the functional origin of feathers" 5298: 5273: 5258: 4810: 4777: 4401:

and the birds, dominated the air after becoming adapted to a volant lifestyle.

2581: 2088: 1849: 8964: 8797: 8726: 8685: 8680: 8485: 8334: 8323: 8199: 8175: 8052: 7999: 7969: 7962: 7900: 7890: 7721: 7583: 7576: 7525: 7476: 7469: 7418: 7375: 7326: 7145: 7032: 6937: 6800: 6744: 6275: 6228: 5842: 5380: 5349:"Divergent evolution of terrestrial locomotor abilities in extant Crocodylia" 5125: 4617: 4383: 4351: 4346: 3724: 3622: 3500: 3475: 3203: 3000: 2684: 2660: 2575: 2533: 2464: 2459: 2428: 2407: 2276: 1825: 1557: 1324: 1292: 1288: 1280: 1157: 1137: 1089: 803: 718: 685: 599: 382: 71: 6006: 5650:. Vol. 8. San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences. pp. 1–55. 4555:

If early archosaurs were completely cold-blooded and (as seems most likely)

3804: 2809: 2217: 1783: 813:) lived in the late Permian. The oldest true archosaurs appeared during the 8706: 8547: 8505: 8495: 8475: 8374: 8155: 8081: 7976: 7517: 7410: 7336: 7265: 6912: 6867: 6772: 6716: 6553: 6418: 6293: 6128: 6014: 5960: 5903: 5850: 5432: 5413: 5398: 5307: 5222: 5209: 5191: 5143: 4936: 4796: 4737: 4621: 4589: 4502: 4391: 4363: 4359: 4055: 4018: 3954: 3777: 3751: 3660: 3586: 3421: 3224: 3132: 2902: 2877: 2846: 1681: 1553: 1545: 1541: 1501: 1488: 1352: 1344: 1203: 1167: 1094: 1084: 955: 930: 880: 870: 833: 827: 705: 657: 579: 528: 351: 267: 6496: 2543: 2023: 1986:

outside Ornithosuchia and outside the crown group Archosauria altogether.

1593: 1043: 781:

Unlike their close living relatives, the lepidosaurs, archosaurs lost the

8806: 8711: 8690: 8660: 8640: 8620: 8610: 8600: 8590: 8570: 8525: 8145: 8104: 8088: 8045: 7955: 7933: 7849: 7695: 7624: 7554: 7496: 6829: 6729: 6375:"Eggshell Porosity Provides Insight on Evolution of Nesting in Dinosaurs" 4626: 4585: 4448:, which makes them functionally 3-chambered when under water, conserving 4406: 4237: 4182: 3692: 3390: 3031: 3014: 2927: 2783: 2295: 2250: 1990: 1896: 1505: 1477: 1454: 1436: 1332: 1320: 1268: 1142: 1127: 1069: 1064: 1049: 935: 885: 875: 865: 843: 809: 771: 760: 729: 603: 568: 560: 524: 411: 310: 220: 122: 46: 6267: 4592:. The study has found that in alligators, air enters through the second 3923: 3035: 2299: 1417: 8630: 8560: 8391: 8264: 8222: 8208: 8185: 8135: 8059: 8015: 8008: 7948: 7880: 7869: 7859: 7738: 7561: 7547: 7510: 7396: 7361: 7286: 7161: 7118: 7025: 6964: 6817: 6702: 6656: 6590: 6219: 6102:""(December 2004). "Palaeontology: pterosaur egg with a leathery shell" 5632: 5539: 5508:"Synopsis of the extinct Batrachia, Reptilia and Aves of North America" 4657: 4613: 4545: 4398: 4334: 4074: 4037: 3987: 3546: 3373: 3150: 3116: 3098: 3066: 2636: 2570: 2496: 2162: 2145: 2082: 1843: 1758: 1728: 1698: 1572: 1515: 1509: 1497: 1395: 1316: 1243: 1219: 1199:

and the joint bent about the contact between these bones and the foot.

1180: 1172: 1162: 1099: 938: 920:

classification. They were the dominant land vertebrates throughout the

905: 822: 767: 724: 646: 634: 536: 341: 300: 273: 91: 56: 5833: 5816: 5180:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

5158:"Iguana-sized dinosaur cousin discovered in Antarctica - ScienceDaily" 4634:

and fossilized embryos belonging to the non-archosaur archosauromorph

8671: 8535: 8277: 8125: 8067: 7984: 7655: 7607: 7433: 6646: 6620: 6547: 5894: 4868: 4609: 4560: 4485: 4252: 4248: 4229: 4113: 3992: 3185: 3103: 2415: 1975: 1561: 1407: 1348: 1251: 1184: 1132: 1122: 1117: 1018: 992: 917: 814: 669: 661: 653: 595: 552: 548: 513: 415: 402: 151: 96: 40: 8768: 6120: 5951: 5926: 5624: 5523: 5492: 5271: 3208: 2506: 1111: 735: 8791: 7112: 7057: 6926: 6854: 6842: 6604: 6575: 6528: 5885: 5564:(2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 4649: 4593: 4531: 4479: 4415: 4329: 4313: 4293: 4285: 4260: 3641: 2411: 1312: 1247: 1207: 1074: 1054: 942: 897: 860: 693: 556: 516: 361: 171: 86: 81: 66: 61: 51: 33: 4858: 4841: 4096: 3171: 1307:

Archosauria as a term was first coined by American paleontologist

8852: 7127: 7039: 6878: 6724: 4256: 1447: 1340: 1235: 1013: 1004: 988: 981: 921: 901: 856: 665: 638: 540: 532: 510: 181: 101: 76: 6868:

Lissamphibia (modern amphibians: frogs, salamanders, caecilians)

5173: 2612: 2119: 2054: 1655: 1624: 1463: 855:. The oldest known fossils of bird-line archosaurs are from the 8937: 8580: 7136: 7106: 6945: 6902: 6891: 6541: 4652:. In most such species the animals bury their eggs and rely on 4449: 4441: 4362:

dinosaurs were herbivores with diverse adaptations for feeding

3457: 2735: 2212: 1429: 1383: 1210:. In their ankles, the astragalus was joined to the tibia by a 1192: 838: 630: 614: 582:, which includes crocodilians and their extinct relatives; and 320: 161: 6149: 4459:, which allows the animal to eat and breathe at the same time. 575:

of living birds and crocodilians, and all of its descendants.

5346: 4512: 4467: 4437: 4433: 4289: 1371: 1296: 1275:, which includes some close relatives of archosaurs, such as 1188: 974: 928:. Very few large synapsids survived the event, but one form, 852: 756: 743:

The most obvious features include teeth set in deep sockets,

598:

teeth, and an upright stance. Some extinct reptiles, such as

520: 506: 6762:

Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish: sharks, rays, chimaeras)

664:, and the subsequent arid Triassic climate allowed the more 497: 482: 8362: 6970: 6322: 6190: 6086:

10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0227:NHORDC]2.3.CO;2

6066: 5688:

Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen

5089: 999: 689: 488: 260: 5665:. Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 295–338. 5079:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 140–159. 4954:

Living Dinosaurs: The Evolutionary History of Modern Birds

892: 4891:

Ezcurra, M. N. D.; Scheyer, T. M.; Butler, R. J. (2014).

4236:, which occurred approximately 66 million years ago, but 708:, or shared characteristics, which were present in their 641:. Archosaurs quickly diversified in the aftermath of the 5732:"The metabolic status of some Late Cretaceous dinosaurs" 1115:

Examples of avemetatarsalians. Clockwise from top-left:

6100:

Ji, Q; Ji, SA; Cheng, YN; et al. (December 2004).

5466: 4221:

Crocodylomorphs, pterosaurs and dinosaurs survived the

6241: 5414:"Is there any consensus on basal archosaur phylogeny?" 4949: 4410:

have been argued to have had a semiaquatic lifestyle.

8914: 5244: 2401:

clades, meaning that they are defined to include the

1311:

in 1869, and included a wide range of taxa including

1047:

Examples of pseudosuchians. Clockwise from top-left:

494: 491: 485: 8656: 8646: 8636: 8626: 8616: 8606: 8596: 8586: 8576: 8566: 8556: 8531: 8521: 8511: 8501: 8491: 8481: 8471: 8330: 8319: 8274: 8233: 8196: 8181: 8171: 8161: 8151: 8141: 8131: 8121: 8026: 7996: 7921: 7906: 7896: 7886: 7876: 7865: 7855: 7845: 7718: 7692: 7666: 7651: 7641: 7630: 7620: 7358: 7342: 7332: 7322: 7312: 7302: 7292: 7282: 7271: 7261: 7251: 4890: 4292:

were in line with the femur. In the early to middle

4089: 4052: 4015: 3983: 3951: 3916: 3774: 3747: 3720: 3688: 3656: 3619: 3582: 3543: 3523: 3496: 3471: 3436: 3387: 3199: 3164: 3129: 3094: 3062: 3028: 2996: 2923: 2898: 2873: 2842: 2779: 2749: 2714: 2680: 2657: 2605: 2566: 2529: 2492: 2455: 2292: 2271: 2189: 2159: 2112: 2078: 2046: 2016: 1982:. Unlike Gauthier's tree, Benton and Clark's places 1873: 1839: 1755: 1725: 1695: 1648: 1616: 1586: 1361:

Archosaur ankle types: Adapted with permission from

408: 398: 388: 378: 367: 357: 347: 337: 326: 316: 306: 296: 739:

General pattern of skull fenestration in archosaurs

479: 6451: 5512:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 5013: 4846:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 4474:Historically there has been uncertainty as to why 1029:department as archosaurs, and some cynodonts like 5663:The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods 1335:, which nowadays are considered to be more basal 699: 688:lineages were the only archosaurs to survive the 567:. Modern paleontologists define Archosauria as a 8962: 3309: (Crown group Archosauria) 578:The base of Archosauria splits into two clades: 531:representatives. Although broadly classified as 16:Group of diapsids broadly classified as reptiles 7826: 7236: 991:(lizards, snakes, crocodilians, birds) excrete 914:protomammals, stem mammals, or basal synapsids, 6566: 5815:Persons, Walter S.; Currie, Philip J. (2015). 5411: 7073: 6512: 6035: 5984: 5924: 5814: 5685: 5074: 5009: 5007: 4990:. Discovery Publishing House. pp. 78ff. 1544:analyses, archosaurs have been shown to be a 916:because they are not true reptiles by modern 692:extinction, rediversifying in the subsequent 4981: 4979: 4943: 4620:in archosaurs. However, both pterosaurs and 4436:. Non-crocodilian reptiles have 3-chambered 4271: 1302: 973:was predominantly arid, because most of the 908:. The latter group are often referred to as 825:") are known from this stage. These include 668:-resiliant archosaurs (largely due to their 543:relatives of birds and crocodilians such as 6715: 6526: 5660: 5613:Memoir (Society of Vertebrate Paleontology) 5077:The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia 4557:dinosaurs were at least fairly warm-blooded 1532:or erect (in the case of dinosaurs) gaits. 454: 7080: 7066: 6955: 6519: 6505: 6244:"Live birth in an archosauromorph reptile" 5004: 4216: 1492:and ancestral to the two groups. With the 539:sense of the term includes all living and 112: 7160: 6408: 6398: 6283: 6218: 6208: 6175: 6099: 6084: 5950: 5893: 5832: 5779: 5729: 5388: 5297: 5199: 5133: 5115: 4976: 4926: 4916: 4867: 4857: 4786: 4776: 4727: 4717: 1552:in 1986. Gauthier split Archosauria into 1331:(a group that according to Cope included 629:(reptilians closer to archosaurs than to 535:, which traditionally exclude birds, the 5645: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5551: 5549: 4496: 4484: 4275: 1262: 1110: 1042: 734: 129:) are the only living archosaur groups. 121:Birds and crocodilians (in this case, a 8976:Extant Early Triassic first appearances 6647:Thaliacea (pyrosomes, salps, doliolids) 6446: 5980: 5978: 5589:Pamphlets on Biology: Kofoid collection 5329:Archosauromorpha: Archosauria - Palaeos 4950:Gareth Dyke; Gary Kaiser, eds. (2011). 4839: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4654:temperature-dependent sex determination 4530:If the crocodilian ancestors and other 4247:Crocodilians (which include all modern 926:Permian–Triassic extinction event 893:Archosaurian domination in the Triassic 8963: 6454:Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution' 6434: 6372: 6067:Robin M. Andrews; Tom Mathies (2000). 5610: 5555: 5043:The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs 4985: 4369: 4266: 8773: 8772: 8453: 7813: 7223: 7099: 7061: 6500: 5639: 5597: 5546: 5227:Episode 38: A Not Too Shabby Podcarts 5176:"Respiratory evolution in archosaurs" 5169: 5167: 4567: 4234:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 1267:Archosauria is normally defined as a 797:, which themselves are a subgroup of 682:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 7814: 7224: 7087: 5975: 5679: 5654: 5505: 5412:Gower, D. J.; Wilkinson, M. (1996). 5405: 5068: 5040: 4884: 4824: 4811:"Archosaur Definition & Meaning" 4538:The earliest crocodylomorphs, e.g., 4428:improve the animal's oxygen supply: 2397:Ornithodira and Crurotarsi are both 649:), which wiped out most of the then- 4374:Archosaurs are mainly portrayed as 1327:(which may be related to turtles), 801:. Both the oldest archosauromorph ( 13: 8454: 6442:(3rd ed.). Blackwell Science. 6036:Lisa Grossman (January 14, 2010). 6029: 5473:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 5471:(Crocodylomorpha: Sphenosuchia)". 5421:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 5164: 4958:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 4515:, which originates from the right 4259:) and birds flourish today in the 4223:Triassic–Jurassic extinction event 837:(both of which have been found in 14: 8992: 8981:Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope 6473: 4608:Most (if not all) archosaurs are 4397:Two clades of ornithodirans, the 1257: 807:) and the oldest archosauriform ( 776:Permian-Triassic extinction event 8948: 8936: 8924: 8753: 8752: 8436: 8430: 8423: 7795: 7787: 7780: 6790:Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) 6177:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.01028.x 4280:Hip joints and hindlimb postures 4117: 4095: 4058: 4021: 3991: 3922: 3803: 3780: 3696: 3664: 3625: 3590: 3549: 3479: 3442: 3393: 3227: 3207: 3170: 3135: 3102: 3034: 2931: 2906: 2881: 2808: 2787: 2755: 2720: 2688: 2663: 2611: 2580: 2542: 2505: 2468: 2327: 2298: 2216: 2195: 2165: 2118: 2087: 2053: 2022: 1899: 1879: 1848: 1782: 1761: 1731: 1701: 1654: 1623: 1592: 1462: 1446: 1428: 1416: 977:'s land was concentrated in the 643:Permian-Triassic mass extinction 475: 138: 44: 6366: 6316: 6300: 6235: 6184: 6143: 6093: 6060: 6038:"Alligators breathe like birds" 5927:"Evolution: Warm-hearted crocs" 5918: 5865: 5808: 5773: 5730:Ruben, J.; et al. (1996). 5723: 5714: 5582: 5499: 5460: 5457:, 3rd ed. Blackwell Science Ltd 5447: 5340: 5322: 5265: 5238: 5216: 5150: 5083: 5059: 4603: 4572:A recent study of the lungs of 4506:footprint in Triassic sediments 4418:also adapted to this lifestyle. 1496:of the 1980s and 90s, in which 5034: 4803: 4744: 4681: 4670:2022 in archosaur paleontology 1476:Cope's term was a Greek-Latin 1400: 1388: 1376: 1234:("bird ankles") appear in the 700:Distinguishing characteristics 1: 5802:10.1126/science.278.5341.1267 5759:10.1126/science.273.5279.1204 5506:Cope, Edward Drinker (1869). 5018:. Palaeos.com. Archived from 4675: 4422: 1038: 889:(a possible early dinosaur). 793:Archosaurs are a subgroup of 6400:10.1371/journal.pone.0142829 5117:10.1371/journal.pone.0259369 5016:"Archosauromorpha: Overview" 4918:10.1371/journal.pone.0089165 4719:10.1371/journal.pone.0025693 4656:. The notable exception are 4588:, which are responsible for 4312:) and also appeared in some 1556:, the crocodilian line, and 1535: 684:(~66 Ma). Birds and several 590:characteristics, such as an 276:and their extinct relatives) 263:and their extinct relatives) 7: 6621:Appendicularia (larvaceans) 6458:. New York: W. H. Freeman. 4663: 4644:Archosaurs are ancestrally 1469:"Advanced" mesotarsal ankle 924:, but most perished in the 573:most recent common ancestor 10: 8997: 7048:denote paraphyletic groups 6927:Squamata (scaled reptiles) 6428: 6352:10.2110/palo.2005.p05-137r 5373:10.1038/s41598-019-55768-6 4574:Alligator mississippiensis 4466:mechanism for pumping the 4344:. The large crocodyliform 4201:* Nesbitt did not include 1423:Primitive mesotarsal ankle 900:are a clade that includes 817:stage (247–251 Ma) of the 788: 755:(a prominent ridge on the 613:The oldest true archosaur 8781: 8748: 8699: 8670: 8545: 8464: 8460: 8449: 8420: 8373: 8344: 8308: 8299: 8273: 8262: 8232: 8195: 8117: 8113: 8102: 8025: 7995: 7920: 7841: 7837: 7822: 7809: 7778: 7748: 7717: 7691: 7665: 7616: 7605: 7486: 7458: 7386: 7370: 7356: 7247: 7232: 7219: 7187: 7169: 7156: 7095: 7019: 6965:Crocodilia (crocodilians) 6936: 6921:Rhynchocephalia (tuatara) 6911: 6900: 6887: 6876: 6863: 6852: 6838: 6827: 6813: 6798: 6785: 6770: 6757: 6742: 6711: 6700: 6664: 6655: 6636: 6629: 6616: 6603: 6599: 6588: 6562: 6536: 6491:Mikko's Phylogeny Archive 6210:10.1017/S1755691016000165 5700:10.1127/njgpa/180/1990/21 5299:10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.044 5259:10.11646/zootaxa.2382.1.1 5041:Paul, Gregory S. (2016). 5014:White, T.; Kazlev, M. A. 4778:10.1186/s12862-016-0761-6 4690:"The sail-backed reptile 4272:Hip joints and locomotion 4110: 4087: 4080: 4050: 4043: 4013: 4006: 3981: 3974: 3949: 3942: 3914: 3907: 3795: 3772: 3765: 3745: 3738: 3718: 3711: 3686: 3679: 3654: 3647: 3617: 3610: 3580: 3573: 3541: 3521: 3514: 3494: 3469: 3462: 3434: 3427: 3413: 3385: 3378: 3222: 3197: 3190: 3162: 3155: 3127: 3120: 3092: 3085: 3060: 3053: 3026: 3019: 2994: 2987: 2921: 2896: 2871: 2864: 2840: 2833: 2802: 2777: 2770: 2747: 2740: 2712: 2678: 2655: 2648: 2641: 2629: 2603: 2596: 2564: 2557: 2527: 2520: 2490: 2483: 2453: 2446: 2322: 2290: 2269: 2262: 2255: 2210: 2187: 2180: 2157: 2150: 2138: 2110: 2103: 2076: 2069: 2044: 2037: 2014: 2007: 1969:In 1988, paleontologists 1894: 1871: 1864: 1837: 1830: 1776: 1753: 1746: 1723: 1716: 1693: 1686: 1674: 1646: 1639: 1614: 1607: 1584: 1577: 1303:History of classification 1158:Pentaceratops sternbergii 1138:Tsintaosaurus spinorhinus 728:, which were outside the 621:period, though the first 436: 429: 251: 246: 135:Scientific classification 133: 120: 111: 23: 7026:Ascidiacea (sea squirts) 6818:Actinistia (coelacanths) 4757:BMC Evolutionary Biology 4228:Non-avian dinosaurs and 1230:The earliest fossils of 1128:Alamosaurus sanjuanensis 1090:Chenanisuchus lateroculi 1080:Pedeticosaurus leviseuri 656:competitors such as the 565:Mesozoic marine reptiles 6576:Leptocardii (lancelets) 6440:Vertebrate Paleontology 6007:10.1126/science.1180219 5532:2027/nyp.33433090912423 5455:Vertebrate Paleontology 4750: 4323: 4217:Extinction and survival 998:Modern mammals excrete 906:their extinct ancestors 6730:Hyperoartia (lampreys) 6373:Tanaka, Kohei (2015). 5925:Summers, A.P. (2005). 5874:Physiol. Biochem. Zool 5433:10.1098/rspb.1996.0205 5192:10.1098/rstb.2019.0140 4840:Nesbitt, S.J. (2011). 4507: 4494: 4281: 1564:from Gauthier (1986): 1206:appeared early in the 1176: 1148:Daspletosaurus torosus 1108: 859:stage (247–242 Ma) of 740: 8887:Paleobiology Database 6248:Nature Communications 6048:on September 29, 2012 5453:Benton, M.J. (2005). 4986:Khanna, D.R. (2004). 4500: 4488: 4279: 4242:phylogenetic taxonomy 1263:Modern classification 1114: 1046: 912:but should be termed 910:mammal-like reptiles, 804:Protorosaurus speneri 738: 8943:Evolutionary biology 6946:Testudines (turtles) 5591:, vol. 2900 (1878), 5284:(13): 2955–2963.e4. 5022:on December 20, 2010 4550:Carrier's constraint 4404:Some dinosaurs like 4298:Carrier's constraint 2403:last common ancestor 1494:cladistic revolution 1435:Crocodilian form of 959:and other synapsids. 951:Carrier's constraint 810:Archosaurus rossicus 749:mandibular fenestrae 710:last common ancestor 680:period up until the 7040:Reptilia (reptiles) 6748:(jawed vertebrates) 6391:2015PLoSO..1042829T 6344:2007Palai..22..465A 6268:10.1038/ncomms14445 6260:2017NatCo...814445L 6168:2011Palgy..54..309O 5999:2010Sci...327..338F 5943:2005Natur.434..833S 5794:1997Sci...278.1267R 5788:(5341): 1267–1270. 5751:1996Sci...273.1204R 5485:2005CaJES..42..307G 5427:(1375): 1399–1406. 5365:2019NatSR...919302H 5290:2021CBio...31E2955B 5108:2021PLoSO..1659369K 4988:Biology Of Reptiles 4909:2014PLoSO...989165E 4769:2016BMCEE..16..188F 4710:2011PLoSO...625693B 4444:. They also have a 4370:Land, water and air 4310:paracrocodylomorphs 4267:Archosaur lifestyle 3606:Paracrocodylomorpha 1309:Edward Drinker Cope 1070:Saurosuchus galilei 1060:Gavialis gangeticus 617:are known from the 592:antorbital fenestra 545:non-avian dinosaurs 8722:Ichthyosauromorpha 8712:Drepanosauromorpha 6892:Mammalia (mammals) 6804:(lobe-finned fish) 6776:(bony vertebrates) 5353:Scientific Reports 5334:2005-04-05 at the 5232:2016-01-27 at the 5186:(1793): 20190140. 4578:American alligator 4568:Respiratory system 4521:foramen of Panizza 4508: 4495: 4282: 1529:A.R.I. Cruickshank 1187:were fixed to the 1177: 1118:Tupuxuara leonardi 1109: 1100:Dakosaurus maximus 1050:Longosuchus meadei 1022:) and land crocs." 841:), as well as the 741: 637:) appeared in the 571:that includes the 288:uncertain affinity 8912: 8911: 8775:Taxon identifiers 8766: 8765: 8744: 8743: 8740: 8739: 8445: 8444: 8418: 8417: 8414: 8413: 8410: 8409: 8406: 8405: 8402: 8401: 8258: 8257: 8098: 8097: 7805: 7804: 7776: 7775: 7772: 7771: 7768: 7767: 7601: 7600: 7591:Sharovipterygidae 7460:Sharovipterygidae 7404:Dinocephalosaurus 7215: 7214: 7211: 7210: 7207: 7206: 7055: 7054: 7037:³orders of class 7023:¹orders of class 7015: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7007: 7006: 7003: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6995: 6994: 6991: 6990: 6987: 6986: 6983: 6982: 6979: 6978: 6843:Dipnoi (lungfish) 6738: 6737: 6696: 6695: 6692: 6691: 6688: 6687: 6684: 6683: 6584: 6583: 6465:978-0-7167-1822-2 6312:978-0-691-15061-1 5993:(5963): 338–340. 5937:(7035): 833–834. 5834:10.1111/evo.12634 5745:(5279): 120–147. 5672:978-0-19-857712-6 5575:978-0-520-24209-8 5052:978-0-691-16766-4 4997:978-81-7141-907-4 4969:978-0-470-65666-2 4637:Dinocephalosaurus 4476:natural selection 4341:Phyllodontosuchus 4213: 4212: 4199: 4198: 4190: 4189: 4175: 4174: 4166: 4165: 4157: 4156: 4148: 4147: 4139: 4138: 4130: 4129: 3889: 3888: 3880: 3879: 3871: 3870: 3862: 3861: 3853: 3852: 3844: 3843: 3835: 3834: 3826: 3825: 3817: 3816: 3562: 3561: 3358: 3357: 3349: 3348: 3340: 3339: 3331: 3330: 3322: 3321: 3313: 3312: 3303: 3302: 3294: 3293: 3285: 3284: 3276: 3275: 3267: 3266: 3258: 3257: 3249: 3248: 3240: 3239: 2971: 2970: 2962: 2961: 2953: 2952: 2944: 2943: 2822: 2821: 2701: 2700: 2609:Proterochampsidae 2394: 2393: 2385: 2384: 2376: 2375: 2367: 2366: 2358: 2357: 2349: 2348: 2340: 2339: 2311: 2310: 2239: 2238: 2230: 2229: 2116:Proterochampsidae 1966: 1965: 1957: 1956: 1948: 1947: 1939: 1938: 1930: 1929: 1921: 1920: 1912: 1911: 1814: 1813: 1805: 1804: 1796: 1795: 1652:Proterochampsidae 1524:Sankar Chatterjee 1484:"leader, ruler". 1329:rhynchocephalians 783:vomeronasal organ 753:fourth trochanter 448: 447: 442: 424: 423: 277: 264: 242: 8988: 8953: 8952: 8951: 8941: 8940: 8929: 8928: 8927: 8920: 8905: 8904: 8895: 8894: 8882: 8881: 8869: 8868: 8856: 8855: 8843: 8842: 8830: 8829: 8817: 8816: 8815: 8802: 8801: 8800: 8770: 8769: 8756: 8755: 8700:Possible members 8658: 8648: 8638: 8628: 8618: 8608: 8598: 8588: 8578: 8568: 8558: 8533: 8523: 8513: 8503: 8493: 8483: 8473: 8462: 8461: 8451: 8450: 8440: 8434: 8428: 8427: 8332: 8321: 8306: 8305: 8276: 8271: 8270: 8235: 8198: 8183: 8173: 8163: 8153: 8143: 8133: 8123: 8115: 8114: 8111: 8110: 8028: 7998: 7923: 7908: 7898: 7888: 7878: 7867: 7857: 7847: 7839: 7838: 7835: 7834: 7829:Archosauriformes 7824: 7823: 7816:Archosauriformes 7811: 7810: 7800: 7799: 7792: 7791: 7784: 7750:Archosauriformes 7720: 7694: 7668: 7653: 7643: 7635:Cryptovaranoides 7632: 7622: 7614: 7613: 7541:Langobardisaurus 7427:Protanystropheus 7388:Trachelosauridae 7368: 7367: 7360: 7347:Vritramimosaurus 7344: 7334: 7324: 7314: 7307:Mecistotrachelos 7304: 7294: 7284: 7273: 7263: 7256:Aenigmastropheus 7253: 7245: 7244: 7239:Archosauromorpha 7234: 7233: 7226:Archosauromorpha 7221: 7220: 7189:Archosauromorpha 7167: 7166: 7158: 7157: 7151: 7150: 7097: 7096: 7089:Archosauromorpha 7082: 7075: 7068: 7059: 7058: 6953: 6952: 6909: 6908: 6905: 6885: 6884: 6881: 6861: 6860: 6857: 6836: 6835: 6832: 6811: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6783: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6755: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6725:Myxini (hagfish) 6713: 6712: 6709: 6708: 6705: 6662: 6661: 6634: 6633: 6614: 6613: 6609: 6601: 6600: 6597: 6596: 6593: 6564: 6563: 6521: 6514: 6507: 6498: 6497: 6469: 6457: 6443: 6423: 6422: 6412: 6402: 6385:(11): e0142829. 6370: 6364: 6363: 6329: 6320: 6314: 6304: 6298: 6297: 6287: 6239: 6233: 6232: 6222: 6212: 6188: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6147: 6141: 6140: 6106: 6097: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6064: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6053: 6044:. Archived from 6033: 6027: 6026: 5982: 5973: 5972: 5954: 5922: 5916: 5915: 5897: 5880:(6): 1051–1067. 5869: 5863: 5862: 5836: 5812: 5806: 5805: 5777: 5771: 5770: 5736: 5727: 5721: 5718: 5712: 5711: 5683: 5677: 5676: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5643: 5637: 5636: 5608: 5595: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5563: 5553: 5544: 5543: 5503: 5497: 5496: 5464: 5458: 5451: 5445: 5444: 5418: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5392: 5344: 5338: 5326: 5320: 5319: 5301: 5269: 5263: 5262: 5242: 5236: 5220: 5214: 5213: 5203: 5171: 5162: 5161: 5154: 5148: 5147: 5137: 5119: 5102:(11): e0259369. 5087: 5081: 5080: 5072: 5066: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5038: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5011: 5002: 5001: 4983: 4974: 4973: 4957: 4947: 4941: 4940: 4930: 4920: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4871: 4861: 4837: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4818: 4813:. Dictionary.com 4807: 4801: 4800: 4790: 4780: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4731: 4721: 4685: 4594:bronchial branch 4525:pulmonary artery 4457:secondary palate 4446:pulmonary bypass 4388:Metriorhynchidae 4350:may have been a 4232:perished in the 4121: 4099: 4091: 4083: 4082: 4062: 4054: 4046: 4045: 4025: 4017: 4009: 4008: 3995: 3985: 3977: 3976: 3953: 3945: 3944: 3926: 3920:Pterosauromorpha 3918: 3910: 3909: 3808: 3807: 3784: 3776: 3768: 3767: 3749: 3741: 3740: 3722: 3714: 3713: 3700: 3690: 3682: 3681: 3668: 3658: 3650: 3649: 3629: 3621: 3613: 3612: 3594: 3584: 3576: 3575: 3553: 3545: 3525: 3517: 3516: 3498: 3483: 3473: 3465: 3464: 3446: 3438: 3430: 3429: 3416: 3415: 3397: 3389: 3381: 3380: 3369: 3368: 3363:Sterling Nesbitt 3231: 3211: 3201: 3193: 3192: 3174: 3166: 3158: 3157: 3139: 3131: 3123: 3122: 3106: 3096: 3088: 3087: 3064: 3056: 3055: 3038: 3030: 3022: 3021: 2998: 2990: 2989: 2935: 2925: 2910: 2900: 2885: 2875: 2867: 2866: 2844: 2836: 2835: 2813: 2812: 2791: 2781: 2773: 2772: 2759: 2753:Stagonolepididae 2751: 2743: 2742: 2724: 2716: 2692: 2682: 2667: 2659: 2651: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2632: 2631: 2615: 2607: 2599: 2598: 2585: 2584: 2568: 2560: 2559: 2546: 2531: 2523: 2522: 2509: 2502:Prolacertiformes 2494: 2486: 2485: 2472: 2457: 2449: 2448: 2437: 2436: 2331: 2302: 2294: 2273: 2265: 2264: 2258: 2257: 2221: 2220: 2199: 2191: 2183: 2182: 2169: 2161: 2153: 2152: 2141: 2140: 2122: 2114: 2106: 2105: 2092: 2091: 2080: 2072: 2071: 2058: 2057: 2048: 2040: 2039: 2026: 2018: 2010: 2009: 2003:Archosauriformes 1998: 1997: 1980:stem-based taxon 1903: 1883: 1875: 1867: 1866: 1853: 1852: 1841: 1833: 1832: 1787: 1786: 1765: 1757: 1749: 1748: 1735: 1727: 1719: 1718: 1705: 1697: 1689: 1688: 1677: 1676: 1658: 1650: 1642: 1641: 1628: 1627: 1618: 1610: 1609: 1596: 1588: 1580: 1579: 1568: 1567: 1550:Jacques Gauthier 1466: 1450: 1432: 1420: 1410: 1405: 1401: 1398: 1393: 1389: 1386: 1381: 1377: 1374: 1369: 1337:archosauromorphs 1277:proterochampsids 1273:Archosauriformes 1010:Plio-Pleistocene 799:archosauromorphs 627:archosauromorphs 608:Archosauriformes 563:as well as many 504: 503: 500: 499: 496: 493: 490: 487: 484: 481: 468: 465: 462: 459: 456: 440: 410: 400: 390: 380: 369: 359: 349: 339: 328: 318: 308: 298: 282: 281: 271: 258: 237: 208:Archosauriformes 195:Archosauromorpha 143: 142: 127:mugger crocodile 116: 106: 43: 27:Temporal range: 21: 20: 8996: 8995: 8991: 8990: 8989: 8987: 8986: 8985: 8961: 8960: 8959: 8949: 8947: 8935: 8925: 8923: 8915: 8913: 8908: 8900: 8898: 8890: 8885: 8877: 8872: 8864: 8859: 8851: 8846: 8838: 8833: 8825: 8820: 8811: 8810: 8805: 8796: 8795: 8790: 8777: 8767: 8762: 8736: 8717:Kuehneosauridae 8695: 8666: 8651:Vjushkovisaurus 8541: 8516:Protecovasaurus 8456: 8441: 8422: 8398: 8369: 8357:Avemetatarsalia 8346:Avemetatarsalia 8340: 8295: 8267: 8254: 8248:Proterochampsia 8237:Proterochampsia 8228: 8191: 8107: 8094: 8039:Bharitalasuchus 8030:Erythrosuchidae 8021: 7991: 7925:Proterosuchidae 7916: 7911:Syntomiprosopus 7831: 7818: 7801: 7794: 7786: 7764: 7744: 7713: 7687: 7661: 7610: 7597: 7569:Sclerostropheus 7504:Augustaburiania 7488:Tanystropheidae 7482: 7454: 7441:Sclerostropheus 7382: 7364: 7352: 7276:Elachistosuchus 7241: 7228: 7203: 7183: 7152: 7102: 7101: 7091: 7086: 7056: 7051: 7031:²subclasses of 6975: 6951: 6932: 6901: 6896: 6877: 6872: 6853: 6848: 6828: 6823: 6803: 6802: 6799: 6794: 6775: 6774: 6771: 6766: 6747: 6746: 6743: 6734: 6701: 6680: 6675:Aplousobranchia 6651: 6641:Stolidobranchia 6625: 6607: 6606: 6589: 6580: 6568:Cephalochordata 6558: 6532: 6525: 6476: 6466: 6431: 6426: 6371: 6367: 6327: 6321: 6317: 6305: 6301: 6240: 6236: 6189: 6185: 6148: 6144: 6121:10.1038/432572a 6104: 6098: 6094: 6065: 6061: 6051: 6049: 6034: 6030: 5983: 5976: 5952:10.1038/434833a 5923: 5919: 5870: 5866: 5813: 5809: 5778: 5774: 5734: 5728: 5724: 5719: 5715: 5684: 5680: 5673: 5659: 5655: 5644: 5640: 5625:10.2307/3889336 5609: 5598: 5587: 5583: 5576: 5554: 5547: 5524:10.2307/1005355 5504: 5500: 5493:10.1139/e05-005 5465: 5461: 5452: 5448: 5416: 5410: 5406: 5345: 5341: 5336:Wayback Machine 5327: 5323: 5278:Current Biology 5270: 5266: 5243: 5239: 5234:Wayback Machine 5221: 5217: 5172: 5165: 5156: 5155: 5151: 5088: 5084: 5073: 5069: 5064: 5060: 5053: 5039: 5035: 5025: 5023: 5012: 5005: 4998: 4984: 4977: 4970: 4948: 4944: 4889: 4885: 4838: 4825: 4816: 4814: 4809: 4808: 4804: 4749: 4745: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4666: 4632:metriorhynchids 4606: 4570: 4563:to do the same. 4541:Terrestrisuchus 4491:Terrestrisuchus 4425: 4372: 4356:Sauropodomorphs 4326: 4284:Like the early 4274: 4269: 4219: 4214: 4200: 4191: 4176: 4167: 4158: 4149: 4140: 4131: 4093:Sauropodomorpha 3969:Dinosauriformes 3938:Dinosauromorpha 3902:Avemetatarsalia 3890: 3881: 3872: 3863: 3854: 3845: 3836: 3827: 3818: 3802: 3799:Crocodylomorpha 3563: 3440:Ornithosuchidae 3359: 3350: 3341: 3332: 3323: 3314: 3304: 3295: 3286: 3277: 3268: 3259: 3250: 3241: 3168:Sauropodomorpha 3081:Dinosauriformes 3050:Dinosauromorpha 2983:Avemetatarsalia 2972: 2963: 2954: 2945: 2823: 2807: 2805:Crocodylomorpha 2718:Ornithosuchidae 2702: 2579: 2539:Proterosuchidae 2395: 2386: 2377: 2368: 2359: 2350: 2341: 2325:Dinosauromorpha 2312: 2240: 2231: 2215: 2193:Ornithosuchidae 2086: 2052: 2050:Erythrosuchidae 2020:Proterosuchidae 1967: 1958: 1949: 1940: 1931: 1922: 1913: 1877:Ornithosuchidae 1847: 1815: 1806: 1797: 1781: 1779:Crocodylomorpha 1622: 1620:Erythrosuchidae 1590:Proterosuchidae 1538: 1474: 1473: 1472: 1471: 1470: 1467: 1459: 1458: 1451: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1433: 1425: 1424: 1421: 1412: 1411: 1403: 1402: 1399: 1391: 1390: 1387: 1379: 1378: 1375: 1367: 1366: 1365: 1325:sauropterygians 1305: 1265: 1260: 1240:Middle Triassic 1232:Avemetatarsalia 1225:Ornithosuchidae 1105:thalattosuchian 1041: 895: 795:archosauriforms 791: 714:archosauriforms 702: 678:Middle Triassic 623:archosauriforms 584:Avemetatarsalia 527:being the only 478: 474: 466: 464:ruling reptiles 463: 460: 457: 425: 372:Protecovasaurus 289: 287: 270: 257: 255:Avemetatarsalia 236: 137: 107: 105: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 49: 38: 37: 28: 25: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8994: 8984: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8958: 8957: 8945: 8933: 8910: 8909: 8907: 8906: 8896: 8883: 8870: 8857: 8844: 8831: 8818: 8803: 8787: 8785: 8779: 8778: 8764: 8763: 8761: 8760: 8749: 8746: 8745: 8742: 8741: 8738: 8737: 8735: 8734: 8732:Thalattosauria 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8703: 8701: 8697: 8696: 8694: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8677: 8675: 8668: 8667: 8665: 8664: 8654: 8644: 8634: 8624: 8614: 8604: 8594: 8584: 8574: 8564: 8553: 8551: 8543: 8542: 8540: 8539: 8529: 8519: 8509: 8499: 8489: 8479: 8468: 8466: 8458: 8457: 8455:Related topics 8447: 8446: 8443: 8442: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8415: 8412: 8411: 8408: 8407: 8404: 8403: 8400: 8399: 8397: 8396: 8395: 8394: 8388: 8379: 8377: 8371: 8370: 8368: 8367: 8366: 8365: 8359: 8350: 8348: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8338: 8328: 8316: 8314: 8311:Incertae sedis 8303: 8297: 8296: 8294: 8293: 8292: 8291: 8282: 8280: 8268: 8263: 8260: 8259: 8256: 8255: 8253: 8252: 8251: 8250: 8241: 8239: 8230: 8229: 8227: 8226: 8219: 8216:Halazhaisuchus 8212: 8204: 8202: 8193: 8192: 8190: 8189: 8179: 8169: 8166:Marcianosuchus 8159: 8149: 8139: 8129: 8118: 8108: 8103: 8100: 8099: 8096: 8095: 8093: 8092: 8085: 8078: 8075:Guchengosuchus 8071: 8064: 8056: 8049: 8042: 8034: 8032: 8023: 8022: 8020: 8019: 8012: 8004: 8002: 7993: 7992: 7990: 7989: 7981: 7973: 7966: 7959: 7952: 7945: 7941:Chasmatosuchus 7937: 7929: 7927: 7918: 7917: 7915: 7914: 7904: 7894: 7884: 7874: 7863: 7853: 7842: 7832: 7827: 7820: 7819: 7807: 7806: 7803: 7802: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7773: 7770: 7769: 7766: 7765: 7763: 7762: 7761: 7760: 7754: 7752: 7746: 7745: 7743: 7742: 7735: 7727: 7725: 7715: 7714: 7712: 7711: 7710: 7709: 7700: 7698: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7685: 7684: 7683: 7681:Allokotosauria 7674: 7672: 7670:Allokotosauria 7663: 7662: 7660: 7659: 7649: 7646:Tasmaniosaurus 7639: 7628: 7617: 7611: 7606: 7603: 7602: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7595: 7587: 7580: 7573: 7565: 7558: 7551: 7544: 7537: 7534:Gwyneddosaurus 7530: 7522: 7514: 7507: 7500: 7492: 7490: 7484: 7483: 7481: 7480: 7473: 7465: 7463: 7456: 7455: 7453: 7452: 7449:Trachelosaurus 7445: 7437: 7430: 7423: 7415: 7407: 7400: 7392: 7390: 7384: 7383: 7381: 7380: 7371: 7365: 7357: 7354: 7353: 7351: 7350: 7340: 7330: 7320: 7317:Prolacertoides 7310: 7300: 7297:Malutinisuchus 7290: 7280: 7269: 7259: 7248: 7242: 7237: 7230: 7229: 7217: 7216: 7213: 7212: 7209: 7208: 7205: 7204: 7202: 7201: 7200: 7199: 7193: 7191: 7185: 7184: 7182: 7181: 7180: 7179: 7170: 7164: 7154: 7153: 7149: 7148: 7139: 7130: 7121: 7115: 7109: 7093: 7092: 7085: 7084: 7077: 7070: 7062: 7053: 7052: 7050: 7049: 7043: 7035: 7029: 7020: 7017: 7016: 7013: 7012: 7009: 7008: 7005: 7004: 7001: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6993: 6992: 6989: 6988: 6985: 6984: 6981: 6980: 6977: 6976: 6974: 6973: 6968: 6961: 6959: 6950: 6949: 6942: 6940: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6930: 6924: 6917: 6915: 6906: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6894: 6888: 6882: 6874: 6873: 6871: 6870: 6864: 6858: 6850: 6849: 6847: 6846: 6839: 6833: 6825: 6824: 6822: 6821: 6814: 6808: 6796: 6795: 6793: 6792: 6786: 6780: 6768: 6767: 6765: 6764: 6758: 6752: 6740: 6739: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6732: 6727: 6721: 6719: 6706: 6698: 6697: 6694: 6693: 6690: 6689: 6686: 6685: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6678: 6672: 6669:Phlebobranchia 6665: 6659: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6649: 6644: 6637: 6631: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6623: 6617: 6611: 6594: 6586: 6585: 6582: 6581: 6579: 6578: 6572: 6570: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6556: 6550: 6544: 6537: 6534: 6533: 6524: 6523: 6516: 6509: 6501: 6495: 6494: 6488: 6482: 6475: 6474:External links 6472: 6471: 6470: 6464: 6448:Carroll, R. L. 6444: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6424: 6365: 6338:(5): 465–475. 6315: 6299: 6234: 6203:(4): 247–255. 6183: 6162:(2): 309–321. 6142: 6092: 6079:(3): 227–238. 6059: 6028: 5974: 5917: 5886:10.1086/422766 5864: 5827:(4): 857–862. 5807: 5772: 5722: 5713: 5678: 5671: 5653: 5638: 5596: 5581: 5574: 5560:The Dinosauria 5545: 5498: 5479:(3): 307–321. 5459: 5446: 5404: 5339: 5321: 5264: 5237: 5215: 5163: 5149: 5082: 5067: 5058: 5051: 5033: 5003: 4996: 4975: 4968: 4942: 4883: 4823: 4802: 4743: 4704:(10): e25693. 4692:Ctenosauriscus 4679: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4672: 4665: 4662: 4646:superprecocial 4605: 4602: 4569: 4566: 4565: 4564: 4553: 4472: 4471: 4464:hepatic piston 4460: 4453: 4424: 4421: 4420: 4419: 4412:Hesperornithes 4402: 4395: 4378:animals, but: 4371: 4368: 4325: 4322: 4318: 4317: 4305: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4218: 4215: 4211: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4197: 4196: 4193: 4192: 4188: 4187: 4178: 4177: 4173: 4172: 4169: 4168: 4164: 4163: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4146: 4145: 4142: 4141: 4137: 4136: 4133: 4132: 4128: 4127: 4124: 4123: 4109: 4106: 4105: 4102: 4101: 4086: 4081: 4079: 4069: 4068: 4065: 4064: 4049: 4044: 4042: 4032: 4031: 4028: 4027: 4012: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4001: 3998: 3997: 3980: 3975: 3973: 3963: 3962: 3959: 3958: 3948: 3943: 3941: 3933: 3932: 3929: 3928: 3913: 3908: 3906: 3905: / 3896: 3895: 3892: 3891: 3887: 3886: 3883: 3882: 3878: 3877: 3874: 3873: 3869: 3868: 3865: 3864: 3860: 3859: 3856: 3855: 3851: 3850: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3841: 3838: 3837: 3833: 3832: 3829: 3828: 3824: 3823: 3820: 3819: 3815: 3814: 3811: 3810: 3794: 3791: 3790: 3787: 3786: 3771: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3760: 3757: 3756: 3744: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3733: 3730: 3729: 3717: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3703: 3702: 3685: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3674: 3671: 3670: 3653: 3648: 3646: 3636: 3635: 3632: 3631: 3616: 3611: 3609: 3601: 3600: 3597: 3596: 3579: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3568: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3559: 3556: 3555: 3540: 3537: 3536: 3533: 3532: 3528:Revueltosaurus 3520: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3509: 3506: 3505: 3493: 3490: 3489: 3486: 3485: 3468: 3463: 3461: 3453: 3452: 3449: 3448: 3433: 3428: 3426: 3414: 3412: 3404: 3403: 3400: 3399: 3384: 3379: 3377: 3367: 3356: 3355: 3352: 3351: 3347: 3346: 3343: 3342: 3338: 3337: 3334: 3333: 3329: 3328: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3319: 3316: 3315: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3305: 3301: 3300: 3297: 3296: 3292: 3291: 3288: 3287: 3283: 3282: 3279: 3278: 3274: 3273: 3270: 3269: 3265: 3264: 3261: 3260: 3256: 3255: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3246: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3237: 3234: 3233: 3221: 3218: 3217: 3214: 3213: 3196: 3191: 3189: 3181: 3180: 3177: 3176: 3161: 3156: 3154: 3146: 3145: 3142: 3141: 3126: 3121: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3109: 3108: 3091: 3086: 3084: 3076: 3075: 3072: 3071: 3059: 3054: 3052: 3045: 3044: 3041: 3040: 3025: 3020: 3018: 3010: 3009: 3006: 3005: 2993: 2988: 2986: 2978: 2977: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2968: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2959: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2950: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2941: 2938: 2937: 2920: 2917: 2916: 2913: 2912: 2895: 2892: 2891: 2888: 2887: 2870: 2865: 2863: 2861:Prestosuchidae 2856: 2855: 2852: 2851: 2839: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2828: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2819: 2816: 2815: 2801: 2798: 2797: 2794: 2793: 2776: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2765: 2762: 2761: 2746: 2741: 2739: 2731: 2730: 2727: 2726: 2711: 2708: 2707: 2704: 2703: 2699: 2698: 2695: 2694: 2677: 2674: 2673: 2670: 2669: 2654: 2649: 2647: 2642: 2640: 2630: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2618: 2617: 2602: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2591: 2588: 2587: 2563: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2552: 2549: 2548: 2526: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2515: 2512: 2511: 2489: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2478: 2475: 2474: 2452: 2447: 2445: 2435: 2408:ornithosuchids 2392: 2391: 2388: 2387: 2383: 2382: 2379: 2378: 2374: 2373: 2370: 2369: 2365: 2364: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2355: 2352: 2351: 2347: 2346: 2343: 2342: 2338: 2337: 2334: 2333: 2321: 2318: 2317: 2314: 2313: 2309: 2308: 2305: 2304: 2289: 2286: 2285: 2282: 2281: 2268: 2263: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2246: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2237: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2228: 2227: 2224: 2223: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2202: 2201: 2186: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2172: 2171: 2156: 2151: 2149: 2139: 2137: 2129: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2109: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2098: 2095: 2094: 2075: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2043: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2029: 2028: 2013: 2008: 2006: 1996: 1971:Michael Benton 1964: 1963: 1960: 1959: 1955: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1946: 1945: 1942: 1941: 1937: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1928: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1919: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1910: 1909: 1906: 1905: 1893: 1890: 1889: 1886: 1885: 1870: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1836: 1831: 1829: 1821: 1820: 1817: 1816: 1812: 1811: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1794: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1775: 1772: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1752: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1722: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1692: 1687: 1685: 1675: 1673: 1665: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1645: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1613: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1583: 1578: 1576: 1566: 1537: 1534: 1468: 1461: 1460: 1452: 1445: 1444: 1443: 1434: 1427: 1426: 1422: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1360: 1359: 1358: 1357: 1304: 1301: 1293:erythrosuchids 1289:proterosuchids 1264: 1261: 1259: 1258:Classification 1256: 1040: 1037: 1032:Trucidocynodon 1026: 1025: 1024: 1023: 996: 979:supercontinent 971:Early Triassic 967: 960: 894: 891: 863:, and include 849:ctenosauriscid 819:Early Triassic 790: 787: 706:synapomorphies 701: 698: 674:urinary system 619:Early Triassic 600:proterosuchids 594:in the skull, 446: 445: 444: 443: 434: 433: 427: 426: 422: 421: 420: 419: 406: 396: 386: 376: 365: 355: 345: 335: 331:Incertovenator 324: 314: 304: 291: 290: 285: 280: 279: 278: 265: 249: 248: 244: 243: 231: 224: 223: 218: 211: 210: 205: 198: 197: 192: 185: 184: 179: 175: 174: 169: 165: 164: 159: 155: 154: 149: 145: 144: 131: 130: 118: 117: 109: 108: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 50: 45: 30:Early Triassic 26: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8993: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8968: 8966: 8956: 8946: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8932: 8922: 8921: 8918: 8903: 8897: 8893: 8888: 8884: 8880: 8875: 8871: 8867: 8862: 8858: 8854: 8849: 8845: 8841: 8836: 8832: 8828: 8823: 8819: 8814: 8808: 8804: 8799: 8793: 8789: 8788: 8786: 8784: 8780: 8776: 8771: 8759: 8751: 8750: 8747: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8727:Sauropterygia 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8704: 8702: 8698: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8686:Protorosauria 8684: 8682: 8681:Proterosuchia 8679: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8669: 8663: 8662: 8655: 8653: 8652: 8645: 8643: 8642: 8635: 8633: 8632: 8625: 8623: 8622: 8615: 8613: 8612: 8605: 8603: 8602: 8595: 8593: 8592: 8585: 8583: 8582: 8575: 8573: 8572: 8565: 8563: 8562: 8555: 8554: 8552: 8550: 8549: 8544: 8538: 8537: 8530: 8528: 8527: 8520: 8518: 8517: 8510: 8508: 8507: 8500: 8498: 8497: 8490: 8488: 8487: 8486:Lucianosaurus 8480: 8478: 8477: 8470: 8469: 8467: 8463: 8459: 8452: 8448: 8439: 8435: 8433: 8426: 8393: 8389: 8387: 8383: 8382: 8381: 8380: 8378: 8376: 8372: 8364: 8360: 8358: 8354: 8353: 8352: 8351: 8349: 8347: 8343: 8337: 8336: 8329: 8326: 8325: 8324:Sikannisuchus 8318: 8317: 8315: 8313: 8312: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8298: 8290: 8286: 8285: 8284: 8283: 8281: 8279: 8272: 8269: 8266: 8261: 8249: 8245: 8244: 8243: 8242: 8240: 8238: 8231: 8225: 8224: 8220: 8218: 8217: 8213: 8211: 8210: 8206: 8205: 8203: 8201: 8200:Euparkeriidae 8194: 8188: 8187: 8180: 8178: 8177: 8176:Polymorphodon 8170: 8168: 8167: 8160: 8158: 8157: 8150: 8148: 8147: 8140: 8138: 8137: 8130: 8128: 8127: 8120: 8119: 8116: 8112: 8109: 8106: 8101: 8091: 8090: 8086: 8084: 8083: 8079: 8077: 8076: 8072: 8070: 8069: 8065: 8062: 8061: 8057: 8055: 8054: 8053:Erythrosuchus 8050: 8048: 8047: 8043: 8041: 8040: 8036: 8035: 8033: 8031: 8024: 8018: 8017: 8013: 8011: 8010: 8006: 8005: 8003: 8001: 8000:Protopyknosia 7994: 7987: 7986: 7982: 7979: 7978: 7974: 7972: 7971: 7970:Samsarasuchus 7967: 7965: 7964: 7963:Proterosuchus 7960: 7958: 7957: 7953: 7951: 7950: 7946: 7943: 7942: 7938: 7936: 7935: 7931: 7930: 7928: 7926: 7919: 7913: 7912: 7905: 7903: 7902: 7901:Sarmatosuchus 7895: 7893: 7892: 7891:Koilamasuchus 7885: 7883: 7882: 7875: 7872: 7871: 7864: 7862: 7861: 7854: 7852: 7851: 7844: 7843: 7840: 7836: 7833: 7830: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7812: 7808: 7798: 7793: 7790: 7783: 7758: 7757: 7756: 7755: 7753: 7751: 7747: 7741: 7740: 7736: 7734: 7733: 7729: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7722:Prolacertidae 7716: 7708: 7707:Rhynchosauria 7704: 7703: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7697: 7696:Rhynchosauria 7690: 7682: 7678: 7677: 7676: 7675: 7673: 7671: 7664: 7658: 7657: 7650: 7648: 7647: 7640: 7637: 7636: 7629: 7627: 7626: 7619: 7618: 7615: 7612: 7609: 7604: 7593: 7592: 7588: 7586: 7585: 7584:Tanytrachelos 7581: 7579: 7578: 7577:Tanystropheus 7574: 7571: 7570: 7566: 7564: 7563: 7559: 7557: 7556: 7552: 7550: 7549: 7545: 7543: 7542: 7538: 7536: 7535: 7531: 7528: 7527: 7526:Gracilicollum 7523: 7520: 7519: 7515: 7513: 7512: 7508: 7506: 7505: 7501: 7499: 7498: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7489: 7485: 7479: 7478: 7477:Sharovipteryx 7474: 7472: 7471: 7467: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7457: 7451: 7450: 7446: 7443: 7442: 7438: 7436: 7435: 7431: 7429: 7428: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7419:Gracilicollum 7416: 7413: 7412: 7408: 7406: 7405: 7401: 7399: 7398: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7385: 7378: 7377: 7376:Jesairosaurus 7373: 7372: 7369: 7366: 7363: 7355: 7349: 7348: 7341: 7339: 7338: 7331: 7329: 7328: 7327:Protorosaurus 7321: 7319: 7318: 7311: 7309: 7308: 7301: 7299: 7298: 7291: 7289: 7288: 7281: 7278: 7277: 7270: 7268: 7267: 7260: 7258: 7257: 7250: 7249: 7246: 7243: 7240: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7222: 7218: 7197: 7196: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7190: 7186: 7178: 7174: 7173: 7172: 7171: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7147: 7146:Archelosauria 7143: 7140: 7138: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7116: 7114: 7110: 7108: 7104: 7103: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7083: 7078: 7076: 7071: 7069: 7064: 7063: 7060: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7041: 7036: 7034: 7033:Sarcopterygii 7030: 7028: 7027: 7022: 7021: 7018: 6972: 6969: 6966: 6963: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6954: 6947: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6939: 6938:Archelosauria 6935: 6928: 6925: 6922: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6914: 6910: 6907: 6904: 6899: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6886: 6883: 6880: 6875: 6869: 6866: 6865: 6862: 6859: 6856: 6851: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6837: 6834: 6831: 6826: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6812: 6809: 6806: 6801:Sarcopterygii 6797: 6791: 6788: 6787: 6784: 6781: 6778: 6769: 6763: 6760: 6759: 6756: 6753: 6750: 6745:Gnathostomata 6741: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6707: 6704: 6699: 6676: 6673: 6670: 6667: 6666: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6654: 6648: 6645: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6635: 6632: 6628: 6622: 6619: 6618: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6608:(Urochordata) 6602: 6598: 6595: 6592: 6587: 6577: 6574: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6555: 6554:Deuterostomia 6551: 6549: 6545: 6543: 6539: 6538: 6535: 6530: 6522: 6517: 6515: 6510: 6508: 6503: 6502: 6499: 6492: 6489: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6467: 6461: 6456: 6455: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6436:Benton, M. J. 6433: 6432: 6420: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6369: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6326: 6319: 6313: 6309: 6303: 6295: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6238: 6230: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6187: 6178: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6156:Palaeontology 6153: 6146: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6115:(7017): 572. 6114: 6110: 6103: 6096: 6087: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6063: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6032: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5981: 5979: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5921: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5868: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5811: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5776: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5733: 5726: 5717: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5682: 5674: 5668: 5664: 5657: 5649: 5642: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5594: 5590: 5585: 5577: 5571: 5567: 5562: 5561: 5552: 5550: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5502: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5469:Macelognathus 5463: 5456: 5450: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5415: 5408: 5400: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5343: 5337: 5333: 5330: 5325: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5268: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5241: 5235: 5231: 5228: 5224: 5219: 5211: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5170: 5168: 5159: 5153: 5145: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5086: 5078: 5071: 5062: 5054: 5048: 5044: 5037: 5021: 5017: 5010: 5008: 4999: 4993: 4989: 4982: 4980: 4971: 4965: 4961: 4956: 4955: 4946: 4938: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4903:(2): e89165. 4902: 4898: 4894: 4887: 4879: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4859:10.1206/352.1 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4812: 4806: 4798: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4747: 4739: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4693: 4684: 4680: 4671: 4668: 4667: 4661: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4633: 4629: 4628: 4623: 4619: 4618:ovoviviparity 4615: 4611: 4601: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4542: 4537: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4528: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4505: 4504: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4487: 4483: 4481: 4477: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4458: 4454: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4430: 4429: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4408: 4403: 4400: 4396: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4367: 4365: 4361: 4360:ornithischian 4357: 4353: 4352:filter feeder 4349: 4348: 4347:Stomatosuchus 4343: 4342: 4337: 4336: 4331: 4321: 4315: 4311: 4306: 4303: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4278: 4264: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4245: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4226: 4224: 4209: 4208: 4204: 4203:Scleromochlus 4195: 4194: 4185: 4184: 4180: 4179: 4171: 4170: 4162: 4161: 4153: 4152: 4144: 4143: 4135: 4134: 4126: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4116: 4115: 4108: 4107: 4104: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4094: 4085: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4076: 4071: 4070: 4067: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4048: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4039: 4034: 4033: 4030: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4020: 4011: 4010: 4004: 4003: 4000: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3990: 3989: 3979: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3970: 3965: 3964: 3961: 3960: 3957: 3956: 3947: 3946: 3940: 3939: 3935: 3934: 3931: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3921: 3912: 3911: 3904: 3903: 3898: 3897: 3894: 3893: 3885: 3884: 3876: 3875: 3867: 3866: 3858: 3857: 3849: 3848: 3840: 3839: 3831: 3830: 3822: 3821: 3813: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3801: 3800: 3793: 3792: 3789: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3779: 3770: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3759: 3758: 3755: 3754: 3753: 3743: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3732: 3731: 3728: 3727: 3726: 3725:Batrachotomus 3716: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3705: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3695: 3694: 3684: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3673: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3663: 3662: 3652: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3643: 3638: 3637: 3634: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3624: 3623:Poposauroidea 3615: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3603: 3602: 3599: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3589: 3588: 3578: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3567: 3566: 3558: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3548: 3539: 3538: 3535: 3534: 3531: 3530: 3529: 3519: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3508: 3507: 3504: 3503: 3502: 3501:Turfanosuchus 3492: 3491: 3488: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3478: 3477: 3476:Gracilisuchus 3467: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3455: 3454: 3451: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3441: 3432: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3423: 3418: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3405: 3402: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3392: 3383: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3370: 3366: 3364: 3354: 3353: 3345: 3344: 3336: 3335: 3327: 3326: 3318: 3317: 3308: 3307: 3299: 3298: 3290: 3289: 3281: 3280: 3272: 3271: 3263: 3262: 3254: 3253: 3245: 3244: 3236: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3216: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3206: 3205: 3204:Herrerasaurus 3195: 3194: 3187: 3183: 3182: 3179: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3169: 3160: 3159: 3152: 3148: 3147: 3144: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3134: 3125: 3124: 3118: 3115: 3114: 3111: 3110: 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2442:Archosauria 2296:Pterosauria 2251:Ornithodira 2134:Archosauria 1991:Paul Sereno 1897:Ornithodira 1670:Archosauria 1455:crurotarsal 1437:crurotarsal 1345:lepidosaurs 1269:crown group 1238:age of the 1173:neornithian 1163:ceratopsian 1065:crocodilian 936:herbivorous 886:Nyasasaurus 876:Teleocrater 866:Asilisaurus 844:Xilousuchus 768:saurischian 730:crown group 635:lepidosaurs 569:crown group 451:Archosauria 412:Phytosauria 311:Avalonianus 234:Archosauria 221:Eucrocopoda 123:great egret 39:248–0 8971:Archosaurs 8965:Categories 8631:Megacnemus 8561:Albisaurus 8465:Tooth taxa 8265:Crurotarsi 8223:Osmolskina 8209:Euparkeria 8186:Vancleavea 8136:Dorosuchus 8060:Fugusuchus 8016:Triopticus 8009:Kranosaura 7949:Gamosaurus 7881:Kalisuchus 7870:Eorasaurus 7860:Cuyosuchus 7759:see below↓ 7739:Prolacerta 7732:Kadimakara 7562:Raibliania 7548:Luxisaurus 7511:Cosesaurus 7397:Austronaga 7362:Tanysauria 7287:Elessaurus 7198:see below↓ 7177:Sauropsida 7162:Sauropsida 7119:Sauropsida 6703:Vertebrata 6657:Enterogona 6591:Olfactores 6073:BioScience 4817:2022-03-01 4676:References 4658:Neornithes 4630:and other 4614:viviparity 4423:Metabolism 4399:pterosaurs 4384:teleosaurs 4335:Simosuchus 4253:alligators 4249:crocodiles 4230:pterosaurs 4075:Saurischia 4038:Dinosauria 3988:Marasuchus 3547:Aetosauria 3374:Sauropsida 3151:Saurischia 3117:Dinosauria 3099:Marasuchus 3067:Lagerpeton 2637:Crurotarsi 2571:Euparkeria 2497:Prolacerta 2416:phytosaurs 2399:node-based 2163:Parasuchia 2146:Crurotarsi 2083:Euparkeria 1984:Euparkeria 1844:Euparkeria 1759:Rauisuchia 1729:Aetosauria 1699:Parasuchia 1573:Sauropsida 1516:Lagosuchus 1510:Lagerpeton 1498:cladistics 1396:Astragalus 1349:anomodonts 1321:thecodonts 1252:pterosaurs 1220:Euparkeria 1181:astragalus 1143:ornithopod 1095:dyrosaurid 1039:Main forms 939:dicynodont 881:aphanosaur 871:silesaurid 869:(an early 745:antorbital 725:Euparkeria 662:anomodonts 553:phytosaurs 549:pterosaurs 471:archosaurs 439:Avesuchia 342:Jushatyria 301:Albisaurus 247:Subgroups 24:Archosaurs 8931:Dinosaurs 8536:Zanclodon 8390:includes 8361:includes 8126:Asperoris 8068:Garjainia 7985:Vonhuenia 7656:Teyujagua 7608:Crocopoda 7434:Pectodens 7105:Kingdom: 6855:Tetrapoda 6548:Bilateria 6360:131332250 6276:2041-1723 6254:: 14445. 6229:1755-6910 6023:206522844 5895:2440/1933 5843:1558-5646 5821:Evolution 5708:256805773 5694:: 21–52. 5381:2045-2322 5316:234782605 5126:1932-6203 4869:2246/6112 4852:: 1–292. 4650:aetosaurs 4610:oviparous 4561:synapsids 4517:ventricle 4480:predators 4330:Aetosaurs 4314:aetosaurs 4286:tetrapods 4114:Theropoda 3186:Theropoda 2626:Avesuchia 2412:aetosaurs 1976:apomorphy 1562:cladogram 1536:Phylogeny 1453:Reversed 1408:Calcaneum 1313:dinosaurs 1248:dinosaurs 1185:calcaneum 1168:Grus grus 1123:pterosaur 1075:loricatan 1019:Megalania 1016:lizards ( 993:uric acid 918:cladistic 898:Synapsids 815:Olenekian 765:non-avian 761:thecodont 670:uric acid 654:therapsid 633:or other 557:aetosaurs 537:cladistic 517:tetrapods 514:sauropsid 403:Zanclodon 158:Kingdom: 152:Eukaryota 8853:42329834 8792:Wikidata 8758:Category 7128:Diapsida 7113:Chordata 7111:Phylum: 7107:Animalia 6605:Tunicata 6542:Animalia 6540:Kingdom 6529:chordate 6450:(1988). 6438:(2004). 6419:26605799 6379:PLOS ONE 6294:28195584 6129:15577900 6015:20075253 5961:15829945 5912:10111065 5904:15674775 5859:24319963 5851:25756292 5767:84693210 5619:: 1–53. 5441:86610229 5399:31848420 5332:Archived 5308:34004143 5253:: 1–71. 5230:Archived 5210:31928195 5144:34739492 5096:PLOS ONE 4937:24586565 4897:PLOS ONE 4878:83493714 4797:27628503 4738:22022431 4698:PLOS ONE 4664:See also 4582:air sacs 4532:Triassic 4416:penguins 4294:Triassic 4261:Holocene 4257:gharials 3642:Loricata 1540:In many 1341:tuataras 1223:and the 1208:Triassic 1133:sauropod 1055:aetosaur 989:diapsids 943:Triassic 861:Tanzania 716:such as 694:Cenozoic 651:dominant 596:serrated 533:reptiles 431:Synonyms 362:Picrodon 182:Reptilia 172:Chordata 168:Phylum: 162:Animalia 148:Domain: 8917:Portals 8798:Q130910 7117:Class: 7046:italics 6879:Amniota 6531:classes 6527:Extant 6429:Sources 6410:4659668 6387:Bibcode 6340:Bibcode 6332:PALAIOS 6285:5316873 6256:Bibcode 6164:Bibcode 6137:4416203 5995:Bibcode 5987:Science 5969:4399224 5939:Bibcode 5790:Bibcode 5782:Science 5747:Bibcode 5739:Science 5633:3889336 5540:1005355 5481:Bibcode 5390:6917812 5361:Bibcode 5286:Bibcode 5247:Zootaxa 5201:7017431 5135:8570511 5104:Bibcode 4928:3937355 4905:Bibcode 4788:5024528 4765:Bibcode 4729:3194824 4706:Bibcode 4598:alveoli 4442:mammals 3188: 3153: 3083: 3017: 2985: 2738: 2639: 2253: 2148: 2136: 1828: 1363:Palaeos 1353:derived 1347:), and 1244:bipedal 1236:Anisian 1215:speed. 1197:sutures 1165:), and 1097:), and 1014:varanid 1005:Palaeos 987:Modern 982:Pangaea 964:hypoxic 922:Permian 902:mammals 883:), and 857:Anisian 789:Origins 672:-based 666:drought 639:Permian 631:lizards 615:fossils 541:extinct 519:, with 511:diapsid 505:) is a 458: 178:Class: 34:Present 32:– 8902:655702 8899:uBio: 8866:174357 8674:groups 8581:Avipes 7470:Ozimek 7137:Sauria 6903:Sauria 6485:Paleos 6462: 6417: 6407: 6358: 6310: 6292: 6282: 6274: 6227: 6135: 6127: 6109:Nature 6021: 6013: 5967: 5959: 5931:Nature 5910: 5902: 5857: 5849: 5841: 5765: 5706: 5669: 5631: 5593:p. 731 5572: 5538: 5439: 5397: 5387: 5379: 5314: 5306: 5208: 5198: 5142: 5132: 5124: 5049: 4994: 4966: 4935: 4925: 4876: 4795: 4785: 4736: 4726: 4519:, the 4450:oxygen 4438:hearts 4290:femurs 4255:, and 3458:Suchia 3184: 3149: 3079: 3048: 3013: 2981: 2859: 2736:Suchia 2734: 2635: 2414:, and 2249: 2213:Suchia 2144: 2132: 1824: 1478:hybrid 1406: 1404: 1394: 1392: 1384:Fibula 1382: 1380: 1370: 1368: 1355:taxa. 1339:, and 1212:suture 1193:fibula 839:Russia 645:(~252 529:extant 321:Avipes 241:, 1869 125:and a 8892:99812 8363:birds 7142:Clade 7133:Clade 7124:Clade 6630:Acopa 6356:S2CID 6328:(PDF) 6133:S2CID 6105:(PDF) 6019:S2CID 5965:S2CID 5908:S2CID 5855:S2CID 5763:S2CID 5735:(PDF) 5704:S2CID 5629:JSTOR 5568:–19. 5536:JSTOR 5437:S2CID 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