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years. In 2007, the minimum extent fell by more than a million square kilometers, the biggest decline since accurate satellite data has been available, to 4,140,000 km (1,600,000 sq mi). New research shows the Arctic Sea ice to be melting faster than predicted by any of the 18 computer models used by the
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A modeling study of the 52-year period from 1947 to 1999 found a statistically significant trend in Arctic ice volume of −3% per decade; splitting this into wind-forced and temperature forced components shows it to be essentially all caused by the temperature forcing. A computer-based, time-resolved
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The ice extent trends from 1979 to 2002 have been a statistically significant Arctic sea ice decrease of −2.5% ± 0.9% per decade during those 23 years. Climate models simulated this trend in 2002. The
September minimum ice extent trend for 1979–2011 declined by 12.0% per decade during 32
663:
Buixadé Farré, Albert; Stephenson, Scott R.; Chen, Linling; Czub, Michael; Dai, Ying; Demchev, Denis; Efimov, Yaroslav; Graczyk, Piotr; Grythe, Henrik; Keil, Kathrin; Kivekäs, Niku; Kumar, Naresh; Liu, Nengye; Matelenok, Igor; Myksvoll, Mari; O'Leary, Derek; Olsen, Julia; Pavithran .A.P., Sachin;
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depends on the thickness of the ice as well as the areal extent. While the satellite era has enabled better measurement of trends in areal extent, accurate ice thickness measurements remain a challenge. "Nonetheless, the extreme loss of this summer's sea ice cover and the slow onset of freeze-up
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when bare and about 80% when covered with snow. This is due to a feedback known as the albedo effect. This is much greater than the reflectivity of the sea (about 10%) and thus the ice also affects the absorption of sunlight at the surface.
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and its vicinity. The Arctic ice pack undergoes a regular seasonal cycle in which ice melts in spring and summer, reaches a minimum around mid-September, then increases during fall and winter. Summer ice cover in the
339:(1978–87) satellites provided information that was independent of solar illumination or meteorological conditions. The frequency and accuracy of passive microwave measurements improved with the launch of the DMSP F8
89:, thicker than seasonal ice: up to 3–4 m (9.8–13.1 ft) thick over large areas, with ridges up to 20 m (65.6 ft) thick. Besides the regular seasonal cycle there has been an underlying trend of
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calculation of sea ice volume, fitted to various measurements, revealed that monitoring the ice volume is much more significant for evaluating sea ice loss than pure area considerations.
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Petersen, Edward; Raspotnik, Andreas; Ryzhov, Ivan; Solski, Jan; Suo, Lingling; Troein, Caroline; Valeeva, Vilena; van
Rijckevorsel, Jaap; Wighting, Jonathan (16 October 2014).
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The development of Arctic sea ice volume as determined by measurement corrected numerical simulation shows probability of total sea ice loss in summer for the near future.
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portends lower than normal ice extent throughout autumn and winter, and the ice that grows back is likely to be fairly thin". As more and more of the sea ice is thinner
184:) grows eastward from the main East Greenland ice edge in the vicinity of 72–74°N during the winter because of the presence of very cold polar surface water in the
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Variation of Arctic sea ice from 1984 to 2019. Younger ice (first-year ice) is shown in darker shades, while older ice (four-year or older) is shown in white.
140:." When sea water freezes it leaves most of its salt content behind. The remaining surface water, made dense by the extra salinity, sinks and produces dense
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This visual shows the Arctic sea ice change and the corresponding absorbed solar radiation change during June, July, and August from 2000 through 2014.
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oceans, since it insulates the (relatively) warm ocean from the much colder air above, thus reducing heat loss from the oceans. Sea ice is highly
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at that latitude. Most of the old ice continues south, driven by the wind, so a cold open water surface is exposed on which new ice forms as
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In this animation, the Earth rotates slowly as the Arctic sea ice advances over time from 21 March 2014 to 3 August 2014.
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in preparing its 2007 assessments. In 2012, a new record low of about 3,500,000 km (1,400,000 sq mi) was reached.
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Huwald, Hendrik; Higgins, Chad W.; Boldi, Marc-Olivier; Bou-Zeid, Elie; Lehning, Michael; Parlange, Marc B. (2009-08-01).
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666:"Commercial Arctic shipping through the Northeast Passage: Routes, resources, governance, technology, and infrastructure"
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Modeling global sea ice with a thickness and enthalpy distribution model in generalized curvilinear coordinates
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go back to the turn of the 20th century, although the quality of the data before 1950 is debatable. Reliable
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is about 50% of winter cover. Some of the ice survives from one year to the next. Currently, 28% of Arctic
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Ice extent as of 25 August 2012. Gray area indicates ± two standard deviations from 1979 to 2000 averages.
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are estimated, with the latter being larger, as it is defined as the area of ocean with at least 15%
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593:"Arctic sea ice extent at maximum below average, thin | Arctic Sea Ice News and Analysis"
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the greater effect storms have on its stability with turbulence resulting from major
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829:"NCAR and NSIDC "Arctic Ice Retreating More Quickly Than Computer Models Project""
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775:"Recent and future changes in Arctic sea ice simulated by the HadCM3 AOGCM"
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Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
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608:"Albedo effect on radiative errors in air temperature measurements"
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Cycle plot of Arctic sea ice area and extent by month, 1979 to 2015
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forms the dominant ice type over an entire region is the so-called
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The sea ice cycle is also an important source of dense (saline) "
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edge begin within the satellite era. From the late 1970s, the
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815:"October | 2011 | Arctic Sea Ice News and Analysis"
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708:"Thermodynamics: Albedo | National Snow and Ice Data Center"
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740:"Polar Science Center - APL-UW - Arctic Sea Ice Volume"
899:"Large Fractures Spotted in Vulnerable Arctic Sea Ice"
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Scientific parameter to quantify the extent of sea ice
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The sea ice cover of the Arctic Ocean and its vicinity
222:. Extension of the ice at 15 September 2008 (36
856:. Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. Archived from
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Records of Arctic Sea ice from the United
Kingdom's
880:"'Staggering' Arctic ice loss smashes melt records"
115:has an important effect on the heat balance of the
998:"Ice-free Arctic could be here in 23 years" (2007)
854:"Arctic Sea Ice Extent, as of September 18, 2012"
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321:Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research
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1119:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
978:Global Sea Ice Extent and Concentration (NSIDC)
949:"State of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice in 2021"
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305:Extent of Arctic ice, October 1946 (U.S. Navy)
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573:Polar Sea Ice Cap and Snow – Cryosphere Today
481:Sea Ice Extent over the Arctic (OSI SAF data)
383:resulting in extensive fractures of sea ice.
200:Extent and volume of sea ice and their trends
188:, which diverts some water eastward from the
291:Extent of Arctic ice, March 1946 (U.S. Navy)
1430:Effects of global warming on marine mammals
1094:Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route
370:In the overall mass balance, the volume of
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329:Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer
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365:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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983:Sea ice extent graphs since 1979 (NSIDC)
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737:, Mon. Wea. Rev. 131(5), 681–697, 2003.
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407:Arctic sea ice extent, 1978 to 2007
123:, reflecting about 60% of incoming
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1851:Climate change and the environment
1708:Arctic Refuge drilling controversy
897:Andrew Freedman (March 13, 2013).
524:Arctic sea ice ecology and history
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733:Zhang, Jinlun and D.A. Rothrock:
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1378:Arctic Climate Impact Assessment
1235:Queen Elizabeth Islands Subplate
1114:Territorial claims in the Arctic
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164:In the Arctic, a key area where
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341:Special Sensor Microwave/Imager
196:and pancake in the rough seas.
91:declining sea ice in the Arctic
1192:Populated places in the Arctic
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1715:Pollution in the Arctic Ocean
1240:Southeast Bathurst Fault Zone
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121:reflective of solar radiation
1420:Climate change in the Arctic
1172:Impact craters of the Arctic
779:Geophysical Research Letters
693:10.1080/1088937X.2014.965769
210:Climate change in the Arctic
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1273:Canadian Arctic Archipelago
1215:Canadian Arctic Rift System
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312:David Rumsey Map Collection
246:(Record position 85°40.7818
93:in recent decades as well.
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884:The Sydney Morning Herald
343:(SSMI) in 1987. Both the
176:. The Odden (the word is
146:North Atlantic Deep Water
1415:Arctic methane emissions
612:Water Resources Research
582:, University of Illinois
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150:thermohaline circulation
26:projected Arctic changes
1089:Arctic Ocean Conference
773:Gregory, J. M. (2002).
325:measurements of sea ice
1748:Arctic shipping routes
763:Cavalieri et al. 2003.
381:extratropical cyclones
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206:Arctic sea ice decline
190:East Greenland Current
102:Energy balance effects
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1703:Petroleum exploration
1383:Arctic dipole anomaly
1360:North American Arctic
1313:Northwest Territories
1099:Ilulissat Declaration
988:Sea Ice Index (NSIDC)
860:on September 19, 2012
516:Global warming portal
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220:weather station Alert
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1773:Transpolar Sea Route
800:10.1029/2001GL014575
633:10.1029/2008wr007600
278:Extent of Arctic ice
250: N, 135°38.8735
132:Hydrological effects
1674:Arctic Winter Games
1440:Polar amplification
1408:ecology and history
1167:Greenland ice sheet
993:NOAA Arctic Program
791:2002GeoRL..29.2175G
684:2014PolGe..37..298B
624:2009WRR....45.8431H
97:Climatic importance
1763:Northern Sea Route
1393:Arctic oscillation
1137:Arctic Archipelago
1061:History of whaling
1051:Arctic exploration
955:. October 22, 2021
578:2011-02-23 at the
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1778:Search and rescue
1758:Northwest Passage
1753:Northeast Passage
1698:Natural resources
1589:Subarctic peoples
1561:Arctic vegetation
1425:Climate of Alaska
1245:Ungava Fault Zone
1230:Innuitian orogeny
1147:Arctic Cordillera
817:. 4 October 2011.
785:(24): 28–1–28–4.
554:Antarctic sea ice
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186:Jan Mayen Current
154:climate modelling
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595:. 7 April 2008.
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1679:Quviasukvik
1468:Beluga whale
1445:Polar vortex
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1157:Arctic Ocean
957:. Retrieved
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142:water masses
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74:Arctic Ocean
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1809:WikiProject
1388:Arctic haze
1328:Nunatsiavut
959:February 7,
933:November 8,
467:Phabricator
335:(1978) and
237:Photo from
166:pancake ice
85:sea ice is
1836:Glaciology
1825:Categories
1493:Polar bear
1463:Arctic fox
1293:Inuvialuit
1187:North Pole
1071:Government
928:MET Norway
839:2007-09-28
750:2010-08-11
717:2020-01-10
560:References
331:(SMMR) on
1735:Transport
1619:Icelandic
1609:Karelians
1533:Snowy owl
1283:Greenland
1182:Nordicity
1129:Geography
908:March 14,
712:nsidc.org
678:(4): 14.
642:1944-7973
549:Shelf ice
241:Hanseatic
178:Norwegian
1797:Category
1669:Yukaghir
1629:Gwich'in
1599:Chukotka
1498:Reindeer
1278:Finnmark
953:EUMETSAT
576:Archived
488:See also
337:Nimbus 7
254: E)
239:MS
144:such as
1831:Sea ice
1691:Economy
1639:Koryaks
1594:Chukchi
1576:Culture
1506:bearded
1488:Narwhal
1478:Lemming
1403:decline
1370:Climate
1323:Nunavut
1318:Nunavik
1298:Karelia
1288:Iceland
1255:Regions
1207:Geology
1043:History
787:Bibcode
680:Bibcode
650:9916335
620:Bibcode
544:Polynya
534:Iceberg
469:and on
372:sea ice
353:sea ice
172:in the
113:Sea ice
70:sea ice
68:is the
1664:Yakuts
1659:Selkup
1644:Nenets
1634:Khanty
1604:Evenks
1566:Tundra
1538:Walrus
1526:ringed
1521:ribbon
1516:hooded
1483:Muskox
1197:Tundra
1036:topics
1034:Arctic
648:
640:
349:extent
333:Seasat
194:frazil
108:Albedo
79:Arctic
1624:Inuit
1548:Flora
1502:Seal
1455:Fauna
1355:Yukon
1350:Sápmi
1345:Sakha
1338:North
646:S2CID
160:Odden
117:polar
83:basin
1654:Sami
1614:Komi
1511:harp
1303:Komi
961:2022
935:2022
910:2013
866:2012
638:ISSN
347:and
208:and
180:for
64:The
24:NOAA
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