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1314:. April 16, 1954. pp. 1, 12. The Army charges were signed by its new special counsel, Joseph N. Welch. Mr. Welch today confirmed news reports that he had relieved from duty his original second assistant, Frederick G. Fisher Jr., of his own Boston law office because of admitted previous membership in the National Lawyers Guild, which has been listed by Herbert Brownell Jr. the Attorney General, as a Communist front organization. Mr. Welch said he had brought in another lawyer, John Kimball Jr., from his Boston office to take Mr. Fisher's place.
526:
conclusion also reported questionable behavior on the part of the Army: that
Secretary Stevens and Army Counsel John Adams "made efforts to terminate or influence the investigation and hearings at Fort Monmouth", and that Adams "made vigorous and diligent efforts" to block subpoenas for members of the Army Loyalty and Screening Board "by means of personal appeal to certain members of the committee". Before the official reports were released, Cohn had resigned as McCarthy's chief counsel, and Senator
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365:. McCarthy claimed the letter was in the Army files when Stevens became secretary in 1953, and that Stevens willfully ignored it. Welch was the first to question the letter's validity, claiming that McCarthy's "purported copy" did not come from Army files; McCarthy stated he never received any document from the FBI, but when questioned on the stand by special Senate counsel
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undercurrent was an exchange between
Senator McCarthy and Welch. Welch was questioning McCarthy staff member James Juliana about the unedited picture of Schine with Stevens and Bradley, asking him "Did you think this came from a Pixie?" (a type of camera popular at the time), at which point McCarthy asked to have the question re-read:
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220:, saying that the "State Department harbors a nest of Communists and Communist sympathizers who are helping to shape our foreign policy". In January 1953, McCarthy began his second term and the Republican Party regained control of the Senate; with the Republicans in the majority, McCarthy was made chairman of the
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false statements, and called the accusations an "unfounded smear" on his men. He then rebuked
Symington by saying "You're not fooling anyone!" But Symington retaliated with a prophetic remark of his own: "Senator, the American people have had a look at you now for six weeks; you're not fooling anyone, either."
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Fred Fisher was relatively unaffected by McCarthy's charges and went on to become a partner in Boston's prestigious Hale & Dorr law firm and organized its commercial law department. He also served as president of the
Massachusetts Bar Association and as chairman of many committees of the American
422:
unclear if Schine ever had a romantic or sexual relationship with Cohn, who was a closeted homosexual (three years after the hearings, Schine married and eventually had six children). Some have also suggested that McCarthy may have been homosexual, and was even possibly involved with Schine or Cohn.
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Millions of
Americans watched the real-life TV drama as McCarthy and Cohn tangled with top Army officials, trading bitter charges and accusations. Army counsel John G. Adams testified that Cohn had threatened to 'wreck the Army.' Army special counsel Joseph N. Welch also accused Cohn of doctoring a
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and signed a document agreeing to take the stand in the hearings to reveal their names in return for McCarthy's signature on the same document agreeing to an investigation of his staff. But McCarthy, after calling
Symington "Sanctimonious Stu", refused to sign the agreement, claiming it contained
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Despite McCarthy's acquittal of misconduct in the Schine matter, the Army–McCarthy hearings ultimately became the main catalyst in McCarthy's downfall from political power. Daily newspaper summaries were increasingly unfavorable toward McCarthy, while television audiences witnessed firsthand the
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The exact relationship between Cohn, McCarthy and Schine remains unknown. Cohn and Schine were certainly close, and rather than work out of the Senate offices, the two rented nearby office space and shared bills. McCarthy commented that Cohn was unreasonable in matters dealing with Schine. It is
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Twenty-three years ago this month, the curtain rang down on one of
Washington's greatest television dramas: Army-McCarthy hearings. At the start, the focus was on G. David Schine, an Army private who had been chief consultant to the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, which Senator
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Welch revealed he had confirmed Fisher's former membership in the
National Lawyers Guild approximately six weeks before the hearings started. After Fisher admitted his membership in the National Lawyers Guild, Welch decided to send Fisher back to Boston. His replacement by another colleague on
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Though the hearings were sometimes about government subversion, they occasionally took on accusations of a more taboo nature: a portion of the hearings assessed the security risk of homosexuals in government. The issue remained an undercurrent throughout the hearings. One such example of this
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At least a portion of the Army's allegations were correct. Cohn did take steps to request preferential treatment for Schine, going so far on at least one occasion to sign McCarthy's name without his knowledge on a request for Schine to have access to the
Senators' baths, a pool and steam room
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After hearing 32 witnesses and two million words of testimony, the committee concluded that McCarthy himself had not exercised any improper influence on Schine's behalf, but that Roy Cohn, McCarthy's chief counsel, had engaged in some "unduly persistent or aggressive efforts" for Schine. The
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Welch excluded himself from the remainder of the hearings with a parting shot to McCarthy: "Mr. McCarthy, I will not discuss this further with you ... You have seen fit to bring out, and if there is a God in heaven, it will do neither you nor your cause any good! I will not discuss it
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The Senate decided that these conflicting charges should be investigated and the appropriate committee to do this was the Senate
Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, usually chaired by McCarthy. Since McCarthy was one of the targets of the hearings, Senator
334:. On the witness stand Cohn and Schine both insisted that the picture entered into evidence (Schine and Stevens alone) was requested by Stevens and that no one was edited out of the photograph. Welch then produced a wider shot of Stevens and Schine with
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In Gallup polls from January 1954, McCarthy's approval rating was at 50%, with only 29% disapproving. By June, both percentages had shifted by 16%, with more people (34% approving, 45% disapproving) now rejecting McCarthy and his methods.
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of the Communist Party". McCarthy had previously agreed to keep Fisher's involvement in both Welch's law firm and the NLG confidential. In exchange, Welch agreed to leave a controversy regarding Cohn's draft status out of the hearings.
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Senator, may we not drop this? We know he belonged to the Lawyers Guild ... Let us not assassinate this lad further, Senator; you've done enough. Have you no sense of decency, sir? At long last, have you left no sense of decency?
224:. This committee included the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, and the mandate of this subcommittee allowed McCarthy to use it to carry out his investigations of communists in the government. McCarthy appointed 26-year-old
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But so far as Mr. Schine is concerned, there has never been the slightest evidence that he was anything but a good-looking kid who was having a helluva good time in a helluva good cause. In any event, the rumors were sizzling
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The National Broadcasting Company's television network beginning tomorrow will stop carrying live pickups from the Army–McCarthy hearings in Washington, because 'it cost us a lot of money last week' and might cost advertising
163:
376:, in which he stated that Hoover examined the document and that he neither wrote nor ordered the letter, and that no such copy existed in official FBI records, rendering McCarthy's claims meritless, and the letter spurious.
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wing commander Colonel Jack Bradley standing to Schine's right. A fourth person also edited out of the picture (his sleeve was visible to Bradley's right in the Welch photograph) was identified as McCarthy aide Frank Carr.
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sparred over the handling of secret files by McCarthy's staff. McCarthy staff director Frank Carr testified that everyone who worked on McCarthy's staff had access to classified files regardless of their level of
139:
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Francis Newton 'Fritz' Littlejohn, 97, news director at ABC in 1954 when the network provided gavel-to-gavel coverage of the Army–McCarthy hearings, died of cardiac arrest November 24 at his home in New York
311:, the news director at ABC, made the decision to cover the hearings live, gavel-to-gavel. The televised hearings lasted for 36 days and an estimated 80 million people saw at least part of the hearings.
482:. Welch then reprimanded McCarthy for his needless attack on Fisher, saying "Until this moment, Senator, I think I never really gauged your cruelty or your recklessness." McCarthy, accusing Welch of
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553:
McCarthy, effectively eradicating his influence, though not expelling him from office. McCarthy continued to chair the Subcommittee on Investigations until January 3, 1955, the day the
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After his censuring, Senator McCarthy continued his anti-communist oratory, often speaking to an empty or near-empty Senate chamber. Turning increasingly to alcohol, McCarthy died of
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further ... You, Mr. Chairman, may as you will, call the next witness!" After Welch deferred to Chairman Mundt to call the next witness, the gallery burst into applause.
1026:"Army Signal Corps – Subversion and Espionage Hearing Before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations United States Senate"
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While the hearings went on, a photograph of Schine was introduced, and Welch accused Cohn of doctoring the image to show Schine alone with Army Secretary
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Tall, rich, and suave, the Harvard-educated (and heterosexual) Schine contrasted starkly with the short, physically undistinguished, and caustic Cohn.
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After the photograph was discredited, McCarthy produced a copy of a confidential letter he claimed was a January 26, 1951, memo written and sent by
449:. On June 9, 1954, day 30 of the hearings, Welch challenged Cohn to give McCarthy's list of 130 subversives in defense plants to the office of the
849:
Mr. Adams, an Army veteran of World War II, worked on Capitol Hill and for the Defense Department before being named Army general counsel in 1953.
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and cross-examined by Welch, McCarthy, while admitting the document was given to him by an intelligence officer, refused to identify his source.
348:
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461:, a young lawyer in Welch's own Boston law firm whom Welch had planned to have on his staff for the hearings. Fisher had once belonged to the
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189:(April 22 – June 17). The media coverage, particularly television, greatly contributed to McCarthy's decline in popularity and his eventual
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In what played out to be the most dramatic exchange of the hearings, McCarthy responded to aggressive questioning from Army counsel
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Executive Sessions of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations, Volume 5
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816:'Presiding over these hearings is a responsibility that I do not welcome.' said by Senator Karl Mundt near beginning of film
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457:"before the sun goes down". In response to Welch's badgering of Cohn, McCarthy suggested that Welch should "check" on
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Executive Sessions of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations
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254:. McCarthy's investigations were largely fruitless, but after the Army accused McCarthy and his staff of seeking a
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1453:"Welch Assails M'Carthy's 'Cruelty' And 'Recklessness' In Attack On Aide; Senator, On Stand, Tells Of Red Hunt"
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was appointed (to his reported reluctance) to assume his responsibilities as chairman of the subcommittee.
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158:, a former McCarthy aide and friend of Cohn's. McCarthy counter-charged that this accusation was made in
1371:
Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight Against America's Enemies
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the hearing and baiting Cohn, resumed his attack on Fisher, at which point Welch angrily cut him short:
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173:, the hearings convened on March 16, 1954, and received considerable press attention, including
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Will counsel for my benefit define – I think he might be an expert on that – what a pixie is?
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1954 U.S. Senate hearings on conflicting accusations between Sen. Joseph McCarthy and the Army
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Senate hearing derived from Senator Joseph McCarthy's hunt for communists in the US
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McCarthy–Welch exchange "Have You No Sense of Decency" (transcript and sound file)
513:. Symington hinted that some members of McCarthy's own staff might themselves be
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the previous year, McCarthy claimed that the accusation was made in bad faith.
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McCarthy came to national prominence in February 1950 after giving a speech in
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Robert Collier, assistant to Ray Jenkins, read a letter from Attorney General
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Joseph McCarthy, Roy Cohn and G. David Schine (accusing the Army of communism)
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1721:
626:
Enemies from Within': Senator Joseph R. McCarthy's Accusations of Disloyalty"
398:
Yes. I should say, Mr. Senator, that a pixie is a close relative of a fairy.
284:
251:
111:
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served as the Army's counsel for the hearing. Acting as special counsel was
1156:"An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture"
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295:(now called WilmerHale). The hearings were broadcast nationally on the new
217:
122:
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590:
538:) had introduced a resolution of censure against McCarthy in the Senate.
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1800:
1774:
Transcript of Army–McCarthy hearings, missing volumes 8–11, 28–31, 48–54
1603:
Mightier Than the Sword: How the News Media Have Shaped American History
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810:
Emile de Antonio (director, editor), Robert Duncan (co-editor) (1964).
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1269:"Anatomy of a Counter-Bar Association: The Chicago Council of Lawyers"
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and a close friend of Cohn's who had been drafted into the Army as a
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142:(April–June 1954) to investigate conflicting accusations between the
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1137:"Out of the Past: Gay and Lesbian History from 1869 to the Present"
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246:, starting by investigating supposed communist infiltration of the
225:
151:
52:
319:
535:
470:
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1354:"McCarthy will Boycott Inquiry Pending on Action on News Leak".
1310:"McCarthy will Boycott Inquiry Pending on Action on News Leak".
829:"John G. Adams, Army's Counsel In McCarthy Hearings, Dies at 91"
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as assistant counsel, while reassigning Francis Flanagan to the
43:
407:
As I said, I think you may be an authority on what a pixie is.
916:"Francis Littlejohn Dies. Aired Full McCarthy Hearings on ABC"
650:
Tumultuous Years: The Presidency of Harry S. Truman, 1949–1953
213:. McCarthy claimed the list was provided to but dismissed by
174:
1636:"Dec. 2, 1954: Anti-Communist Senator McCarthy Is Condemned"
1243:
Have You No Sense of Decency': The Army–McCarthy Hearings"
1109:
951:"A Name That Lives in Infamy Enemies Within: Joe McCarthy"
1861:
Investigations and hearings of the United States Congress
1554:"The Censure Case of Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin (1954)"
304:
154:
of pressuring the Army to give preferential treatment to
1728:
Without Precedent: The Story of the Death of McCarthyism
1505:
Not Without Honor: The History of American Anticommunism
972:"Roy Cohn, Hero and Villain of McCarthy Era, Dies at 59"
718:
542:
unethical tactics of the junior Senator from Wisconsin.
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of suspected communists and security risks in the Army.
814:(Documentary Film). Washington D.C.: New Yorker Films.
242:
In 1953, McCarthy's committee began inquiries into the
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United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security
721:"John C. Stennis and the Censure of Joseph McCarthy"
504:Near the end of the hearings, McCarthy and Senator
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361:, warning Army intelligence of subversives in the
150:. The Army accused McCarthy and his chief counsel
1530:Nightmare in Red: The McCarthy Era in Perspective
1323:
642:
1827:
1124:. Government Printing Office. January 2003. xvi.
228:as chief counsel to the subcommittee and future
134:were a series of televised hearings held by the
1688:No Sense Of Decency: The Army–McCarthy Hearings
1087:No Sense Of Decency: The Army–McCarthy Hearings
1062:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 222–225.
264:Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations
1856:20th-century history of the United States Army
1577:Reds: McCarthyism in Twentieth-Century America
1450:
1476:
1367:
1201:
402:Shall I proceed, sir? Have I enlightened you?
1599:
1396:"June 9, 1954 'Have You No Sense of Decency?
1030:National Archives and Records Administration
412:
205:, in which he claimed to have a list of 205
1049:
499:
1810:
1139:. New York: Vintage Books. Archived from
1059:The Rise and Fall of Senator Joe McCarthy
1009:"National Affairs: Part of the Picture".
222:Senate Committee on Government Operations
1749:Trial by Television and Other Encounters
1746:
1532:. Oxford University Press. p. 138.
949:Dorothy Rabinowitz (November 22, 2012).
885:"N.B.C. Halts Live TV On Army, McCarthy"
429:
318:
963:
702:"The Man Behind McCarthyism: A Gateway"
14:
1828:
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1507:. Yale University Press. p. 271.
1502:
1266:
1233:
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1154:Baxter, Randolph (November 13, 2006).
1153:
1134:
1082:
1042:"National Affairs: The Bogus Letter".
995:photo that was introduced as evidence.
969:
913:
586:House Un-American Activities Committee
465:(NLG), a group which Attorney General
193:by the Senate the following December.
1720:
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1175:
93:US Army (accusing their opponents of
1665:. Conference on Consumer Finance Law
1424:
1228:
861:Geoffrey K. Pullum (June 9, 2004).
437:(left) being questioned by Senator
418:reserved exclusively for senators.
24:
1713:
1288:10.1111/j.1747-4469.1979.tb01027.x
676:
576:on May 2, 1957, at the age of 48.
478:Welch's staff was also covered by
209:employees who were members of the
162:and in retaliation for his recent
25:
1872:
1767:
1267:Powell, Michael (July 28, 2006).
565:) replaced McCarthy as chairman.
1684:Shogan, Robert (March 1, 2009).
914:Holley, Joe (December 9, 2005).
684:"Joseph R. McCarthy (1908–1957)"
379:
42:
1677:
1655:
1624:
1593:
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1477:Murrey Marder (June 10, 1954).
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1451:W. H. Lawrence (June 9, 1954).
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1209:. Robert Perske. Archived from
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835:. June 27, 2003. Archived from
426:Joseph Welch confronts McCarthy
1818:Welch–McCarthy confrontation,
1732:. W. W. Norton & Company.
970:Drogin, Bob (August 3, 1986).
821:
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771:
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719:Luke Fowler, Jeffrey Markham.
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636:
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140:Subcommittee on Investigations
90:The two sides of the hearing:
13:
1:
1600:Streitmatter, Rodger (1998).
1579:. Random House. p. 489.
608:
569:and Boston bar associations.
314:
239:position of general counsel.
196:
1503:Powers, Richard Gid (1998).
1358:. April 16, 1954. pp. 1, 12.
1202:Robert Perske (April 2005).
1158:. glbtq, Inc. Archived from
728:Mississippi State University
688:George Washington University
656:University of Missouri Press
262:, a chief consultant to the
7:
1056:James Cross Giblin (2009).
579:
555:84th United States Congress
400:(Laughter from the chamber)
323:Senator Joseph McCarthy of
10:
1877:
1784:The Army–McCarthy hearings
1747:Straight, Michael (1979).
1606:. Westview Press. p.
1528:Fried, Richard M. (1990).
1427:"The First 'Reality Show'"
1368:Stanton Evans, M. (2007).
1324:Eugene L. Solomon (2010).
871:University of Pennsylvania
798:Joseph R. McCarthy headed.
291:of the Boston law firm of
273:
1841:1954 in American politics
1404:Senate Stories: 1941–1963
557:was inaugurated; Senator
545:On December 2, 1954, the
413:Cohn, Schine and McCarthy
309:Francis Newton Littlejohn
303:networks, and in part by
164:aggressive investigations
117:
106:
86:
76:
68:
60:
41:
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1846:1954 in military history
1836:1954 in Washington, D.C.
1300:(Subscription required.)
1276:Law & Social Inquiry
999:(Subscription required.)
500:Conclusion and aftermath
1692:. Ivan R. Dee. p.
1247:George Mason University
1091:. Ivan R. Dee. p.
1083:Shogan, Robert (2009).
956:The Wall Street Journal
630:George Mason University
203:Wheeling, West Virginia
1556:. United States Senate
1181:"Dangerous Obsessions"
493:
469:had called "the legal
463:National Lawyers Guild
442:
410:
327:
132:Army–McCarthy hearings
37:Army–McCarthy hearings
18:Army-McCarthy hearings
1789:June 4, 2005, at the
1162:on December 8, 2006.
1143:on September 2, 2009.
1135:Miller, Neil (1995).
753:Mount Holyoke College
749:"McCarthy's Downfall"
488:
455:Department of Defense
441:(right), June 9, 1954
433:
387:
322:
1751:. Devon Publishers.
1634:(December 2, 2011).
1575:Morgan, Ted (2004).
1479:"Welch vs. McCarthy"
1374:. Crown Publishing.
1216:on November 17, 2015
706:University of Albany
374:Herbert Brownell Jr.
359:Alexander R. Bolling
136:United States Senate
1483:The Washington Post
984:on January 11, 2016
833:The Washington Post
169:Chaired by Senator
1820:The New York Times
1641:The New York Times
1632:The New York Times
1457:The New York Times
1356:The New York Times
1312:The New York Times
1185:The New York Times
889:The New York Times
784:The New York Times
511:security clearance
480:The New York Times
443:
328:
244:United States Army
215:Secretary of State
144:United States Army
51:(left) chats with
1179:(April 3, 1988).
977:Los Angeles Times
926:on April 16, 2009
839:on April 17, 2009
779:"G. David Schine"
759:on August 8, 2013
737:on June 10, 2010.
644:Robert J. Donovan
559:John L. McClellan
363:Army Signal Corps
332:Robert T. Stevens
256:direct commission
248:Army Signal Corps
233:Robert F. Kennedy
146:and U.S. Senator
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1327:Lies and Deceits
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891:. April 25, 1954
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1851:Joseph McCarthy
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1802:Point of Order!
1791:Wayback Machine
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435:Joseph N. Welch
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352:J. Edgar Hoover
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293:Hale & Dorr
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260:G. David Schine
211:Communist Party
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179:live television
156:G. David Schine
148:Joseph McCarthy
72:April–June 1954
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289:Joseph Welch
277:
258:for Private
241:
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218:Dean Acheson
200:
181:coverage on
168:
131:
129:
123:McCarthy era
87:Participants
31:
29:
591:McCarthyism
459:Fred Fisher
367:Ray Jenkins
343:Hoover memo
336:McGuire AFB
121:End of the
1830:Categories
1758:0934160031
1739:0393016161
1617:0813332117
1586:081297302X
1539:0195043618
1514:0300074700
1282:(3): 503.
1177:Wolfe, Tom
763:August 23,
658:. p.
609:References
515:subversive
315:Photograph
281:Karl Mundt
197:Background
177:-to-gavel
171:Karl Mundt
112:Karl Mundt
1332:iUniverse
930:March 15,
902:goodwill.
867:upenn.edu
843:March 15,
574:hepatitis
405:McCarthy.
391:McCarthy.
325:Wisconsin
160:bad faith
95:blackmail
1787:Archived
1724:(1983).
1293:March 1,
895:April 1,
791:April 1,
646:(1996).
580:See also
563:Arkansas
467:Brownell
453:and the
226:Roy Cohn
152:Roy Cohn
110:Senator
107:Chairman
53:Roy Cohn
1032:. 1954.
690:. 2006.
551:censure
536:Vermont
471:bulwark
274:Inquiry
268:private
191:censure
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547:Senate
396:Welch.
301:DuMont
237:ad hoc
187:DuMont
118:Result
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937:City.
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175:gavel
77:Place
61:Event
1807:IMDb
1753:ISBN
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1671:2015
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1376:ISBN
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1295:2009
1254:2015
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1190:away
1097:ISBN
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1044:Time
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990:2015
932:2008
897:2008
845:2008
793:2008
765:2013
664:ISBN
299:and
185:and
130:The
69:Time
1805:at
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1284:doi
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561:(D-
451:FBI
305:NBC
297:ABC
183:ABC
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