2154:
2101:
160:
3393:
2533:
419:
40:
581:, which is German for range or reach. Literature articles will refer to an R1 ordered illite-smectite, for example. This type would be ordered in an illite-smectite-illite-smectite (ISIS) fashion. R0 on the other hand describes random ordering, and other advanced ordering types are also found (R3, etc.). Mixed layer clay minerals which are perfect R1 types often get their own names. R1 ordered chlorite-smectite is known as
888:
area. These characteristics open possibilities for the manufacture of high-quality ceramics and heavy-metal sorbents from saponite-containing products. Furthermore, tail grinding occurs during the preparation of the raw material for ceramics; this waste reprocessing is of high importance for the use of clay pulp as a neutralizing agent, as fine particles are required for the reaction. Experiments on the
394:. Each silica tetrahedron shares three of its vertex oxygen ions with other tetrahedra, forming a hexagonal array in two dimensions. The fourth oxygen ion is not shared with another tetrahedron and all of the tetrahedra "point" in the same direction; i.e. all of the unshared oxygen ions are on the same side of the sheet. These unshared oxygen ions are called apical oxygen ions.
358:
901:
The results of glycol adsorption, cation exchange capacity, X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, and chemical tests all give data that may be used for quantitative estimations. After the quantities of organic matter, carbonates, free oxides, and nonclay minerals have been determined, the
892:
deacidification with the alkaline clay slurry demonstrated that neutralization with the average pH level of 7.1 is reached at 30% of the pulp added and an experimental site with perennial grasses proved the efficacy of the technique. Moreover, the reclamation of disturbed lands is an integral part of
887:
Clay minerals can be incorporated in lime-metakaolin mortars to improve mechanical properties. Electrochemical separation helps to obtain modified saponite-containing products with high smectite-group minerals concentrations, lower mineral particles size, more compact structure, and greater surface
878:
The structural and compositional versatility of clay minerals gives them interesting biological properties. Due to disc-shaped and charged surfaces, clay interacts with a range of drugs, protein, polymers, DNA, or other macromolecules. Some of the applications of clays include drug delivery, tissue
397:
In clays, the tetrahedral sheets are always bonded to octahedral sheets formed from small cations, such as aluminum or magnesium, and coordinated by six oxygen atoms. The unshared vertex from the tetrahedral sheet also forms part of one side of the octahedral sheet, but an additional oxygen atom is
409:
Depending on the composition of the tetrahedral and octahedral sheets, the layer will have no charge or will have a net negative charge. If the layers are charged this charge is balanced by interlayer cations such as Na or K or by a lone octahedral sheet. The interlayer may also contain water. The
405:
Bonding between the tetrahedral and octahedral sheets requires that the tetrahedral sheet becomes corrugated or twisted, causing ditrigonal distortion to the hexagonal array, and the octahedral sheet is flattened. This minimizes the overall bond-valence distortions of the crystallite.
402:. If there is only one tetrahedral and one octahedral group in each layer the clay is known as a 1:1 clay. The alternative, known as a 2:1 clay, has two tetrahedral sheets with the unshared vertex of each sheet pointing towards each other and forming each side of the octahedral sheet.
205:
Because the individual particles in clay are less than 4 micrometers (0.00016 in) in size, they cannot be characterized by ordinary optical or physical methods. The crystallographic structure of clay minerals became better understood in the 1930s with advancements in the
398:
located above the gap in the tetrahedral sheet at the center of the six tetrahedra. This oxygen atom is bonded to a hydrogen atom forming an OH group in the clay structure. Clays can be categorized depending on the way that tetrahedral and octahedral sheets are packaged into
902:
percentages of clay minerals are estimated using the appropriate glycol adsorption, cation exchange capacity, K20, and DTA data. The amount of illite is estimated from the K20 content since this is the only clay mineral containing potassium.
221:
Because clay minerals are usually (but not necessarily) ultrafine-grained, special analytical techniques are required for their identification and study. In addition to X-ray crystallography, these include
838:
in 1985. It postulates that complex organic molecules arose gradually on pre-existing, non-organic replication surfaces of silicate crystals in contact with an aqueous solution. The clay mineral
218:
group of minerals. Standardization in terminology arose during this period as well, with special attention given to similar words that resulted in confusion, such as sheet and plane.
850:
monomers, and the formation of membranes from lipids. In 1998, Hyman
Hartman proposed that "the first organisms were self-replicating iron-rich clays which fixed carbon dioxide into
2694:
2669:
2386:
2039:
Andrejkovičová, S.; Velosa, A.L.; Ferraz, E.; Rocha, F. (2014). "Influence of clay minerals addition on mechanical properties of air lime–metakaolin mortars".
2684:
2269:
1345:
Rajkumar, K.; Ramanathan, A. L.; Behera, P. N. (September 2012). "Characterization of clay minerals in the
Sundarban mangroves river sediments by SEM/EDS".
893:
the social and environmental responsibility of the mining company and this scenario addresses the community necessities at both local and regional levels.
985:
2896:
577:
Mixed layer clay variations exist for most of the above groups. Ordering is described as a random or regular order and is further described by the term
2829:
2674:
1867:
Huang, Wenhua; Ferris, James P. (12 July 2006). "One-Step, Regioselective
Synthesis of up to 50-mers of RNA Oligomers by Montmorillonite Catalysis".
3363:
3292:
3060:
2919:
2849:
1565:
3368:
3133:
3090:
2779:
2734:
2724:
2649:
2629:
426:
Clay minerals can be classified as 1:1 or 2:1. A 1:1 clay would consist of one tetrahedral sheet and one octahedral sheet, and examples would be
1135:
3173:
3168:
3158:
3075:
2804:
2749:
3335:
3330:
3307:
3080:
3022:
3007:
2977:
2877:
2839:
2709:
2679:
2644:
2614:
214:(phyllosilicate) minerals, now grouped together as clay minerals. Their structure is based on flat hexagonal sheets similar to those of the
3128:
3065:
3047:
2824:
2769:
2764:
2754:
2634:
582:
578:
3269:
3095:
2819:
2659:
1961:
586:
450:
between layers, but 2:1 layers have a net negative charge and may be bonded together either by individual cations (such as potassium in
3105:
3085:
3012:
2844:
2774:
1623:
3070:
2699:
2569:
1904:
Subramaniam, Anand Bala; Wan, Jiandi; Gopinath, Arvind; Stone, Howard A. (2011). "Semi-permeable vesicles composed of natural clay".
1869:
1495:
2423:
1708:
2302:
1843:
1772:
1522:
870:. Finally phosphate was incorporated into the evolving system which allowed the synthesis of nucleotides and phospholipids."
243:
973:
2374:
1805:
1744:
1329:
1249:
1207:
979:
2258:
485:
787:
is the adsorption capacity for glycol, which occupies the interlayer sites when the clay is exposed to a vapor of
210:(XRD) technique indispensable to deciphering their crystal lattice. Clay particles were found to be predominantly
2068:"Advanced Techniques of Saponite Recovery from Diamond Processing Plant Water and Areas of Saponite Application"
2364:
2247:
1004:
2171:
Mitchell, James
Kenneth, 1930–Fundamentals of soil behavior /James K. Mitchell, Kenichi Soga.—3rd ed. p/85-100
2562:
2322:"Definition of Clay and Clay Mineral: Joint Report of the AIPEA Nomenclature and CMS Nomenclature Committees"
1265:
Murad, Enver (1998). "Clays and clay minerals: What can Mössbauer spectroscopy do to help understand them?".
819:
750:
2012:
Chrzanowski, Wojciech; Kim, Sally Yunsun; Abou Neel, Ensanya Ali (2013). "Biomedical
Applications of Clay".
3424:
239:
168:
17:
2416:
434:. A 2:1 clay consists of an octahedral sheet sandwiched between two tetrahedral sheets, and examples are
1168:
1797:
1575:
1389:
999:
227:
2555:
1838:(Reissue with a new introduction ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 148–161.
796:
682:
2182:
1680:
129:
Clay minerals form in the presence of water and have been important to life, and many theories of
3419:
1423:
275:
251:
593:
Summary of Clay
Mineral Identification Criteria—Reference Data for Clay Mineral Identification
2409:
910:
Argillaceous rocks are those in which clay minerals are a significant component. For example,
2382:
2121:"Reutilization Prospects of Diamond Clay Tailings at the Lomonosov Mine, Northwestern Russia"
1906:
1228:Środoń, J. (2006). "Chapter 12.2 Identification and Quantitative Analysis of Clay Minerals".
1173:
231:
333:. Spectrography has confirmed their presence on celestial bodies including the dwarf planet
309:, though they occur extensively on Earth where water has interacted with other minerals and
254:, a traditional technique establishing fundamental occurrences or petrologic relationships.
2333:
2292:
2132:
2079:
1970:
1925:
1833:
1631:
1530:
1496:"NASA's recovered Bennu asteroid samples show evidence of carbon and water, scientists say"
1468:
1354:
1274:
1046:
334:
247:
223:
179:
115:
2158:
2153:
2105:
2100:
361:
View of tetrahedral sheet structure of a clay mineral. Apical oxygen ions are tinted pink.
8:
2954:
1789:
1654:
835:
326:
2337:
2136:
2083:
1974:
1929:
1534:
1520:
Napier WM, Wickramasinghe JT, Wickramasinghe NC (2007). "The origin of life in comets".
1472:
1358:
1278:
1050:
134:
1994:
1941:
1915:
1713:
1546:
1451:
1370:
1321:
1290:
993:
330:
235:
2052:
1241:
922:, but including 10-40% of clay minerals: such limestones, when soft, are often called
2739:
2594:
2360:
2308:
2298:
2243:
1986:
1886:
1849:
1839:
1811:
1801:
1768:
1750:
1740:
1550:
1374:
1325:
1245:
1203:
919:
867:
855:
783:
is the spacing between layers in nanometers, as determined by X-ray crystallography.
552:
group which includes the clay-micas. Illite is the only common mineral in this group.
454:
or sodium or calcium in smectites) or by positively charged octahedral sheets (as in
410:
crystal structure is formed from a stack of layers interspaced with the interlayers.
207:
190:. Prehistoric humans discovered the useful properties of clay and used it for making
123:
1945:
1294:
2341:
2190:
2140:
2087:
2048:
2021:
1978:
1933:
1878:
1538:
1476:
1459:
1362:
1317:
1282:
1237:
1054:
943:
511:
279:
194:. The chemistry of clay, including its capacity to retain nutrient cations such as
48:
3397:
3358:
3138:
2537:
2483:
2297:(Reissue with a new introduction ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
2288:
1829:
1480:
839:
811:
788:
713:
558:
includes a wide variety of similar minerals with considerable chemical variation.
535:
523:
443:
68:
1998:
3183:
2814:
2799:
2578:
2448:
1452:"The surface composition of Ceres: Discovery of carbonates and iron-rich clays"
961:
955:
843:
831:
555:
455:
310:
211:
2346:
2321:
1982:
1542:
1366:
1286:
1059:
1034:
3413:
3373:
3345:
2834:
2195:
1767:
Fundamentals of Soil
Behavior, 3rd Edition James K. Mitchell, Kenichi Soga.
1428:
1169:"Summary of recommendations of AIPEA nomenclature committee on clay minerals"
1012: – Any of a group of malleable substances used in building and sculpting
1009:
447:
365:
Like all phyllosilicates, clay minerals are characterised by two-dimensional
346:
322:
142:
31:
2312:
1853:
1754:
159:
3353:
3196:
3191:
2992:
2901:
2887:
2867:
2714:
2498:
1990:
1890:
1815:
562:
431:
338:
318:
306:
111:
958: – The chemical structures, properties and reactions of clay minerals
3287:
3259:
3206:
3163:
3119:
2997:
2982:
2972:
2934:
851:
566:
439:
418:
305:
Given the requirement of water, clay minerals are relatively rare in the
138:
130:
3027:
2210:
2145:
2120:
896:
183:
3315:
3231:
3216:
3143:
3002:
2987:
2967:
2929:
2809:
2794:
2784:
2729:
2704:
2689:
2654:
2639:
2609:
2493:
2458:
2092:
2067:
1937:
847:
527:
477:
267:
1882:
1737:
X-Ray
Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals
39:
3320:
3297:
3279:
3264:
3254:
3246:
3221:
3201:
3153:
3100:
3055:
3037:
3017:
2939:
2911:
2759:
2744:
2508:
2478:
2473:
2463:
2443:
1685:
935:
931:
915:
859:
570:
469:
427:
291:
195:
164:
107:
95:
76:
65:
2025:
3325:
3211:
3148:
3115:
2789:
2664:
2599:
2513:
2503:
1897:
889:
531:
519:
342:
299:
287:
271:
199:
182:
when wet, but becomes hard, brittle and non–plastic upon drying or
44:
2547:
2211:"Argillaceous limestone: Mineral information, data and localities"
1920:
1655:"NASA Rover Finds Conditions Once Suited for Ancient Life on Mars"
1519:
1067:
988: – Event timeline of the NASA Mars Science Laboratory mission
278:
products. Clay minerals are very common in soils, in fine-grained
3236:
3032:
2962:
2944:
2924:
2624:
2619:
2488:
2453:
2242:(4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall.
863:
481:
473:
263:
191:
187:
154:
82:
62:
52:
2401:
1959:
Hartman, Hyman (1998). "Photosynthesis and the Origin of Life".
3226:
2719:
2604:
2468:
2038:
1421:
1308:
Kloprogge, J.T. (2017). "Raman
Spectroscopy of Clay Minerals".
1079:
939:
549:
465:
451:
119:
88:
72:
573:, clays with long water channels internal to their structure.
295:
283:
1681:"Mars Could Once Have Supported Life: What You Need to Know"
3386:
Structural groups mainly; based on rruff.info/ima, modified
2872:
2859:
2586:
2518:
1903:
1658:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1570:
968:
923:
543:
435:
314:
313:. Clay minerals have been detected at several locations on
215:
175:
103:
446:. The layers in 1:1 clays are uncharged and are bonded by
2157: This article incorporates text available under the
2104: This article incorporates text available under the
1141:. Soil Science Extension, North Carolina State University
383:
octahedra. The sheet units have the chemical composition
357:
2065:
1590:
1513:
1344:
186:. It is a very common material, and is the oldest known
137:, and have been useful to humans since ancient times in
2066:
Chanturiya, V.A.; Minenko, V.G.; Makarov, D.V. (2018).
2011:
1202:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 252–257.
1014:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
866:
rich region of the hot spring acquiring the ability to
858:. This system of replicating clays and their metabolic
178:
is a very fine-grained geologic material that develops
1449:
976: – One of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars
897:
The tests which verify that clay minerals are present
530:
and beidellite, and trioctahedral smectites, such as
522:
group which includes dioctahedral smectites, such as
2373:
2118:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1115:
1085:
762:
Same as kaolinite but 600° peak slope ratio > 2.5
759:
Same as kaolinite but 600° peak slope ratio > 2.5
1103:
873:
765:End. 500–650° Broad. End. 800–900° Broad Exo. 950°
1739:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1609:
1566:"Clay-Like Minerals Found on Icy Crust of Europa"
1091:
964: – Clay soil prone to swelling and shrinking
133:involve them. They are important constituents of
3411:
2319:
1794:Genetic Takeover and the Mineral Origins of Life
1734:
1709:"Mars Could Once Have Supported Life, NASA Says"
1652:
1073:
1422:Georgia Institute of Technology (20 Dec 2012).
825:
226:methods, various spectroscopic methods such as
1672:
538:found results consistent with the presence of
2563:
2417:
1646:
1424:"Clays on Mars: More plentiful than expected"
996: – Formation of authigenic clay minerals
791:at 60 °C (140 °F) for eight hours.
250:processes. These methods can be augmented by
2240:Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy
1788:
1700:
1487:
1450:Rivkin AS, Volquardsen EL, Clark BE (2006).
461:Clay minerals include the following groups:
2320:Guggenheim, Stephen; Martin, R. T. (1995).
2119:Pashkevich, M.A.; Alekseenko, A.V. (2020).
1962:Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres
1866:
1035:"Formation and Occurrence of Clay Minerals"
2570:
2556:
2424:
2410:
2112:
1563:
1390:"Rediscovering polarized light microscopy"
1347:Journal of the Geological Society of India
756:End. 500–660° + Sharp* Exo. 900–975° Sharp
2345:
2194:
2144:
2091:
1919:
1307:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1058:
1870:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
417:
356:
158:
38:
2287:
1958:
1828:
1706:
1493:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
14:
3412:
2354:
2256:
2180:
1678:
1387:
1227:
1216:
1166:
1133:
1121:
1097:
882:
102:), sometimes with variable amounts of
27:Fine-grained aluminium phyllosilicates
2551:
2405:
2237:
1603:
1494:Harwood, William (October 11, 2023).
1264:
1197:
1153:
1109:
982: – Branch of the geology of Mars
905:
163:Hexagonal sheets of the clay mineral
1184:
1032:
561:Other 2:1 clay types exist such as
2577:
2389:from the original on 3 January 2016
2041:Construction and Building Materials
986:Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory
534:. In 2013, analytical tests by the
24:
1653:Agle DC, Brown D (12 March 2013).
1322:10.1016/B978-0-08-100355-8.00006-0
771:End. 600–750° End. 900°. Exo. 950°
468:group which includes the minerals
270:products (including weathering of
202:, is important to soil fertility.
25:
3436:
2431:
2053:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.04.118
1735:Moore DM, Reynolds Jr RC (1997).
413:
3391:
2531:
2152:
2099:
874:Biomedical applications of clays
846:of RNA in aqueous solution from
422:Structure of clay mineral groups
294:and in fine-grained metamorphic
2275:from the original on 2022-10-09
2203:
2174:
2165:
2059:
2032:
2014:Australian Journal of Chemistry
2005:
1952:
1860:
1822:
1782:
1761:
1728:
1557:
1443:
1415:
1381:
1338:
1301:
1258:
842:has been shown to catalyze the
514:due to structural similarities.
2231:
1127:
1026:
1005:Clay mineral X-ray diffraction
879:engineering, and bioprinting.
30:For the academic journal, see
13:
1:
2359:. London: Thames and Hudson.
2257:Breuer, Stephen (July 2012).
1242:10.1016/S1572-4352(05)01028-7
1019:
820:differential thermal analysis
257:
148:
1481:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.08.022
1310:Developments in Clay Science
1230:Developments in Clay Science
1074:Guggenheim & Martin 1995
918:consisting predominantly of
830:The clay hypothesis for the
826:Clay and the origins of life
774:End. 610 ± 10° or 720 ± 20°
352:
345:, as well as Jupiter's moon
171:image, 1,340Ă— magnification)
7:
949:
946:filled with clay minerals.
10:
3441:
2695:Fluorotetraferriphlogopite
2259:"The chemistry of pottery"
1798:Cambridge University Press
1564:Greicius T (26 May 2015).
1200:Introduction to mineralogy
1198:Nesse, William D. (2000).
810:is the percent content of
512:kaolinite-serpentine group
252:polarized light microscopy
152:
29:
3382:
3344:
3306:
3278:
3245:
3182:
3114:
3046:
2953:
2910:
2886:
2858:
2585:
2527:
2439:
2347:10.1346/CCMN.1995.0430213
1707:Chang K (12 March 2013).
1543:10.1017/S1473550407003941
1367:10.1007/s12594-012-0161-5
1086:Science Learning Hub 2010
1060:10.1346/CCMN.1952.0010104
1000:The Clay Minerals Society
967:Mudstone/clays on planet
510:Some sources include the
2196:10.1036/1097-8542.049900
2181:Siever, Raymond (2019).
1679:Wall M (12 March 2013).
1624:"The Clay Mineral Group"
938:consisting primarily of
797:cation exchange capacity
585:, R1 illite-smectite is
2326:Clays and Clay Minerals
1983:10.1023/A:1006548904157
1287:10.1023/A:1012635124874
1136:"Soil fertility basics"
1039:Clays and Clay Minerals
928:argillaceous sandstones
912:argillaceous limestones
276:hydrothermal alteration
2670:Ferroaluminoceladonite
2266:Education in Chemistry
1630:. 1996. Archived from
1267:Hyperfine Interactions
862:then evolved into the
540:smectite clay minerals
423:
362:
274:) and low-temperature
228:Mössbauer spectroscopy
172:
122:found on or near some
55:
2383:University of Waikato
1134:Hodges, S.C. (2010).
604:Dehydrated halloysite
421:
360:
232:infrared spectroscopy
162:
42:
2379:Science Learning Hub
2294:The Blind Watchmaker
2183:"Argillaceous rocks"
1835:The Blind Watchmaker
1792:(2 September 1982).
1790:Cairns-Smith, Graham
1578:on 24 September 2016
248:automated mineralogy
224:electron diffraction
3425:Clay minerals group
3398:Minerals portal
2685:Fluorokinoshitalite
2538:Minerals portal
2355:Scarre, C. (2005).
2338:1995CCM....43..255G
2238:Boggs, Sam (2006).
2146:10.3390/min10060517
2137:2020Mine...10..517P
2084:2018Mine....8..549C
1975:1998OLEB...28..515H
1930:2011SMat....7.2600S
1634:on 27 December 2005
1606:, pp. 235–237.
1535:2007IJAsB...6..321N
1473:2006Icar..185..563R
1397:American Laboratory
1388:Weaver, R. (2003).
1359:2012JGSI...80..429R
1279:1998HyInt.117...39M
1076:, pp. 255–256.
1051:1952CCM.....1...19K
980:Composition of Mars
944:interstitial spaces
883:Mortar applications
836:Graham Cairns-Smith
822:curve of the clay.
627:rf(001)(nanometers)
607:Hydrated halloysite
594:
327:Memnonia quadrangle
2093:10.3390/min8120549
1938:10.1039/c0sm01354d
1714:The New York Times
1628:Amethyst Galleries
1523:Int. J. Astrobiol.
1167:Bailey SW (1980).
994:Reverse weathering
906:Argillaceous rocks
856:dicarboxylic acids
592:
424:
369:of corner-sharing
363:
331:Elysium quadrangle
236:Raman spectroscopy
173:
124:planetary surfaces
56:
3407:
3406:
2897:Ferripyrophyllite
2740:Manganiceladonite
2595:Aluminoceladonite
2545:
2544:
2304:978-0-393-31570-7
1883:10.1021/ja061782k
1877:(27): 8914–8919.
1845:978-0-393-31570-7
1773:978-0-471-46302-3
974:Aeolis quadrangle
942:grains, with the
920:calcium carbonate
778:
777:
280:sedimentary rocks
208:x-ray diffraction
16:(Redirected from
3432:
3396:
3395:
3394:
2830:Tetraferriannite
2690:Fluorophlogopite
2572:
2565:
2558:
2549:
2548:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2370:
2351:
2349:
2316:
2289:Dawkins, Richard
2284:
2282:
2280:
2274:
2263:
2253:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2163:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2116:
2110:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1969:(4–6): 515–521.
1956:
1950:
1949:
1923:
1914:(6): 2600–2612.
1901:
1895:
1894:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1830:Dawkins, Richard
1826:
1820:
1819:
1786:
1780:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1620:
1607:
1601:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1574:. Archived from
1561:
1555:
1554:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1456:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1394:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1225:
1214:
1213:
1195:
1182:
1181:
1164:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1140:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1033:Kerr PF (1952).
1030:
1015:
834:was proposed by
807:
720:
595:
591:
506:
393:
382:
375:
21:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3392:
3390:
3378:
3359:Franklinphilite
3340:
3302:
3274:
3241:
3178:
3139:Montmorillonite
3110:
3042:
2949:
2906:
2882:
2854:
2675:Ferroceladonite
2581:
2579:Phyllosilicates
2576:
2546:
2541:
2532:
2530:
2523:
2484:Montmorillonite
2435:
2430:
2392:
2390:
2367:
2305:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2261:
2250:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2219:
2217:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2117:
2113:
2064:
2060:
2037:
2033:
2026:10.1071/CH13361
2010:
2006:
1957:
1953:
1902:
1898:
1865:
1861:
1846:
1827:
1823:
1808:
1787:
1783:
1766:
1762:
1747:
1733:
1729:
1719:
1717:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1689:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1661:
1651:
1647:
1637:
1635:
1622:
1621:
1610:
1602:
1591:
1581:
1579:
1562:
1558:
1518:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1492:
1488:
1454:
1448:
1444:
1434:
1432:
1420:
1416:
1406:
1404:
1392:
1386:
1382:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1306:
1302:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1226:
1217:
1210:
1196:
1185:
1165:
1154:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1096:
1092:
1084:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1013:
952:
908:
899:
885:
876:
840:montmorillonite
828:
812:potassium oxide
805:
801:
789:ethylene glycol
718:
714:
565:(also known as
536:Curiosity rover
524:montmorillonite
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
444:montmorillonite
416:
392:
388:
384:
381:
377:
374:
370:
355:
260:
157:
151:
116:alkaline earths
101:
93:
87:
81:
69:phyllosilicates
47:) exposed near
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3438:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3420:Soil chemistry
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3364:Lennilenapeite
3361:
3356:
3350:
3348:
3346:Stilpnomelanes
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3312:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3293:Ferrisepiolite
3290:
3284:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3251:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3188:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3125:
3123:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3061:Brinrobertsite
3058:
3052:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2959:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2920:Bismutoferrite
2916:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2893:
2891:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2850:Yangzhumingite
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2815:Siderophyllite
2812:
2807:
2802:
2800:Polylithionite
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2575:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2552:
2543:
2542:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2429:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2375:"What is clay"
2371:
2365:
2357:The Human Past
2352:
2332:(2): 255–256.
2317:
2303:
2285:
2254:
2248:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2215:www.mindat.org
2202:
2187:Access Science
2173:
2164:
2111:
2058:
2031:
2004:
1951:
1896:
1859:
1844:
1821:
1806:
1781:
1760:
1745:
1727:
1699:
1671:
1645:
1608:
1589:
1556:
1529:(4): 321–323.
1512:
1486:
1467:(2): 563–567.
1442:
1414:
1380:
1353:(3): 429–434.
1337:
1330:
1300:
1273:(1/4): 39–70.
1257:
1250:
1215:
1208:
1183:
1152:
1126:
1124:, p. 238.
1114:
1112:, p. 140.
1102:
1090:
1078:
1066:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1007:
1002:
997:
991:
990:
989:
983:
977:
965:
962:Expansive clay
959:
956:Clay chemistry
951:
948:
926:. Similarly,
907:
904:
898:
895:
884:
881:
875:
872:
844:polymerization
832:origin of life
827:
824:
818:describes the
803:
776:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
746:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
716:
709:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
678:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
650:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
621:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
575:
574:
559:
556:Chlorite group
553:
547:
542:on the planet
517:
516:
515:
503:
499:
495:
491:
448:hydrogen bonds
415:
414:Classification
412:
390:
386:
379:
376:tetrahedra or
372:
354:
351:
311:organic matter
259:
256:
212:sheet silicate
150:
147:
99:
91:
85:
79:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3437:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3400:
3399:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3375:
3374:Stilpnomelane
3372:
3370:
3369:Parsettensite
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3134:Ferrosaponite
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3091:Lunijianlaite
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2835:Trilithionite
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2780:Oxyphlogopite
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2735:Luanshiweiite
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2725:Kinoshitalite
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2650:Chromphyllite
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2630:Boromuscovite
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2568:
2566:
2561:
2559:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2540:
2539:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2433:Clay minerals
2427:
2422:
2420:
2415:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2235:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2168:
2162:
2160:
2155:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2109:
2107:
2102:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1955:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1900:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1807:0-521-23312-7
1803:
1799:
1796:. Cambridge:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1746:9780195087130
1742:
1738:
1731:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1703:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1675:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1516:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1453:
1446:
1431:
1430:
1429:Science Daily
1425:
1418:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1333:
1331:9780081003558
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1253:
1251:9780080441832
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1211:
1209:9780195106916
1205:
1201:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1118:
1111:
1106:
1099:
1094:
1087:
1082:
1075:
1070:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1025:
1011:
1010:Modeling clay
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
971:
970:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
953:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
903:
894:
891:
880:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
823:
821:
817:
814:in the clay.
813:
809:
799:of the clay.
798:
794:
790:
786:
785:Glycol (mg/g)
782:
781:X-ray rf(001)
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
753:
752:
748:
747:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
723:
721:
711:
710:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
686:
684:
680:
679:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
655:
654:Glycol (mg/g)
652:
651:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
622:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
596:
590:
588:
584:
580:
572:
568:
564:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
518:
513:
509:
508:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
464:
463:
462:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
420:
411:
407:
403:
401:
395:
368:
359:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
323:Mawrth Vallis
320:
316:
312:
308:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
219:
217:
213:
209:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
170:
166:
161:
156:
146:
144:
143:manufacturing
140:
136:
132:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
112:alkali metals
109:
105:
97:
90:
84:
78:
74:
70:
67:
64:
60:
59:Clay minerals
54:
50:
46:
43:Oxford Clay (
41:
37:
33:
32:Clay Minerals
19:
3389:
3354:Bannisterite
3308:Pyrosmalites
3197:Borocookeite
3192:Baileychlore
3174:Yakhontovite
3169:Volkonskoite
3159:Swinefordite
3076:Hydrobiotite
2993:Cronstedtite
2902:Pyrophyllite
2888:Pyrophyllite
2868:Minnesotaite
2805:Preiswerkite
2750:Masutomilite
2715:Hendricksite
2529:
2499:Palygorskite
2432:
2391:. Retrieved
2378:
2356:
2329:
2325:
2293:
2277:. Retrieved
2265:
2239:
2218:. Retrieved
2214:
2205:
2186:
2176:
2167:
2151:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2098:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2020:(11): 1315.
2017:
2013:
2007:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1834:
1824:
1793:
1784:
1776:
1763:
1736:
1730:
1718:. Retrieved
1712:
1702:
1690:. Retrieved
1684:
1674:
1662:. Retrieved
1648:
1636:. Retrieved
1632:the original
1627:
1580:. Retrieved
1576:the original
1569:
1559:
1526:
1521:
1515:
1503:. Retrieved
1499:
1489:
1464:
1458:
1445:
1433:. Retrieved
1427:
1417:
1407:20 September
1405:. Retrieved
1400:
1396:
1383:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1233:
1229:
1199:
1177:
1174:Am. Mineral.
1172:
1143:. Retrieved
1129:
1117:
1105:
1093:
1081:
1069:
1045:(1): 19–32.
1042:
1038:
1028:
927:
911:
909:
900:
886:
877:
868:fix nitrogen
829:
815:
800:
792:
784:
780:
779:
749:
712:
681:
653:
624:
576:
563:palygorskite
539:
460:
432:serpentinite
425:
408:
404:
399:
396:
366:
364:
341:, and comet
339:101955 Bennu
319:Echus Chasma
317:, including
307:Solar System
304:
261:
220:
204:
174:
128:
118:, and other
58:
57:
36:
18:Argillaceous
3336:Schallerite
3331:Pyrosmalite
3288:Falcondoite
3260:Chrysocolla
3207:Clinochlore
3164:Vermiculite
3120:vermiculite
3081:Karpinskite
3048:Corrensites
3023:Manandonite
3008:Guidottiite
2998:Fraipontite
2983:Caryopilite
2978:Brindleyite
2973:Berthierine
2955:Serpentines
2935:Hisingerite
2878:Willemseite
2840:Voloshinite
2710:Gorbunovite
2680:Fluorannite
2645:Chernykhite
2615:Balestraite
2232:Works cited
2078:(12): 549.
2047:: 132–139.
1907:Soft Matter
1638:22 February
1582:21 December
1505:October 16,
1403:(20): 55–61
1316:: 150–199.
1236:: 765–787.
1122:Scarre 2005
1098:Breuer 2012
852:oxalic acid
685:(meq/100 g)
613:Vermiculite
567:attapulgite
440:vermiculite
337:, asteroid
266:are common
139:agriculture
131:abiogenesis
3414:Categories
3316:Friedelite
3280:Sepiolites
3247:Allophanes
3232:Pennantite
3217:Donbassite
3144:Nontronite
3129:Beidellite
3066:Corrensite
3003:Greenalite
2988:Chrysotile
2968:Antigorite
2930:Halloysite
2912:Kaolinites
2825:Tainiolite
2810:Roscoelite
2795:Phlogopite
2785:Paragonite
2770:Norrishite
2765:Nanpingite
2755:Montdorite
2730:Lepidolite
2705:Glauconite
2655:Clintonite
2640:Celadonite
2635:Bramallite
2610:Aspidolite
2494:Nontronite
2459:Halloysite
2393:10 January
2366:0500290636
2279:8 December
2249:0131547283
2220:2019-12-27
2131:(6): 517.
1604:Nesse 2000
1145:8 December
1110:Boggs 2006
1020:References
936:sandstones
916:limestones
854:and other
848:nucleotide
583:corrensite
579:reichweite
528:nontronite
486:polymorphs
478:halloysite
268:weathering
258:Occurrence
180:plasticity
153:See also:
149:Properties
3321:Mcgillite
3298:Sepiolite
3270:Neotocite
3265:Imogolite
3255:Allophane
3222:Gonyerite
3202:Chamosite
3184:Chlorites
3154:Sauconite
3116:Smectites
3101:Saliotite
3096:Rectorite
3056:Aliettite
3038:Pecoraite
3018:Lizardite
2940:Kaolinite
2820:Suhailite
2760:Muscovite
2745:Margarite
2660:Eastonite
2509:Sepiolite
2479:Kaolinite
2474:Imogolite
2464:Hectorite
2444:Allophane
2268:: 17–20.
2159:CC BY 4.0
2106:CC BY 4.0
1921:1011.4711
1777:Table 3.9
1686:Space.com
1551:121008660
1375:128633253
932:greywacke
860:phenotype
619:Chlorite
601:Kaolinite
587:rectorite
571:sepiolite
470:kaolinite
456:chlorites
428:kaolinite
353:Structure
292:siltstone
196:potassium
165:kaolinite
108:magnesium
66:aluminium
3326:Nelenite
3212:Cookeite
3149:Saponite
3106:Tosudite
3086:Kulkeite
3028:NĂ©pouite
3013:Kellyite
2845:Wonesite
2790:Phengite
2775:Orlovite
2665:Ephesite
2600:Anandite
2514:Smectite
2504:Saponite
2449:Chlorite
2387:Archived
2313:35648431
2291:(1996).
2270:Archived
2161:license.
2125:Minerals
2108:license.
2072:Minerals
1991:11536891
1946:52253528
1891:16819887
1854:35648431
1832:(1996).
1755:34731820
1720:12 March
1692:12 March
1664:12 March
1500:CBS News
1435:22 March
1295:93607974
950:See also
930:such as
890:histosol
616:Smectite
532:saponite
520:Smectite
385:(Al, Si)
343:Tempel 1
329:and the
300:phyllite
288:mudstone
282:such as
272:feldspar
264:minerals
200:ammonium
49:Weymouth
45:Jurassic
3237:Sudoite
3071:Dozyite
3033:Odinite
2963:Amesite
2945:Nacrite
2925:Dickite
2700:Garmite
2625:Biotite
2620:Bityite
2489:Nacrite
2454:Dickite
2334:Bibcode
2133:Bibcode
2080:Bibcode
1971:Bibcode
1926:Bibcode
1816:7875600
1531:Bibcode
1469:Bibcode
1355:Bibcode
1275:Bibcode
1047:Bibcode
864:sulfide
795:is the
482:nacrite
474:dickite
192:pottery
188:ceramic
155:Pottery
120:cations
63:hydrous
53:England
3227:Nimite
3122:family
2890:series
2720:Illite
2605:Annite
2469:Illite
2363:
2311:
2301:
2246:
1997:
1989:
1944:
1889:
1852:
1842:
1814:
1804:
1771:
1753:
1743:
1549:
1460:Icarus
1373:
1328:
1293:
1248:
1206:
1180:: 1–7.
940:quartz
934:, are
610:Illite
569:) and
550:Illite
480:, and
466:Kaolin
452:illite
442:, and
400:layers
367:sheets
347:Europa
325:, the
290:, and
238:, and
184:firing
73:kaolin
71:(e.g.
2860:Talcs
2587:Micas
2273:(PDF)
2262:(PDF)
1995:S2CID
1942:S2CID
1916:arXiv
1547:S2CID
1455:(PDF)
1393:(PDF)
1371:S2CID
1291:S2CID
1139:(PDF)
924:marls
645:10–18
642:10–14
625:X-ray
335:Ceres
296:slate
284:shale
262:Clay
135:soils
3118:and
2873:Talc
2519:Talc
2395:2016
2361:ISBN
2309:OCLC
2299:ISBN
2281:2020
2244:ISBN
1999:2464
1987:PMID
1887:PMID
1850:OCLC
1840:ISBN
1812:OCLC
1802:ISBN
1769:ISBN
1751:OCLC
1741:ISBN
1722:2013
1694:2013
1666:2013
1659:NASA
1640:2007
1584:2013
1571:NASA
1507:2023
1437:2019
1409:2021
1326:ISBN
1246:ISBN
1204:ISBN
1147:2020
969:Mars
914:are
735:8–10
598:Clay
544:Mars
502:(OH)
436:talc
430:and
315:Mars
298:and
216:mica
198:and
176:Clay
141:and
104:iron
61:are
2342:doi
2191:doi
2141:doi
2088:doi
2049:doi
2022:doi
1979:doi
1934:doi
1879:doi
1875:128
1539:doi
1477:doi
1465:185
1363:doi
1318:doi
1283:doi
1271:117
1238:doi
1055:doi
816:DTA
808:(%)
793:CEC
751:DTA
722:(%)
707:40
701:150
683:CEC
676:30
673:300
670:200
648:14
507:).
488:of
458:).
378:AlO
371:SiO
246:or
244:EDS
240:SEM
169:SEM
3416::
2385:.
2381:.
2377:.
2340:.
2330:43
2328:.
2324:.
2307:.
2264:.
2213:.
2189:.
2185:.
2139:.
2129:10
2127:.
2123:.
2086:.
2074:.
2070:.
2045:65
2043:.
2018:66
2016:.
1993:.
1985:.
1977:.
1967:28
1965:.
1940:.
1932:.
1924:.
1910:.
1885:.
1873:.
1848:.
1810:.
1800:.
1775:,
1749:.
1711:.
1683:.
1657:.
1626:.
1611:^
1592:^
1568:.
1545:.
1537:.
1498:.
1475:.
1463:.
1457:.
1426:.
1401:35
1399:.
1395:.
1369:.
1361:.
1351:80
1349:.
1324:.
1312:.
1289:.
1281:.
1269:.
1244:.
1232:.
1218:^
1186:^
1178:65
1171:.
1155:^
1053:.
1041:.
1037:.
744:0
704:85
698:25
695:12
692:12
667:60
664:60
661:35
658:16
639:10
636:10
589:.
526:,
494:Si
490:Al
476:,
472:,
438:,
349:.
321:,
302:.
286:,
234:,
230:,
145:.
126:.
114:,
110:,
106:,
96:OH
83:Si
77:Al
75:,
51:,
2571:e
2564:t
2557:v
2425:e
2418:t
2411:v
2397:.
2369:.
2350:.
2344::
2336::
2315:.
2283:.
2252:.
2223:.
2199:.
2193::
2149:.
2143::
2135::
2096:.
2090::
2082::
2076:8
2055:.
2051::
2028:.
2024::
2001:.
1981::
1973::
1948:.
1936::
1928::
1918::
1912:7
1893:.
1881::
1856:.
1818:.
1779:.
1757:.
1724:.
1696:.
1668:.
1642:.
1586:.
1553:.
1541::
1533::
1527:6
1509:.
1483:.
1479::
1471::
1439:.
1411:.
1377:.
1365::
1357::
1334:.
1320::
1314:8
1297:.
1285::
1277::
1254:.
1240::
1234:1
1212:.
1149:.
1100:.
1088:.
1063:.
1057::
1049::
1043:1
806:O
804:2
802:K
768:0
741:0
738:0
732:0
729:0
726:0
719:O
717:2
715:K
689:3
633:7
630:7
546:.
504:4
500:5
498:O
496:2
492:2
484:(
391:4
389:O
387:3
380:4
373:4
242:-
167:(
100:4
98:)
94:(
92:5
89:O
86:2
80:2
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
