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1868:, with powerful nobles and a wide variety of laws in different regions. Parts of the nobility periodically conspired against the king, raised private armies, and allied themselves with foreign powers. This system gave way to centralized power under Richelieu. Local and even religious interests were subordinated to those of the whole nation, and of the embodiment of the nation â the king. Equally critical for France was Richelieu's foreign policy, which helped restrain Habsburg influence in Europe. Richelieu did not survive to the end of the Thirty Years' War. However, the conflict ended in 1648, with France emerging in a far better position than any other power, and the
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1384:.) Military action, at first, was disastrous for the French, with many victories going to Spain and the Empire. Neither side, however, could obtain a decisive advantage, and the conflict lingered on after Richelieu's death. Richelieu was instrumental in redirecting the Thirty Years' War from the conflict of Protestantism versus Catholicism to that of nationalism versus Habsburg hegemony. In this conflict France effectively drained the already overstretched resources of the Habsburg empire and drove it inexorably towards bankruptcy. The defeat of Habsburg forces at the
1033:. There, he was a vigorous advocate of the Catholic Church, arguing that it should be exempt from taxes and that bishops should have more political power. He was the most prominent clergyman to support the adoption of the decrees of the Council of Trent throughout France; the Third Estate (commoners) was his chief opponent in this endeavour. At the end of the assembly, the First Estate (the clergy) chose him to deliver the address enumerating its petitions and decisions. Soon after the dissolution of the Estates-General, Richelieu entered the service of King
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1506:'s failed conspiracy against Richelieu, but was not discovered. Then, the following year, he schemed with leading nobles (including the king's brother, the duc d'Orléans) to raise a rebellion; he also signed a secret agreement with the king of Spain, who promised to aid the rebels. Richelieu's spy service, however, discovered the plot, and the cardinal received a copy of the treaty. Cinq-Mars was promptly arrested and executed; although Louis approved the use of capital punishment, he grew more distant from Richelieu as a result.
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1219:. In the next year, Richelieu's position was seriously threatened by his former patron, Marie de MĂ©dicis. Marie believed that the cardinal had robbed her of her political influence; thus, she demanded that her son dismiss the chief minister. Louis XIII was not, at first, averse to such a course of action, as he personally disliked Richelieu. Despite this, the persuasive statesman was able to secure the king as an ally against his own mother. On 11 November 1630, Marie de MĂ©dicis and the king's brother,
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1060:. In April 1617, in a plot arranged by Luynes, Louis XIII ordered that Concini be arrested, and killed should he resist; Concini was consequently assassinated, and Marie de Médicis overthrown. His patron having died, Richelieu also lost power; he was dismissed as Secretary of State, and was removed from the court. In 1618, the king, still suspicious of the Bishop of Luçon, banished him to Avignon. There, Richelieu spent most of his time writing; he composed a
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1566:, his great-nephew, fully funded â should serve not merely his family but to be open at fixed hours to scholars. The manuscripts alone numbered some 900, bound as codices in red Morocco with the cardinal's arms. The library was transferred to the Sorbonne in 1660. He funded the literary careers of many writers. He was a lover of the theatre, which was not considered a respectable art form during that era; a private theatre, the
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1525:, the corpse was removed from its tomb, and the mummified front of his head, having been removed and replaced during the original embalming process, was stolen. It ended up in the possession of Nicholas Armez of Brittany by 1796, and he occasionally exhibited the well-preserved face. His nephew, Louis-Philippe Armez, inherited it and also occasionally exhibited it and lent it out for study. In 1866,
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1056:. The queen had become Regent of France when the nine-year-old Louis ascended the throne; although her son reached the legal age of majority in 1614, she remained the effective ruler of the realm. However, her policies, and those of Concini, proved unpopular with many in France. As a result, both Marie and Concini became the targets of intrigues at court; their most powerful enemy was
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1966:. Annoyed by the bad manners that were commonly displayed at the dining table by users of sharp knives (who would often use them to pick their teeth), in 1637 Richelieu ordered that all of the knives on his dining table have their blades dulled and their tips rounded. The design quickly became popular throughout France and later spread to other countries.
1746:, enamels and rock crystal mounted in gold, Chinese porcelains, tapestries and Persian carpets, cabinets from Italy, and Antwerp and the heart-shaped diamond bought from Alphonse Lopez that he willed to the king. When the Palais-Cardinal was complete, he donated it to the Crown, in 1636. With the queen in residence, the paintings of the
1137:, which also claimed the strategically important valley. The cardinal deployed troops to Valtellina, from which the pope's garrisons were driven out. Richelieu's early decision to support a Protestant canton against the pope was a foretaste of the purely diplomatic power politics he espoused in his foreign policy.
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In
Richelieu's day it was common for everyone, especially the quarrelsome menfolk, not merely to disdain the forks and napkins bequeathed by Henri III, but to pick their teeth at table with their knives â or stab tablemates. Richelieu abhorred coarseness and petty violence, especially if it stained
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subjugated many of his
Protestant opponents in Germany. Richelieu, alarmed by Ferdinand's growing influence, incited Sweden to intervene, providing money. In the meantime, France and Spain remained hostile due to Spain's ambitions in northern Italy. At that time northern Italy was a major strategic
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However, Richelieu was now dying. For many years he had suffered from recurrent fevers (possibly malaria), strangury, intestinal tuberculosis with fistula, and migraine. Now his right arm was suppurating with tubercular osteitis, and he coughed blood (after his death, his lungs were found to have
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to Louis XIII's court. The cardinal had been a friend of Cinq-Mars's father. More importantly, Richelieu hoped that Cinq-Mars would become Louis's favourite, so that he could indirectly exercise greater influence over the monarch's decisions. Cinq-Mars had become the royal favourite by 1639, but,
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and ordered all fortified castles razed, with the exception only of those needed to defend against invaders. Thus he stripped the princes, dukes, and lesser aristocrats of important defences that could have been used against the king's armies during rebellions. As a result, Richelieu was hated by
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His legacy is also important for the world at large; his ideas of a strong nation-state and aggressive foreign policy helped create the modern system of international politics. As a statesman and churchman, Richelieu played an important role in shaping France's prominence in the 17th century and
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The descendants of the French who are accustomed to this country , together with all the
Indians who will be brought to the knowledge of the faith and will profess it, shall be deemed and renowned natural Frenchmen, and as such may come to live in France when they want, and acquire, donate, and
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in Paris to study philosophy. Thereafter, he began to train for a military career. There, he learned mathematics, fencing, horse riding, dancing skills, courtly manners, and military drill. His private life seems to have been typical for a young officer of the era; in 1605, aged twenty, he was
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Habsburg Spain exploited the French conflict with the
Huguenots to extend its influence in northern Italy. It funded the Huguenot rebels to keep the French army occupied, meanwhile expanding its Italian dominions. Richelieu, however, responded aggressively; after La Rochelle capitulated, he
1075:, becoming the titular leader of an aristocratic rebellion. The king and the duc de Luynes recalled Richelieu, believing that he would be able to reason with the queen. Richelieu was successful in this endeavour, mediating between her and her son. Complex negotiations bore fruit when the
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under
Richelieu allowed it â and through the settlement's strategic location, the St. Lawrence-Great Lakes gateway into the North American interior â to develop into a French empire in North America, parts of which eventually became modern Canada and Louisiana.
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The principall points of the faith of the
Catholike Church: Defended against a writing sent to the king by the 4. ministers of Charenton. By the most eminent. Armand Ihon de Plessis Cardinal Duke de Richelieu. Englished by M.C. confessor to the English nuns at
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region in Europe's balance of power, serving as a link between the
Habsburgs in the Empire and in Spain. Had the imperial armies dominated this region, France would have been threatened by Habsburg encirclement. Spain was meanwhile seeking papal approval for a
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agreed to make peace with Spain, Richelieu refused to support them. The agreement would have prohibited French interference in
Germany. Therefore, Richelieu advised Louis XIII to refuse to ratify the treaty. In 1631, he allied France to Sweden, which had
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in 1598, was permitted to continue, but the cardinal abolished their political rights and protections. Rohan was not executed (as were leaders of rebellions later in
Richelieu's tenure); in fact, he later became a commanding officer in the French Army.
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Born in Paris on 9 September 1585, Armand du
Plessis was the fourth of five children and the last of three sons: he was delicate from childhood and suffered frequent bouts of ill-health throughout his life. His family belonged to the lesser nobility of
1369:(officials in the direct service of the Crown). Richelieu's financial scheme, however, caused unrest among the peasants; there were several uprisings in 1636 to 1639. Richelieu crushed the revolts violently, and dealt with the rebels harshly.
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either were exempt or could easily avoid payment, so the burden fell on the poorest segment of the nation. To collect taxes more efficiently, and to keep corruption to a minimum, Richelieu bypassed local tax officials, replacing them with
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in June 1624, prior to Richelieu's appointment to First Minister in August. That same year, a military expedition, secretly financed by France and commanded by Marquis de Coeuvres, started an action with the intention of liberating the
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Richelieu is also notable for the authoritarian measures he employed to maintain power. He censored the press, established a large network of internal spies, forbade the discussion of political matters in public assemblies such as the
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or principal of the Sorbonne. He presided over the renovation of the college's buildings and over the construction of its famous chapel, where he is now entombed. As he was Bishop of Luçon, his statue stands outside the Luçon
1052:, the most powerful minister in the kingdom. In 1616, Richelieu was made Secretary of State, and was given responsibility for foreign affairs. Like Concini, the Bishop was one of the closest advisors of Louis XIII's mother,
1655:, others were careful copies by Philippe de Champaigne from known portraits; with them were busts of Roman emperors. Another series of portraits of authors complemented the library. The architect of the Palais-Cardinal,
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1478:, one of Richelieu's main political allies, in 1641. Despite troubled relations with the Roman Catholic Church, Richelieu did not support the complete repudiation of papal authority in France, as was advocated by the
1246:. These and other harsh measures were orchestrated by Richelieu to intimidate his enemies. He also ensured his political security by establishing a large network of spies in France and in other European countries.
1122:(which ruled in both Austria and Spain). He saw the reestablishment of the Catholic orthodoxy as a political maneuver of the Habsburg and Austrian states which was detrimental to the French national interests.
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in continental Europe. Thus, Richelieu's policies were the requisite prelude to Louis XIV becoming the most powerful monarch, and France the most powerful nation, in all of Europe during the late seventeenth
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As of April 2013, the Internet Movie Database listed 94 films and television programs in which Cardinal Richelieu is a character. Actors who have portrayed Cardinal Richelieu on film and television include
1426:, governor of New France at the time of Richelieu, saw intermarriage between French and Indians as a solution to increase population in its colony. Under the guidance of Richelieu, Louis XIII issued the
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persuaded Armez to return the face to the government for re-interment with the rest of Richelieu's body. An investigation of subsidence of the church floor enabled the head to be photographed in 1895.
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in France; in turn, the pope did not approve of the administration of the French church, or of French foreign policy. However, the conflict was largely resolved when the pope granted a cardinalate to
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episode "How to Recognise Different Types of Trees from Quite a Long Way Away", first released in 1969, features the sketch "Court Scene with Cardinal Richelieu", in which Richelieu (played by
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Acte pour l'établissement de la Compagnie des Cent Associés pour le commerce du Canada, contenant les articles accordés à la dite Compagnie par M. le Cardinal de Richelieu, le 29 avril 1627
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contrary to Cardinal Richelieu's belief, he was not easy to control. The young marquis realized that Richelieu would not permit him to gain political power. In 1641, he participated in the
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1230:. Both Marie and the duc d'Orléans continued to conspire against Richelieu, but their schemes came to nothing. The nobility also remained powerless. The only important rising was that of
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1094:. On 12 August of the same year, La Vieuville was arrested on charges of corruption, and Cardinal Richelieu took his place as the king's principal minister the following day, but the
1422:. Unlike the other colonial powers, France encouraged a peaceful coexistence in New France between natives and colonists and sought the integration of Indians into colonial society.
1883:; in the same vein as the cardinal, he enacted policies that further suppressed the once-mighty aristocracy, and utterly destroyed all remnants of Huguenot political power with the
1306:, a famous mercenary general operating in Germany in English service. However, in May 1626, when war costs had almost ruined France, king and cardinal made peace with Spain via the
1090:, rendered Richelieu a nearly indispensable advisor to the king. After he was appointed to the royal council of ministers on 29 April 1624, he intrigued against the chief minister
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nominated Richelieu to become Bishop of Luçon. As Richelieu had not yet reached the canonical minimum age, it was necessary that he journey to Rome for a special dispensation from
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On the "Day of the Dupes" in 1630, it appeared that Marie de MĂ©dicis had secured Richelieu's dismissal. Richelieu, however, survived the scheme, and Marie was exiled as a result.
3334:"Le grand atout de la France est dâavoir mis en place des conditions favorisant les Ă©tablissements stables, grĂące aux alliances avec les peuples autochtones." Cercle Richelieu
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him frequently, further weakening him. As he felt his death approaching, he named Mazarin, one of his most faithful followers, to succeed him as chief minister to the king.
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After the death of the king's favourite, the duc de Luynes, in 1621, Richelieu rose to power quickly. The year after, the king nominated Richelieu for a cardinalate, which
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1175:, the king of England, declared war on France in an attempt to aid the Huguenot faction. In 1627, Richelieu ordered the army to besiege the Huguenot stronghold of
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vis-a-vis the power relationship at play were first frowned upon but later emulated by other European nation-states to add to their diplomatic strategic arsenal.
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Because he openly aligned France with Protestant powers, Richelieu was denounced by many as a traitor to the Roman Catholic Church. (He ordered ships of war from
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1277:, so subsidies and aid were provided secretly to their adversaries. Richelieu however, believed that war against Spain would be unavoidable. He considered the
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monk. Thus, it became necessary that the younger Richelieu join the clergy. He had strong academic interests and threw himself into studying for his new post.
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1586:, the pre-eminent French literary society. The institution had previously been in informal existence; in 1635, however, Cardinal Richelieu obtained official
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led an expedition to help the citizens of La Rochelle, but failed abysmally. The city, however, remained firm for over a year before capitulating in 1628.
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was ratified; Marie de MĂ©dicis was given complete freedom, but would remain at peace with the king. The queen-mother was restored to the royal council.
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934:. The family appropriated most of the revenues of the bishopric for private use; they were, however, challenged by clergymen who desired the funds for
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983:, who would later become a close confidant. Because of his closeness to Richelieu, and the grey colour of his robes, Father Joseph was also nicknamed
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in New France, many more than there had been only a few decades earlier, but also a great difference in the number of men (2,034) and women (1,181).
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succeed and accept donations and legacies, just as true French subjects, without being required to take letters of declaration of naturalization.
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de Paris (a court of justice), and had those who dared to conspire against him prosecuted and executed. The Canadian historian and philosopher
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includes 40 members, promotes French literature, and remains the official authority on the French language. Richelieu served as the Académie's
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in 1632; Richelieu, ruthless in suppressing opposition, ordered the duke's execution. In 1634, the cardinal had one of his outspoken critics,
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2121:(1827â1840), set in 1628, as a Lombard peasant expresses his own conspiracy theories about the bread riots happening in Milan. The 1839 play
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2160:) possesses the casual and somewhat smarmy demeanor of a master of ceremonies. Richelieu is a minor and eventually a major character in the
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957:. This secured, Richelieu was consecrated bishop in April 1607. Soon after he returned to his diocese in 1608, Richelieu was heralded as a
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1562:), he sent his agents abroad in search of books and manuscripts for his unrivaled library, which he specified in his will â leaving it to
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The fittings of his chapel in the Palais-Cardinal, for which Simon Vouet executed the paintings, were of solid gold â crucifix, chalice,
1412:, had no more than 100 permanent European inhabitants. Richelieu encouraged Louis XIII to colonize the Americas by the foundation of the
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1223:, secured the king's agreement for the dismissal. Richelieu, however, was aware of the plan, and quickly convinced the king to repent.
1521:. By that time, the populace detested him. In many provinces of the kingdom, bonfires were kindled to celebrate his death. During the
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As he neared death, Richelieu faced a plot that threatened to remove him from power. The cardinal had introduced a young man named
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1392:, effectively spelled the end for Habsburg domination of the continent, and for the personal career of Spanish prime minister
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Kenneth M. Morrison, The Embattled Northeast: The Elusive Ideal of Alliance in Abenaki-Euramerican Relations, 1984, p. 94
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to help him achieve his goals. However, although he was a powerful political figure in his own right, events such as the
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CabanĂšs, Augustin. "Le MĂ©decin de Richelieu â La Maladie du Cardinal" and "L'OdyssĂ©e d'un Crane â La TĂȘte du Cardinal",
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alternative history series by Eric Flint, he is one of the primary antagonists to the nascent United States of Europe.
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Richelieu's tenure was a crucial period of reform for France. Earlier, the nation's political structure was largely
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827:, Richelieu renovated and extended the institution. He became famous for his patronage of the arts and founded the
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were transferred to Fontainebleau and replaced by copies, and the interiors were subjected to much rearrangement.
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3781:"Armand-Jean du Plessis, cardinal et duc de Richelieu | French Statesman, Cardinal & Politician | Britannica"
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nominally remained president of the council (Richelieu was officially appointed president in November 1629).
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1887:. Moreover, Louis took advantage of his nation's success during the Thirty Years' War to establish French
1293:, just like the king, who had already decided to subsidize the Dutch to fight against the Spanish via the
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purposes. To protect the important source of revenue, Richelieu's mother proposed to make her second son,
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had rewarded Richelieu's father for his participation in the Wars of Religion by granting his family the
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The history of modern Europe from the fall of Constantinople: in 1453, to the war in the Crimea, in 1857
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personally led the French army to northern Italy to restrain Spain. On 26 November 1629, he was created
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2108:) as compassionate to Cyrano's financial plight, and playfully having enjoyed the duel at the theatre.
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Les Tombeaux des Richelieu à la Sorbonne, par un membre de la Société d'archéologie de Seine-et-Marne.
1671:. To the chĂąteau, he added one of the largest art collections in Europe and the largest collection of
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and a famous patron of the arts. An author of various religious and political works (most notably his
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prelate and statesman who had an outsize influence in civil and religious affairs. He became known as
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were among the rich appointments of the chĂąteau Richelieu, where there were the Nativity triptych by
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Richelieu is one of the clergymen more frequently portrayed in film, notably as the lead villain in
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Richelieu died on 4 December 1642, aged 57. His body was embalmed and interred at the church of the
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Military expenses placed a considerable strain on royal revenues. In response, Richelieu raised the
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Rebels and Rulers, 1500â1660. Volume II: Provincial rebellion: Revolutionary civil wars, 1560â1660.
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La Sorbonne au service des humanitĂ©s: 750 ans de crĂ©ation et de transmission du savoir, 1257â2007.
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Bonnaffé :7ff (notes other portrait galleries assembled by Richelieu's contemporaries), pp. 10ff.
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of 1627 by which the Indians, converted to Catholicism, were considered as "natural Frenchmen":
961:. He became the first bishop in France to implement the institutional reforms prescribed by the
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1639:, the cardinal's chief portraitist, celebrating the major events of the cardinal's career; the
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Although the Huguenots suffered a major defeat at La Rochelle, they continued to fight, led by
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3536:"A Photograph of the Head of Cardinal Richelieu Taken Two Hundred and Fifty Years After Death"
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Roger L. Nichols, Indians in the United States and Canada: A Comparative History, 1999, p. 32
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in 1624. He retained that office until his death in 1642, when he was succeeded by Cardinal
30:"The Red Eminence" redirects here. For the Soviet statesman also known by that epithet, see
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was enforced to provide funds to raise armies and wage war. The clergy, nobility, and high
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1034:
1029:
In 1614, the clergymen of Poitou asked Richelieu to be one of their representatives to the
1018:
785:
145:
109:
5882:
5832:
5275:
1664:
1140:
To further consolidate power in France, Richelieu sought to suppress the influence of the
8:
7028:
6439:
6404:
6261:
6088:
5847:
5648:
5618:
5558:
5448:
5438:
4929:
4084:
3491:
CabanĂšs, "Le Medecin de Richelieu", pp. 16â43, for a full account of his medical history.
1955:
1947:
1780:
collection at Mantua by French military forces in 1630, as well as numerous antiquities.
1742:
1518:
1423:
1282:
1194:. As a result, religious toleration for Protestants, which had first been granted by the
1190:. Protestant forces, however, were defeated in 1629; Rohan submitted to the terms of the
1187:
1145:
1053:
1022:
958:
927:
868:
844:
824:
820:
789:
758:
5668:
5658:
5623:
5573:
5493:
5393:
4497:
1307:
1152:
1072:
942:, the bishop of Luçon. Alphonse, who had no desire to become a bishop, became instead a
7021:
6972:
6796:
6761:
6063:
6009:
5932:
5842:
5363:
5353:
5290:
5154:
4701:
4357:
4265:
3944:
3552:
3535:
2592:
2282:
There is also an ornate style of lace, Richelieu lace, named in honor of the cardinal.
2241:
2112:
1951:
1936:
influencing the secularization of international policies during the Thirty Years' War.
1323:
1303:
1243:
950:
912:
797:
419:
5711:
5613:
5593:
5583:
5164:
3735:
Collins, p. 1 – although Collin does note that this can be exaggerated.
1167:
Another obstacle to the centralization of power was religious division in France. The
1086:
accordingly granted in September 1622. Crises in France, including a rebellion of the
6962:
6033:
5937:
5927:
5066:
4619:
4444:
4378:
Damayanov, Orlin. (1996). "The Political Career and Personal Qualities of Richelieu."
4347:
4272:
4213:
3821:
3609:
3557:
3273:
2939:
2768:
2704:
2679:
2517:
2162:
2146:
1921:
1880:
1869:
1722:
1684:
1656:
1522:
1485:
1274:
1270:
1216:
1057:
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of France, and his mother, Susanne de La Porte, was the daughter of a famous jurist.
872:
781:
773:
647:
538:
525:
383:
202:
6561:
5887:
5513:
5473:
5453:
5423:
5413:
5310:
768:
and restrained the power of the nobility in order to transform France into a strong
6396:
6058:
5907:
5827:
5789:
5523:
5508:
5488:
5458:
5443:
4741:
4716:
4549:
4544:
4489:
3547:
2390:
2384:
2334:
2299:
2258:
2123:
2034:
1777:
1698:
1575:
1459:
1212:
1179:; the cardinal personally commanded the besieging troops. English troops under the
1119:
1048:
Richelieu advanced politically by faithfully serving the queen-mother's favourite,
962:
805:
765:
754:
288:
138:
60:
5608:
5378:
4668:
4305:
4108:
1021:; only a figurehead during his early reign; power actually rested with his mother
6624:
6073:
5990:
5857:
5769:
5759:
5736:
5598:
5588:
5568:
5563:
5543:
5538:
5498:
5468:
5428:
5388:
4464:
4420:
4207:
4142:
4135:
3932:
3815:
3388:
3370:
3364:
3341:
2597:
2448:
2328:
2307:
2081:
2070:
2050:
1765:
1706:
1571:
1467:
1409:
1259:
1235:
1195:
1083:
1049:
1038:
840:
836:
816:) in 1630 showed that Richelieu's power still depended on the king's confidence.
809:
738:
704:
577:
407:
195:
121:
5822:
5533:
5518:
3981:"Officer Cadet Division â Faculty and Staff â Royal Military College Saint-Jean"
1729:, that he made a gift to Rubens' widow of a diamond-encrusted watch. His marble
772:
state. In foreign policy, his primary objectives were to check the power of the
7014:
6656:
5922:
5897:
5764:
5653:
5553:
5503:
5478:
5159:
5139:
5129:
5119:
4899:
4676:
4604:
4594:
4434:
3524:
Fontaine de Resbecq (pp. 11â18); CabanĂšs, "L'OdyssĂ©e d'un Crane"; Murphy, 1995.
3306:"Cercle Richelieu Senghor de Paris â Tribune internationale de la francophonie"
2218:
Many sites and landmarks were named to honor Cardinal Richelieu. They include:
1929:
1875:
Richelieu's successes were extremely important to Louis XIII's successor, King
1710:
1660:
1623:. The palace, renamed the Palais-Royal after Richelieu's death, now houses the
1587:
1385:
1278:
1191:
1005:). Later, Richelieu often used him as an agent during diplomatic negotiations.
980:
935:
801:
777:
769:
5917:
5877:
5794:
5418:
4629:
4326:
3893:
2262:
1265:
Before Richelieu's ascent to power, most of Europe had become enmeshed in the
7065:
6568:
6340:
6246:
5837:
5784:
5696:
5678:
5628:
5548:
5433:
5270:
5232:
5197:
5187:
5081:
4382:
3628:
Jacques Gaffrel in Italy and Jean Tileman Stella in Germany â BonnaffĂ© p. 13.
2252:
2157:
2101:
2074:
2046:
2038:
1908:
1904:
1769:
1680:
1475:
1134:
908:
793:
683:
3936:
1281:
as one of France's most important allies, for it bordered directly with the
6919:
6888:
6640:
5872:
5862:
5716:
5701:
5688:
5673:
5663:
5633:
5603:
4985:
4816:
4046:
Museums in Motion: an introduction to the history and functions of museums.
3561:
2167:
2058:
2042:
1925:
1753:
1620:
1526:
1511:
1471:
43:
5741:
1895:
1659:, also received a commission to build a chĂąteau and a surrounding town in
1227:
788:
of 1618â1648 after that conflict engulfed Europe. Despite suppressing the
5779:
5643:
5483:
5403:
5338:
3979:
Departement of National Defence, Chief Military Personnel (27 May 2015).
2171:
2062:
1963:
1652:
1648:
1479:
1359:
1202:
1156:
954:
897:
864:
542:
532:
1846:
1600:. Since 1672, that role has been fulfilled by the French head of state.
6078:
5983:
4338:
Raison d'Etat: Richelieu's Grand Strategy During the Thirty Years' War.
2004: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1818: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1466:
Toward the end of his life, Richelieu alienated many people, including
1427:
1405:
1381:
1327:
1299:
1130:
1125:
Shortly after he became Louis' principal minister, he was faced with a
943:
848:
750:
414:
6083:
4383:
Goyau, Georges. (1912). "Armand-Jean du Plessis, Duke de Richelieu."
2066:
1917:
1876:
1865:
1733:
was not considered a good likeness and was banished to a passageway.
1389:
1365:
1141:
1087:
1061:
921:
4352:. trans. Henry Bertram Hill. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
3591:
Chess and Chess-players: Consisting of Original Stories and Sketches
2358:
1979:
1793:
1388:
in 1648, coupled with their failure to prevent a French invasion of
903:
When he was five years old, Richelieu's father died of fever in the
4411:
1888:
1773:
1619:
Richelieu oversaw the construction of his own palace in Paris, the
1510:
extensive cavities and caseous necrosis). His doctors continued to
1168:
6464:
The Return of the Musketeers, or The Treasures of Cardinal Mazarin
2207:
1761:
1372:
472:
6043:
3913:. Internet Archive. Madison : University of Wisconsin Press.
3817:
A Taste of Paris: A History of the Parisian Love Affair with Food
2191:
The principal points of the faith of the Catholic Church defended
2144:
Richelieu and Louis XIII are depicted in Ken Russell's 1971 film
1470:. Richelieu was displeased by the pope's refusal to name him the
1344:
2094:. He is usually portrayed as a sinister character, but the 1950
1574:. Among the individuals he patronized was the famous playwright
737:
in 1616. He continued to rise through the hierarchy of both the
6038:
4209:
Europe's physician: the various life of Sir Theodore de Mayerne
3978:
1714:
1350:
1302:
from Spanish occupation. In 1625, Richelieu also sent money to
885:
4348:
Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal et Duc de (1964).
4317:
After the Funeral: The Posthumous Adventures of Famous Corpses
2432:
2370:
1462:(depicted here in 1660, age 58) succeeded Richelieu in office.
1071:
In 1619, Marie de MĂ©dicis escaped from her confinement in the
3966:
MĂ©moires du cardinal de Richelieu, sur le rĂšgne de Louis XIII
2420:
2197:
MĂ©moires du cardinal de Richelieu, sur le rĂšgne de Louis XIII
1946:
A less renowned aspect of his legacy is his involvement with
1939:
His pioneering approach to French diplomatic relations using
1737:
1683:. Among his 300 paintings by moderns, most notably, he owned
1555:
1013:
907:, leaving the family in debt; however, with the aid of royal
528:
3706:
Le petit cabinet de passage pour aller Ă l'appartement vert
2405:
2349:
1725:, for which he was so glad to pay the artist's heirs 3,000
4258:. trans. Bernard Hoy. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
2435:
2402:
2373:
2346:
1289:
with Spain at that time. Luckily for him, Richelieu was a
6413:
The Secret of Queen Anne or Musketeers Thirty Years After
4527:
3008:"Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis de | Encyclopedia.com"
2414:
2399:
2355:
2343:
3931:. At Paris: By Sebastien Cramoisy, printer to the king.
3117:"Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu | Encyclopedia.com"
2570:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
1114:
Cardinal Richelieu's policy involved two primary goals:
726:"), a term derived from the title "Eminence" applied to
2228:
Avenue Richelieu, located in Shawinigan, Quebec, Canada
1924:
has referred to Richelieu as the "father of the modern
2111:
Richelieu is indirectly mentioned in a famous line of
1110:
Jean Warin, Cardinal de Richelieu 1622 (obverse), 1631
733:
Consecrated a bishop in 1607, Richelieu was appointed
1310:. This peace quickly ended after tensions due to the
896:, was a soldier and courtier who served as the Grand
2676:
Cardinal Richelieu and the Development of Absolutism
2429:
2408:
2396:
2367:
2352:
2340:
2289:
1663:; the project culminated in the construction of the
4069:(Walker & Company; 2011) 309 pages; a biography
4067:
Eminence: Cardinal Richelieu and the Rise of France
3403:. Library and Archives Canada. 2006. Archived from
3270:
Cardinal Richelieu: Power and the Pursuit of Wealth
2426:
2393:
2364:
2337:
1578:. Richelieu was also the founder and patron of the
1269:(1618â1648). France was not openly at war with the
4325:
4264:
3924:de, Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis duc (1635).
3854:"May 13, 1637: Cardinal Richelieu Makes His Point"
2767:. New York: Haskell House Publishers. p. 57.
2166:novel series (published between 1977 and 2003) by
2131:portrayed Richelieu uttering the now famous line "
761:, the king's mother, and formerly his close ally.
4183:Church and Culture in Seventeenth Century France.
3442:
3440:
3291:
3289:
3185:
3183:
3075:
3073:
2902:
2900:
2881:
2879:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2740:
2738:
1615:Bust of Cardinal Richelieu by Gianlorenzo Bernini
968:At about this time, Richelieu became a friend of
7063:
2225:, Indre et Loire, a town founded by the cardinal
1144:nobility. In 1626, he abolished the position of
708:; 9 September 1585 â 4 December 1642), known as
4659:
4062:Manchester: Manchester University Press. (1997)
1879:. He continued Richelieu's work of creating an
1675:in France. The heavily resurfaced and restored
4387:Volume XIII. New York: Robert Appleton Company
3437:
3286:
3180:
3070:
2897:
2876:
2826:
2735:
6840:Touché: The Adventures of the Fifth Musketeer
5969:
4645:
4513:
4350:The Political Testament of Cardinal Richelieu
4323:
4233:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (1992)
4185:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (1997)
4164:. Colburn (1852); BiblioBazaar reprint (2006)
4103:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (1995)
4074:Recherches sur les collections des Richelieu.
697:Armand Jean du Plessis, 1st Duke of Richelieu
4362:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3949:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3820:. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 93.
2674:Treasure, Geoffrey Russell Richards (1972).
2563:
1591:
1579:
1570:, was a feature of his Paris residence, the
1499:Henri Coiffier de Ruzé, marquis de Cinq-Mars
852:
828:
6511:Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers
4297:Cardinal Richelieu and the Making of France
3968:. Oxford University. Paris : Foucault.
2701:Cardinal Richelieu and the Making of France
2135:." The play was adapted into the 1935 film
990:
6017:The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later
5976:
5962:
4652:
4638:
4520:
4506:
4253:
3964:Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis (1823).
3907:Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis (1961).
2931:
2925:
2539:Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
1962:Richelieu is known as the inventor of the
1493:showing Cardinal Richelieu on his deathbed
1226:Meanwhile, Marie de MĂ©dicis was exiled to
1159:'s depiction of Cardinal Richelieu at the
839:responsible for matters pertaining to the
612:
600:
59:
27:French statesman and clergyman (1585â1642)
18:Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu
4332:. New York: The World Publishing Company.
4285:
4271:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
4176:Richelieu and the Growth of French Power.
4086:Le Cabinet Secret de l'Histoire, 4e serie
3963:
3906:
3551:
3256:Political Testament of Cardinal Richelieu
2516:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
2020:Learn how and when to remove this message
1834:Learn how and when to remove this message
322:25 November 1616 â 24 April 1617
265:30 November 1616 â 24 April 1617
101:12 August 1624 â 4 December 1642
4133:Lodge, Sir Richard, and Ketcham, Henry.
3603:
3533:
2673:
2244:, a squadron of Officer Cadets from the
2206:
1969:
1894:
1845:
1610:
1543:Triple Portrait of Cardinal de Richelieu
1536:
1484:
1454:
1408:, where the French had a foothold since
1371:
1253:
1201:
1151:
1105:
1012:
784:) and to ensure French dominance in the
158:17 April 1632 â 4 December 1642
4192:Paris: Presses Paris Sorbonne. (2007) (
3891:
2104:in a scene not from Rostand's original
1928:, modern centralised power the modern
14:
7147:French people of the Thirty Years' War
7064:
6950:Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance
6813:Dogtanian: One For All and All For One
4314:
4262:
4244:
4212:. Yale: Yale University Press. (2006)
4155:Seventeenth Century Europe, 1598â1700.
4048:Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield. (1996)
3813:
3588:
3540:Medical Library and Historical Journal
3267:
2762:
2238:Richelieu River, in Montérégie, Quebec
764:Richelieu sought to consolidate royal
741:and the French government, becoming a
253:Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
7087:17th-century deaths from tuberculosis
5957:
4633:
4529:Chief ministers to the French Monarch
4501:
4394:The History of the Thirty Years' War.
4303:
4162:The Life of Marie de Medici, volume 3
3509:
3393:
3140:
2914:
2912:
2447:
2231:The provincial electoral district of
792:of the 1620s, he made alliances with
703:
4480:Chief minister to the French monarch
4294:
4022:from the original on 14 October 2019
3316:from the original on 30 October 2014
2698:
2529:
2527:
2002:adding citations to reliable sources
1973:
1816:adding citations to reliable sources
1787:
1249:
861:1632 Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
6684:Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds
6527:Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds
4319:. New York: Barnes and Noble Books.
3991:from the original on 27 August 2021
2723:Bergin, p. 58; Trevor-Roper, p. 66.
2545:from the original on 6 October 2019
1950:and the fledgling colony along the
1627:, the Ministry of Culture, and the
1603:In 1622, Richelieu was elected the
1532:
1326:. When in 1630 French diplomats in
1285:and was right in the middle of the
639:Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu
24:
6863:The Three Musketeers: One for All!
4238:
4009:
3923:
3514:. A. L. Burt Company. p. 322.
3258:, p. vii, supports general thesis.
3145:. A. L. Burt Company. p. 195.
2909:
2678:. St. Martin's Press. p. 10.
2278:, four warships of the French Navy
2133:The pen is mightier than the sword
1564:Armand Jean de Vignerot du Plessis
76:Musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg
25:
7183:
4392:Schiller, Friedrich von. (1793).
4371:
4256:Richelieu and His Age (3 volumes)
4101:The State in Early Modern France.
2970:Lodge & Ketcham, 1903, p. 85.
2952:from the original on 24 July 2020
2524:
2490:from the original on 29 July 2019
2246:Royal Military College Saint-Jean
2179:
1954:. The retention and promotion of
1101:
6279:The Three Musketeers: D'Artagnan
4618:
4400:
4396:Translated by A. J. W. Morrison.
4122:Fontaine de Resbecq, EugĂšne de.
4003:
3972:
3957:
3917:
3900:
3876:
3864:from the original on 15 May 2022
3851:
3845:
3807:
3798:
3752:from the original on 7 June 2011
3401:"Statistics for the 1666 Census"
3310:www.cercle-richelieu-senghor.org
2389:
2333:
2292:
2271:BibliothĂšque nationale de France
2269:, or the historical site of the
1978:
1792:
1690:Virgin and Child with Saint Anne
1118:in France and opposition to the
1008:
646:
7102:17th-century French politicians
7035:Unus pro omnibus, omnes pro uno
6633:d'Artagnan and Three Musketeers
6519:Barbie and the Three Musketeers
4037:
3773:
3764:
3738:
3729:
3720:
3711:
3698:
3685:
3676:
3667:
3658:
3649:
3640:
3631:
3622:
3597:
3582:
3568:
3527:
3518:
3503:
3494:
3485:
3476:
3467:
3458:
3449:
3428:
3419:
3375:
3357:
3346:
3328:
3298:
3261:
3248:
3239:
3228:
3219:
3210:
3201:
3192:
3171:
3162:
3149:
3134:
3109:
3100:
3091:
3082:
3061:
3052:
3043:
3034:
3025:
3000:
2991:
2982:
2973:
2964:
2888:
2867:
2858:
2849:
2840:
2817:
2808:
2799:
2790:
2781:
2756:
2747:
2726:
2717:
2692:
2667:
2658:
2649:
2640:
2449:[kaÊdinald(É)ÊiÊ(É)ljĂž]
1989:needs additional citations for
1803:needs additional citations for
1415:Compagnie de la Nouvelle France
730:and their customary red robes.
4342:Texas National Security Review
4136:The life of Cardinal Richelieu
4126:Paris: Ernest Thorin. (1867) (
4119:Cambridge: Canto Press. (1991)
3576:Routledge's Every Boy's Annual
3512:The Life of Cardinal Richelieu
3143:The Life of Cardinal Richelieu
2631:
2622:
2613:
2598:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
2585:
2557:
2502:
2472:
2320:
1872:entering a period of decline.
1450:
1404:When Richelieu came to power,
867:returned to French rule after
13:
1:
7167:Tuberculosis deaths in France
7097:17th-century French diplomats
7092:17th-century French cardinals
6448:The Secret Mark of D'Artagnan
6318:Musketeers Twenty Years After
4299:. New York: Carroll and Graf.
4267:Richelieu and Reason of State
3695:made a careful drawing of it.
3693:Jean-Auguste Dominique Ingres
2573:(5th ed.). HarperCollins
2466:
1855:
1643:had twenty-six historicizing
1625:French Constitutional Council
1312:War of the Mantuan Succession
878:
6994:The Baron of Magister Valley
6310:The Return of the Musketeers
6287:The Three Musketeers: Milady
4254:Burckhardt, Carl J. (1967).
4206:Trevor-Roper, Hugh Redwald.
4169:Europe in Crisis, 1598â1648.
4092:Paris: Dorbon Ainé. (1905) (
3985:www.cmrsj-rmcsj.forces.gc.ca
3894:"Monty Python â Court Scene"
3892:Chadner (22 December 2006).
3168:Moote, pp. 179â183, esp. 182
2514:Lexico UK English Dictionary
2170:. Also, in the 21st century
2153:Monty Python's Flying Circus
2124:Richelieu; Or the Conspiracy
1651:to Louis XIII; some were by
1641:Galerie des hommes illustres
1399:
1096:Cardinal de la Rochefoucauld
1092:Charles, duc de La Vieuville
970:François Leclerc du Tremblay
7:
7152:Peers created by Louis XIII
7142:Foreign ministers of France
4661:Foreign Ministers of France
4472:as informal chief minister
4410:public domain audiobook at
4304:Lodge, Sir Richard (1896).
4263:Church, William F. (1972).
4249:. London: J. B. Lippincott.
3510:Lodge, Sir Richard (1903).
3141:Lodge, Sir Richard (1903).
2938:. Routledge. pp. 16â.
2285:
2100:shows Richelieu (played by
1903:continued to be admired by
1679:continued to be admired by
855:Compagnie des Cent-Associés
10:
7188:
7172:University of Paris alumni
7107:Alexandre Dumas characters
6987:The Viscount of Adrilankha
6708:Albert the Fifth Musketeer
6692:The Three Musketeers Anime
4385:The Catholic Encyclopedia,
4044:Alexander, Edward Porter.
3593:. C.J. Skeet. p. 107.
2703:. Constable. p. 224.
2484:Collins English Dictionary
2202:
1709:, as well as paintings by
1273:, who ruled Spain and the
869:English privateers took it
351:Nicolas Brulart de Sillery
310:Secretary of State for War
203:Grand Master of Navigation
32:Mikhail Andreyevich Suslov
29:
7162:Prime ministers of France
7117:Cistercian abbots general
7007:
6960:
6945:(South Korean adaptation)
6927:The Three Must-Get-Theres
6907:
6898:
6872:
6831:
6772:
6729:
6722:
6667:
6600:
6593:
6586:
6537:
6481:
6474:
6456:Revenge of the Musketeers
6431:
6328:
6297:
6104:
6097:
6026:
5997:
5808:
5750:
5725:
5687:
5329:
5251:
5173:
5080:
5007:
4984:
4961:
4928:
4875:
4667:
4616:
4535:
4486:
4477:
4456:
4451:
4441:
4432:
4429:Jacques de Veny d'Arbouze
4426:
4419:
4336:Rehman, Iskander. 2019. "
4286:Kissinger, Henry (1997).
4203:London: Routledge. (1998)
4157:London: Macmillan. (1990)
4065:Blanchard, Jean-Vincent.
3272:. Yale University Press.
2922:(1967). Vol. 3, appendix.
2213:Richelieu, Indre-et-Loire
2211:The Parc de Richelieu at
2092:numerous film adaptations
1783:
1647:, larger than life, from
1635:had ceiling paintings by
1592:
1580:
1441:1666 census of New France
1232:Henri, duc de Montmorency
1066:L'Instruction du chrétien
859:; he also negotiated the
853:
829:
705:[aÊmÉÌÊÉÌdyplÉsi]
682:
672:
664:
654:
645:
632:
624:
620:
608:
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170:
162:
151:
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132:
115:
105:
94:
87:
83:
58:
41:
6980:Five Hundred Years After
6789:The Man in the Iron Mask
6754:The Man in the Iron Mask
6495:Three Blind Mouseketeers
6421:The Man in the Iron Mask
6349:The Man in the Iron Mask
6199:Blades of the Musketeers
5374:Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire
4324:O'Connell, D.P. (1968).
4245:Belloc, Hilaire (1929).
2313:
1731:portrait bust by Bernini
1695:The Family of the Virgin
1420:Dutch West India Company
871:in 1629. He was created
851:, he founded (1627) the
7045:Musketeers of the Guard
6700:The Return of Dogtanian
6373:The Count of Bragelonne
6127:Les Trois Mousquetaires
5986:The d'Artagnan Romances
4226:London: Methuen. (1981)
4178:Ayer Publishing. (1971)
4171:London: Fontana. (1984)
4117:Richelieu and Olivares.
3673:Alexander, 1996, p. 20.
3604:Reinfeld, Fred (1963).
3589:Walker, George (1850).
3340:30 October 2014 at the
3268:Bergin, Joseph (1985).
1673:ancient Roman sculpture
1633:Galerie de l'avant-cour
1333:just invaded the empire
1135:Swiss canton of Grisons
1116:centralization of power
979:or "Father Joseph"), a
965:between 1545 and 1563.
905:French Wars of Religion
234:The Duke of Montmorency
177:The Marquis of Thémines
89:First Minister of State
7157:Politicians from Paris
6934:The Three Mouseketeers
4421:Catholic Church titles
4315:Murphy, Edwin (1995).
4295:Levi, Anthony (2000).
4224:The Thirty Years' War.
4201:Richelieu and Mazarin.
4174:Perkins, James Breck.
4060:The Rise of Richelieu.
3814:Downie, David (2017).
3748:. Cartelen.louvre.fr.
3608:. Pitman. p. 19.
3606:Great Moments in Chess
3387:21 August 2016 at the
3235:Amsterdam City Archive
2699:Levi, Anthony (2000).
2444:
2215:
1912:
1885:Edict of Fontainebleau
1861:
1852:Philippe de Champaigne
1645:portraits of great men
1637:Philippe de Champaigne
1616:
1551:
1548:Philippe de Champaigne
1494:
1491:Philippe de Champaigne
1463:
1437:
1377:
1262:
1258:Cardinal Richelieu by
1207:
1164:
1149:most of the nobility.
1111:
1026:
823:and headmaster of the
813:
565:Anne d'Escars de Givry
370:Armand Jean du Plessis
303:The Marquis of Sillery
72:Philippe de Champaigne
7137:French art collectors
6913:The Three Mesquiteers
6365:Lady in the Iron Mask
4141:31 March 2020 at the
3189:Parker, 1984, p. 219.
2920:Richelieu and His Age
2906:Parker, 1984, p. 199.
2885:Parker, 1984, p. 130.
2763:Federn, Karl (1928).
2535:"Richelieu, Cardinal"
2445:Cardinal de Richelieu
2276:French ship Richelieu
2210:
1970:Portrayals in fiction
1898:
1849:
1614:
1540:
1488:
1458:
1432:
1375:
1257:
1221:Gaston, duc d'Orléans
1205:
1155:
1109:
1016:
843:. As an advocate for
776:(reigning notably in
67:Cardinal de Richelieu
48:The Duke of Richelieu
7040:Man in the Iron Mask
6942:The Three Musketeers
6881:The Three Musketeers
6855:The Three Musketeers
6847:The Three Musketeers
6805:The Three Musketeers
6781:The Three Musketeers
6746:The Three Musketeers
6738:The Three Musketeers
6676:The Three Musketeers
6652:(2009â10) (puppetry)
6649:The Three Musketeers
6617:The Three Musketeers
6609:The Three Musketeers
6548:The Two Mouseketeers
6503:The Three Musketeers
6271:The Three Musketeers
6255:The Three Musketeers
6239:The Three Musketeers
6223:The Three Musketeers
6215:The Three Musketeers
6207:The Three Musketeers
6191:The Three Musketeers
6183:The Three Musketeers
6175:The Three Musketeers
6167:The Three Musketeers
6159:The Three Musketeers
6151:The Three Musketeers
6143:The Three Musketeers
6135:The Three Musketeers
6119:The Three Musketeers
6003:The Three Musketeers
4310:. London: Macmillan.
4199:Treasure, Geoffrey.
4188:Pitte, Jean-Robert.
4106:Dyer, Thomas Henry.
4055:Viking Press. (1972)
4051:Auchincloss, Louis.
3896:– via YouTube.
3804:Kissinger, pp. 62â63
3655:Elliot, 1991, p. 30.
3646:Auchincloss, p. 178.
3637:Bonnaffé, pp. 4, 12.
3578:. 1877. p. 341.
3534:Griffith, F (1906).
3254:Henry Bertram Hill,
3159:, pp. 135â136, 178.
3157:Louis XIII, the Just
3121:www.encyclopedia.com
3012:www.encyclopedia.com
2918:Carl J. Burckhardt,
2855:Pardoe, pp. 103â104.
2796:Bergin, pp. 132â133.
2129:Edward Bulwer-Lytton
2087:The Three Musketeers
1998:improve this article
1905:neoclassical artists
1812:improve this article
1681:neoclassical artists
1418:in imitation of the
1161:siege of La Rochelle
751:Louis XIII of France
514:Emery de Bragelongne
498:Before 29 April 1624
429:Clergyman, statesman
246:The Marquis of Brézé
146:Governor of Brittany
122:The Marquis of Ancre
7127:Court of Louis XIII
7122:Counter-Reformation
7029:The Three Muscatels
6487:The Four Musketeers
6405:The Fifth Musketeer
6381:The King's Prisoner
6231:The Four Musketeers
4112:. J. Murray. (1861)
3910:Political testament
3407:on 4 September 2015
3369:11 May 2016 at the
2979:Dyer, 1861, p. 525.
2932:R J Knecht (2014).
2510:"Richelieu, Duc de"
2186:Political Testament
1948:Samuel de Champlain
1764:, and paintings by
1560:Political Testament
1424:Samuel de Champlain
1348:(salt tax) and the
1295:Treaty of CompiĂšgne
1283:Spanish Netherlands
1240:burned at the stake
1188:Henri, duc de Rohan
1146:Constable of France
1077:Treaty of AngoulĂȘme
918:Théodore de Mayerne
890:François du Plessis
845:Samuel de Champlain
825:College of Sorbonne
821:University of Paris
790:Huguenot rebellions
668:Your Grand Eminence
7132:Dukes of Richelieu
7072:Cardinal Richelieu
7022:A Modern Musketeer
6973:The Phoenix Guards
6797:Dogtanian: Special
6762:La Femme Musketeer
6555:Touché, Pussy Cat!
6054:Cardinal Richelieu
6010:Twenty Years After
5321:La Tour d'Auvergne
5009:Second Restoration
4610:Comte de Montmorin
4585:Comte de Vergennes
4540:Cardinal Richelieu
4461:Title last held by
4452:Political offices
4407:Cardinal Richelieu
4247:Richelieu: A Study
4167:Parker, Geoffrey.
4099:Collins, James B.
4072:Bonnaffé, Edmond.
3785:www.britannica.com
3225:Zagorin, pp. 8â12.
2637:Bergin, pp. 18â19.
2619:Bergin, pp. 14â15.
2242:Richelieu Squadron
2216:
2138:Cardinal Richelieu
2113:Alessandro Manzoni
2097:Cyrano de Bergerac
2055:Aleksandr Trofimov
1952:St. Lawrence River
1913:
1862:
1776:, lifted from the
1617:
1593:Académie française
1590:for the body. The
1582:Académie française
1552:
1495:
1464:
1378:
1376:The Battle of Lens
1337:Treaty of BĂ€rwalde
1324:universal monarchy
1304:Ernst von Mansfeld
1263:
1208:
1181:Duke of Buckingham
1165:
1112:
1027:
972:(better known as "
932:Bishopric of Luçon
913:College of Navarre
831:Académie Française
819:An alumnus of the
798:Kingdom of England
710:Cardinal Richelieu
660:His Grand Eminence
420:College of Navarre
44:His Grand Eminence
7059:
7058:
7003:
7002:
6963:Khaavren Romances
6858:(2006 video game)
6850:(1987 video game)
6827:
6826:
6823:
6822:
6718:
6717:
6582:
6581:
6578:
6577:
5951:
5950:
5818:Couve de Murville
5800:Couve de Murville
5057:Montmorency-Laval
4963:First Restoration
4627:
4626:
4580:Comte de Maurepas
4496:
4495:
4487:Succeeded by
4475:
4445:Armand de Bourbon
4442:Succeeded by
4218:978-0-300-11263-4
4181:Phillips, Henry.
4016:www.trc-leiden.nl
3840:his table linens.
3827:978-1-25-008295-4
3770:Phillips, p. 266.
3708:" (Bonnaffé :10).
3615:978-0-8128-2187-1
3295:Wedgwood, p. 450.
3279:978-0-300-03495-0
3245:Wedgwood, p. 452.
3177:Wedgwood, p. 247.
3106:Wedgwood, p. 270.
3040:Wedgwood, p. 195.
2997:Wedgwood, p. 188.
2945:978-1-317-87455-3
2805:Wedgwood, p. 189.
2710:978-0-09-480190-5
2685:978-0-7136-1286-8
2664:Wedgwood, p. 187.
2601:. Merriam-Webster
2520:on 20 March 2022.
2486:. HarperCollins.
2173:1632/Ring of Fire
2163:Fortune de France
2030:
2029:
2022:
1922:John Ralston Saul
1901:Richelieu Bacchus
1881:absolute monarchy
1870:Holy Roman Empire
1844:
1843:
1836:
1719:Diana at the Bath
1701:, the two famous
1677:Richelieu Bacchus
1669:town of Richelieu
1665:ChĂąteau Richelieu
1657:Jacques Lemercier
1523:French Revolution
1504:comte de Soissons
1317:In 1629, Emperor
1287:Eighty Years' War
1275:Holy Roman Empire
1267:Thirty Years' War
1250:Thirty Years' War
1058:Charles de Luynes
1000:the Grey Eminence
873:Duke of Richelieu
814:Journée des Dupes
786:Thirty Years' War
735:Foreign Secretary
694:
693:
628:
627:
539:Territorial abbot
526:Territorial abbot
16:(Redirected from
7179:
7112:Bishops of Luçon
6905:
6904:
6727:
6726:
6598:
6597:
6591:
6590:
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6478:
6440:At Sword's Point
6397:Le Masque de fer
6102:
6101:
6059:Milady de Winter
5978:
5971:
5964:
5955:
5954:
5399:Challemel-Lacour
5301:La Tour Auvergne
4654:
4647:
4640:
4631:
4630:
4622:
4545:Cardinal Mazarin
4522:
4515:
4508:
4499:
4498:
4490:Cardinal Mazarin
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4427:Preceded by
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4229:Zagorin, Perez.
4222:Wedgwood, C. V.
4058:Bergin, Joseph.
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4012:"Richelieu Work"
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3489:
3483:
3482:Perkins, p. 204.
3480:
3474:
3473:Perkins, p. 200.
3471:
3465:
3464:Perkins, p. 191.
3462:
3456:
3455:Perkins, p. 198.
3453:
3447:
3446:Perkins, p. 195.
3444:
3435:
3432:
3426:
3425:Perkins, p. 273.
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2302:
2300:Biography portal
2297:
2296:
2295:
2267:Richelieu-Drouot
2259:Rue de Richelieu
2035:Nigel De Brulier
2025:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2005:
1982:
1974:
1860:
1859: 1633â1640
1857:
1839:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1819:
1796:
1788:
1699:Andrea del Sarto
1595:
1594:
1585:
1584:
1576:Pierre Corneille
1554:Richelieu was a
1533:Arts and culture
1460:Cardinal Mazarin
1354:(land tax). The
1308:Treaty of Monçon
1213:duc de Richelieu
1120:Habsburg dynasty
1073:ChĂąteau de Blois
1054:Marie de' Medici
1023:Marie de' Medici
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
986:L'Ă©minence grise
978:
963:Council of Trent
858:
857:
834:
833:
806:Day of the Dupes
796:states like the
774:Habsburg dynasty
724:the Red Eminence
719:l'Ăminence Rouge
707:
702:
650:
640:
635:
630:
629:
616:
604:
592:Personal details
574:5 September 1622
571:Created cardinal
519:Previous post(s)
482:18 December 1606
396:
380:9 September 1585
379:
377:
361:Personal details
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7055:
7052:(chocolate bar)
6999:
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6768:
6714:
6663:
6625:The Mind Robber
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6389:Uthama Puthiran
6357:Uthama Puthiran
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6324:
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6293:
6108:
6093:
6022:
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5991:Alexandre Dumas
5982:
5952:
5947:
5853:François-Poncet
5804:
5752:Fourth Republic
5746:
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5721:
5683:
5325:
5281:Drouyn de Lhuys
5261:Drouyn de Lhuys
5247:
5243:Drouyn de Lhuys
5223:Drouyn de Lhuys
5203:Drouyn de Lhuys
5175:Second Republic
5169:
5076:
5022:A. E. Richelieu
5003:
4980:
4957:
4924:
4871:
4687:A. J. Richelieu
4663:
4658:
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4623:
4614:
4570:Duc de Choiseul
4565:Cardinal Fleury
4550:Cardinal Dubois
4531:
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4483:
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4465:Concino Concini
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4241:
4239:Further reading
4236:
4160:Pardoe, Julia.
4153:Munck, Thomas.
4143:Wayback Machine
4115:Elliott, J. H.
4040:
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3888:Wayback Machine
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3641:
3636:
3632:
3627:
3623:
3616:
3602:
3598:
3587:
3583:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3508:
3504:
3500:Treasure, p. 8.
3499:
3495:
3490:
3486:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3454:
3450:
3445:
3438:
3434:Phillips, p. 3.
3433:
3429:
3424:
3420:
3410:
3408:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3389:Wayback Machine
3380:
3376:
3371:Wayback Machine
3362:
3358:
3351:
3347:
3342:Wayback Machine
3333:
3329:
3319:
3317:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3266:
3262:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3207:Collins, p. 53.
3206:
3202:
3198:Collins, p. 62.
3197:
3193:
3188:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3154:
3150:
3139:
3135:
3125:
3123:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3088:Pardoe, p. 176.
3087:
3083:
3079:Zagorin, p. 18.
3078:
3071:
3067:Zagorin, p. 17.
3066:
3062:
3058:Zagorin, p. 16.
3057:
3053:
3049:Collins, p. 48.
3048:
3044:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3016:
3014:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2955:
2953:
2946:
2930:
2926:
2917:
2910:
2905:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2864:Collins, p. 45.
2863:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2846:Bergin, p. 135.
2845:
2841:
2837:Treasure, p. 4.
2836:
2827:
2823:Bergin, p. 133.
2822:
2818:
2814:Bergin, p. 130.
2813:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2628:Treasure, p. 3.
2627:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2604:
2602:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2576:
2574:
2562:
2558:
2548:
2546:
2533:
2532:
2525:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2493:
2491:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2453:
2452:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2392:
2383:
2382:
2363:
2336:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2308:Nicolas Fouquet
2298:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2255:, Paris, France
2205:
2182:
2082:Alexandre Dumas
2071:Christoph Waltz
2051:Charlton Heston
2026:
2015:
2009:
2006:
1995:
1983:
1972:
1858:
1840:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1809:
1797:
1786:
1707:Nicolas Poussin
1621:Palais-Cardinal
1572:Palais-Cardinal
1535:
1468:Pope Urban VIII
1453:
1410:Jacques Cartier
1402:
1260:Robert Nanteuil
1252:
1236:Urbain Grandier
1196:Edict of Nantes
1104:
1084:Pope Gregory XV
1050:Concino Concini
1039:Anne of Austria
1031:Estates-General
1011:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
976:
881:
841:French language
837:learned society
759:Marie de MĂ©dici
739:Catholic Church
714:French Catholic
700:
656:Reference style
638:
636:
633:
587:Cardinal-Priest
578:Pope Gregory XV
575:
562:
548:
443:Bishop of Luçon
408:Sorbonne Chapel
398:
394:
393:4 December 1642
381:
375:
373:
372:
371:
345:
335:
321:
316:
297:
286:
278:
264:
259:
240:
228:
214:
209:
190:
179:
171:
157:
152:
133:
124:
116:
100:
95:
79:
54:
49:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7185:
7175:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7057:
7056:
7054:
7053:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7025:
7018:
7017:(collaborator)
7015:Auguste Maquet
7011:
7009:
7005:
7004:
7001:
7000:
6998:
6997:
6990:
6983:
6976:
6968:
6966:
6958:
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6955:
6954:
6946:
6938:
6930:
6923:
6916:
6908:
6902:
6896:
6895:
6893:
6892:
6885:
6876:
6874:
6870:
6869:
6867:
6866:
6859:
6851:
6843:
6835:
6833:
6829:
6828:
6825:
6824:
6821:
6820:
6818:
6817:
6809:
6801:
6793:
6785:
6776:
6774:
6770:
6769:
6767:
6766:
6758:
6750:
6742:
6733:
6731:
6724:
6720:
6719:
6716:
6715:
6713:
6712:
6704:
6696:
6688:
6680:
6671:
6669:
6665:
6664:
6662:
6661:
6657:The Musketeers
6653:
6645:
6637:
6629:
6621:
6613:
6604:
6602:
6595:
6588:
6584:
6583:
6580:
6579:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6572:
6565:
6562:Tom and Chérie
6558:
6551:
6543:
6541:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6531:
6523:
6515:
6507:
6499:
6491:
6482:
6476:
6472:
6471:
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6468:
6460:
6452:
6444:
6435:
6433:
6429:
6428:
6426:
6425:
6417:
6409:
6401:
6393:
6385:
6377:
6369:
6361:
6353:
6345:
6336:
6334:
6330:The Vicomte of
6326:
6325:
6323:
6322:
6314:
6305:
6303:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6291:
6283:
6275:
6267:
6259:
6251:
6243:
6235:
6227:
6219:
6211:
6203:
6195:
6187:
6179:
6171:
6163:
6155:
6147:
6139:
6131:
6123:
6114:
6112:
6099:
6095:
6094:
6092:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6030:
6028:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6020:
6013:
6006:
5998:
5995:
5994:
5981:
5980:
5973:
5966:
5958:
5949:
5948:
5946:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5814:
5812:
5810:Fifth Republic
5806:
5805:
5803:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5756:
5754:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5744:
5739:
5733:
5731:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5693:
5691:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5439:Casimir-Perier
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5335:
5333:
5331:Third Republic
5327:
5326:
5324:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5257:
5255:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5179:
5177:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5086:
5084:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5037:M. Montmorency
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5013:
5011:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4996:
4990:
4988:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4973:
4967:
4965:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4934:
4932:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4881:
4879:
4877:First Republic
4873:
4872:
4870:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4673:
4671:
4665:
4664:
4657:
4656:
4649:
4642:
4634:
4625:
4624:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4560:Duc de Bourbon
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4525:
4524:
4517:
4510:
4502:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4485:
4476:
4460:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4448:
4443:
4440:
4435:Abbot of Cluny
4431:
4428:
4424:
4423:
4415:
4414:
4398:
4389:
4380:
4373:
4372:External links
4370:
4369:
4368:
4345:
4334:
4321:
4312:
4301:
4292:
4283:
4278:978-0691051994
4277:
4260:
4251:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4204:
4197:
4186:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4151:
4131:
4120:
4113:
4104:
4097:
4081:
4076:Plon. (1883) (
4070:
4063:
4056:
4049:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4002:
3971:
3956:
3916:
3899:
3875:
3844:
3826:
3806:
3797:
3772:
3763:
3737:
3728:
3726:Collins, p. 1.
3719:
3710:
3697:
3684:
3675:
3666:
3657:
3648:
3639:
3630:
3621:
3614:
3596:
3581:
3567:
3546:(2): 184â185.
3526:
3517:
3502:
3493:
3484:
3475:
3466:
3457:
3448:
3436:
3427:
3418:
3392:
3374:
3356:
3345:
3327:
3297:
3285:
3278:
3260:
3247:
3238:
3227:
3218:
3209:
3200:
3191:
3179:
3170:
3161:
3148:
3133:
3108:
3099:
3090:
3081:
3069:
3060:
3051:
3042:
3033:
3024:
2999:
2990:
2988:Zagorin, p. 9.
2981:
2972:
2963:
2944:
2924:
2908:
2896:
2894:Bergin, p. 99.
2887:
2875:
2873:Pardoe, p. 23.
2866:
2857:
2848:
2839:
2825:
2816:
2807:
2798:
2789:
2780:
2773:
2755:
2753:Bergin, p. 62.
2746:
2744:Bergin, p. 61.
2734:
2732:Bergin, p. 57.
2725:
2716:
2709:
2691:
2684:
2666:
2657:
2655:Bergin, p. 55.
2648:
2646:Bergin, p. 24.
2639:
2630:
2621:
2612:
2584:
2556:
2523:
2501:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2273:
2256:
2251:A wing of the
2249:
2239:
2236:
2229:
2226:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2188:
2181:
2180:Literary works
2178:
2084:'s 1844 novel
2028:
2027:
1986:
1984:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1930:secret service
1842:
1841:
1800:
1798:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1661:Indre-et-Loire
1629:Conseil d'Ătat
1588:letters patent
1534:
1531:
1452:
1449:
1401:
1398:
1386:Battle of Lens
1279:Dutch Republic
1251:
1248:
1217:Peer of France
1192:Peace of Alais
1103:
1102:Chief minister
1100:
1010:
1007:
981:Capuchin friar
936:ecclesiastical
892:, seigneur de
888:: his father,
880:
877:
802:Dutch Republic
747:chief minister
692:
691:
686:
680:
679:
674:
673:Informal style
670:
669:
666:
662:
661:
658:
652:
651:
643:
642:
626:
625:
622:
621:
618:
617:
610:
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605:
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594:
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588:
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581:
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572:
568:
567:
559:
555:
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522:
520:
516:
515:
512:
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445:
435:
434:
431:
430:
427:
423:
422:
417:
411:
410:
405:
401:
400:
397:(aged 57)
391:
387:
386:
369:
367:
363:
362:
358:
357:
354:
353:
348:
342:
341:
338:
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174:
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136:
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119:
113:
112:
107:
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102:
92:
91:
85:
84:
81:
80:
64:
56:
55:
50:
47:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7184:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
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7153:
7150:
7148:
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7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
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7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
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7070:
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7067:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
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7026:
7024:
7023:
7019:
7016:
7013:
7012:
7010:
7006:
6996:
6995:
6991:
6989:
6988:
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6981:
6977:
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6970:
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6903:
6897:
6891:
6890:
6886:
6883:
6882:
6878:
6877:
6875:
6871:
6865:
6864:
6860:
6857:
6856:
6852:
6849:
6848:
6844:
6842:
6841:
6837:
6836:
6834:
6830:
6815:
6814:
6810:
6807:
6806:
6802:
6799:
6798:
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6759:
6756:
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6751:
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6709:
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6685:
6681:
6678:
6677:
6673:
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6666:
6659:
6658:
6654:
6651:
6650:
6646:
6643:
6642:
6638:
6635:
6634:
6630:
6627:
6626:
6622:
6619:
6618:
6614:
6611:
6610:
6606:
6605:
6603:
6599:
6596:
6592:
6589:
6585:
6571:
6570:
6569:Royal Cat Nap
6566:
6564:
6563:
6559:
6557:
6556:
6552:
6550:
6549:
6545:
6544:
6542:
6540:
6539:Tom and Jerry
6536:
6529:
6528:
6524:
6521:
6520:
6516:
6513:
6512:
6508:
6505:
6504:
6500:
6497:
6496:
6492:
6489:
6488:
6484:
6483:
6480:
6477:
6473:
6466:
6465:
6461:
6458:
6457:
6453:
6450:
6449:
6445:
6442:
6441:
6437:
6436:
6434:
6432:Other sequels
6430:
6423:
6422:
6418:
6415:
6414:
6410:
6407:
6406:
6402:
6399:
6398:
6394:
6391:
6390:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6378:
6375:
6374:
6370:
6367:
6366:
6362:
6359:
6358:
6354:
6351:
6350:
6346:
6343:
6342:
6341:The Iron Mask
6338:
6337:
6335:
6333:
6327:
6320:
6319:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6307:
6306:
6304:
6302:
6296:
6289:
6288:
6284:
6281:
6280:
6276:
6273:
6272:
6268:
6265:
6264:
6260:
6257:
6256:
6252:
6249:
6248:
6247:The Musketeer
6244:
6241:
6240:
6236:
6233:
6232:
6228:
6225:
6224:
6220:
6217:
6216:
6212:
6209:
6208:
6204:
6201:
6200:
6196:
6193:
6192:
6188:
6185:
6184:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6172:
6169:
6168:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6156:
6153:
6152:
6148:
6145:
6144:
6140:
6137:
6136:
6132:
6129:
6128:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6111:
6110:
6103:
6100:
6096:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6025:
6019:
6018:
6014:
6012:
6011:
6007:
6005:
6004:
6000:
5999:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5987:
5979:
5974:
5972:
5967:
5965:
5960:
5959:
5956:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5843:Sauvagnargues
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5811:
5807:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5775:MendĂšs France
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5753:
5749:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5724:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5690:
5686:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5332:
5328:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5254:
5253:Second Empire
5250:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5172:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5082:July Monarchy
5079:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5042:Chateaubriand
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5010:
5006:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4960:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4931:
4927:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4878:
4874:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4807:L. Phélypeaux
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4777:Saint-Contest
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4697:R. Phélypeaux
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4669:Ancien RĂ©gime
4666:
4662:
4655:
4650:
4648:
4643:
4641:
4636:
4635:
4632:
4621:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4555:Duc d'Orléans
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4534:
4530:
4523:
4518:
4516:
4511:
4509:
4504:
4503:
4500:
4491:
4482:
4481:
4474:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4459:
4455:
4450:
4446:
4437:
4436:
4425:
4422:
4418:
4413:
4409:
4408:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4365:
4359:
4351:
4346:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4330:
4329:
4322:
4318:
4313:
4309:
4308:
4302:
4298:
4293:
4289:
4284:
4280:
4274:
4269:
4268:
4261:
4257:
4252:
4248:
4243:
4242:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4202:
4198:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4173:
4170:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4132:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4064:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4043:
4042:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4006:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3975:
3967:
3960:
3952:
3946:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3920:
3912:
3911:
3903:
3895:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3848:
3841:
3829:
3823:
3819:
3818:
3810:
3801:
3786:
3782:
3776:
3767:
3751:
3747:
3741:
3732:
3723:
3714:
3707:
3701:
3694:
3688:
3679:
3670:
3664:Pitte, p. 33.
3661:
3652:
3643:
3634:
3625:
3617:
3611:
3607:
3600:
3592:
3585:
3577:
3571:
3563:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3530:
3521:
3513:
3506:
3497:
3488:
3479:
3470:
3461:
3452:
3443:
3441:
3431:
3422:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3378:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3360:
3354:
3349:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3331:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3292:
3290:
3281:
3275:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3251:
3242:
3236:
3231:
3222:
3216:Munck, p. 48.
3213:
3204:
3195:
3186:
3184:
3174:
3165:
3158:
3152:
3144:
3137:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3103:
3097:Munck, p. 44.
3094:
3085:
3076:
3074:
3064:
3055:
3046:
3037:
3028:
3013:
3009:
3003:
2994:
2985:
2976:
2967:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2928:
2921:
2915:
2913:
2903:
2901:
2891:
2882:
2880:
2870:
2861:
2852:
2843:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2820:
2811:
2802:
2793:
2787:Munck, p. 43.
2784:
2776:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2750:
2741:
2739:
2729:
2720:
2712:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2687:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2661:
2652:
2643:
2634:
2625:
2616:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2588:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2471:
2456:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2386:
2378:
2330:
2323:
2319:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2290:
2283:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2253:Louvre Museum
2250:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2158:Michael Palin
2155:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2119:
2118:The Betrothed
2114:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2102:Edgar Barrier
2099:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2076:
2075:Peter Capaldi
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2047:Vincent Price
2044:
2040:
2039:George Arliss
2036:
2024:
2021:
2013:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1987:This section
1985:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1967:
1965:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1941:raison d'etat
1937:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1910:
1909:Louvre Museum
1906:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1853:
1848:
1838:
1835:
1827:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1801:This section
1799:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1770:Lorenzo Costa
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1749:
1748:Grand Cabinet
1745:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1507:
1505:
1500:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1476:Jules Mazarin
1473:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1374:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1256:
1247:
1245:
1244:Loudun affair
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1108:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1009:Rise to power
1006:
988:
987:
982:
975:
971:
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
923:
919:
914:
910:
906:
901:
899:
895:
891:
887:
876:
874:
870:
866:
862:
856:
850:
846:
842:
838:
832:
826:
822:
817:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
762:
760:
756:
755:Jules Mazarin
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
731:
729:
725:
721:
720:
715:
711:
706:
698:
690:
687:
685:
681:
678:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
657:
653:
649:
644:
641:
631:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
590:
586:
582:
579:
573:
569:
566:
561:17 April 1607
560:
556:
551:
544:
540:
537:
534:
530:
527:
524:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
506:François Yver
505:
501:
497:
493:
490:17 April 1607
489:
485:
481:
477:
474:
471:
467:
464:
461:
457:
454:
451:
447:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
421:
418:
416:
412:
409:
406:
404:Resting place
402:
399:Paris, France
392:
388:
385:
368:
364:
359:
355:
352:
349:
343:
340:Claude Mangot
339:
333:
329:
325:
319:
314:
311:
307:
304:
301:
295:
290:
285:
284:Claude Mangot
282:
276:
272:
268:
262:
257:
254:
250:
247:
244:
238:
235:
232:
226:
222:
218:
212:
207:
204:
200:
197:
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139:Jules Mazarin
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7050:3 Musketeers
7027:
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6985:
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6971:
6961:
6953:(video game)
6948:
6940:
6932:
6925:
6920:Dog in Boots
6918:
6911:
6889:3 Musketiers
6887:
6879:
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6641:Young Blades
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6263:3 Musketeers
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5913:Alliot-Marie
5903:Douste-Blazy
5689:Vichy France
5649:Paul-Boncour
5619:Paul-Boncour
5052:La Ferronays
4994:Caulaincourt
4986:Hundred Days
4953:Caulaincourt
4930:First Empire
4885:Lebrun-Tondu
4867:Sainte-Croix
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4045:
4038:Bibliography
4024:. Retrieved
4015:
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3993:. Retrieved
3984:
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3965:
3959:
3926:
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3909:
3902:
3884:Ghostarchive
3882:Archived at
3878:
3866:. Retrieved
3857:
3852:Long, Tony.
3847:
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3831:. Retrieved
3816:
3809:
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3788:. Retrieved
3784:
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3717:Bonnaffé :16
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3409:. Retrieved
3405:the original
3395:
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3318:. Retrieved
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2596:
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2568:
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2538:
2518:the original
2513:
2504:
2492:. Retrieved
2483:
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2217:
2196:
2190:
2185:
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2168:Robert Merle
2161:
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2116:
2110:
2095:
2085:
2079:
2059:Tcheky Karyo
2043:Miles Mander
2031:
2016:
2007:
1996:Please help
1991:verification
1988:
1961:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1926:nation-state
1914:
1900:
1874:
1863:
1850:Portrait by
1830:
1821:
1810:Please help
1805:verification
1802:
1757:
1754:Michelangelo
1752:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1726:
1718:
1702:
1694:
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1597:
1568:Grande Salle
1559:
1556:chess player
1553:
1541:
1527:Napoleon III
1516:
1508:
1496:
1489:Painting by
1480:Gallicanists
1472:papal legate
1465:
1444:
1438:
1433:
1413:
1403:
1379:
1364:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1341:
1319:Ferdinand II
1316:
1291:bon français
1290:
1264:
1225:
1209:
1185:
1166:
1139:
1124:
1113:
1081:
1070:
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1047:
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984:
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948:
926:
902:
882:
863:under which
818:
763:
745:in 1622 and
732:
723:
718:
717:
709:
696:
695:
665:Spoken style
637:
609:Coat of arms
558:Consecration
395:(1642-12-04)
346:Succeeded by
317:
298:Succeeded by
260:
241:Succeeded by
210:
191:Succeeded by
153:
134:Succeeded by
125:
96:
65:
36:
7082:1642 deaths
7077:1585 births
6901:adaptations
6730:Live-action
6601:Live-action
6089:de Tréville
5833:Bettencourt
5727:Provisional
5208:Tocqueville
4802:Ă. Choiseul
4797:C. Choiseul
4792:Ă. Choiseul
4702:Bouthillier
2593:"Richelieu"
2565:"Richelieu"
2541:. Longman.
2480:"Richelieu"
2263:Paris MĂ©tro
2106:verse drama
2063:Stephen Rea
2010:August 2020
1964:table knife
1824:August 2020
1703:Bacchanales
1653:Simon Vouet
1649:Abbot Suger
1451:Final years
1382:Jean Bicker
1360:bourgeoisie
1177:La Rochelle
1157:Henri Motte
974:PĂšre Joseph
955:Pope Paul V
916:treated by
865:Quebec City
770:centralized
722:(English: "
545:(1635â1642)
535:(1627â1635)
503:Predecessor
336:Preceded by
287: [
279:Preceded by
229:Preceded by
180: [
172:Preceded by
128:(1617â1624)
117:Preceded by
7066:Categories
6587:Television
6332:Bragelonne
6109:Musketeers
6079:Louis XIII
6074:Queen Anne
6069:Buckingham
6049:d'Artagnan
6027:Characters
5848:Guiringaud
5729:Government
5364:Waddington
5359:Banneville
5349:A. Broglie
5296:La Valette
5286:La Valette
5150:Montebello
5135:V. Broglie
5115:V. Broglie
5110:SĂ©bastiani
5017:Talleyrand
4976:Talleyrand
4938:Talleyrand
4920:Talleyrand
4910:Talleyrand
4862:Dubouchage
4484:1624â1642
4439:1635â1642
4053:Richelieu.
4026:14 October
3756:14 October
3691:The young
2774:1432516361
2467:References
2443:; French:
2147:The Devils
1608:cathedral.
1428:Ordonnance
1406:New France
1366:intendants
1328:Regensburg
1300:Valtelline
1131:Valtellina
1035:Louis XIII
1019:Louis XIII
1017:The young
944:Carthusian
879:Early life
849:New France
794:Protestant
495:Term ended
449:Metropolis
426:Profession
415:Alma mater
376:1585-09-09
330:Louis XIII
273:Louis XIII
223:Louis XIII
196:Queen Anne
166:Louis XIII
110:Louis XIII
6711:(1993â94)
6695:(1987â89)
6107:The Three
6084:Louis XIV
6064:Rochefort
5559:Millerand
5524:Doumergue
5514:Bourgeois
5509:Doumergue
5474:Bourgeois
5454:Bourgeois
5449:Berthelot
5409:Freycinet
5394:FalliĂšres
5384:Freycinet
5369:Freycinet
5276:Thouvenel
5183:Lamartine
5072:Mortemart
5027:Dessolles
4943:Champagny
4905:Delacroix
4890:Deforgues
4857:Chambonas
4847:Dumouriez
4837:Montmorin
4827:Montmorin
4822:Vergennes
4812:Aiguillon
4772:Puisieulx
4752:Chauvelin
4358:cite book
4328:Richelieu
4307:Richelieu
4288:Diplomacy
4148:A.L. Burt
3995:27 August
3945:cite book
3937:18472731M
2935:Richelieu
2765:Richelieu
2549:6 October
2233:Richelieu
2223:Richelieu
2115:'s novel
2067:Tim Curry
1918:Parlement
1877:Louis XIV
1605:proviseur
1598:protector
1550:(c. 1642)
1445:habitants
1400:New World
1390:Catalonia
1335:, in the
1271:Habsburgs
1228:CompiĂšgne
1173:Charles I
1169:Huguenots
1088:Huguenots
1062:catechism
1041:, as her
1037:'s wife,
949:In 1606,
928:Henry III
922:gonorrhea
894:Richelieu
875:in 1629.
728:cardinals
634:Styles of
597:Signature
529:Coadjutor
511:Successor
487:Installed
479:Appointed
318:In office
261:In office
215:1626â1642
211:In office
154:In office
97:In office
6937:(comics)
6873:Musicals
6773:Animated
6668:Animated
6475:Animated
5943:Séjourné
5933:Le Drian
5908:Kouchner
5893:Villepin
5883:Charette
5858:Cheysson
5828:Schumann
5697:Baudouin
5679:Baudouin
5669:Daladier
5659:Daladier
5624:Daladier
5579:Lefebvre
5574:Poincaré
5529:Delcassé
5494:Poincaré
5464:Delcassé
5459:Hanotaux
5444:Hanotaux
5414:Flourens
5379:Gambetta
5311:Ollivier
5291:Moustier
5266:Walewski
5218:La Hitte
5213:Rayneval
5067:Polignac
5062:Portalis
5032:Pasquier
4971:Laforest
4915:Reinhard
4832:Vauguyon
4767:Argenson
4762:Noailles
4757:Chaillou
4747:Morville
4737:Huxelles
4722:Pomponne
4707:Chavigny
4682:Villeroy
4600:Breteuil
4412:LibriVox
4150:. (1903)
4139:Archived
4020:Archived
4010:Willem.
3989:Archived
3886:and the
3868:14 April
3862:Archived
3750:Archived
3562:18340911
3385:Archived
3367:Archived
3338:Archived
3314:Archived
2950:Archived
2543:Archived
2488:Archived
2286:See also
2265:station
2235:, Quebec
2090:and its
1892:century.
1889:hegemony
1774:Perugino
1766:Mantegna
1711:Veronese
1685:Leonardo
1667:and the
1519:Sorbonne
1394:Olivares
959:reformer
951:Henry IV
940:Alphonse
800:and the
749:to King
743:cardinal
712:, was a
677:Cardinal
563:by
453:Bordeaux
439:Cardinal
74:, 1642 (
7008:Related
6044:Porthos
5938:Colonna
5928:Ayrault
5898:Barnier
5888:VĂ©drine
5868:Raimond
5770:Bidault
5765:Schuman
5760:Bidault
5737:Bidault
5707:Flandin
5674:Reynaud
5664:Reynaud
5639:Flandin
5629:Barthou
5614:Herriot
5609:Tardieu
5594:Herriot
5584:Herriot
5564:Leygues
5549:Barthou
5534:Viviani
5519:Viviani
5499:Jonnart
5469:Rouvier
5434:Develle
5424:Spuller
5389:Duclerc
5354:Decazes
5344:RĂ©musat
5316:Gramont
5271:Baroche
5233:Baroche
5228:Brénier
5198:Bastide
5188:Bastide
5125:Bresson
5095:Jourdan
4948:Bassano
4852:Naillac
4842:Lessart
4782:Rouillé
4727:Croissy
4712:Brienne
4692:Sillery
4590:Brienne
4575:Maupeou
3833:23 June
3790:15 July
3553:1692471
3411:24 June
3126:15 July
3017:15 July
2605:29 July
2577:29 July
2494:29 July
2203:Honours
1778:Gonzaga
1756:'s two
1345:gabelle
1242:in the
1064:titled
1043:almoner
994:
898:Provost
782:Austria
701:French:
459:Diocese
382:Paris,
327:Monarch
270:Monarch
220:Monarch
163:Monarch
106:Monarch
6884:(1928)
6816:(1995)
6808:(1986)
6800:(1985)
6792:(1985)
6784:(1973)
6765:(2004)
6757:(1977)
6749:(1969)
6741:(1959)
6703:(1989)
6687:(1981)
6679:(1968)
6660:(2014)
6644:(2005)
6636:(1978)
6628:(1968)
6620:(1966)
6612:(1954)
6594:Series
6530:(2021)
6522:(2009)
6514:(2004)
6506:(1974)
6498:(1936)
6490:(1936)
6467:(2009)
6459:(1994)
6451:(1962)
6443:(1952)
6424:(1998)
6416:(1993)
6408:(1979)
6400:(1962)
6392:(1958)
6384:(1954)
6376:(1954)
6368:(1952)
6360:(1940)
6352:(1939)
6344:(1929)
6321:(1992)
6313:(1989)
6290:(2023)
6282:(2023)
6274:(2013)
6266:(2011)
6258:(2011)
6250:(2001)
6242:(1993)
6234:(1974)
6226:(1973)
6218:(1961)
6210:(1953)
6202:(1953)
6194:(1948)
6186:(1946)
6178:(1942)
6170:(1939)
6162:(1935)
6154:(1933)
6146:(1932)
6138:(1921)
6130:(1921)
6122:(1916)
6039:Aramis
5923:Fabius
5838:Jobert
5795:Pleven
5790:Pineau
5712:Darlan
5654:Bonnet
5644:Delbos
5599:Briand
5589:Briand
5569:Briand
5554:Pichon
5539:Briand
5504:Pichon
5489:Selves
5484:Cruppi
5479:Pichon
5419:Goblet
5238:Turgot
5193:Bedeau
5165:Guizot
5160:Thiers
5140:Thiers
5105:Maison
5090:Bignon
4999:Bignon
4900:Herman
4895:Goujon
4817:Bertin
4787:Bernis
4742:Dubois
4717:Lionne
4605:Necker
4595:Necker
4458:Vacant
4275:
4216:
4194:French
4128:French
4094:French
4078:French
3935:
3824:
3612:
3560:
3550:
3276:
2956:20 May
2942:
2771:
2707:
2682:
2193:(1635)
2150:. The
1956:Canada
1866:feudal
1784:Legacy
1758:Slaves
1723:Rubens
1717:, and
1715:Titian
1631:. The
1356:taille
1351:taille
1215:and a
1142:feudal
1127:crisis
909:grants
886:Poitou
835:, the
810:French
553:Orders
384:France
126:Vacant
6899:Other
6832:Games
6723:Films
6301:After
6098:Films
6034:Athos
5918:Juppé
5878:Juppé
5873:Dumas
5863:Dumas
5823:Debré
5785:Pinay
5780:Faure
5717:Laval
5702:Laval
5634:Laval
5604:Laval
5544:Ribot
5429:Ribot
5404:Ferry
5339:Favre
5155:Soult
5130:Rigny
5120:Rigny
5047:Damas
4732:Torcy
4677:Revol
3928:Paris
3858:Wired
2314:Notes
1762:DĂŒrer
1743:vertu
1738:paten
1546:, by
1512:bleed
778:Spain
766:power
689:Luçon
543:Cluny
533:Cluny
473:Luçon
463:Luçon
291:]
184:]
5742:Blum
5306:Daru
5145:Molé
5100:Molé
4364:link
4273:ISBN
4214:ISBN
4028:2019
3997:2021
3951:link
3870:2022
3835:2023
3822:ISBN
3792:2023
3758:2010
3610:ISBN
3558:PMID
3413:2010
3322:2014
3274:ISBN
3128:2023
3019:2023
2958:2018
2940:ISBN
2769:ISBN
2705:ISBN
2680:ISBN
2607:2019
2579:2019
2551:2019
2496:2019
2073:and
1899:The
1772:and
1727:Ă©cus
1713:and
1439:The
991:lit.
920:for
847:and
780:and
584:Rank
390:Died
366:Born
52:COHS
5989:by
3548:PMC
2127:by
2000:by
1932:."
1907:, (
1814:by
1721:by
1705:of
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