703:
335:
46:
889:
made of local betel leaf, which has a dash of lime put into it. "Myth has it that the inhabitants of Bhutan traditionally known as Monyul, the land of Monpas where
Buddhism did not reach lived on raw flesh, drank blood, and chewed bones. After the arrival of Guru Rinpoche in the eighth century, he stopped the people from eating flesh and drinking blood and created a substitute which is betel leaf, lime and areca nut. Today, chewing doma has become a custom. Doma is served after meals, during rituals and ceremonies. It is offered to friends and is chewed at work places by all sections of society and has become an essential part of Bhutanese life and culture."
968:
821:, as well as most of its neighbouring Northeastern states, Areca Nut is preferably consumed in its fermented form, which is supposed to make the fruit harder and sweeter. The raw nut may also be eaten during certain seasons when the fermented variety becomes unavailable, although it has more of ritual importance. Standard sized pieces of the nut and leaf are usually consumed in combination with lime and a bit of tobacco. In Assam, betel nut and leaf has indispensable cultural value; offering betel leaf and nut, (together known as
944:
1401:
513:
327:
718:
802:) is synonymous with marriage. The tradition of chewing areca nuts starts the talk between the groom's parents and the bride's parents about the young couple's marriage. Therefore, the leaves and juices are used ceremonially in Vietnamese weddings. The folk tale explaining the origin of this Vietnamese tradition is a good illustration of the belief that the combination of areca nut and the betel leaf is ideal to the point they are practically inseparable, like an idealized married couple.
1095:
1212:
construction, or fishing. Workers in these labor-intensive industries use betel nut for its stimulating effect, but it also becomes a tool for socializing with coworkers. For example, studies have shown chewing betel nut is prevalent among taxi, bus and truck drivers, who rely on the stimulating effect of betel nut to cope with long work hours. For these reasons, oral cancer has been identified as a leading cause of death in professions with high betel nut-chewing rates.
521:
956:
912:
6907:
1383:
1365:
38:
343:
1347:
54:
932:
1329:
237:
6917:
920:
726:
691:
1199:, and shops which will often consist of nothing more than a single, free-standing room, or booth. The latter is usually elevated one meter above the street, and measures less than 3 by 2 m. Large picture windows comprise two or more of the walls, allowing those who pass by a complete view of the interior. The interior is often painted brightly. Within such a shop, a
365:. It is commercially available in dried, cured, and fresh forms. When the husk of the fresh fruit is green, the nut inside is soft enough to be cut with a typical knife. In the ripe fruit, the husk becomes yellow or orange, and as it dries, the fruit inside hardens to a wood-like consistency. At that stage, the areca nut can only be sliced using a special
1211:
that frame the windows or that are arranged radially above a store. Customers stop on the side of the road and wait for the girls to bring their betel and areca nut to their vehicles. The habit of chewing betel nut is often associated with blue-collar labor industries such a long-haul transportation,
1227:
is a center of use and processing, a wide range of old and young people consume areca nut daily. Most, though, consume the dried variety of the nut by itself, without the betel leaves. Some people also consume the areca nut in its raw, fresh form with or without the betel leaves. Betel nuts are sold
888:
leaf with a generous amount of lime. In the rest of Bhutan the raw nut, with the husk on, is fermented such that the husk rots and is easy to extract. The fermented doma has a putrid odour, which can be smelled from miles. Traditionally, this fragrant nut is cut in half and placed on top of a cone
837:
upon one's person during journeys or during farming activities, and sharing of the same, was an essential requirement. Among the
Assamese, the areca nut also has a variety of uses during religious and marriage ceremonies, where it has the role of a fertility symbol. No religious ritual is complete
3279:
Republic of China (Taiwan), Institute of
Occupational Safety and Health, Council of Labor Affairs, The Executive Yuan. Analysis of the major causes of death of laborers in Taiwan (in Chinese). Taipei: Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Council of Labor Affairs, The Executive Yuan, 2010.
1039:
In
Thailand, the consumption of areca nut has declined gradually in the last decades. The younger generation rarely chews the substance, especially in the cities. Most of the present-day consumption is confined to older generations, mostly people above 50. Even so, small trays of betel leaves and
805:
Formerly, in both India and Sri Lanka, it was a custom of the royalty to chew areca nut with betel leaf. Kings had special attendants whose duty it was to carry a box with all the necessary ingredients for a good chewing session. There was also a custom for lovers to chew areca nut and betel leaf
1236:
In the United States, areca nut is not a controlled or specially taxed substance and may be found in some Asian grocery stores. However, importation of areca nut in a form other than whole or carved kernels of nuts can be stopped at the discretion of US Customs officers on the grounds of food,
1171:, betel nut is chewed with lime, piper leaf and nowadays, with the addition of tobacco. Older and younger generations alike enjoy the use of betel nut, which is readily available at stores and markets. Unlike in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, where the inner areca nut is used, in
1141:
after police reservists fired on a crowd. The governor of Port
Moresby introduced another ban on the nut, restricted to an area in the business district of the city in July 2023. However many people make a living out of selling betel nut, so are resistant to bans in their areas. On
1063:(betel nut) chewing and spitting are improper during public transportation drivers' work hours and are considered stains to the city roads and sidewalks. Despite these restrictions, betel nut thrives across the Cordilleran market. An example of its commerciality can be observed in
806:
together, because of its breath-freshening and relaxant properties. A sexual symbolism thus became attached to the chewing of the nut and the leaf. The areca nut represented the male principle, and the betel leaf the female principle. Considered an auspicious ingredient in
749:
countries. Why or when the areca nut and the betel leaf were first combined into one psychoactive drug is not known. Archaeological evidence from
Thailand, Indonesia, and the Philippines suggests they have been used in tandem for at least 4000 years.
402:
The first nut cultivation in the world was done in
Kyasanuru Seeme area of Shimoga district in Karnataka state of India. Even today the cultivators plant the same variety here. Kyasanuru variety gives high yield. Grows wildly in all regions.
1190:
In Taiwan, bags of 20 to 40 areca nuts are purchased fresh daily by a large number of consumers. To meet the steady year-round demand, two kinds of betel-nut shops sell betel and nuts, as well as cigarettes and drinks, including beer: Small
1031:, a mixture of areca nut, betel, cloves, cardamom and sugar is sold in small home-made paper pouches. Old people who have lost their teeth keep "chewing" by pounding the mixture of areca nut and betel with a small mortar and pestle.
1809:
Cao M, Yuan H, Daniyal M, Yu H, Xie Q, Liu Y, Li B, Jian Y, Peng C, Tan D, Peng Y, Choudhary MI, Rahman AU, Wang W (October 2019). "Two new alkaloids isolated from traditional
Chinese medicine Binglang the fruit of Areca catechu".
1137:, introduced in 2014 by the governor, was lifted in 2017. Because the popular nut continued to be smuggled in, prices rose dramatically. Police enforced the ban over-rigorously, and in 2015 two betel nut sellers died in
4453:
2113:
Secretan B, Straif K, Baan R, Grosse Y, El
Ghissassi F, Bouvard V, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Guha N, et al. (2009). "A review of human carcinogens—Part E: Tobacco, areca nut, alcohol, coal smoke, and salted fish".
1027:, areca nut chewing is very popular, but spitting is frowned upon and regarded as an unrefined, repulsive way of chewing. Usually, people prefer to chew thin slices of the dry nut, which is sometimes roasted.
3270:
Kuo SC, Lew-Ting CY. The health lifestyles of areca quid-chewing taxi drivers – an exploratory study from the viewpoint of social context (in
Chinese). Taiwan Journal of Oral Medical Science 2008; 27: 67–80.
998:, which is the dried form of the areca nut, as a mixture of many flavours whose primary base is dried areca nut crushed into small pieces. Poor people, who may eat only every other day, use it to stave off
698:
daubed inside. Slices of the dry areca nut are on the upper left hand and slices of the tender areca nut on the upper right. The pouch on the lower right contains tobacco, a relatively recent introduction.
4599:
4564:
5226:
3232:
Chuang CY, Chang CH, Chang CC. The workplace relevant factors of betel quid chewing among transportation workers in Central Taiwan (in Chinese). Taiwan Journal of Public Health 2007; 26: 433–42.
1020:
pouches are a ubiquitous pollutant of the South Asian environment. Some of the liquid in the mouth is usually disposed of by spitting, producing bright red spots wherever the expectorate lands.
2991:
More C, Rao NR, More S, Johnson NW (June 2020). "Reasons for Initiation of Areca Nut and Related Products in Patients with Oral Submucous Fibrosis within an Endemic Area in Gujarat, India".
4883:
4604:
4468:
842:
to the gods and spirits as well as to the assembled guests A tradition from Upper Assam is to invite guests to wedding receptions by offering a few areca nuts with betel leaves. During
399:
Areca nuts are chewed for their effects as a mild stimulant, causing a warming sensation in the body and slightly heightened alertness, although the effects vary from person to person.
2604:
Yang MS, Lee CH, Chang SJ, Chung TC, Tsai EM, Ko AM, Ko YC (2008). "The effect of maternal betel quid exposure during pregnancy on adverse birth outcomes among aborigines in Taiwan".
1610:
Bhat R, Ganachari S, Deshpande R, Ravindra G, Venkataraman A (2012). "Rapid Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Areca Nut (Areca catechu) Extract Under Microwave-Assistance".
4614:
4574:
4559:
4498:
4878:
4594:
4554:
672:
and height. Biologically, these effects may be a consequence of the arecoline that is found in areca nuts. The habit also exposes the fetus to various other toxic components
4569:
488:
along with catechins and arecatannin. Two new alkaloids were recently discovered and named acatechu A and acatechu B. Several non-alkaloid compounds including benzenoids,
5231:
1164:, betel and areca nut chewing is a social pastime as a means to extend friendship, and can be found in many, if not most, large gatherings as part of the food display.
702:
4463:
448:
during his visit to China in the 1830s. After chewing a betelnut, the red residue is generally spat out. Accordingly, places have banned chewing this nut to avoid
1530:
434:, or by taking tablets containing the extracted alkaloids. According to traditional Ayurvedic medicine, chewing areca nut and betel leaf is a good remedy against
4609:
3245:(in Chinese). Taipei: Republic of China (Taiwan), Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Council of Labor Affairs, The Executive Yuan. 2003. Archived from
1067:, one of the provinces of the Philippine Cordilleras, where betel nuts are high-demand products sourced from the province's different cities and municipalities.
771:
dated to the first millennium CE also show the distinctive reddish stains characteristic of betel chewing. Based on linguistic evidence of how the reconstructed
3208:
1722:
4508:
2268:
Ray JG, Chatterjee R, Chaudhuri K (2019). "Oral submucous fibrosis: A global challenge. Rising incidence, risk factors, management, and research priorities".
2149:
Jeng JH, Chang MC, Hahn LJ (September 2001). "Role of areca nut in betel quid-associated chemical carcinogenesis: current awareness and future perspectives".
861:
chewing the nut and the leaf with caustic lime, and the manner in which the habit stained their mouths red. He noted the friendly and genial chief Malope, on
4483:
4473:
5824:
4579:
3180:
1146:, young men are exposed to piracy when they use small boats to travel to the northern coast to purchase betel nuts to trade, and several have disappeared.
694:
Display of the items usually included in a chewing session: The betel leaves are folded in different ways according to the country and most have a little
396:), or other spices for extra flavouring. Betel leaf has a fresh, peppery taste, but it can also be bitter to varying degrees depending on the variety.
224:
Consumption by hundreds of millions of people worldwide — mainly of South Asian or Southeast Asian origins — has been described as a "neglected global
3242:
2639:
Mehrtash H, Duncan K, Parascandola M, et al. (1 December 2017). "Defining a global research and policy agenda for betel quid and areca nut".
4208:
753:
The oldest unequivocal evidence of betel chewing is from the Philippines, specifically that of several individuals found in a burial pit in the
5115:
3410:
2569:
Senn M, Baiwog F, Winmai J, Mueller I, Rogerson S, Senn N (2009). "Betel nut chewing during pregnancy, Madang province, Papua New Guinea".
1959:
814:, the areca nut is still used along with betel leaf in religious ceremonies, and also while honoring individuals in much of southern Asia.
2057:
6921:
4689:
829:(betel leaves and raw areca nut) to guests immediately upon arrival, and after tea or meals, served in a brass plate with stands called
1934:
4354:
5817:
5261:
4319:
2871:"Areca nut and betel quid chewing among South Asian immigrants to Western countries and its implications for oral cancer screening"
1449:
3282:
761:
island dated to around 2680±250 BCE. The dentition of the skeletons is stained, typical of betel chewers. The grave also includes
5087:
4425:
4180:
2044:
Dave BJ, Trivedi AH, Adhvatyu SG (1992). "Role of areca nut consumption in the cause of oral cancers. A cytogenetic assessment".
4137:
4078:
3128:
1700:
3154:
1559:
892:
The addition of tobacco leaf to the chewing mixture is a relatively recent innovation, as tobacco was not introduced from the
6943:
5300:
4837:
4721:
3051:
2934:
2456:"Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Among Smokeless Tobacco Users: Results of Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Global Data"
1972:
884:. This form is eaten in the lower regions of Bhutan and in North Bengal, where the nut is cut into half and put into a local
783:, it is believed that betel chewing originally developed somewhere within the Philippines shortly after the beginning of the
1047:, betel nut chewing remains prominent to the point that restrictions and fines have been established in urban areas such as
4963:
4812:
2843:
6910:
5810:
3129:"Families from PNG's Manus province are losing their loved ones to the betel nut trade, with piracy posing a deadly risk"
3703:
2087:
6983:
6973:
6963:
4359:
4223:
2953:
1928:
334:
1207:", can be seen preparing betel and areca nuts. Shops are often identified by colorful (commonly green) LED lamps or
410:, and southern China, areca nuts are not only chewed along with betel leaf, but are also used in the preparation of
5266:
5130:
4098:
3698:
3671:
3403:
1228:
mostly by old women merchants, but the dried version can be found in shops that sell tea, alcohol, and cigarettes.
1044:
2965:
1678:
4988:
4797:
3618:
854:
1175:, the areca nut's skin is chewed along with lime, leaf and tobacco and the juice is not swallowed but spat out.
1114:
in PNG), and lime are sold on street corners. In these countries, dried or flavoured areca nut is not popular.
6968:
6948:
6334:
5344:
4531:
4488:
4369:
3760:
3419:
2314:
1476:"The origin and diffusion of betel chewing: a synthesis of evidence from South Asia, Southeast Asia and beyond"
1178:
In Australia, the importation, use, and sale of areca nut is banned, but it has been sold illegally in several
733:
Chewing the mixture of areca nut and betel leaf constitutes an important and popular cultural activity in many
45:
5276:
4639:
4387:
4329:
4314:
4286:
4243:
528:
Chewing areca nut causes multiple forms of cancer and cardiovascular disease, with or without added tobacco.
3595:
5236:
5221:
5193:
5150:
4634:
4253:
3806:
576:
3095:"Economic Assessment of Betel Nut (Areca cathecu) as Component in the Agroforestry (AF) Systems in Ifugao"
5312:
5160:
5080:
4589:
4418:
4349:
4309:
4173:
3770:
3745:
3396:
1098:
Sign saying that chewing betel-nut is prohibited, at Sentani Airport, Jayapura, Papua Province, Indonesia
3750:
3246:
6721:
5304:
5256:
5216:
4862:
4344:
4324:
3906:
3613:
850:
players are offered areca nuts and betel leaves by each household while their blessings are solicited.
6016:
3631:
2512:
2397:
1497:
633:, during pregnancy significantly increase adverse outcomes for the baby. Betel quid chewing can cause
5833:
5466:
5308:
5251:
4802:
4731:
4649:
4478:
4105:
4034:
3447:
794:
In Vietnam, the areca nut and the betel leaf are such important symbols of love and marriage that in
648:
The harm caused by consumption of areca nuts worldwide was classified in 2017 as a "neglected global
439:
265:
3886:
2513:"Use of smokeless tobacco and risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
2398:"Use of smokeless tobacco and risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
5494:
5471:
4751:
4233:
4130:
4049:
3959:
3626:
1161:
588:
6441:
5989:
5140:
5043:
4644:
4448:
4093:
3846:
1978:
780:
619:
592:
202:
150:. It is widespread in cultivation and is considered naturalized in much of the tropical Pacific (
3452:
6867:
6324:
5769:
5566:
5296:
5073:
4899:
4699:
4654:
4411:
4203:
4166:
3795:
3718:
3590:
787:(~3000 BCE). From the Philippines, it spread back to Taiwan, as well as onwards to the rest of
784:
540:
139:
193:, and cardiovascular disease. When chewed with additional tobacco in its preparation (like in
6953:
6812:
6478:
6376:
5959:
5764:
5110:
5038:
4832:
4513:
4434:
4218:
4019:
3866:
3790:
3785:
3664:
3504:
3342:
3315:
2821:
2674:
Kumar S (April 2013). "Tobacco and areca nut chewing—reproductive impairments: an overview".
544:
3926:
3487:
1915:
539:. Betel quid affects almost all parts of the human body, including the brain, heart, lungs,
6978:
6958:
6548:
6406:
6396:
6381:
6176:
6171:
6166:
5939:
5786:
5647:
5588:
5439:
5397:
5125:
5028:
4904:
4842:
4822:
4807:
4704:
4584:
4364:
4268:
4189:
2683:
1244:
615:
532:
198:
2341:"Reviewing the epidemiology of head and neck cancer: definitions, trends and risk factors"
967:
8:
6191:
6161:
6151:
5692:
5572:
5392:
5271:
5175:
5096:
4684:
4503:
4493:
4399:
4339:
4263:
3800:
3693:
3371:"Areca nut production in 2017, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)"
2919:
Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures
2242:. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. 2012 .
1179:
981:
862:
795:
427:
249:
2687:
1578:
1303:, Indonesia, Bangladesh and Taiwan combined contributed 38% of the world total (table).
1153:, where it is growing in popularity, especially in the northern islands of the country.
6488:
6140:
5697:
5612:
5337:
5246:
5170:
4857:
4847:
4781:
4736:
4679:
4536:
4458:
4258:
4248:
4238:
4228:
3780:
3735:
3585:
3320:
3292:
3106:
3016:
2887:
2803:
2748:
2721:
2551:
2488:
2455:
2436:
2373:
2340:
2293:
2212:
2185:
2069:
2021:
1996:
1891:
1856:
1837:
1786:
1759:
1627:
1475:
1040:
sliced tender areca nut are sold in markets and used as offerings in Buddhist shrines.
772:
568:
548:
411:
256:
4817:
3373:. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2019
2652:
2162:
2127:
767:
shells used as containers of lime, one of which still contained lime. Burial sites in
6523:
6411:
6391:
6135:
6080:
5593:
5461:
5419:
5380:
5292:
5165:
5155:
5145:
5135:
4983:
4669:
4334:
4291:
4213:
4147:
4125:
4113:
4029:
3999:
3713:
3653:
3047:
3020:
3008:
2949:
2930:
2892:
2795:
2753:
2699:
2656:
2621:
2617:
2586:
2582:
2555:
2543:
2535:
2493:
2475:
2440:
2428:
2420:
2378:
2360:
2297:
2285:
2243:
2217:
2166:
2131:
2073:
2061:
2026:
1968:
1924:
1896:
1878:
1841:
1829:
1791:
1730:
1582:
990:. It is available practically everywhere and is sold in ready-to-chew pouches called
695:
685:
536:
415:
377:
190:
182:, dates back thousands of years, and continues to the present day in many countries.
175:
147:
22:
3643:
3110:
2807:
2775:
1631:
1536:
825:) constitutes a part of social greeting and socialising. It is a tradition to offer
6882:
6872:
6857:
6483:
6304:
6120:
6090:
6070:
6026:
5904:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5709:
5456:
5429:
5241:
5198:
5120:
5033:
4933:
4852:
4776:
4761:
3964:
3765:
3708:
3685:
3648:
3000:
2926:
2922:
2882:
2787:
2743:
2733:
2695:
2691:
2648:
2613:
2578:
2527:
2483:
2467:
2412:
2368:
2352:
2277:
2207:
2197:
2158:
2123:
2053:
2016:
2008:
1886:
1868:
1821:
1781:
1771:
1619:
1590:
1574:
1237:
agricultural, or medicinal drug violations. Such actions by Customs are very rare.
1204:
1192:
1103:
1071:
881:
642:
560:
485:
351:
277:
218:
94:
68:
3871:
3723:
3580:
3004:
6822:
6743:
6508:
6420:
6260:
6102:
6021:
5746:
5637:
5617:
5559:
5544:
5424:
5407:
5385:
5003:
4914:
4771:
4756:
4088:
4054:
4024:
3891:
3658:
3482:
3442:
3043:
1825:
1526:
1107:
943:
858:
512:
493:
326:
4958:
3388:
2847:
2235:
865:, would offer him the combination as a token of friendship every time they met.
6887:
6853:
6726:
6685:
6453:
6356:
6181:
6125:
6085:
6075:
6065:
5979:
5866:
5841:
5434:
5018:
4938:
4766:
4741:
4726:
4694:
4059:
3896:
3851:
3755:
3575:
2058:
10.1002/1097-0142(19920901)70:5<1017::AID-CNCR2820700502>3.0.CO;2-#
1760:"Chemical Composition, Pharmacological, and Toxicological Effects of Betel Nut"
1644:
1434:
1220:
1079:
984:, the preparation of nut with or without betel leaf is commonly referred to as
738:
707:
572:
564:
552:
444:
362:
295:
179:
163:
6055:
6038:
4709:
3820:
2870:
2356:
1661:
1623:
524:
A woman with the characteristic red-stained teeth and gums from long term use.
6937:
6862:
6643:
6618:
6563:
6319:
6288:
6115:
6110:
6011:
5954:
5802:
5679:
5642:
5632:
5330:
4948:
4716:
4664:
4659:
3467:
2791:
2738:
2539:
2531:
2479:
2424:
2416:
2364:
2339:
Gormley M, Creaney G, Schache A, Ingarfield K, Conway DI (11 November 2022).
2202:
2012:
1882:
1734:
1284:
717:
665:
649:
638:
600:
225:
214:
130:
29:
876:. The soft and moist raw areca nut is very potent. When chewed it can cause
6892:
6877:
6716:
6638:
6528:
6473:
6468:
6436:
6426:
6371:
6346:
6329:
6235:
6130:
5714:
5606:
5534:
5451:
4973:
4014:
4009:
3921:
3570:
3499:
3457:
3434:
3012:
2896:
2799:
2757:
2703:
2660:
2625:
2590:
2547:
2497:
2432:
2382:
2289:
2247:
2221:
2170:
2135:
2030:
1900:
1833:
1795:
1776:
1586:
1143:
1134:
1133:. A controversial ban on selling and chewing betel nut in public places in
1094:
900:
877:
669:
596:
315:
3068:
3036:
2776:"Systemic conditions associated with areca nut usage: a literature review"
2774:
Javed F, Bello Correra FO, Chotai M, Tappuni AR, Almas K (December 2010).
2065:
6827:
6768:
6658:
6653:
6628:
6611:
6601:
6592:
6458:
6309:
6204:
5944:
5554:
5362:
5353:
5053:
4993:
4968:
4674:
4118:
3969:
3494:
3370:
2471:
2240:
LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury
1873:
1812:
955:
788:
754:
711:
664:
outcomes for the baby. The habit is associated with higher incidences of
661:
611:
580:
520:
473:
186:
185:
Betel nut chewing is addictive and causes adverse health effects, mainly
143:
135:
3949:
3524:
1917:
Betel-quid and areca-nut chewing and some areca-nut-derived Nitrosamines
911:
6738:
6733:
6690:
6673:
6663:
6633:
6623:
6573:
6463:
6351:
6240:
6060:
6006:
5969:
5924:
5919:
5909:
5883:
5859:
5754:
5734:
5672:
5659:
5509:
4909:
3775:
3529:
2969:
2948:
Graves, Robert (1984), Las islas de la imprudencia, Barcelona: Edhasa.
1388:
1276:
1208:
948:
734:
673:
634:
477:
465:
419:
210:
159:
155:
6763:
3514:
2822:"Archaeological evidence from Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines"
2281:
899:
Reasons for starting to consume areca nuts appears to involve complex
6817:
6668:
6538:
6513:
6401:
6386:
6366:
6156:
6146:
6043:
6033:
5964:
5949:
5914:
5759:
5685:
5622:
5578:
5023:
4884:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
4746:
3994:
3740:
1370:
1299:, with India providing 54% of the total. As other leading producers,
1138:
1118:
742:
660:
Using tobacco or areca nuts during pregnancy significantly increases
584:
461:
435:
431:
407:
342:
318:
when Dutch and Portuguese sailors took the nut from India to Europe.
151:
3209:"Banned substance betel nut readily available for sale in Australia"
3094:
3069:"Cordillera PUV drivers banned from chewing betel nut while on duty"
2722:"A review of the systemic adverse effects of areca nut or betel nut"
2186:"A review of the systemic adverse effects of areca nut or betel nut"
6558:
6431:
6416:
6314:
6270:
6255:
6245:
6230:
6220:
5974:
5899:
5776:
5704:
5600:
5446:
5414:
5402:
5048:
5008:
4827:
3856:
3827:
3730:
3679:
3544:
3472:
2454:
Gupta R, Gupta S, Sharma S, Sinha DN, Mehrotra R (1 January 2019).
1961:
WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2008: the MPOWER package
1280:
1272:
1264:
1256:
1224:
1024:
893:
811:
807:
497:
489:
469:
423:
385:
366:
358:
37:
3539:
53:
6800:
6795:
6785:
6758:
6678:
6578:
6543:
6533:
6518:
6275:
6186:
6050:
5929:
5791:
5539:
5524:
5519:
5013:
4978:
4928:
4919:
4044:
3979:
3881:
3814:
3509:
1557:
1430:
1352:
1300:
1150:
1052:
980:
In India (the largest consumer of areca nut) and the rest of the
763:
758:
746:
449:
389:
931:
606:
When chewed with additional tobacco in its preparation (like in
430:
by swallowing a few teaspoons of powdered areca nut, drunk as a
6843:
6805:
6790:
6753:
6711:
6706:
6606:
6361:
6265:
5934:
5894:
5781:
5627:
5583:
5529:
5514:
5504:
5489:
4943:
4039:
3989:
3534:
3428:
List of resources about traditional arts and culture of Oceania
2773:
2638:
2338:
2088:"Oropharyngeal Cancer Treatment (Adult) (PDQ®)–Patient Version"
1663:
Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat
1406:
1296:
1268:
1260:
1216:
1200:
1196:
1130:
1064:
1048:
999:
960:
936:
869:
623:
556:
481:
347:
236:
206:
4879:
Asian American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium
1855:
Zhang P, Sari EF, McCullough MJ, Cirillo N (13 October 2022).
1609:
919:
372:
Usually for chewing, a few slices of the nut are wrapped in a
106:
74:
6773:
6648:
6568:
6553:
6500:
6250:
6209:
6001:
5879:
5854:
5667:
5549:
5481:
5375:
5370:
4998:
4953:
3933:
3916:
3901:
3519:
1334:
1315:
1172:
1168:
1126:
1008:
818:
768:
607:
501:
381:
373:
194:
167:
125:
3284:勞工安全衛生研究所友善列印新聞稿-我國勞工的主要死亡原因分析-惡性腫瘤(癌症)、事故傷害、心臟疾病是勞工朋友三大健康殺手
3181:"Port Moresby Governor launches new attempt to ban betelnut"
2869:
Auluck A, Hislop G, Poh C, Zhang L, Rosin MP (14 May 2009).
1994:
725:
6780:
6748:
5993:
4004:
3984:
3974:
3954:
3911:
3876:
3861:
3565:
3477:
3462:
1997:"Areca nut use: An independent risk factor for oral cancer"
1157:
1055:
province. These restrictions were made under the idea that
986:
843:
779:
originally meaning "fruit" came to refer to "areca nut" in
610:), there is an even higher risk for cancer, especially for
112:
97:
83:
1854:
516:
Chewing betelnut produces a red residue, which is spat out
166:, and parts of east Africa. It is not to be confused with
6588:
6293:
5849:
3637:
2510:
2504:
2395:
791:
and in neighboring cultures through trade and migration.
690:
197:), there is an even higher risk, especially for oral and
174:) leaves that are often used to wrap it. The practice of
77:
3316:"Despite Risks, an Addictive Treat Fuels a Chinese City"
2389:
2112:
833:. In traditional Assamese societies carrying a pouch of
5322:
2568:
1295:
In 2017, world production of areca nut was 1.3 million
1243:
Possession of areca nut or betel leaf is banned in the
1240:
In the United Kingdom, areca nut is readily available.
583:. Habitual chewing of areca nuts increases the risk of
270:
57:
Areas of the world where the use of areca nut is common
2267:
418:. Powdered areca nut is used as a constituent in some
2921:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 877–882,
2453:
1764:
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
1701:"Chewing, spitting of betel nut in city to be banned"
1679:"Chewing, spitting of betel nut in city to be banned"
288:
109:
80:
3099:
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
2966:"Chewing doma: Myth to tradition | Bhutan 2008"
2868:
947:
Areca nut palm cultivation at a spice plantation in
138:, but was carried widely through the tropics by the
103:
2719:
2183:
2043:
442:noted that Chinese people would mix areca nut with
306:
100:
71:
3035:
2990:
361:, but rather the seed of a fruit categorized as a
49:19th century drawing of the Areca palm and its nut
3418:
3243:"Health Survey for the Long-distance Bus Drivers"
2917:Ahuja U, Ahuja S, Ahuja SC (2016), "Betel Nuts",
2726:Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology
2603:
2190:Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology
1558:Gupta Prakash Chandra, Ray Cecily S (July 2004).
729:Areca nut plantation in the Terai region of Nepal
6935:
1995:Warnakulasuriya S, Trivedy C, Peters TJ (2002).
1808:
1125:, and grow abundantly on the northern coast, in
618:. With tobacco it also raises the risk of fatal
422:. Other traditional uses include the removal of
201:. With tobacco it also raises the risk of fatal
28:"Supari" redirects here. For the 2003 film, see
3122:
3120:
2916:
2720:Garg A, Chaturvedi P, Gupta PC (January 2014).
2184:Garg A, Chaturvedi P, Gupta PC (January 2014).
1857:"Metabolomic Profile of Indonesian Betel Quids"
1753:
1751:
1666:. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 138.
1469:
1467:
1465:
1287:in Taiwan have been named after the areca nut.
629:Women who chew areca nut formulations, such as
21:For the practice of chewing the areca nut, see
5832:
3027:
1913:
1698:
1473:
1195:, often poorly maintained and with unassuming
1043:In the northern Philippines, particularly the
531:Betel nut chewing causes an increased risk of
5818:
5338:
5081:
4419:
4174:
3404:
3289:Institute of Occupational Safety & Health
3126:
2769:
2767:
2632:
2511:Vidyasagaran AL, Siddiqi K, Kanaan M (2016).
2396:Vidyasagaran AL, Siddiqi K, Kanaan M (2016).
2315:"Chewing Pinang a popular past time in Papua"
2148:
209:, and adverse reproductive effects including
16:Fruit of the areca palm chewed as a stimulant
3365:
3363:
3117:
2715:
2713:
2309:
2307:
1802:
1748:
1676:
1519:
1462:
3042:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p.
1967:. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2008.
1525:
1149:Areca nut chewing has been introduced into
1006:with a small quantity of tobacco is called
5825:
5811:
5345:
5331:
5088:
5074:
4426:
4412:
4181:
4167:
3411:
3397:
3343:"Avoid bringing banned items into the UAE"
3033:
2764:
2667:
2177:
1907:
1757:
146:since at least 1500 BCE due to its use in
4433:
3360:
3313:
2984:
2886:
2747:
2737:
2710:
2520:European Journal of Preventive Cardiology
2487:
2405:European Journal of Preventive Cardiology
2372:
2304:
2211:
2201:
2020:
1890:
1872:
1785:
1775:
906:
798:the phrase "matters of betel and areca" (
4188:
2676:Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.)
1450:List of herbs with known adverse effects
1093:
966:
954:
942:
930:
918:
910:
724:
716:
701:
689:
519:
511:
341:
333:
325:
235:
134:). The palm is originally native to the
52:
44:
36:
5095:
2261:
1659:
1653:
1532:Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary
455:
178:, often together with other herbs as a
6936:
3152:
3127:Swanston T, Gunga T (5 October 2023).
1720:
1605:
1603:
1012:. The easily discarded, small plastic
971:Areca nuts at a store in Suzhou, China
626:and non-fatal ischaemic heart disease
543:and reproductive organs. It can cause
5806:
5326:
5069:
4407:
4162:
3566:"yaqona" (Fiji), or "sakau" (Pohnpei)
3392:
3178:
3155:"Betel nut ban lifted in PNG capital"
3092:
3038:Curry: A Tale of Cooks and Conquerors
2780:Scandinavian Journal of Public Health
2673:
2228:
1117:Betel nuts in PNG are referred to in
464:. There are other compounds, such as
6916:
5291:For other topics including Oceanian
3699:French Polynesia's Marquesas Islands
3066:
2080:
1082:of Indonesia, it is known simply as
935:An Areca nut dwarf variety sapling,
595:, a condition which may progress to
2862:
2447:
2332:
1600:
1579:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V33N4p31S
1490:
655:
591:. Chewing areca nuts is a cause of
460:The major alkaloid in betel nut is
13:
4635:Austral Islands (French Polynesia)
1940:from the original on 29 March 2018
1560:"Epidemiology of betel quid usage"
1231:
14:
6995:
1923:. The World Health Organization.
1723:"Papua New Guinea bans betel nut"
1535:, Merriam-Webster, archived from
1034:
915:Areca nut in small packs in India
507:
6915:
6906:
6905:
4099:World Invitational Hula Festival
2846:. Vietspring.org. Archived from
2618:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.01.003
2583:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.06.021
1399:
1381:
1363:
1345:
1327:
1045:Cordillera Administrative Region
484:present in betel nut are mainly
93:
67:
3619:Australian Aboriginal astronomy
3335:
3307:
3273:
3264:
3235:
3226:
3201:
3172:
3146:
3086:
3060:
2958:
2942:
2910:
2836:
2814:
2597:
2562:
2460:Nicotine & Tobacco Research
2142:
2106:
2037:
1988:
1952:
1848:
1714:
1110:, fresh areca nut, betel leaf (
721:Areca nut cutter from Indonesia
706:A betel nut box crafted by the
5116:Federated States of Micronesia
4999:Indigenous Polynesian (Mā’ohi)
4690:Federated States of Micronesia
4454:Federated States of Micronesia
4209:Federated States of Micronesia
3704:Federated States of Micronesia
2927:10.1007/978-94-007-7747-7_9835
2696:10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.11.007
1699:Herald Express (27 May 2018).
1692:
1670:
1638:
1551:
1250:
380:(slaked lime) and may include
321:
1:
3420:Culture of indigenous Oceania
3005:10.1080/10826084.2019.1660678
2653:10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30460-6
2163:10.1016/S1368-8375(01)00003-3
2128:10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70326-2
1758:Chen X, He Y, Deng Y (2021).
1455:
1290:
1247:and is a punishable offence.
975:
599:. It has also been linked to
416:traditional Chinese medicines
338:Areca nut plantation in India
6944:Herbal and fungal stimulants
4838:Oceanian legendary creatures
3314:Dan Levin (19 August 2010).
1826:10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104276
1677:The Junction (8 June 2018).
1185:
1074:, the betel nut is known as
679:
314:The terms dates back to the
231:
7:
5313:Category:Culture of Oceania
2606:Drug and Alcohol Dependence
2571:Drug and Alcohol Dependence
1721:Malkin B (6 January 2009).
1507:. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew
1480:eJournal of Indian Medicine
1443:
307:
289:
271:
10:
7000:
5834:Non-timber forest products
4920:Chatham Islander (Moriori
3828:Weriyeng navigation school
2993:Substance Use & Misuse
1612:Journal of Cluster Science
1505:Plants of the World Online
1474:Zumbroich TJ (2007–2008).
1089:
872:, the areca nut is called
683:
27:
20:
6901:
6836:
6699:
6587:
6499:
6284:
6200:
6101:
5988:
5875:
5840:
5745:
5658:
5480:
5360:
5289:
5207:
5184:
5103:
5062:
4892:
4871:
4790:
4627:
4545:
4522:
4441:
4398:
4382:
4300:
4277:
4196:
4155:
4146:
4068:
3942:
3839:
3672:traditions and ceremonies
3604:
3553:
3433:
3426:
2357:10.1038/s41415-022-5166-x
2092:National Cancer Institute
1624:10.1007/s10876-012-0519-2
1427:
299:
281:
260:
252:, cognates of which are:
6984:Austronesian agriculture
6974:Medicinal plants of Asia
6964:IARC Group 1 carcinogens
5770:Queensland macadamia nut
5352:
5262:Northern Mariana Islands
4722:Northern Mariana Islands
4600:Northern Mariana Islands
4355:Northern Mariana Islands
4131:Festival of Pacific Arts
3283:
3067:Gano H (16 April 2019).
2792:10.1177/1403494810379291
2739:10.4103/0971-5851.133702
2532:10.1177/2047487316654026
2417:10.1177/2047487316654026
2203:10.4103/0971-5851.133702
2013:10.1136/bmj.324.7341.799
1203:dressed young woman, a "
1162:Northern Mariana Islands
896:until the colonial era.
838:without the offering of
589:hepatocellular carcinoma
346:Betel nut saleswoman in
5227:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
4565:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
4320:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
4094:Merrie Monarch Festival
3179:Evans K (5 July 2023).
3153:Blades J (5 May 2017).
2875:Rural and Remote Health
2319:Stichting Papua Erfgoed
781:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
620:coronary artery disease
593:oral submucous fibrosis
504:were also identified.
357:The areca nut is not a
203:coronary artery disease
140:Austronesian migrations
6848:(Iberian agroforestry)
6086:Pacific mountain onion
5567:Johnstone River almond
5044:Torres Strait Islander
4435:Literature of Oceania
3796:Micronesian Navigation
3093:Latap NS (June 2015).
3073:Philippine News Agency
2345:British Dental Journal
1567:Ann. Acad. Med. Singap
1099:
972:
964:
959:Areca nuts as sold in
952:
940:
928:
916:
907:Modern-day consumption
785:Austronesian expansion
730:
722:
714:
699:
541:gastrointestinal tract
525:
517:
354:
339:
331:
330:Areca fruits on a tree
241:
58:
50:
42:
6969:Flora of the Maldives
6949:Edible nuts and seeds
6868:Indian forest produce
6339:Hydnocarpus wightiana
5495:Australian cashew nut
5210:and other territories
5014:Samoan (Tagata Māo‘i)
4900:Indigenous Australian
4798:Australian Aboriginal
4548:and other territories
4303:and other territories
4190:Languages of Oceania
3791:Polynesian Navigation
3771:Torres Strait Islands
3034:Collingham L (2006).
1307:Areca nut production
1097:
970:
958:
946:
934:
922:
914:
728:
720:
705:
693:
616:oropharyngeal cancers
545:myocardial infarction
533:head and neck cancers
523:
515:
345:
337:
329:
239:
199:oropharyngeal cancers
56:
48:
40:
6111:Bare-toothed russula
5097:Religion in Oceania
5029:Taiwanese aborigines
4388:Languages of Oceania
1914:IARC Working Group.
1874:10.3390/biom12101469
1777:10.1155/2021/1808081
1160:and the neighboring
810:and some schools of
577:prostate hyperplasia
456:Chemical composition
428:intestinal parasites
124:is the fruit of the
6722:musical instruments
5980:Woodland strawberry
5573:Irvingia gabonensis
5297:indigenous currency
3591:Sāmoa 'ava ceremony
2844:"Vietnamese Legend"
2688:2013RepTx..36...12K
2270:Periodontology 2000
2116:The Lancet Oncology
1308:
982:Indian subcontinent
863:Santa Isabel Island
857:reported observing
549:cardiac arrhythmias
406:In parts of India,
250:Dravidian languages
5730:Single-leaf pinyon
3907:Polynesian sailing
3321:The New York Times
2472:10.1093/ntr/nty002
2094:. 22 November 2019
1660:Roberts E (1837).
1539:on 10 October 2020
1306:
1100:
973:
965:
953:
941:
929:
927:in an Indian store
923:Shopkeeper making
917:
773:Proto-Austronesian
731:
723:
715:
700:
569:metabolic syndrome
526:
518:
355:
340:
332:
242:
191:esophageal cancers
59:
51:
43:
6931:
6930:
5800:
5799:
5698:Monkey-puzzle nut
5560:Shellbark hickory
5545:Mockernut hickory
5505:Borneo tallow nut
5320:
5319:
5285:
5284:
5277:Wallis and Futuna
5185:Associated states
4782:Wallis and Futuna
4623:
4622:
4615:Wallis and Futuna
4523:Associated states
4394:
4393:
4378:
4377:
4370:Wallis and Futuna
4278:Associated states
4126:Pacific Community
4114:Pasifika Festival
3847:Aboriginal dugout
3786:Wallis and Futuna
3053:978-0-19-988381-3
2936:978-94-007-7746-0
2647:(12): e767–e775.
2526:(18): 1970–1981.
2411:(18): 1970–1981.
2282:10.1111/prd.12277
2007:(7341): 799–800.
1974:978-92-4-159628-2
1573:(4 Suppl): 31–6.
1441:
1440:
1437:
1321:
1193:mom and pop shops
859:Solomon Islanders
855:Álvaro de Mendaña
696:calcium hydroxide
686:Betel nut chewing
537:esophageal cancer
486:proanthocyanidins
378:calcium hydroxide
305:
287:
269:
176:betel nut chewing
148:betel nut chewing
23:Betel nut chewing
6991:
6919:
6918:
6909:
6908:
6883:Resin extraction
6873:Mushroom hunting
6849:
6595: / etc.
6449:
6342:
6177:Saffron milk cap
6167:Parasol mushroom
6007:Fiddlehead ferns
5827:
5820:
5813:
5804:
5803:
5555:Shagbark hickory
5457:Malabar chestnut
5347:
5340:
5333:
5324:
5323:
5267:Pitcairn Islands
5237:French Polynesia
5222:Christmas Island
5151:Papua New Guinea
5131:Marshall Islands
5104:Sovereign states
5090:
5083:
5076:
5067:
5066:
4984:Norfolk Islander
4929:Fijian (iTaukei)
4732:Papua New Guinea
4605:Pitcairn Islands
4575:French Polynesia
4560:Christmas Island
4489:Papua New Guinea
4469:Marshall Islands
4442:Sovereign states
4428:
4421:
4414:
4405:
4404:
4360:Pitcairn Islands
4330:French Polynesia
4315:Christmas Island
4244:Papua New Guinea
4224:Marshall Islands
4197:Sovereign states
4183:
4176:
4169:
4160:
4159:
4153:
4152:
4138:Papua New Guinea
3801:Marshall Islands
3751:Pitcairn Islands
3746:Papua New Guinea
3686:Lomilomi massage
3632:Caroline Islands
3505:Papua New Guinea
3413:
3406:
3399:
3390:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3367:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3295:on 30 March 2012
3291:. Archived from
3277:
3271:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3252:on 30 March 2012
3251:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3185:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3124:
3115:
3114:
3105:(6): 1896–1913.
3090:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3041:
3031:
3025:
3024:
2999:(9): 1413–1421.
2988:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2968:. Archived from
2962:
2956:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2890:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2850:on 5 August 2014
2840:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2771:
2762:
2761:
2751:
2741:
2717:
2708:
2707:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2517:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2491:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2402:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2376:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2311:
2302:
2301:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2215:
2205:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2024:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1984:on 8 March 2008.
1983:
1977:. Archived from
1966:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1939:
1922:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1894:
1876:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1789:
1779:
1755:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1657:
1651:
1649:The Tree of Life
1642:
1636:
1635:
1607:
1598:
1597:
1596:on 12 June 2009.
1595:
1589:. Archived from
1564:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1471:
1428:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1319:
1309:
1305:
1205:betel nut beauty
1104:Papua New Guinea
1072:Bahasa Indonesia
882:vasoconstriction
853:Spanish mariner
674:linked to cancer
656:During pregnancy
643:low birth weight
561:type II diabetes
500:, alcohols, and
494:carboxylic acids
376:leaf along with
352:Papua New Guinea
310:
304:romanized:
303:
301:
292:
286:romanized:
285:
283:
274:
264:
262:
248:originated from
219:low birth weight
119:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
90:
89:
86:
85:
82:
79:
76:
73:
6999:
6998:
6994:
6993:
6992:
6990:
6989:
6988:
6934:
6933:
6932:
6927:
6897:
6847:
6832:
6823:Vegetable ivory
6695:
6583:
6495:
6443:
6336:
6298:
6280:
6214:
6196:
6162:Oyster mushroom
6152:Meadow mushroom
6097:
6081:Twincrest onion
5984:
5888:
5871:
5842:Animal products
5836:
5831:
5801:
5796:
5741:
5715:Colorado pinyon
5654:
5476:
5356:
5351:
5321:
5316:
5281:
5209:
5203:
5186:
5180:
5161:Solomon Islands
5099:
5094:
5058:
4888:
4867:
4786:
4752:Solomon Islands
4619:
4547:
4541:
4524:
4518:
4499:Solomon Islands
4437:
4432:
4390:
4374:
4302:
4296:
4279:
4273:
4254:Solomon Islands
4192:
4187:
4142:
4089:Aloha Festivals
4064:
3938:
3897:Paopao (Tuvalu)
3887:Māori migration
3835:
3807:Stick charts of
3761:Solomon Islands
3644:Chatham Islands
3606:
3600:
3549:
3429:
3422:
3417:
3387:
3386:
3376:
3374:
3369:
3368:
3361:
3351:
3349:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3326:
3324:
3312:
3308:
3298:
3296:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3227:
3217:
3215:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3192:
3190:
3183:
3177:
3173:
3163:
3161:
3151:
3147:
3137:
3135:
3125:
3118:
3091:
3087:
3077:
3075:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3032:
3028:
2989:
2985:
2975:
2973:
2972:on 9 April 2012
2964:
2963:
2959:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2915:
2911:
2901:
2899:
2867:
2863:
2853:
2851:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2827:
2825:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2772:
2765:
2718:
2711:
2672:
2668:
2641:Lancet Oncology
2637:
2633:
2602:
2598:
2577:(1–2): 126–31.
2567:
2563:
2515:
2509:
2505:
2452:
2448:
2400:
2394:
2390:
2337:
2333:
2323:
2321:
2313:
2312:
2305:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2250:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2182:
2178:
2147:
2143:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2042:
2038:
1993:
1989:
1981:
1975:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1853:
1849:
1807:
1803:
1756:
1749:
1739:
1737:
1727:Daily Telegraph
1719:
1715:
1705:
1703:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1681:
1675:
1671:
1658:
1654:
1643:
1639:
1608:
1601:
1593:
1562:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1540:
1527:Merriam-Webster
1524:
1520:
1510:
1508:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1472:
1463:
1458:
1446:
1400:
1398:
1382:
1380:
1364:
1362:
1346:
1344:
1328:
1326:
1318:
1293:
1255:Places such as
1253:
1234:
1232:Other countries
1223:, China, where
1188:
1108:Solomon Islands
1092:
1078:, while in the
1037:
978:
909:
800:chuyện trầu cau
739:Southeast Asian
688:
682:
658:
639:premature birth
510:
458:
324:
234:
215:premature birth
96:
92:
70:
66:
33:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6997:
6987:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6929:
6928:
6926:
6925:
6913:
6902:
6899:
6898:
6896:
6895:
6890:
6888:Rubber tapping
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6854:Forest farming
6851:
6840:
6838:
6834:
6833:
6831:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6809:
6808:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6777:
6776:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6730:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6709:
6703:
6701:
6697:
6696:
6694:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6682:
6681:
6676:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6615:
6614:
6604:
6598:
6596:
6585:
6584:
6582:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6505:
6503:
6497:
6496:
6494:
6493:
6490:Vateria indica
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:Shorea robusta
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6301:
6299:
6297:
6296:
6291:
6285:
6282:
6281:
6279:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6217:
6215:
6213:
6212:
6207:
6201:
6198:
6197:
6195:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6138:
6136:Honey mushroom
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6107:
6105:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6095:
6094:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6047:
6046:
6041:
6031:
6030:
6029:
6019:
6017:Mahuwa flowers
6014:
6009:
6004:
5998:
5996:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5891:
5889:
5887:
5886:
5876:
5873:
5872:
5870:
5869:
5864:
5863:
5862:
5852:
5846:
5844:
5838:
5837:
5830:
5829:
5822:
5815:
5807:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5773:
5772:
5767:
5757:
5751:
5749:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5739:
5738:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5725:Mexican pinyon
5722:
5717:
5712:
5702:
5701:
5700:
5695:
5682:
5677:
5676:
5675:
5664:
5662:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5652:
5651:
5650:
5645:
5643:English walnut
5640:
5635:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5603:
5598:
5597:
5596:
5591:
5589:Planted karuka
5581:
5576:
5569:
5564:
5563:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5486:
5484:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5474:
5469:
5467:Red bopple nut
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5443:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5430:European hazel
5427:
5422:
5420:American hazel
5412:
5411:
5410:
5408:Sweet chestnut
5400:
5395:
5390:
5389:
5388:
5386:European beech
5383:
5381:American beech
5373:
5367:
5365:
5363:botanical nuts
5358:
5357:
5350:
5349:
5342:
5335:
5327:
5318:
5317:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5257:Norfolk Island
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5217:American Samoa
5213:
5211:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5196:
5190:
5188:
5187:of New Zealand
5182:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5107:
5105:
5101:
5100:
5093:
5092:
5085:
5078:
5070:
5064:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4923:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4896:
4894:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4881:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4794:
4792:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4631:
4629:
4625:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4595:Norfolk Island
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4555:American Samoa
4551:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4528:
4526:
4525:of New Zealand
4520:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4438:
4431:
4430:
4423:
4416:
4408:
4402:
4396:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4350:Norfolk Island
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4310:American Samoa
4306:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4289:
4283:
4281:
4280:of New Zealand
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4186:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4163:
4157:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4108:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4079:Garma Festival
4072:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3852:Alingano Maisu
3849:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3824:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3736:Norfolk Island
3733:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3668:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3629:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3610:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3463:kapa (Hawaiʻi)
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3439:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3416:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3393:
3385:
3384:
3359:
3334:
3306:
3272:
3263:
3234:
3225:
3200:
3184:(audio + text)
3171:
3145:
3116:
3085:
3059:
3052:
3026:
2983:
2957:
2941:
2935:
2909:
2861:
2835:
2824:. Epistola.com
2813:
2763:
2709:
2666:
2631:
2612:(1–2): 134–9.
2596:
2561:
2503:
2446:
2388:
2351:(9): 780–786.
2331:
2303:
2276:(1): 200–212.
2260:
2227:
2176:
2157:(6): 477–492.
2141:
2122:(11): 1033–4.
2105:
2079:
2052:(5): 1017–23.
2036:
1987:
1973:
1951:
1929:
1906:
1847:
1801:
1747:
1713:
1691:
1669:
1652:
1645:Naveen Patnaik
1637:
1599:
1550:
1518:
1489:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1435:United Nations
1425:
1424:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1323:
1322:
1313:
1292:
1289:
1271:(เกาะหมาก) in
1252:
1249:
1233:
1230:
1221:Hunan Province
1187:
1184:
1182:supermarkets.
1106:(PNG) and the
1091:
1088:
1080:Papua Province
1036:
1035:Southeast Asia
1033:
977:
974:
908:
905:
708:Maranao people
684:Main article:
681:
678:
657:
654:
573:hypothyroidism
565:hyperlipidemia
509:
508:Health effects
506:
457:
454:
445:Uncaria gambir
440:Edmund Roberts
369:-like cutter.
323:
320:
312:
311:
293:
275:
233:
230:
180:stimulant drug
164:Southeast Asia
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6996:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6941:
6939:
6924:
6923:
6914:
6912:
6904:
6903:
6900:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6863:Honey hunting
6861:
6859:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6846:
6842:
6841:
6839:
6835:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6807:
6804:
6803:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6775:
6772:
6771:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6714:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6704:
6702:
6698:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6671:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6619:Coconut sugar
6617:
6613:
6610:
6609:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6506:
6504:
6502:
6498:
6492:
6491:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6422:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6300:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6286:
6283:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6218:
6216:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6202:
6199:
6193:
6192:Yellow knight
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6182:Slippery jack
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6104:
6100:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6036:
6035:
6032:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6012:Heart of palm
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5995:
5991:
5990:Edible plants
5987:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5955:Juniper berry
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5892:
5890:
5885:
5881:
5878:
5877:
5874:
5868:
5865:
5861:
5858:
5857:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5828:
5823:
5821:
5816:
5814:
5809:
5808:
5805:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5765:Macadamia nut
5763:
5762:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5748:
5744:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5710:Chilgoza pine
5708:
5707:
5706:
5703:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5687:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5674:
5673:Burrawang nut
5671:
5670:
5669:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5661:
5657:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5630:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5608:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5542:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5520:Chilean hazel
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5483:
5479:
5473:
5472:Yellow walnut
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5413:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5364:
5359:
5355:
5348:
5343:
5341:
5336:
5334:
5329:
5328:
5325:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5288:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5252:New Caledonia
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5232:Easter Island
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5206:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5183:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5091:
5086:
5084:
5079:
5077:
5072:
5071:
5068:
5065:
5061:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4891:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4870:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4789:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4700:New Caledonia
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4655:Easter Island
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4626:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4590:New Caledonia
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4570:Easter Island
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4544:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4521:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4429:
4424:
4422:
4417:
4415:
4410:
4409:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4397:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4345:New Caledonia
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4325:Easter Island
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4299:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4276:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4184:
4179:
4177:
4172:
4170:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4139:
4136:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3867:Dugout (boat)
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3714:New Caledonia
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3654:Easter Island
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3605:Geo-specific,
3603:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3554:Broad culture
3552:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3425:
3421:
3414:
3409:
3407:
3402:
3400:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3372:
3366:
3364:
3348:
3344:
3338:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3310:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3276:
3267:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3229:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3160:
3156:
3149:
3134:
3130:
3123:
3121:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3055:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3039:
3030:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2954:84-350-0430-9
2951:
2945:
2938:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2913:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2823:
2817:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2786:(8): 838–44.
2785:
2781:
2777:
2770:
2768:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2716:
2714:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2635:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2600:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2335:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2308:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2151:Oral Oncology
2145:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2109:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1963:
1962:
1955:
1936:
1932:
1930:9789283215851
1926:
1919:
1918:
1910:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1752:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1702:
1695:
1680:
1673:
1665:
1664:
1656:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1604:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1522:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1500:Areca catechu
1493:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1408:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1372:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1354:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1336:
1325:
1324:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1288:
1286:
1285:Binlang Islet
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1248:
1246:
1241:
1238:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1183:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1096:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
988:
983:
969:
962:
957:
950:
945:
938:
933:
926:
921:
913:
904:
902:
897:
895:
890:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
866:
864:
860:
856:
851:
849:
845:
841:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
815:
813:
809:
803:
801:
797:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
765:
760:
756:
751:
748:
744:
740:
736:
727:
719:
713:
709:
704:
697:
692:
687:
677:
675:
671:
667:
666:preterm birth
663:
653:
651:
650:public health
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
604:
602:
601:throat cancer
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
529:
522:
514:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
453:
451:
447:
446:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
404:
400:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
370:
368:
364:
360:
353:
349:
344:
336:
328:
319:
317:
309:
297:
294:
291:
279:
276:
273:
267:
258:
255:
254:
253:
251:
247:
238:
229:
227:
226:public health
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
132:
131:Areca catechu
127:
123:
117:
88:
64:
55:
47:
39:
35:
31:
30:Supari (film)
24:
19:
6954:Edible palms
6920:
6893:Wildcrafting
6878:Naval stores
6856: /
6844:
6813:Tendu leaves
6769:Natural dyes
6639:Gutta-percha
6591: /
6529:Frankincense
6489:
6445:
6402:Mango butter
6347:Cocoa butter
6338:
6335:Chaulmoogra
6305:Allanblackia
6236:Black pepper
6225:
6121:Birch bolete
6071:Canada onion
6056:Wild ginseng
6051:Saw palmetto
5992: /
5882: /
5777:Paradise nut
5684:
5633:Black walnut
5607:Panda oleosa
5605:
5571:
5499:
5425:Beaked hazel
5208:Dependencies
5194:Cook Islands
4905:Austronesian
4650:Cook Islands
4546:Dependencies
4532:Cook Islands
4301:Dependencies
4287:Cook Islands
4110:New Zealand
3965:fire dancing
3826:
3819:
3805:
3684:
3670:
3663:
3649:Cook Islands
3635:
3596:Wood carving
3571:Kava culture
3560:
3458:Cook Islands
3375:. Retrieved
3350:. Retrieved
3347:www.dubai.ae
3346:
3337:
3325:. Retrieved
3319:
3309:
3297:. Retrieved
3293:the original
3288:
3275:
3266:
3254:. Retrieved
3247:the original
3237:
3228:
3216:. Retrieved
3212:
3203:
3191:. Retrieved
3187:
3174:
3162:. Retrieved
3158:
3148:
3136:. Retrieved
3132:
3102:
3098:
3088:
3076:. Retrieved
3072:
3062:
3037:
3029:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2974:. Retrieved
2970:the original
2960:
2944:
2918:
2912:
2900:. Retrieved
2878:
2874:
2864:
2852:. Retrieved
2848:the original
2838:
2826:. Retrieved
2816:
2783:
2779:
2729:
2725:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2523:
2519:
2506:
2466:(1): 25–31.
2463:
2459:
2449:
2408:
2404:
2391:
2348:
2344:
2334:
2322:. Retrieved
2318:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2251:. Retrieved
2239:
2230:
2193:
2189:
2179:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2096:. Retrieved
2091:
2082:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1979:the original
1960:
1954:
1942:. Retrieved
1916:
1909:
1867:(10): 1469.
1864:
1861:Biomolecules
1860:
1850:
1817:
1811:
1804:
1767:
1763:
1738:. Retrieved
1726:
1716:
1704:. Retrieved
1694:
1682:. Retrieved
1672:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1640:
1615:
1611:
1591:the original
1570:
1566:
1553:
1541:, retrieved
1537:the original
1531:
1521:
1509:. Retrieved
1504:
1499:
1492:
1483:
1479:
1421:
1416:
1294:
1254:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1214:
1189:
1177:
1166:
1155:
1148:
1144:Manus Island
1135:Port Moresby
1122:
1116:
1111:
1101:
1083:
1076:makan pinang
1075:
1069:
1060:
1056:
1042:
1038:
1028:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1003:
1000:hunger pains
995:
991:
985:
979:
939:state, India
924:
901:psychosocial
898:
891:
885:
873:
867:
852:
847:
839:
834:
830:
826:
822:
816:
804:
799:
793:
776:
762:
752:
732:
670:birth weight
659:
652:emergency".
647:
630:
628:
605:
597:mouth cancer
553:liver damage
530:
527:
459:
443:
405:
401:
398:
393:
371:
356:
316:16th century
313:
245:
243:
228:emergency".
223:
184:
171:
129:
121:
62:
60:
34:
18:
6979:Euphoriants
6959:Fruit trees
6828:Willow bark
6659:Maple syrup
6654:Maple sugar
6629:Fruit syrup
6612:chewing gum
6602:Birch syrup
6459:Shea butter
6131:Chanterelle
6076:Crow garlic
6066:Bear garlic
6061:Wild onions
6039:filé powder
5960:Lingonberry
5945:Huckleberry
5787:Peanut tree
5747:Angiosperms
5720:Korean pine
5660:Gymnosperms
5594:Wild karuka
5440:Asian hazel
5141:New Zealand
4974:Micronesian
4964:Marshallese
4833:Micronesian
4705:New Zealand
4645:Austronesia
4479:New Zealand
4383:by category
4234:New Zealand
4119:Te Matatini
3970:firewalking
3719:New Zealand
3665:Lau Islands
3627:Austronesia
3495:nguzu nguzu
3483:New Zealand
3453:Austronesia
3377:30 November
3188:ABC Pacific
3078:20 November
2902:7 September
2881:(2): 1118.
2236:"Areca nut"
2098:28 November
1813:Fitoterapia
1770:: 1808081.
1618:: 107–114.
1251:Place names
1209:neon lights
1180:South Asian
1049:Baguio City
878:palpitation
789:Austronesia
755:Duyong Cave
735:South Asian
712:Philippines
581:infertility
474:isoguvacine
438:. Diplomat
420:dentifrices
322:Description
172:Piper betle
136:Philippines
6938:Categories
6739:Birch beer
6734:Birch bark
6691:Spruce gum
6674:akpeteshie
6664:Palm sugar
6634:Gum arabic
6624:Date sugar
6574:Turpentine
6454:Sandalwood
6357:Eucalyptus
6352:Eucalyptol
6241:Brazil nut
6116:Bay bolete
5970:Strawberry
5925:Cocoa bean
5920:Breadfruit
5910:Blackberry
5884:tree fruit
5755:Brazil nut
5735:Stone pine
5680:Ginkgo nut
5510:Breadfruit
4994:Polynesian
4969:Melanesian
4910:Sama-Bajau
4843:Polynesian
4823:Melanesian
4808:Mangarevan
4685:Micronesia
4400:Literature
4075:Australia
3821:navigation
3352:13 October
3213:SBS.com.au
3193:2 November
3164:2 November
3138:2 November
2976:8 November
2732:(1): 3–9.
2324:2 November
2253:2 November
2196:(1): 3–9.
1944:13 October
1820:: 104276.
1456:References
1389:Bangladesh
1291:Production
1277:Fua Mulaku
1259:in India,
1004:Pan masala
992:pan masala
976:South Asia
949:Curti, Goa
796:Vietnamese
743:East Asian
635:stillbirth
478:guvacoline
466:arecaidine
436:bad breath
426:and other
211:stillbirth
160:South Asia
156:Micronesia
41:Areca nuts
6858:gardening
6818:Thatching
6669:Palm wine
6514:Birch tar
6442:Sal-seed
6367:Japan wax
6320:Candlenut
6261:Malva nut
6226:Areca nut
6147:Matsutake
6103:Mushrooms
6044:root beer
6034:Sassafras
6022:Sago palm
5965:Raspberry
5950:Jackfruit
5915:Blueberry
5867:Wild game
5760:Macadamia
5693:Bunya nut
5686:Araucaria
5638:Butternut
5623:Pistachio
5613:Pekea nut
5535:Gabon nut
5500:Betel nut
5452:Kurrajong
5398:Candlenut
5361:True, or
5111:Australia
5034:Tokelauan
4863:Vanuatuan
4791:Mythology
4747:Slit drum
4737:Polynesia
4680:Melanesia
4640:Australia
4449:Australia
4204:Australia
4148:Languages
4069:Festivals
3995:kapa haka
3892:Outrigger
3614:Australia
3586:Polynesia
3561:areca nut
3448:Australia
3327:20 August
3299:18 August
3256:18 August
3021:219991434
2556:206820997
2540:2047-4873
2480:1469-994X
2441:206820997
2425:2047-4873
2365:0007-0610
2298:155089425
2074:196365532
1883:2218-273X
1842:198952787
1735:0307-1235
1486:: 87–140.
1422:1,337,115
1371:Indonesia
1186:East Asia
1139:Hanuabada
1119:Tok Pisin
903:factors.
840:tamul-pan
835:tamul-pan
827:pan-tamul
680:Tradition
585:cirrhosis
498:aldehydes
462:arecoline
432:decoction
424:tapeworms
412:Ayurvedic
408:Sri Lanka
300:அடைக்காய்
266:romanized
257:Malayalam
244:The term
240:Areca nut
232:Etymology
152:Melanesia
122:betel nut
63:areca nut
6911:Category
6727:textiles
6559:Pine tar
6524:Creosote
6474:Tea-tree
6469:Tea-seed
6437:Pongamia
6427:Phulwara
6412:Nagkesar
6407:Murumuru
6382:Kpangnan
6330:Carnauba
6271:Pine nut
6256:Hazelnut
6246:Cinnamon
6231:Bay leaf
6221:Allspice
6143:(reishi)
5975:Tamarind
5940:Gambooge
5900:Bilberry
5705:Pine nut
5648:Heartnut
5618:Pili nut
5601:Mongongo
5579:Jack nut
5462:Palm nut
5447:Kola nut
5415:Hazelnut
5403:Chestnut
5393:Breadnut
5305:folklore
5126:Kiribati
5063:Religion
5049:Visayans
5024:Tahitian
5004:Rapa Nui
4934:Hawaiian
4915:Chamorro
4872:Research
4858:Tuvaluan
4848:Rapa Nui
4828:Menehune
4670:Kiribati
4464:Kiribati
4219:Kiribati
4085:Hawaiʻi
4060:'upa'upa
4000:Kiribati
3950:ʻAparima
3872:Hōkūleʻa
3694:Kiribati
3545:tivaevae
3525:taʻovala
3473:magimagi
3133:ABC News
3111:21722318
3013:32569538
2897:19445556
2808:32865681
2800:20688790
2758:25006276
2704:23207167
2682:: 12–7.
2661:29208442
2626:18282667
2591:19665325
2548:27256827
2498:29325111
2433:27256827
2383:36369568
2290:31090137
2248:37043595
2222:25006276
2171:11435174
2136:19891056
2031:11934759
1935:Archived
1901:36291678
1834:31351128
1796:34457017
1740:23 April
1706:23 April
1684:23 April
1632:94299039
1587:15389304
1543:24 March
1444:See also
1429:Source:
1411:102,165
1393:119,039
1375:136,837
1357:147,524
1339:723,000
1312:Country
1281:Maldives
1273:Thailand
1265:Malaysia
1257:Guwahati
1225:Xiangtan
1025:Maldives
894:Americas
812:Buddhism
808:Hinduism
757:site of
668:and low
622:, fatal
490:terpenes
470:guvacine
450:eyesores
386:cardamom
367:scissors
359:true nut
308:aḍaikkāy
205:, fatal
6922:Commons
6837:Related
6801:Tanbark
6796:Shellac
6786:Quinine
6759:Gambier
6679:ogogoro
6579:Varnish
6544:Lacquer
6534:Gamboge
6519:Camphor
6509:Benzoin
6419: (
6325:Capuacu
6310:Babassu
6276:Vanilla
6187:Truffle
6172:Red cap
6141:Lingzhi
5930:Coconut
5905:Binukaw
5880:Berries
5792:Soybean
5540:Hickory
5525:Coconut
5435:Filbert
5309:cuisine
5272:Tokelau
5176:Vanuatu
5019:Tagalog
5009:Rotuman
4979:Negrito
4949:Ivatans
4939:Ilocano
4924:Rekohu)
4777:Vanuatu
4762:Tokelau
4610:Tokelau
4514:Vanuatu
4365:Tokelau
4269:Vanuatu
4156:by area
4045:tautoga
3980:hivinau
3882:Karakoa
3781:Vanuatu
3607:general
3515:tā moko
3510:reimiro
3500:Oceania
2888:2726113
2854:10 June
2828:10 June
2749:4080659
2684:Bibcode
2489:6941711
2374:9652141
2213:4080659
2066:1515978
2022:1122751
2001:The BMJ
1892:9599835
1787:8387188
1431:FAOSTAT
1353:Myanmar
1301:Myanmar
1197:façades
1151:Vanuatu
1090:Oceania
1053:Benguet
1051:in the
1023:In the
963:, China
951:, India
764:Anadara
759:Palawan
747:Oceanic
710:of the
662:adverse
482:Tannins
392:resin (
390:catechu
278:Kannada
272:aṭaykka
268::
261:അടയ്ക്ക
6845:Dehesa
6806:tannin
6791:Rattan
6754:Forage
6717:edible
6712:Bamboo
6707:Amadou
6686:Rubber
6607:Chicle
6549:Mastic
6501:Resins
6484:Ucuuba
6479:Tucuma
6464:Tamanu
6421:kernel
6392:Mafura
6362:Illipe
6315:Bacuri
6266:Nutmeg
6210:spices
5935:Durian
5895:Banana
5782:Peanut
5628:Walnut
5584:Karuka
5530:Durian
5515:Cashew
5490:Almond
5482:Drupes
5311:, see
5293:cinema
5247:Hawaii
5171:Tuvalu
5039:Tongan
4989:Papuan
4944:Igorot
4893:People
4853:Samoan
4803:Fijian
4772:Tuvalu
4757:Tahiti
4585:Hawaii
4509:Tuvalu
4340:Hawaii
4264:Tuvalu
4055:Tuvalu
4040:tāmūrē
4035:Tahiti
4025:Rotuma
4015:pa'o'a
4010:'ote'a
3990:kailao
3857:Bangka
3840:Canoes
3776:Tuvalu
3576:Lapita
3535:tattoo
3250:(.zip)
3218:2 July
3109:
3050:
3019:
3011:
2952:
2933:
2895:
2885:
2806:
2798:
2756:
2746:
2702:
2659:
2624:
2589:
2554:
2546:
2538:
2496:
2486:
2478:
2439:
2431:
2423:
2381:
2371:
2363:
2296:
2288:
2246:
2220:
2210:
2169:
2134:
2072:
2064:
2046:Cancer
2029:
2019:
1971:
1927:
1899:
1889:
1881:
1840:
1832:
1794:
1784:
1733:
1630:
1585:
1407:Taiwan
1404:
1386:
1368:
1350:
1332:
1320:(2017)
1316:Tonnes
1297:tonnes
1269:Ko Mak
1261:Penang
1217:Hainan
1201:sexily
1131:Madang
1084:pinang
1065:Ifugao
1014:supari
996:supari
961:Hainan
937:Kerala
870:Bhutan
848:husori
846:, the
624:stroke
557:asthma
502:esters
476:, and
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