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conscious occurrences occur; perhaps such a law says that, whenever a human brain attains a certain kind and degree of complexity, a pain is experienced. Given such laws, the capacity for consciousness that some creatures enjoy, like the capacity for breathing, can be explained as having arisen through natural selection. Through mutation, some creature was born with a brain of the requisite kind and degree of complexity to generate conscious experiences; and then, because these experiences increased the creature's fitness, such creatures were selected for.
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intuitions, in one way or another, suggest that there is something seriously incomplete about any purely physical story about the mind ... Most contemporary philosophers given a choice between going with science and going with intuitions, go with science. Although I once dissented from the majority, I have capitulated and now see the interesting issue as being where the arguments from the intuitions against physicalism—the arguments that seem so compelling—go wrong.
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328:) accounts of intention? However, Moreland maintains that questioning these minor premises is of little consolation to the naturalist as they essentially constitute intramural theist debates, and that for most westerners theism is the only viable candidate to accommodate personal explanations. Similarly
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Much of the contemporary debate in the philosophy of mind is concerned with the clash between certain strongly held intuitions and what science tells us about the mind and its relation to the world. What science tells us about the mind points strongly towards some version or other of physicalism. The
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If one is willing to accept the first premise that reductive forms of physicalism are false, then the argument takes off. Thus, one could think of
Moreland as making an argument that tries to move a person from "rejecting physicalism" to "accepting theism." The crucial step in this move is the fifth
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to show that we have a non-physical mental element to our minds. He suggests that the most probable way in which the non-physical and the physical are linked in causal-interaction is by design, which implies a designer. Swinburne suggests that this designer is God. He says that whilst this argument,
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Naturalism can easily explain how the universe came to contain physically irreducible conscious occurrences. It can do so by supposing that, among the fundamental laws governing the universe, there are some according to which, whenever such-and-such complex nonconscious occurrences occur, so-and-so
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have advanced a slightly different version of
Swinburne's argument which focuses on mental/physical correlations and not merely the existence of mental states. These are similar to Swinburne's argument but take a deductive form rather than an inductive one.
39:) cannot be explained by the physical mechanisms of the human body and brain, therefore asserting that there must be non-physical aspects to human consciousness. This is held as indirect evidence of God, given that notions about
168:"Either this intelligible universe and the finite minds so well suited to grasp it are the products of intelligence, or both intelligibility and intelligence are the products of blind chance."
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has put forward a deductive form of the argument from consciousness based upon the intelligibility of the universe despite the limitations of our minds. He phrases it deductively as follows:
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about the human mind. Moreland takes the arguments for the first premise and refers to classic defenses of dualism. However, the first premise is rejected by many philosophers of mind.
227:, whilst he feels that it could be an effective argument, feels that we have too little knowledge of the workings of consciousness for this to be truly convincing as of yet.
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and contrived and fail to take into account many features of conscious experience. Moreland spends much of the book defending this premise against philosophers, such as
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premise, which asserts that naturalism can not account for non-physical mental states. A critique of this premise is offered by Andrew Melnyk:
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238:. He concludes that Augustine's argument is valid, having given many different reasons why Platonism, its primary premise, is true.
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which is closely aligned to consciousness whilst using neither inductive nor deductive methodology. The argument was influenced by
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174:"Therefore this intelligible universe and the finite minds so well suited to grasp it are the products of intelligence."
165:"We experience the universe as intelligible. This intelligibility means that the universe is graspable by intelligence."
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Quoted from The
Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology, The Argument from Consciousness, by J.P. Moreland, p. 296
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in support of dualism about the mind, comments on the debate between physicalist and dualist conceptions of mind:
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472:"An alternative view of Edward Feser's discussion of the Augustinian Proof for the existence of God, in his book"
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However
Moreland charges that such attempts to accommodate consciousness within an atheistic worldview are
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Finally, one can also question premise eight: why does a personal explanation have to lead to
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The explanation for these correlations is either a personal or natural scientific explanation.
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owing to its inductive form, is inconclusive, it does provide strong evidence for a God.
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The first premise, assertion that non-physical mental states exist, implies a
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formed a formulation of the argument from consciousness, sometimes termed the
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458:"Twenty Arguments God's Existence by Peter Kreeft (& Ronald K. Tacelli)"
444:"Twenty Arguments God's Existence by Peter Kreeft (& Ronald K. Tacelli)"
370:"Twenty Arguments God's Existence by Peter Kreeft (& Ronald K. Tacelli)"
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Both these are following J. P Moreland "The
Argument from Consciousness" in
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in
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam would be consistent with such a claim.
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If God did not exist, intentional states of consciousness would not exist.
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Therefore, there must exist an eternal mind in which these truths reside.
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Personal explanation is different from natural scientific explanation.
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form An alternative, closely related, version of the argument uses
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Specific mental and physical event types are regularly correlated.
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Mental states are genuine nonphysical mental entities that exist.
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has promoted the
Augustinian argument, including it in his book
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The best-known defender of the argument from consciousness is
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and J. P Moreland "Consciousness and The
Existence of God"
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Our limited minds can discover eternal truths about being.
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put forward an inductive form of the argument in his book
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718:
250:. Therefore, one line of attack is to argue the case for
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16:
Argument for the existence of God based on consciousness
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ed Paul Copan and Paul Moser, London: Routledge (2003)
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can be applied so only one personal agent is required.
522:"Naturalism, Free Choices, and Conscious Experiences"
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If the explanation is personal, then it is theistic.
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91:. He uses the argument from personal identity for
151:But intentional states of consciousness do exist.
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144:put the argument from consciousness as follows:
120:The explanation is not a natural scientific one.
111:There is an explanation for these correlations.
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486:"A Case for Physicalism about the Human Mind"
123:Therefore, the explanation is a personal one.
313:, who attempt to account for consciousness.
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2034:
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576:
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1975:Relationship between religion and science
546:"The Argument from Consciousness Refuted"
430:"Does God Exist? | Reasonable Faith"
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74:as its premise in a deductive argument.
415:"Flavors, Colors and God" reprinted in
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129:Therefore, the explanation is theistic.
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901:Proper basis and Reformed epistemology
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58:Philosophical summary of the argument
31:that claims characteristics of human
236:Five Proofs of the Existence of God
213:Truth properly resides in the mind.
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3065:Arguments for the existence of God
216:But the human mind is not eternal.
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2613:Attributes of God in Christianity
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2671:Great Architect of the Universe
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389:Oxford:Clarendon (1979) Ch 9;
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230:Another Catholic philosopher,
62:The argument may be stated in
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2450:Trinity of the Church Fathers
534:"Argument from consciousness"
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1940:Desacralization of knowledge
511:, Cambridge University Press
241:
178:He compares his argument to
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2701:Phenomenological definition
1352:Best of all possible worlds
1309:Eschatological verification
866:Fine-tuning of the universe
21:argument from consciousness
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349:The Rationality of Theism
223:The Catholic philosopher
2455:Trinitarian universalism
1581:Friedrich Schleiermacher
1167:Theories about religions
969:Inconsistent revelations
2657:Godhead in Christianity
520:Melnyk, Andrew (2007).
484:Melnyk, Andrew (2007).
1445:Gaunilo of Marmoutiers
585:Philosophy of religion
532:Moreland,J.P. (2007).
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154:Therefore, God exists.
2483:Fate of the unlearned
2435:Shield of the Trinity
1980:Faith and rationality
1935:Criticism of religion
1873:Robert Merrihew Adams
1863:Nicholas Wolterstorff
1066:Divine command theory
503:July 6, 2008, at the
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1970:Religious philosophy
1450:Pico della Mirandola
1415:Anselm of Canterbury
1347:Augustinian theodicy
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387:The Existence of God
336:Notes and references
248:dualist view of mind
184:argument from reason
88:The Existence of God
3017:Slavic Native Faith
2440:Trinitarian formula
2377:Father of Greatness
2260:Abrahamic religions
1955:History of religion
1656:Friedrich Nietzsche
1533:Gottfried W Leibniz
1528:Nicolas Malebranche
1460:King James VI and I
740:Abrahamic religions
498:"Mind and Illusion"
419:OUP (1992) pp225-40
200:Argument from truth
171:"Not blind chance."
2979:Abrahamic prophecy
2909:Ayyavazhi theology
2681:Apophatic theology
2070:Conceptions of God
1965:Religious language
1945:Ethics in religion
1903:William Lane Craig
1778:Charles Hartshorne
1518:Desiderius Erasmus
1420:Augustine of Hippo
1362:Inconsistent triad
1324:Apophatic theology
1319:Logical positivism
1301:Religious language
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886:Necessary existent
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260:knowledge argument
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1485:William of Ockham
1465:Marcion of Sinope
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1113:Womanist theology
1103:Feminist theology
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1608:Ludwig Feuerbach
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1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1929:
1928:Related topics
1925:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1888:Daniel Dennett
1885:
1880:
1878:Ravi Zacharias
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1843:William L Rowe
1839:
1837:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1818:William Alston
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1766:Gabriel Marcel
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1703:Ernst Cassirer
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1642:
1640:
1634:
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1631:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1598:Thomas Carlyle
1594:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1577:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1523:Baruch Spinoza
1520:
1515:
1510:
1508:René Descartes
1505:
1499:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1480:Thomas Aquinas
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1411:
1409:
1395:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1343:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1305:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1249:Possibilianism
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1125:Fundamentalism
1122:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1086:Existentialism
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1017:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
979:Noncognitivism
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
940:
938:
934:
933:
931:
930:
928:Transcendental
925:
924:
923:
918:
908:
903:
898:
896:Pascal's wager
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
847:
846:
841:
831:
826:
824:Christological
821:
815:
813:
806:
800:
799:
796:
795:
793:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
736:
734:
730:
729:
727:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
670:
664:
658:
657:
655:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
618:
617:
606:
601:
595:
593:
589:
588:
581:
580:
573:
566:
558:
551:
550:
537:
525:
513:
489:
477:
463:
449:
435:
421:
404:
395:
375:
361:
339:
337:
334:
307:Philip Clayton
287:Michael Martin
243:
240:
221:
220:
217:
214:
211:
191:
188:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
156:
155:
152:
149:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
118:
115:
112:
109:
106:
101:
100:Deductive form
98:
79:
78:Inductive form
76:
59:
56:
52:J. P. Moreland
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3077:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2989:Denominations
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2961:Last Judgment
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2775:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2721:Unmoved mover
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2622:Binitarianism
2620:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2343:Supreme Being
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2214:Gender of God
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2119:Kathenotheism
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2046:
2044:
2039:
2037:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2016:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1858:Anthony Kenny
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1783:Mircea Eliade
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1666:William James
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1646:Ernst Haeckel
1644:
1643:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1558:Immanuel Kant
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1513:Blaise Pascal
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1391:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1314:Language game
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
984:Occam's razor
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
941:
939:
935:
929:
926:
922:
919:
917:
914:
913:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
845:
842:
840:
837:
836:
835:
832:
830:
829:Consciousness
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
816:
814:
810:
807:
805:
801:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
737:
735:
731:
725:
724:Unmoved mover
722:
720:
719:Supreme Being
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
671:
668:
665:
663:
659:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
616:
612:
611:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
596:
594:
590:
586:
579:
574:
572:
567:
565:
560:
559:
556:
547:
541:
535:
529:
523:
517:
510:
506:
502:
499:
493:
487:
481:
473:
467:
459:
453:
445:
439:
431:
425:
418:
414:
408:
399:
392:
388:
385:
379:
371:
365:
358:
357:0-415-26332-8
354:
350:
344:
340:
333:
331:
330:Occam's razor
327:
323:
319:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
278:
273:
268:
263:
261:
257:
256:Frank Jackson
253:
249:
239:
237:
233:
228:
226:
218:
215:
212:
209:
208:
207:
205:
201:
197:
190:Platonic form
187:
185:
181:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
162:
160:
153:
150:
147:
146:
145:
143:
139:
136:
128:
125:
122:
119:
116:
113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
97:
94:
90:
89:
84:
75:
73:
69:
65:
55:
53:
48:
46:
42:
38:
34:
33:consciousness
30:
26:
22:
2856:Hamartiology
2841:Ecclesiology
2831:Pneumatology
2740:Christianity
2731:Names of God
2706:Philo's view
2696:Personal god
2676:Great Spirit
2615: /
2572:Christianity
2430:Perichoresis
2333:Emanationism
2275:Christianity
2265:Baháʼí Faith
2243:Singular god
2216:
2176:Spiritualism
1984:
1803:Martin Lings
1756:Emil Brunner
1746:Paul Tillich
1736:Martin Buber
1651:W K Clifford
1628:Afrikan Spir
1543:Thomas Chubb
1495:Early modern
1475:Adi Shankara
1388:Philosophers
1372:Natural evil
1288:
1264:Spiritualism
1239:Perennialism
1192:Metaphysical
1036:Antireligion
911:Teleological
834:Cosmological
828:
785:Baháʼí Faith
750:Christianity
709:Personal god
540:
528:
516:
508:
492:
480:
466:
452:
438:
424:
416:
413:Robert Adams
407:
398:
390:
386:
378:
364:
348:
343:
326:polytheistic
318:monotheistic
315:
303:David Skriba
299:Colin McGinn
282:
280:
275:
270:
265:
245:
235:
232:Edward Feser
229:
225:Peter Kreeft
222:
199:
193:
177:
159:Peter Kreeft
157:
140:
135:Robert Adams
132:
86:
81:
61:
49:
20:
18:
2914:Krishnology
2891:Soteriology
2846:Eschatology
2826:Christology
2691:Open theism
2647:Exotheology
2545:Zoroastrian
2508:By religion
2465:Eschatology
2420:Homoiousian
2373:Ahura Mazda
2151:Panentheism
2114:Hermeticism
1823:Antony Flew
1808:Peter Geach
1741:René Guénon
1688:Lev Shestov
1683:Rudolf Otto
1390:of religion
1229:Panentheism
1162:Inclusivism
1081:Exclusivism
1076:Esotericism
1046:Creationism
1026:Agnosticism
994:Poor design
989:Omnipotence
916:Natural law
891:Ontological
844:Contingency
694:Holy Spirit
311:Jaegwon Kim
291:John Searle
252:physicalism
180:C. S. Lewis
2999:Philosophy
2886:Sophiology
2866:Philosophy
2861:Messianism
2821:Paterology
2425:Hypostasis
2415:Homoousian
2246:theologies
2186:Theopanism
2171:Polytheism
2134:Monotheism
2109:Henotheism
1793:J L Mackie
1751:Karl Barth
1548:David Hume
1470:Maimonides
1455:Heraclitus
1244:Polytheism
1214:Nondualism
1202:Humanistic
1187:Naturalism
1177:Monotheism
1135:Henotheism
1130:Gnosticism
1061:Demonology
944:747 gambit
861:Experience
699:Misotheism
393:183-9 etc.
2876:Practical
2871:Political
2836:Cosmology
2793:Christian
2652:Holocaust
2642:Egotheism
2597:Goddesses
2592:Mormonism
2520:Christian
2473:Afterlife
2359:Sustainer
2166:Polydeism
2161:Pantheism
2146:Mysticism
2129:Monolatry
2124:Nontheism
2104:Dystheism
1893:Loyal Rue
1618:Karl Marx
1440:Gaudapada
1269:Shamanism
1234:Pantheism
1219:Nontheism
1197:Religious
1182:Mysticism
1155:Christian
1145:Religious
1096:Atheistic
1091:Christian
974:Nonbelief
959:Free will
775:Mormonism
599:Afterlife
242:Criticism
204:Platonism
72:Platonism
68:deductive
64:inductive
45:afterlife
35:(such as
3059:Category
2994:Kabbalah
2941:Prophets
2816:Glossary
2782:By faith
2745:Hinduism
2627:Demiurge
2617:in Islam
2577:Hinduism
2567:Buddhism
2559:Feminist
2515:Buddhist
2323:Absolute
2316:Concepts
2292:Hinduism
2287:Buddhism
2253:By faith
2217:and gods
2209:Divinity
2195:Concepts
2156:Pandeism
2057:Theology
2015:Category
1960:Religion
1950:Exegesis
1435:Boethius
1430:Averroes
1425:Avicenna
1407:medieval
1377:Theodicy
1224:Pandeism
1140:Humanism
1108:Thealogy
1051:Dharmism
1021:Acosmism
1013:Theology
881:Morality
876:Miracles
755:Hinduism
745:Buddhism
704:Pandeism
679:Demiurge
647:Theodicy
501:Archived
43:and the
27:for the
25:argument
2984:Aggadah
2932:Oneness
2924:Islamic
2806:Outline
2801:History
2760:Judaism
2755:Jainism
2711:Process
2686:Olelbis
2587:Judaism
2530:Islamic
2445:Trinity
2328:Brahman
2302:Sikhism
2297:Jainism
2270:Judaism
2222:Goddess
1986:more...
1719:postwar
1402:Ancient
1290:more...
1209:New Age
1150:Secular
1120:Fideism
1071:Dualism
1041:Atheism
1031:Animism
937:Against
780:Sikhism
770:Judaism
765:Jainism
674:Brahman
627:Miracle
322:deistic
3022:Wiccan
2971:Jewish
2951:Angels
2881:Public
2851:Ethics
2540:Taoist
2535:Jewish
2495:Heaven
2352:God as
2082:Theism
2005:Portal
1279:Theism
1172:Monism
906:Reason
856:Desire
851:Degree
819:Beauty
733:God in
689:Egoism
642:Spirit
355:
283:ad hoc
37:qualia
23:is an
3009:Pagan
2901:Hindu
2750:Islam
2582:Islam
2525:Hindu
2488:Fitra
2338:Logos
2280:Islam
2229:Numen
2204:Deity
2099:Deism
2090:Forms
1274:Taoic
1056:Deism
839:Kalam
790:Wicca
760:Islam
609:Faith
507:, in
41:souls
2716:Tian
2499:Hell
2369:Good
2364:Time
1836:2010
1834:1990
1832:1970
1717:1920
1639:1900
1637:1880
1574:1850
1572:1800
964:Hell
954:Evil
871:Love
637:Soul
411:See
382:see
353:ISBN
309:and
19:The
2936:God
2934:of
1404:and
812:For
613:or
324:or
66:or
3061::
2733:in
2497:/
2375:,
305:,
301:,
297:,
293:,
206:.
186:.
182:'
54:.
2379:)
2371:(
2049:e
2042:t
2035:v
577:e
570:t
563:v
548:.
474:.
460:.
446:.
432:.
372:.
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