United States Army Air Forces

3799:, the AAF developed policies for rotating combat crews between the theaters of operations and the United States. Replacement limitations and operational requirements caused the modification of basic AAF policy several times during the war. On 1 July 1942 the War Department first set a one-year tour of duty for all AAF combat crews, but a simple, uniform policy service-wide was unrealistic and never put into effect. Instead field commanders developed their own criteria for determining completion of tours. While varying substantially between theaters, most of these programs attempted to establish fixed tours based on numbers of missions and other quantifiable factors. Nonetheless, Headquarters AAF did not interfere with theater programs but did prohibit any rotation unless replacements had first arrived in the unit. After studying the situation, the War Department rescinded the one-year tour policy on 29 May 1943 and changed procedures for assignment of replacements to include both attrition and rotation purposes. However a continuing shortage forced commanders to lengthen the tours they had established, to the detriment of aircrew morale. 699:

Officer, back under the policy staff umbrella. When this adjustment failed to resolve the problems, the system was scrapped and all functions combined into a single restructured air staff. The hierarchical "command" principle, in which a single commander has direct final accountability but delegates authority to staff, was adopted AAF-wide in a major reorganization and consolidation on 29 March 1943. The four main directorates and seventeen subordinate directorates (the "operating staff") were abolished as an unnecessary level of authority, and execution of policies was removed from the staffs to be assigned solely to field organizations along functional lines. The policy functions of the directorates were reorganized and consolidated into offices regrouped along conventional military lines under six assistant chiefs of air staff (AC/AS): Personnel; Intelligence; Operations, Commitments, and Requirements (OC&R); Materiel, Maintenance, and Distribution (MM&D); Plans; and Training. Command of Headquarters AAF resided in a Chief of Air Staff and three deputies.

2812:(which also had an air defense responsibility), but eventually both fighter and bombardment OTU were conducted in all four. When the bulk of new groups (and several parent groups) had been sent overseas, replacement training (RTU) took precedence over OTU and except for three B-29 groups, no new satellites were formed after October 1943. In December 1943, 56 groups were assigned to the strategic reserve as OTU parent units or RTUs, and the AAF had reached its maximum size, 269 groups. 136 were deployed overseas and of those still in the United States, 77 were also being organized and trained for overseas deployment. In the spring of 1944 all operational and replacement training was reassigned to "base units" of the respective CONUS air forces, resulting in the inactivation or disbanding between 31 March and 1 May 1944 of 49 OTU/RTU groups, which reduced the number of active groups to 218. However, additional groups were formed in the following months to bring the AAF to its final wartime structure. 10123: 645:, and assigning their training functions to the Army Ground Forces, War Department Circular 59 reorganized the Army Air Forces, disbanding both Air Force Combat Command and the Office of Chief of the Air Corps (OCAC), eliminating all its training and organizational functions, which removed an entire layer of authority. Taking their former functions were eleven numbered air forces (later raised to sixteen) and six support commands (which became eight in January 1943). The circular also restated the mission of the AAF, in theory removing from it responsibility for strategic planning and making it only a Zone of Interior "training and supply agency", but from the start AAF officers viewed this as a "paper" restriction negated by Arnold's place on both the Joint and Combined Chiefs, which gave him strategic planning authority for the AAF, a viewpoint that was formally sanctioned by the War Department in mid-1943 and endorsed by the president. 4197: 649:

both policy and operating functions vested in staff-type officers who often exercised command and policy authority without responsibility for results, a system held over from the Air Corps years. The concept of an "operating staff", or directorates, was modeled on the RAF system that had been much admired by the observer groups sent over in 1941, and resulted from a desire to place experts in various aspects of military aviation into key positions of implementation. However functions often overlapped, communication and coordination between the divisions failed or was ignored, policy prerogatives were usurped by the directorates, and they became overburdened with detail, all contributing to the diversion of the directorates from their original purpose. The system of directorates in particular handicapped the developing operational training program (see

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four-in-hand tie, skirt, russet leather women's service shoes and hand bag. The women's olive drab wool "Ike jacket" was also worn as were women's service trousers. The colors essentially mirrored those of their male counterparts of corresponding rank in the equivalent service uniform although fabrics differed. There were also special off duty dresses of summer beige and winter tan. The new olive drab ANC uniforms were the same as those for WAC officers except for the ANC pattern hat and the ANC pattern handbag. The off duty dress was a separate ANC pattern in olive drab shade 51 or beige. The ANC beige summer service uniform with maroon trim was retained except that the tie was changed to maroon. Sage green fatigue uniforms of

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officially called "drab shade 54", trousers of the same material as the coat, nicknamed "pinks", leading to the nickname "pinks and greens" for the iconic combination. Officers were also authorized to use the more durable olive drab shade 33 serge uniforms, except for the enlisted men's four pocket service coat, as long as they were not mixed with OD Shade 51 or Drab Shade 54 clothing. An officer's OD overcoat and taupe rain coat were also authorized. Officers wore same cotton khaki shade No. 1 or olive drab wool light shade No. 33 shirts as enlisted men except with the addition of shoulder straps. Officers also had additional shirt color and fabric options, OD dark shade No. 50 or No. 51 and in 1944 drab shade No. 54.

2792:, which had only training responsibilities during World War II. The creation of an "operating staff" on 9 March 1942 reorganization of the AAF and the dissolution of the AFCC halted the planned establishment of an Operational Training Command to oversee the program. Spaatz, last commanding general of the AFCC, was temporarily given supervisory responsibility for OTU while the new directorates were brought up to speed, but after April 1942 the sub-directorates having jurisdiction over the training tended to tell the air forces not only what to do, but how to do it. When the operating staff and its directorates were abolished in March 1943, control of OTU/RTU activities was placed under the 586:

eve of U.S. entry into the war, the division of authority within the Army as a whole, caused by the activation of Army GHQ a year before, had led to a "battle of memos" between it and the WDGS over administering the AAF, prompting Marshall to state that he had "the poorest command post in the Army" when defense commands showed a "disturbing failure to follow through on orders". To streamline the AAF in preparation for war, with a goal of centralized planning and decentralized execution of operations, in October 1941 Arnold submitted to the WDGS essentially the same reorganization plan it had rejected a year before, this time crafted by Chief of Air Staff Brig. Gen.

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into a single cabinet department, and that "three coordinate combat branches, Army, Navy, and Air" comprise the operational services. The committee reported that the statutory creation of a United States Air Force would merely recognize a situation that had evolved during World War II with the Army Air Forces, acknowledging that naval/marine aviation and some aspects of army aviation would remain in place. The committee also reported that its recommendation was approved by "Generals of the Army Douglas MacArthur and Dwight D. Eisenhower, Fleet Admirals Chester W. Nimitz and William F. Halsey and numerous other leading military and naval personnel".

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the event of war, the Air Corps would have no mission independent of support of the ground forces. Marshall implemented a compromise that the Air Corps found entirely inadequate, naming Arnold as acting "Deputy Chief of Staff for Air" but rejecting all organizational points of his proposal. GHQ Air Force instead was assigned to the control of Army General Headquarters, although the latter was a training and not an operational component, when it was activated in November 1940. A division of the GHQ Air Force into four geographical air defense districts on 19 October 1940 was concurrent with the creation of air forces to defend

5398: 5434: 530:(AFCC) in the new organization. The AAF gained the formal "Air Staff" long opposed by the General Staff, and a single air commander, but still did not have equal status with the Army ground forces, and air units continued to report through two chains of command. The commanding general of AFCC gained control of his stations and court martial authority over his personnel, but under the new field manual FM-5 the Army General Headquarters had the power to detach units from AFCC at will by creating task forces, the WDGS still controlled the AAF budget and finances, and the AAF had no jurisdiction over units of the 4153: 665: 98: 4705: 9948: 9844: 4974: 4290:

shoes were black or white. The ANC summer service uniform consisted of a similar suit in beige with maroon shoulder strap piping and cuff braid, beige ANC cap or beige garrison cap with maroon piping, white shirt, and black four-in-hand tie. During World War II the first flight nurses uniform consisted of a blue wool battle dress jacket, blue wool trousers and a blue wool men's style maroon piped garrison cap. The uniform was worn with either the ANC light blue or white shirt and black tie. After 1943 the ANC adopted olive drab service uniforms similar to the newly formed WAC.

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commanders overseas). ... He exerted a powerful influence on the development of strategy, tactics, and doctrine wherever AAF units fought. ... A world-wide system of air transport moved at his command through all theaters, (denying their) commanders their traditional prerogative of controlling everything within their area of responsibility. Throughout the war (he ran) the air war in whatever part of the world there seemed to be need for attention by Headquarters. The contrast between theory and fact is...fundamental to an understanding of the AAF.

53: 1347: 1685:, because of a lack of familiarity with Air Corps requirements. The outbreak of war in Europe and the resulting need for a wide variety of facilities for both operations and training within the Continental United States necessitated comprehensive changes of policy, first in September 1941 by giving the responsibility for acquisition and development of bases directly to the AAF for the first time in its history, and then in April 1942 by delegation of the enormous task by Headquarters AAF to its user field commands and numbered air forces. 4981: 1266: 4573: 6314:

combined all permanent party units at an airbase, including flying, into a single organization tailored in size of personnel and equipment to the needs of that base and its parent command. Staff functions in the base units were performed by directors of administration, operations, and materiel. The units were commonly seen in designations as "AAF Base Units". Personnel from discontinued OTU and RTU groups were merged into base units as "Combat Crew Training Stations". (White p. 17; Craven and Cate Vol. 6, pp. 75, 603–604)

4255: 2781:(AAFSAT) to standardize curriculum and instruction. New graduates of training schools fleshed out the satellite group and also restored the parent group to its overstrength size. The parent group was responsible for the organization and training of its satellite, normally a process six months in length that began the day of detachment of the cadre, the first half of the process bringing the new unit up to strength, the second half devoted to flying training, with the final six weeks concentrating on fighting as a unit. 514:) refuted the General Staff's argument that the Air Corps had no wartime mission except to support ground forces. A struggle with the General Staff over control of air defense of the United States had been won by airmen and vested in four command units called "numbered air forces", but the bureaucratic conflict threatened to renew the dormant struggle for an independent United States Air Force. Marshall had come to the view that the air forces needed a "simpler system" and a unified command. Working with Arnold and 2560: 4547: 4485: 3559: 5286: 4537: 353:(as were the Army Ground Forces and the Army Service Forces) tasked only with organizing, training, and equipping combat units and limited in responsibility to the continental United States. In reality, Headquarters AAF controlled the conduct of all aspects of the air war in every part of the world, determining air policy and issuing orders without transmitting them through the Army Chief of Staff. This "contrast between theory and fact is...fundamental to an understanding of the AAF." 2653: 4435: 4639: 3618: 4523: 5518: 1212: 5414: 5322: 4324: 3803:

policies, particularly among those fighting in Europe. Rotated personnel also believed that they were permanently exempt from further combat service, which was never the case at any time during World War II. He ordered the revocation on 16 February 1944 of policies that arbitrarily set fixed "goals" for completion of combat tours and directed that the impression that no airman would be required to serve more than one tour of combat be "unmistakably corrected".

9796: 4691: 5304: 4511: 2516:(operational units; see section below). As the number of groups increased, the number of wings needed to control them multiplied, with 91 ultimately activated, 69 of which were still active at the end of the war. As part of the Air Service and Air Corps, wings had been composite organizations, that is, composed of groups with different types of missions. Most of the wings of World War II, however, were composed of groups with like functions (denoted as 467: 4447: 4127:, and it could communicate with air organizations in combat theaters only through channels extending up to the Chief of Staff, and then down through the theater commander to his subordinate air commander. The position of the AAF, in other words, was no different from that of the Army Ground Forces and the Army Service Forces, the other two of the three coordinate branches into which the Army had been divided. So, at any rate, read the regulations. 3514: 5064: 5057: 5050: 5071: 4651: 4599: 5106: 5099: 5092: 5085: 5078: 5113: 4786: 4779: 4497: 4793: 4814: 4800: 4835: 4828: 4821: 4849: 4842: 4807: 4613: 4587: 4561: 4625: 4471: 4213:

the shirts had shoulder straps. An OD wool shirt and cotton khaki trouser combination was also authorized. However, for dress purposes they also had the option of purchasing a khaki shade 1 summer service uniform of tropical weight suiting fabric. This uniform was identical in cut to the winter officers' uniform except for the color and cloth. However, the cloth belt of the winter coat was omitted.

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rehabilitative purposes. In September 1944 Arnold, without rescinding his "no fixed tours" order, notified field commands that his objective was to provide enough replacement crews that rotation "based on war weariness" became unnecessary. This resulted in a revision of rotation policies whose "guidelines" had the effect of again setting fixed limits for a tour of duty for the remainder of the war.

4665: 3404: 2644:"In 1943 the AAF met a new personnel problem, to which it applied an original solution: to interview, rehabilitate, and reassign men returning from overseas. , an AAF Redistribution Center was established on 7 August 1943, and given command status on 1 June 1944. as the AAF Personnel Distribution Command. This organization was ordered discontinued, effective 30 June 1946." 4723:

the patch was to be worn by personnel of the Army Air Forces who held currently effective aeronautical ratings or who were authorized to wear the aviation badge for air crew members, during the time such personnel were currently assigned to combat flight duty. The patch was to be promptly removed when the individual ceased to serve in such capacity or left the theater.

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capacity of the old Air Corps groups to provide experienced cadres or to absorb graduates of the expanded training program to replace those transferred. Since 1939 the overall level of experience among the combat groups had fallen to such an extent that when the demand for replacements in combat was factored in, the entire operational training system was threatened.

673: 4364:. In addition to men's flight clothing, flight nurses wore specially manufactured women's lightweight and intermediate weight flight jackets and pants. Flight clothing such as the A-2 jacket was not authorized to be worn off the camp or post unless required for flight duty. The same sage green fatigue uniforms of herringbone cotton twill, and wind-resistant 703:

Requirements (OT&R) but the mergers were never effected. On 23 August 1945, after the capitulation of Japan, realignment took place with the complete elimination of OC&R. The now five assistant chiefs of air staff were designated AC/AS-1 through -5 corresponding to Personnel, Intelligence, Operations and Training, Materiel and Supply, and Plans.

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finish, and various devices were used to attach them to uniforms. These included the traditional pin and safety catch and, later, clutch-back fasteners. Most USAAF badges of World War II became obsolete, having been superseded by later designs or with their aeronautical rating discontinued, and were not authorized for wear on the uniform after 1955.

4073:"Eberstadt report" made such a recommendation, but also endorsed the concept of an Air Force as a separate service. The Navy Department did not acknowledge its own findings and continued to oppose creation of a separate Air Force during hearings for unification bills introduced in October 1945. When the hearings failed to submit a report, President 4002:, which retained its mission to support the entire military establishment worldwide, was trimmed from nine to three divisions and by the end of 1946 its personnel reduced by 80%. Aircraft inventory dropped from 79,000 to less than 30,000, many of them in storage. Permanent installations were reduced from 783 to 177, just 21 more than pre-war. 3998:, as it had at the end of World War I. The AAF was hit as hard or harder as the older services by demobilization. Officers and enlisted were discharged, installations were closed, and aircraft were stored or sold. Between August 1945 and April 1946, its strength fell from 2.25 million men to just 485,000, and a year later to 304,000. The 4239:, and prior to World War II uniform regulations authorized officers to remove the grommet to permit the use of headsets. This style became widely popular during World War II as a symbol of being a combat veteran, and was known as a "50-mission crush" cap. The service cap however was no longer generally issued to enlisted men after 1942. 2760:

later to 273. When the U.S. entered the war, however, the number of groups actually trained to a standard of combat proficiency had barely surpassed the total originally authorized by the first expansion program in 1940. The extant training establishment, in essence a "self-training" system, was inadequate in assets, organization, and

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expansion goals, resulting in plans for 84 combat groups, 7,799 combat aircraft, and the annual addition to the force of 30,000 new pilots and 100,000 technical personnel. The accelerated expansion programs resulted in a force of 156 airfields and 152,125 personnel at the time of the creation of the Army Air Forces.

386:(WDGS), much of which was attributable to lack of funds, the Air Corps later made great strides in the 1930s, both organizationally and in doctrine. A strategy stressing precision bombing of industrial targets by heavily armed, long-range bombers emerged, formulated by the men who would become its leaders. 6227:

Subordinate to the Directorate of Military Requirements, they were the Directorate of Bombardment (heavy and medium bombers) and Directorate of Air Defense (fighters). A third sub-directorate, Ground-Air Support (observation and light/dive bombers), had less influence on the process due to a confused

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In order to recognize and differentiate combat aircrews from other airmen in Europe, on 29 March 1943 the European Theater Headquarters of the U.S. Army created an ultramarine blue cloth patch 1" × 3.25" to be sewn on the service coat behind the aviation badge. According to General Order 18 Hq ETOUSA

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AAF uniforms were subject to Army Regulations, specifically AR 600-35 and AR 600–40, authorizing the wearing of badges, insignia, and emblems on the uniform. The vast size of the service saw the wearing of many custom-made variants of authorized badges, insignia, and emblems, and numerous examples of

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Officers wore black and khaki neckties until after February 1942 when neckties of wool cotton blend khaki shade 5 were authorized. Male officer's summer service uniforms usually consisted of the wash-and-wear cotton khaki shade 1 uniforms like those of the enlisted men, the main difference being that

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The following were the most numerous types in the USAAF inventory, or those that specifically saw combat. Variants, including all photo-reconnaissance ("F") variants, are listed and described under their separate articles. Many aircraft, particularly transports and trainers, had numerous designations

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To avoid this probable crisis, an Operational Training Unit (OTU) system was adopted as it had been by the RAF. Under the American OTU concept, certain experienced groups were authorized as overstrength "parent" groups. A parent group (OTU unit) provided approximately 20% of its seasoned personnel as

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brought about an effort that produced almost 100,000 aircraft in 1944. The AAF reached its wartime inventory peak of nearly 80,000 aircraft in July 1944, 41% of them first line combat aircraft, before trimming back to 73,000 at the end of the year following a large reduction in the number of trainers

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resulting on 5 October 1940 in a proposal for creation of an air staff, unification of the air arm under one commander, and equality with the ground and supply forces. Arnold's proposal was immediately opposed by the General Staff in all respects, rehashing its traditional doctrinal argument that, in

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but was small in comparison to European air forces. Lines of authority were difficult, at best, since GHQ Air Force controlled only operations of its combat units while the Air Corps was still responsible for doctrine, acquisition of aircraft, and training. Corps area commanders continued to exercise

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The assistant secretary position had been vacant for eight years, since Roosevelt's inauguration in March 1933. Lovett had been elevated Assistant Secretary for Air to resolve the unity of command organizational problems of the Air Corps and had fashioned the compromise that had resulted in creation

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The term "air force" had appeared officially as early as 1923, when Training Regulation TR 440-15 and Army Regulation 95-10 used "air force aviation" to denote combat air units in contrast to "air service aviation" (auxiliary units to support ground forces). (Futrell, Historical Study 139, p. 40) In

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was grossly overstaffed and mandated in July 1941 that its non-flying AAF personnel complete infantry training, a program that took them from their primary jobs for a period of six to eight weeks. Second, efforts in October and November to complete gunnery training for B-17 gunners were stifled when

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In August 1942 Roosevelt called for a revision of proposed air requirements. AWPD/42 was presented on 6 September 1942, and although never accepted by the U.S. Navy, its revised estimates (which more than doubled production requirements to nearly 150,000 aircraft of all types, including those of the

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in September 1941. Although war began before the plan could be presented to Roosevelt, it became the foundation for establishing aircraft production and training requirements used during the war, and the concept of a strategic bomber offensive against Germany became policy of the U.S. government, in

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in 1945, 149 combat groups fought against Germany, while by August 1945, when all combat operations ended, 86 groups were deployed in the Pacific and Far East. The European force was then either performing occupation duties or re-deploying to the United States. With the partial demobilization of the

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The Air Corps operated 156 installations at the beginning of 1941. An airbase expansion program had been underway since 1939, attempting to keep pace with the increase in personnel, units, and aircraft, using existing municipal and private facilities where possible, but it had been mismanaged, first

1374:

The Air Corps Act of July 1926 increased the number of general officers authorized in the Army's air arm from two to four. The activation of GHQAF in March 1935 doubled that number to eight and pre-war expansion of the Air Corps in October 1940 saw fifteen new general officer billets created. By the

832:

An offensive strategy required several types of urgent and sustained effort. In addition to the development and manufacture of aircraft in massive numbers, the Army Air Forces had to establish a global logistics network to supply, maintain, and repair the huge force; recruit and train personnel; and

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created at the end of 1938, with the goal of providing an adequate air force for defense of the Western Hemisphere. An initial "25-group program", announced in April 1939, called for 50,000 men. However, when war broke out in September 1939 the Air Corps still had only 800 first-line combat aircraft

698:

A "strong and growing dissatisfaction" with the organization led to an attempt by Lovett in September 1942 to make the system work by bringing the Directorate of Management Control and several traditional offices that had been moved to the operating staff, including the Air Judge Advocate and Budget

648:

The Circular No. 59 reorganization directed the AAF to operate under a complex division of administrative control performed by a policy staff, an operating staff, and the support commands (formerly "field activities" of the OCAC). The former field activities operated under a "bureau" structure, with

294:

The AAF administered all parts of military aviation formerly distributed among the Air Corps, General Headquarters Air Force, and the ground forces' corps area commanders and thus became the first air organization of the U.S. Army to control its own installations and support personnel. The peak size

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Established 17 October 1941 under the Office of the Chief of Air Corps (OCAC) from the Air Corps Maintenance Command established 15 March 1941. When OCAC was abolished on 9 March 1942, ASC continued as a major command under Headquarters AAF. In July 1944 it was placed with Materiel Command under an

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Management Control coordinated all the other directorates through the activities of organizational and legislative planning, statistical control, and the Adjutant General, who under the operating staff system was chief of administrative services rather than the issuer of orders and directives as he

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or shearling collar, but a popular variation known as the "tanker jacket" had a wool knit collar that was less confining. These new jackets were lighter in weight than their leather predecessors while just as warm. Hooded variants designated B-9 and B-11 also appeared in early 1944 but because they

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pile linings. The AAF standardized the sage green or light olive drab B-10 flight jacket on 22 July 1943, accompanied by matching A-9 flying trousers with built-in suspenders, and the combination became widespread in the Eighth Air Force by early 1944. The heavier B-15 jacket followed at the end of

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Nurses attached to the AAF wore Army hospital whites, or prior to 1943, the ANC winter service uniform consisting of the ANC pattern dark blue cap or garrison cap with maroon piping, suit jacket with maroon cuff braid and gold army buttons, light blue or white shirt, black tie and light blue skirt,

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The male officer's winter service uniform consisted of a coat of finer wool fabric in olive drab shade No. 51 (dark-shade) with a fabric belt matching the coat, nicknamed "greens". Officers could wear trousers matching the color and fabric of the coat, or optionally they were allowed taupe colored,

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Actually, the Commanding General, Army Air Forces ... functioned on a level parallel to that of the Chief of Staff. ... He moved at the very highest levels of command in the wartime coalition with Britain. He chose the commanders of the combat air forces. ... He communicated regularly (with the air

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In February 1946, ill health forced the retirement of Arnold before he could fulfill his goal of achieving independence of the Air Force as a service equal with the Army and Navy. Spaatz replaced Arnold as the only other commanding general of the USAAF, and he oversaw both the demobilization of the

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By July 1946, the Army Air Forces had only 2 combat-ready groups out of 52 that remained on the list of active units. A rebuilt air force of 70 groups, the authorized peacetime strength, was anticipated, with reserve and national guard forces to be available for active duty in an emergency. However

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In addition to the construction of new permanent bases and the building of numerous bombing and gunnery ranges, the AAF utilized civilian pilot schools, training courses conducted at college and factory sites, and officer training detachments at colleges. In early 1942, in a controversial move, the

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made deliveries of almost 270,000 aircraft worldwide while losing only 1,013 in the process. The operation of the stateside depots was done largely by more than 300,000 civilian maintenance employees, many of them women, freeing a like number of Air Forces mechanics for overseas duty. In all facets

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khaki, a light tan, shade No. 1, or 10.5 oz olive drab wool light shade No. 33. Either shirt could be worn under the coat; however, the cotton shirt could not be worn as an outer garment with the wool trousers. The wool necktie for the winter uniform was black and the summer necktie was khaki

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Total aircraft losses for the AAF from December 1941 to August 1945 were 65,164, with 43,581 lost overseas and 21,583 within the Continental United States. Combat losses of aircraft totaled 22,948 worldwide, with 18,418 lost in theaters fighting Germany and 4,530 lost in combat in the Pacific. The

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The huge increases in aircraft inventory resulted in a similar increase in personnel, expanding sixteen-fold in less than three years following its formation, and changed the personnel policies under which the Air Service and Air Corps had operated since the National Defense Act of 1920. No longer

585:

Under the revision of AR 95–5, the Army Air Forces consisted of three major components: Headquarters AAF, Air Force Combat Command, and the Air Corps. Yet the reforms were incomplete, subject to reversal with a change of mood at the War Department, and of dubious legality. By November 1941, on the

417:

The activation of GHQ Air Force represented a compromise between strategic airpower advocates and ground force commanders who demanded that the Air Corps mission remain tied to that of the land forces. Airpower advocates achieved a centralized control of air units under an air commander, while the

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On 23 February 1944 the AAF directed adoption of the base unit structure for all of its CONUS installations (and generally at non-combat bases worldwide soon following) because of an inherent inflexibility in combat group and squadron TO&Es. "Base units" were administrative organizations that

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superimposed on a gold circle, was retained after GHQ Air Force became Air Force Combat Command on 20 June 1941. The triskelion represented a stylized propeller that symbolized the three combat wings of GHQ Air Force. On 23 February 1942, the GHQ AF patch was discontinued and the service-wide AAF

4713:

These aviation qualification badges were typically worn in full three-inch (76 mm) size on service or dress uniforms, but two-inch versions (nicknamed "sweetheart wings") were also authorized for less-formal shirt wear. Most aviation badges were made of sterling silver or were given a silver

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On 11 April 1945, at the conclusion of a ten-month study that took them to every major theater to interview 80 "key military and naval personnel", the Joint Chiefs of Staff Special Committee for the Reorganization of National Defense recommended that the armed forces of United States be organized

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The use of in-theater rest camps as a short term measure for relief of stress only served to delay the onset of combat fatigue. The AAF approved in April 1944 the use of 30 days leave in the United States on a limited basis as a substitute for rotation but by August found it counterproductive for

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AWPD/1 called for an air defense of the Western hemisphere, a strategic defense against Japan in the Pacific, and strategic bombardment by 6,800 bombers against Germany, identifying 154 key targets of the German economic infrastructure it considered vulnerable to a sustained campaign. A strategic

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below), preventing establishment of an OTU command and having a tendency to micromanage because of the lack of centralized control. Four main directorates—Military Requirements, Technical Services, Personnel, and Management Control—were created, each with multiple sub-directorates, and eventually

302:

The Army Air Forces was created in June 1941 to provide the air arm greater autonomy in which to expand more efficiently, to provide a structure for the additional command echelons required by a vastly increased force, and to end an increasingly divisive administrative battle within the Army over

6274:

Begun in May 1942 with the designation of one 4AF fighter group to be overstrength as a pool for fighter pilot replacements, RTUs were also overstrength groups (most of the 32 OTUs eventually became RTUs) that instructed new air crew in transition and team training. RTUs distributed graduates as

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was worn in cold weather. The enlisted man's summer service uniform consisted of the same cotton khaki shade No. 1 uniform shirt with matching trousers; the coat for this uniform stopped being issued in the 1930s. Whenever the shirt was worn as an outer garment the necktie was tucked between the

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cotton the same as those of other U.S. Army forces. In addition to the service uniforms usually worn for dress purposes and on pass from posts there were a variety of fatigue and flying uniforms. Summer and winter service uniforms were both worn throughout the year in the continental U.S. During

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Both plans called for the destruction of the German Air Force (GAF) as a necessary requirement before campaigns against priority economic targets. AWPD/1 established four target sets in order of priority: electrical power production, inland transportation, petroleum production, and Berlin; while

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to train units wholesale. Individual training of freshly minted pilots occupied an inordinate amount of the available time to the detriment of unit proficiency. The ever-increasing numbers of new groups being formed had a deleterious effect on operational training and threatened to overwhelm the

2759:

In the first half of 1942 the Army Air Forces expanded rapidly as the necessity of a much larger air force than planned was immediately realized. Authorization for the total number of combat groups required to fight the war nearly doubled in February to 115. In July it jumped to 224, and a month

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as subordinate operational commands. Roman numbered commands within numbered air forces also included "support", "base", and other services commands to support the operational units, such as the VIII Air Force Service and VIII Air Force Composite Commands also part of Eighth Air Force during its

1237:

The requirements for new pilots resulted in a massive expansion of the Aviation Cadet program, which had so many volunteers that the AAF created a reserve pool that held qualified pilot candidates until they could be called to active duty, rather than losing them in the draft. By 1944, this pool

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wrote in late 1940 after visiting Britain that the "best American fighter planes already delivered to the British are used by them either as advanced trainers—or for fighting equally obsolete Italian planes in the Middle East. That is all they are good for." RAF crews he interviewed said that by

6421:

The types were: A — Attack; AT — Advanced Trainer; B — Bomber; BT — Basic Trainer; C — Cargo/Transport; CG — Cargo Glider; F — Reconnaissance; L — Liaison; O — Observation; OA — Observation-Amphibian; P — Pursuit; PT — Primary Trainer;

4077:

on 19 December 1945 came out strongly in support of an air force on a parity with ground and naval forces, reminding Congress that prior to the war independent Army and Navy Departments had often failed to work collectively or in coordination to the best interest of the nation. He asserted that

2851:

The basic permanent organization of the AAF for combat elements was the squadron. 1,226 combat squadrons were active in the USAAF between 7 December 1941 and 2 September 1945. At the end of hostilities in 1945 a total of 933 squadrons remained active, with 868 assigned to the various groups. 65

2803:

In May 1942 the plan was extended to all four continental air forces but not until early 1943 were most developmental problems resolved. Before the system matured, each air force became predominant in one type of OTU training, heavy bomber in the Second Air Force, medium and light bomber in the

2687:

had established 15 permanent combat groups between 1919 and 1937. With the buildup of the combat force beginning 1 February 1940, the Air Corps expanded from 15 to 30 groups by the end of the year. On 7 December 1941 the number of activated combat groups had reached 67, with 49 still within the

800:

in May 1940, Roosevelt asked Congress for a supplemental appropriation of nearly a billion dollars, a production program of 50,000 aircraft a year, and a military air force of 50,000 aircraft (of which 36,500 would be Army). Accelerated programs followed in the Air Corps that repeatedly revised

6584:

The Army Air Forces were abolished by Transfer Order 1, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 26 September 1947, implementing the same provisions. Transfer Order 1 was the first of 200 Army-Air Force transfer agreements drawn up in June and July 1947, and ordered the transfer of all military and

5909:

First line combat aircraft in July 1944 totaled 492 very heavy bombers; 10,431 heavy bombers; 4,458 medium bombers; 1,733 light bombers; 14,828 fighters; and 1,192 reconnaissance aircraft. The most numerous individual types were the B-24 Liberator (5,906), P-47 Thunderbolt (5,483), B-17 Flying

5241:

The wearing of sleeve insignia was authorized for members of numbered air forces based overseas on 2 March 1943, and for air forces in the United States on 25 June 1943. From that date forward, the "Hap Arnold Emblem" was worn only by personnel of units not assigned to a numbered air force. AR

4118:

By the close of the war (the AAF) had emerged as virtually a third independent service. Officially, the AAF never became anything other than a subordinate agency of the War Department charged to organize, train, and equip air units for assignment to combat theaters. Its jurisdiction was wholly

3938:

and declared dead, and 1,910 were non-hostile battle deaths. Of the United States military and naval services, only the Army Ground Forces suffered more battle deaths. 35,946 non-battle deaths included 25,844 in aircraft accidents, more than half of which occurred within the Continental United

3727:

of the USAAF produced its plan for a global air strategy, AWPD/1. Formally known as "Annex 2, Air Requirements" to "The Victory Program", a plan of strategic estimates involving the entire U.S. military, the plan was prepared in accordance with strategic policies drawn earlier that year in the

806:

In its expansion during World War II, the AAF became the world's most powerful air force. From the Air Corps of 1939, with 20,000 men and 2,400 planes, to the nearly autonomous AAF of 1944, with almost 2.4 million personnel and 80,000 aircraft, was a remarkable expansion. Robert A. Lovett, the

706:

Most personnel of the Army Air Forces were drawn from the Air Corps. In May 1945, 88 per cent of officers serving in the Army Air Forces were commissioned in the Air Corps, while 82 per cent of enlisted members assigned to AAF units and bases had the Air Corps as their combat arm branch. While

702:

This wartime structure remained essentially unchanged for the remainder of hostilities. In October 1944 Arnold, to begin a process of reorganization for reducing the structure, proposed to eliminate the AC/AS, Training and move his office into OC&R, changing it to Operations, Training and

3802:

By January 1944 nearly all active tactical units had been programmed for deployment and the overall loss rate in the AAF was less than predicted. Arnold began to build reserves in tactical units to provide enough personnel for multiple crews for each aircraft but was hampered by the rotation

6570:

The Air Corps became a subordinate component of the Army Air Forces on 20 June 1941, and was abolished as an administrative organization on 9 March 1942. It continued to exist as one of the combat arms of the Army (along with infantry, armor, and artillery) until abolished by reorganization

4072:

The Navy Department remained opposed to a single department of defense and, at the recommendation of the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Naval Affairs, created a panel using naval personnel to study the feasibility of a coordinating agency without executive powers as an alternative. The

4305:

Female service dress went through an evolution of patterns over the course of the war years, however throughout the period the service uniforms both summer and winter generally consisted of the WAC pattern hat or women's garrison cap, suit coat (winter only for enlisted women), shirtwaist,

4095:, a completely separate branch of the U.S. military, and abolished both the Army Air Forces and the Air Corps, effective 18 September 1947. The transfer of personnel and assets from the AAF to the USAF was effected by Transfer Order 1, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 26 September 1947. 2848:

forces in Europe, the total of active groups in the AAF had been reduced to 213. Nearly all of the discontinued units were heavy bombardment groups (B-17 and B-24), which numbered only 35 at the war's end. The remainder had been inactivated or redesignated as very heavy bombardment (B-29).

5787:

The Air Corps itself was a statutory entity and could not be legally discontinued except by act of Congress, but executive abolition of the OCAC under authority of the First War Powers Act gave the AAF legal standing. The chiefs of the other combat arms, including Infantry, were also

2555:

echelon as the numbered air forces, under the direct control of Headquarters Army Air Forces. At the end of 1942 and again in the spring of 1943 the AAF listed nine support commands before it began a process of consolidation that streamlined the number to five at the end of the war.

637:

in World War I) as a wartime expedient to expire six months after the end of the war. The three components replaced a multiplicity of branches and organizations, reduced the WDGS greatly in size, and proportionally increased the representation of the air forces members on it to 50%.

836:

A lawyer and a banker, Lovett had prior experience with the aviation industry that translated into realistic production goals and harmony in integrating the plans of the AAF with those of the Army as a whole. Lovett initially believed that President Roosevelt's demand following the

3740:. Its forecast figures, despite planning errors from lack of accurate information about weather and the German economic commitment to the war, were within 2 percent of the units and 5.5 percent of the personnel ultimately mobilized, and it accurately predicted the time frame when 2473:

were created to divide administrative control of units by function (eg fighters and bombers). The numbering of the operational command was designated by the Roman numeral of its parent numbered air force. For instance, the Eighth Air Force listed the VIII Bomber Command and the

5999:. It was not a part of or related to any "numbered air force" but part of Air Force Combat Command, the former GHQ Air Force. It became superfluous for its purpose and was discontinued in April 1942, redesignated "9th Air Force" as the basis for the future tactical air force. 4314:

for women, along with women's combat boots, field jackets and flight clothing, were manufactured by the U.S. Army during World War II. However, when women's versions of these items were not available, as was often the case during the war, men's issue items were used instead.

590:. When this plan was not given any consideration, Arnold reworded the proposal the following month which, in the face of Marshall's dissatisfaction with Army GHQ, the War Plans Division accepted. Just before Pearl Harbor, Marshall recalled an Air Corps officer, Brig. Gen. 5994:

V Air Support Command was one of five organizations created in September 1941. Its responsibility was to direct and coordinate the training activities of National Guard observation squadrons inducted into federal service with those of light bomber units training with the

4227:, commonly called the "flight cap" in the air forces, had been authorized for all ranks since 1926 to facilitate the wearing of radio headsets during flights. The "curtain" had piping for enlisted men in the USAAF branch colors of orange and ultramarine blue. The caps of 348:

In its expansion and conduct of the war, the AAF became more than just an arm of the greater organization. By the end of World War II, the Army Air Forces had become virtually an independent service. By regulation and executive order, it was a subordinate agency of the

793:

spring 1941 a fighter engaging Germans had to have the capability to reach 400 mph in speed, fight at 30,000–35,000 feet, be simple to take off, provide armor for the pilot, and carry 12 machine guns or six cannons, all attributes lacking in American aircraft.

4060:'s message of 19 December 1945 contributed considerable impetus to a series of developments within the executive and legislative branches of the government which led directly, if belatedly, to the adoption of the National Security Act of 1947. —R. Earl McClendon, 1362:

or WACs). WACs serving in the AAF became such an accepted and valuable part of the service they earned the distinction of being commonly (but unofficially) known as "Air WACs". Nearly 40,000 women served in the WAACs and WACs as AAF personnel, more than 1,000 as

2777:

cadre to a newly activated, or "satellite", group. Cadres detached to the newly activated satellite group were first provided with special instruction on their training responsibilities, initially by the responsible air forces, but after 9 October 1942, by the

677: 833:

sustain the health, welfare, and morale of its troops. The process was driven by the pace of aircraft production, not the training program, and was ably aided by the direction of Lovett, who for all practical purposes became "Secretary of the Air Corps".

10122: 674: 6275:

individual replacements or replacement crews to combat units and thereby obviated having such replacements drawn from organized units or training staffs in the United States, as was done for infantry replacements. (Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, pp. 602–605)

4204:, April 1944, illustrating varying shades of olive drab and the M-1944 "Ike jacket". Light shade 33 on left, dark shade 51 on right. Trousers are shade 33, khaki shade 1, and drab shade 54. The three combinations at right are "pinks and greens". 6411:

The 1226 figure is for TO&E squadrons only. Not included in the total of flying squadrons are more than 100 Air Transport Command, advanced flight training, and flexible squadrons of AAF Base Units between 1 August 1944 and the end of the

311:

in 1914. The AAF succeeded both the Air Corps, which had been the statutory military aviation branch since 1926 and the GHQ Air Force, which had been activated in 1935 to quiet the demands of airmen for an independent Air Force similar to the

6199:

Generally, very heavy bombardment (B-29) and fighter groups had three flying squadrons assigned while all other types had four. Composite groups had as few as two (509th Composite) and as many as six flying squadrons (the three air commando

545:) until the end of the war, while its commanders would cease lobbying for independence. Marshall, a strong proponent of airpower, understood that the Air Force would likely achieve its independence following the war. Soon after the Japanese 521:

On 20 June 1941, to grant additional autonomy to the air forces and to avoid binding legislation from Congress, the War Department revised the army regulation governing the organization of Army aviation, AR 95–5. Arnold assumed the title of

2491:

organized a temporary, nonstandard, headquarters in August 1944. This provisional fighter wing was set up to separate control of its P-38 groups from its P-51 groups. This headquarters was referred to as "XV Fighter Command (Provisional)".

1297:, all of whom received commissions. Almost 1.4 million men received technical training as aircraft mechanics, electronics specialists, and other technicians. Non-aircraft related support services were provided by airmen trained by the 1250:. Pilot standards were changed to reduce the minimum age from 20 to 18, and eliminated the educational requirement of at least two years of college. Two fighter pilot beneficiaries of this change went on to become brigadier generals in the 6180:

Created 15 October 1942 from I Bomber Command and discontinued 31 August 1943 as the result of doctrinal disputes with the U.S. Navy over tactics and jurisdiction of long-range, land-based air striking forces. (Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, p.

4335:

and type of mission. Innovative aviation flight suits, boots, leather helmets, goggles, and gloves were issued as early as 1928 to the Air Corps, and at least one style, the Type A-3 flight suit, continued in service until 1944. However,

2688:

Continental United States. Of the CONUS groups (the "strategic reserve"), 21 were engaged in operational training or still being organized and were unsuitable for deployment. Of the 67 combat groups, 26 were classified as bombardment: 13

4013:

Arnold left the AAF with two important legacies, based on his experiences in World War II, which shaped the post-war USAAF and their independent successor. The first was a requirement that the command staff of the service must include

5720:. Finally, after the War Department issued a war warning to Pacific commands on 27 November, Short insisted despite objections from his air commanders that aircraft be parked close together on open ramps as a security measure against 418:

WDGS divided authority within the air arm and assured a continuing policy of support of ground operations as its primary role. GHQ Air Force organized combat groups administratively into a strike force of three wings deployed to the

427:

control over airfields and administration of personnel, and in the overseas departments, operational control of units as well. Between March 1935 and September 1938, the commanders of GHQ Air Force and the Air Corps, Major Generals

6154:, renamed I TCC on 20 June 1942 to allow the ATC designation to be applied to the successor of Ferrying Command, and became a subordinate organization of Continental Air Forces on 16 April 1945. (Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, pp. 66–77) 4055:

In such a manner for the first time in the history of American aviation the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces definitely took a stand in favor of an independent military air arm. Though far from providing the initial impulse,

3954:

The cost of the war to the AAF was approximately $ 50 billion, or about 30% of the cost to the War Department, with cash expenditures from direct appropriations between July 1942 and August 1945 amounting to $ 35,185,548,000.

3310:

The United States Army Air Forces used a large variety of aircraft in accomplishing its various missions, including many obsolete aircraft left over from its pre-June 1941 time as the Air Corps, with fifteen designations of types.

4018:

of varying expertise besides pilots. The second was the belief that despite the unqualified success of training methods that had expanded the Air Forces, the United States would never again have the time to mobilize and train the

5980:

The Continental Air Forces coordinated the First through Fourth Air Forces and the I Troop Carrier Command, and its primary activity became redeployment of the air forces in Europe. In 1946 its mission changed and it became the

5755:

This issue was not completely resolved until November 1943 when the units of those services (Quartermaster, Signal, Ordnance, etc.), amounting to 600,000 personnel, were transferred from the ASF into the AAF. (Mooney 1946, p.

676: 1234:, and the direct commissioning of thousands of professionals. Even so, 193,000 new pilots entered the AAF during World War II, while 124,000 other candidates failed at some point during training or were killed in accidents. 4102:, which outlined the air assets that each service would be permitted to maintain. The Air Force was assigned the bulk of strategic, tactical, and transport aircraft, but the issue remained divisive well into the 1950s. 553:, the planning staff that served as the focal point of American strategic planning during the war, in order that the United States would have an air representative in staff talks with their British counterparts on the 510:-headed" by one congressman, had caused a disturbing lack of clear channels of command. Less than five months after the rejection of Arnold's reorganization proposal, a joint U.S.-British strategic planning agreement ( 5801:(Field Service Regulations), issued by the War Department on 21 July 1943, was viewed by the senior leadership of the Army Ground Forces as the Army Air Forces' "Declaration of Independence." (Greenfield 1948, p. 47) 3982: 4196: 3774:

Like its predecessor, AWPD/42 laid out a strategic plan for the daylight bombing of Germany by unescorted heavy bombers, but also included a similar plan for attacks on Japan. The B-17 bomber command of the U.S.

2594: 807:

Assistant Secretary of War for Air, together with Arnold, presided over an increase greater than for either the ground Army or the Navy, while at the same time dispatching combat air forces to the battlefronts.

9185: 5928:

The exact reported figures were 193,440 pilots; 43,051 bombardiers and bombardier-navigators; 48,870 navigators in all three disciplines (celestial, dead reckoning, and radar); and 309,236 flexible gunners.

4360:, proved insufficient for the extreme cold temperatures of high altitude missions in unpressurized aircraft, and were supplemented by a variety of one-piece electrically heated flying suits manufactured by 5881:

Roosevelt's address to Congress took place on 16 May 1940. Less than two weeks later Congress passed a supplemental appropriation of more than a half billion dollars greater than requested. (Tate, p. 172)

5746:

These staff positions were designated A-1 through A-5 and corresponded to the WDGS positions of G-1 through G-5. The AAF began the war with this air staff but replaced it in the March 1942 reorganization.

6190:

Established 29 March 1943 to supervise the weather and communications services of the discontinued Directorate of Technical Services, it was abolished 1 October 1943. (Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, pp. 69–70)

5778:: the creation of an air staff as an "unnecessary duplication...in the work of" the WDGS, and the "superimposition of a level of authority above" that of the Chief of the Air Corps. (Mooney 1946, p. 43) 389:

A major step toward a separate air force came in March 1935, when the command of all combat air units within the Continental United States (CONUS) was centralized under a single organization called the

10301: 1696:

In December 1943, the AAF reached a war-time peak of 783 airfields in the Continental United States. At the end of the war, the AAF was using almost 20 million acres of land, an area as large as

2439:) distributed worldwide to prosecute the war, plus a general air force within the continental United States to support the whole and provide air defense. The latter was formally organized as the 6012:

was created in February 1944 from the headquarters of the previous Eighth Air Force, the designation of which was then given to its former VIII Bomber Command. In August 1945, USSTAF became the

9833: 9641: 4046:) that would not require a second restructuring once the Air Force became independent. He also re-structured the reserve components to conform with Arnold's concepts, including creation of the 3779:

had only flown six relatively unopposed missions when AWPD/42 was drawn up, and the prior mistake in AWPD/1 of disregarding the need and feasibility of long-range fighter escorts was repeated.

9158: 5631: 9499: 518:, recently appointed to the long-vacant position of Assistant Secretary of War for Air, he reached a consensus that quasi-autonomy for the air forces was preferable to immediate separation. 9565: 9168: 9163: 6046:

were bomber/fighter task forces activated in China in September 1943 which had Chinese fighter squadrons attached for operations. Both served in combat through the end of the war. (Maurer,

821:, occurring only two days after the creation of the Army Air Forces, caused an immediate reassessment of U.S. defense strategy and policy. The need for an offensive strategy to defeat the 9207: 6132:

Established 9 March 1942 from the Materiel Division of the OCAC, with responsibilities for aircraft procurement and R&D, and abolished 31 August 1944. (Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, p. 65)

594:, from an observer group in England and appointed him to chair a "War Department Reorganization Committee" within the War Plans Division, using Arnold's and Spaatz's plan as a blueprint. 9190: 4286:(WASP) performed valuable service to the AAF, only the ANC and the WAC were official members of the U.S. Armed Forces. In the AAF servicewomen became unofficially known as "Air WACs". 4188:

cotton, originally. In February 1942 a universal mohair wool necktie in olive drab shade 3 and cotton blend khaki shade 5 were authorized for both uniforms. An overcoat of OD shade 33

4216:

Personnel stationed in Europe, and after 1944 in the U.S., were authorized to wear a wool waist-length jacket, in either OD Shade 51 (for officers only) or OD Shade 33, nicknamed the

3752:(then still in the design phase), was far too large for American industry to achieve to be practical, and an interim plan to attack Germany with 3,800 bombers was included in AWPD/1. 1343:, most did not fly or maintain aircraft. Their largely menial duties, indifferent or hostile leadership, and poor morale led to serious dissatisfaction and several violent incidents. 5246:, responsible for the design and supply of all authorized insignia, resisted further designs for the AAF until 28 July 1945, when command arcs (arc-shaped tabs, see example above in 3823:

against Germany. The Eighth Air Force, sent to England in 1942, took on that job. After a slow and often costly effort to bring the necessary strength to bear, joined in 1944 by the

1693:

were negotiated for the AAF by the Corps of Engineers, often to the economic detriment of hotel owners in rental rates, wear and tear clauses, and short-notice to terminate leases.

675: 9475: 9463: 3930:

The United States Army Air Forces incurred 12% of the Army's 936,000 battle casualties in World War II. 88,119 airmen died in service. 52,173 were battle casualty deaths: 45,520

5960:

The Twentieth Air Force was numbered beyond sequence to be symbolic of a global strategic air force not subordinate to any theater command. (Craven and Cate, Vol. 5, pp. 37–38;

3969:

for actions performed during air missions, 22 of them posthumously. Two additional awards were made, one posthumously, to AAF officers attached to the Western Task Force during

9173: 6499:

The remainder of the AAF was reorganized into the Air Materiel, Air Training, Air Transport, Air Proving Ground, and Air University Commands. (Craven and Cate, Vol. 7, p. 576)

4332: 1689:

AAF Technical Training Command began leasing resort hotels and apartment buildings for large-scale training sites (accommodation for 90,000 existed in Miami Beach alone). The

6077:

Established 31 August 1944 as the AAF Technical Service Command to replace both Air Materiel and Air Service Commands, and renamed Air Technical Service Command in July 1945.

723:

in 1941–42. This misnomer was also used on official recruiting posters (see image above) and was important in promoting the idea of an "Air Force" as an independent service.

10321: 5942:

39,323 WACs were assigned to the AAF in January 1945. Approximately 1,100 were African-American women assigned to ten segregated AAF units. (Craven and Cate, Vol. 7, p. 514)

4176:

World War II the European theater of operations was considered a year-round temperate uniform zone and the Pacific theater of operations a year-round tropical uniform zone.

1226:

could pilots represent 90% of commissioned officers. The need for large numbers of specialists in administration and technical services resulted in the establishment of an

10090: 575: 526:, creating an echelon of command over all military aviation components for the first time and ending the dual status of the Air Corps and GHQ Air Force, which was renamed 3951:

AAF credited its own forces with destroying a total of 40,259 aircraft of opposing nations by all means, 29,916 against Germany and its allies and 10,343 in the Pacific.

491:

branch in its history, developing a structure that both unified command of all air elements and gave it total autonomy and equality with the ground forces by March 1942.

10306: 9826: 9202: 10311: 9342: 10257: 10131: 9988: 9560: 9492: 561:, and was bitterly disputed behind the scenes at every opportunity, it nevertheless succeeded as a pragmatic foundation for the future separation of the Air Force. 10185: 9253: 4223:

Headgear for service uniforms consisted of two types, similar to those in use in the Army's ground forces, in olive drab for winter wear and khaki for summer. The

295:

of the AAF during World War II was over 2.4 million men and women in service and nearly 80,000 aircraft by 1944, and 783 domestic bases in December 1943. By "

5696:

Three examples of the negative effects of this long-ingrained policy, even after creation of the AAF, occurred in Hawaii in the six months preceding the Japanese

4371:

In early 1943 the AAF did not renew its contracts for leather flight garments and began production of flight jackets and flying trousers made of cotton twill and

8804: 5267: 4006:

considerable opposition to a large peacetime military establishment, and to the financial cost of such an establishment, resulted in planning cuts to 48 groups.

3292:

For reconnaissance units, the organization of squadrons rather than groups is shown because groups did not have a standard number or types of squadrons assigned

9819: 6141:

Created 1 April 1942 from the Air Corps Proving Ground established 15 May 1941 and merged into AAF Center on 1 June 1945. (Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, pp. 64, 68)

10009: 9294: 5820:

MM&D became "Materiel and Services" (M&S) on 17 July 1944 in conjunction with the planned consolidation of the Air Materiel and Air Service Commands.

5257:, the term "Zone of the Interior" for the First through Fourth Air Forces' areas of assignment was World War II's term for what is called "CONUS" by today's 875: 10326: 6387: 6337: 4217: 4020: 3827:

stationed in Italy, strategic bombing finally began to get results, and by the end of the war, the German economy had been dispersed and pounded to rubble.

5339: 3771:

Navy and exports to allies) guided the Roosevelt Administration in 1943. The estimate was later reduced to 127,000, of which 80,000 were combat aircraft.

1371:

in the Army Air Forces, including 500 flight nurses. 7,601 "Air WACs" served overseas in April 1945, and women performed in more than 200 job categories.

5359: 10168: 9487: 9150: 9133: 5765:

AAF senior leadership actually decided in the fall of 1941 to oppose for the duration any bill to create an independent air force. (Mooney 1946, p. 42)

4231:

were piped with black and silver cord; commissioned officers had black and gold piping except for general officer caps, which used gold cord. The oval

3837: 8597: 6123:

umbrella service that was soon reorganized as the AAF Technical Service Command. ASC was abolished on 31 August 1944. (Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, p. 65)

5533: 2676:. The Army Air Forces fielded a total of 318 combat groups at some point during World War II, with an operational force of 243 combat groups in 1945. 841:

for 60,000 airplanes in 1942 and 125,000 in 1943 was grossly ambitious. However, working closely with General Arnold and engaging the capacity of the

10316: 9580: 9083: 6171:

on 14 August 1942 and disbanded on 5 December 1942 when its functions were redistributed to the numbered air forces. (Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, p. 70)

5225:

authorized for Air Corps wear was that of the General Headquarters Air Force, approved 20 July 1937. This sleeve insignia, which consisted of a blue

4394: 2463: 691:

Among the headquarters directorates were Technical Services, Air Defense, Base Services, Ground-Air Support, Management Control, Military Equipment,

8799:

National Archives, Record Group 498, U.S. Army, U.S. Forces, European Theater, Historical Division: Records, 1941–1946, Hq ETOUSA, General Order 18.

9651: 9279: 9197: 9138: 6068:

Created 7 July 1943 from the merger of the AAF Flying Training Command and the AAF Technical Training Command. (Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, pp. 63–64)

10154: 8995: 6086:

Created 1 June 1945 from a merger of the AAF Tactical Center (AAFTAC), Proving Ground Command, and the AAF Board. (Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, p. 64)

4179:

The issue enlisted men's winter service uniform consisted of a four pocket coat and trousers in olive drab shade 33 (light shade) 16 oz wool

2443:

and activated on 15 December 1944, although it did not formally take jurisdiction of its component air forces until the end of the war in Europe.

9608: 9180: 5467: 3962:

flown by the AAF during World War II were 2,352,800, with 1,693,565 flown in Europe-related areas and 669,235 flown in the Pacific and Far East.

5230:

sleeve insignia ("Hap Arnold Emblem") approved. The patch was designed by a member of Gen. Arnold's staff, James T. Rawls, and was based on the

4414:

To denote the special training and qualifications required for air crew and technical personnel in the USAAF, in most categories known as being

1354:

Women served more successfully as part of the war-time Army Air Forces. The AAF was willing to experiment with its allotment from the unpopular

10164: 9746: 9585: 9543: 9538: 9116: 8990: 8278: 3305: 10159: 9811: 8932: 8834: 8777: 8768: 8730: 8720: 8687: 8677: 8612: 8584: 8575: 8397: 8392: 8387: 7093: 731:

movie star serving as an AAF pilot, used the terms "Air Corps" and "Air Forces" interchangeably in the narration of the 1942 recruiting short

9533: 9258: 9128: 8452: 5379: 4566: 4409: 3729: 825:

required further enlargement and modernization of all the military services, including the new AAF. In addition, the invasion produced a new

511: 9000: 10336: 9996: 9458: 2459: 10216: 5485: 4023:

as they had in 1940, necessitating that reservists and National Guardsmen be immediately ready for service in case of national emergency.

2450:

as the service expanded during the war. Some grew out of earlier commands as the service expanded in size and hierarchy (for example, the

10143: 5671: 410:, with a GHQ Air Force as a subordinate component. Both were created in 1933 when a small conflict with Cuba seemed possible following a 10243: 5285: 3683: 857:

to full command status on 9 March 1942 to develop and procure aircraft, equipment, and parts; and the merger of these commands into the

9623: 8440: 10226: 6972: 6830:

McClendon (1996), pp. 132–141. The three documents referenced, AR 95-5, EO 9082, and WD Circular 59, are reproduced in their entirety.

4385:

were bulky and their fur-lined hoods impractical in combat, these were worn primarily by noncombat personnel or during ground duties.

402:

during World War I. In 1924, the General Staff planned for a wartime activation of an Army general headquarters (GHQ), similar to the

10236: 10200: 9525: 9482: 9106: 6336:

was not a flying unit but managed transportation terminals in the Pacific. The four combat cargo groups, numbered 1–4, served in the

4082: 3906: 327:

Although other nations already had separate air forces independent of their army or navy (such as the Royal Air Force and the German

35: 5872:) chide each other about lack of reinforcement from their respective services. Wayne's character asks, "And where is the Air Force?" 10231: 9775: 9684: 9618: 9603: 9228: 9111: 8981: 8917: 5556: 5419: 5321: 5303: 5243: 2607: 1678: 842: 633:. The War Department issued Circular No. 59 on 2 March that carried out the executive order, intended (as with the creation of the 534:

providing "housekeeping services" as support nor of air units, bases, and personnel located outside the continental United States.

439: 288: 10139: 8315: 5501: 4422:(known familiarly but ubiquitously throughout the service as "wings") were authorized for wear by members of the Army Air Forces: 4098:

The initial delineation of service roles, Executive Order 9877, was supplanted on 21 April 1948, by the approval by Truman of the

494:

In the spring of 1941, the success in Europe of air operations conducted under centralized control (as exemplified by the British

9661: 9575: 9570: 8337: 7663:, Table 1 – Combat Groups Overseas by Location and in Continental US by State of Training, By Type of Group: Dec 1941 to Aug 1945 5964: 1327:. Despite the handicap—caused by the segregation policy—of not having an experienced training cadre as with other AAF units, the 6265:

on 19 September 1942. The barely organized 327th FG had to assume the OTU duties formerly conducted by the 33rd. (Mayock, p. 47)

10296: 9932: 9679: 9470: 9143: 5666: 5451: 3918: 767:

The Air Corps at the direction of President Roosevelt began a rapid expansion from the spring of 1939 forward, partly from the

8025: 6059:

Created 10 June 1942 from an expanded Air Corps Ferrying Command established 19 May 1941. (Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, pp. 66–67)

5433: 4246:

in color, and the AAF became known as the "Brown Shoe Air Force" after the United States Air Force became a separate service.

9947: 9843: 9646: 9076: 9018: 8902: 8743: 8667: 6957: 6938: 6456:

Approximately 100 Beaufighters partially equipped four night fighter squadrons of the 12th AF between 1943 and 1945. (Maurer

5951:

The 15 new slots consisted of a lieutenant general, four major generals, and ten brigadier generals. (Official Register 1941)

5661: 2633: 1682: 626: 280: 6038:

was in essence a fighter organization and served in Iceland between December 1942 and June 1944, when it was disbanded. The

333:), the AAF remained a part of the Army until a defense reorganization in the post-war period resulted in the passage by the 9770: 9327: 5397: 5242:

600–40, "Wearing of the Service Uniform", subsequently limited sleeve insignia to the 16 air forces and the AAF patch. The

4530: 4419: 4262:, Ky., student flight nurses learned how to handle patients with the aid of a mock-up fuselage of a Douglas C-47 transport. 3921:

provided ammunition for the leaders of the AAF in the postwar debates over armed forces unification and national strategy."

542: 299:", the Army Air Forces had 1.25 million men stationed overseas and operated from more than 1,600 airfields worldwide. 6561:

By extension "brown shoe" refers to any practice or idea that harks back to the Army Air Forces era. (Daly-Benarek, p. 27)

1285:, and 309,000 flexible gunners, many of whom also specialized in other aspects of air crew duties. 7,800 men qualified as 9765: 9731: 9688: 6469:

However, the 115,000 battle casualties suffered by the AAF represented 19% of the 603,000 aircrew trained during the war.

5562: 5258: 4856: 4698: 4658: 3833: 3764: 3737: 1332: 537:

Arnold and Marshall agreed that the AAF would enjoy a general autonomy within the War Department (similar to that of the

435:

respectively, clashed philosophically over the direction in which the air arm was moving, exacerbating the difficulties.

304: 5413: 458:. The air districts were converted in March 1941 into numbered air forces with a subordinate organization of 54 groups. 10098: 10004: 9555: 9415: 9307: 6529: 6013: 4886: 4866: 4415: 4220:

and eventually standardized as the M-1944 Field Jacket, in lieu of the full-length tunic of the service dress uniform.

2602: 1301:, but the AAF increasingly exerted influence on the curricula of these courses in anticipation of future independence. 8815: 6209:

Spaatz calculated combat-ready groups, both overseas and in the strategic reserve, at 43.5 at the end of January 1942.

557:. In effect the head of the AAF gained equality with Marshall. While this step was never officially recognized by the 10103: 9780: 9598: 8878: 8864: 8794: 8705: 8652: 8568: 8493: 8429: 8415: 6354: 6104:

Established 23 January 1941 and merged into AAF Training Command on 7 July 1943. (Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, pp. 63–64)

4876: 308: 153: 9656: 5839:

a letter of farewell to all members of the Air Corps on 27 February 1933, outgoing Assistant Secretary of War (Air)

4114:, the official history of the AAF, summarized its significance as the final step to independence for the Air Force: 549:

on 7 December 1941, in recognition of importance of the role of the Army Air Forces, Arnold was given a seat on the

10049: 9979: 9799: 9741: 9692: 9274: 9069: 6490:

Installations closed because of demobilization included main bases, sub (satellite) bases, and auxiliary airfields.

6113:

Established 26 March 1941 and merged into AAF Training Command on 7 July 1943. (Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, pp. 64–64)

5568: 3787:

facilities first, followed by transportation, electricity production, petroleum production, and rubber production.

2579: 7277:, Table 10 – Colored Military Personnel in Continental US and Overseas, By Type of Personnel: Aug 1942 to Aug 1945 772:

and 76 bases, including 21 major installations and depots. American fighter aircraft were inferior to the British

10075: 10044: 9593: 9312: 9284: 8716:. Albert F. Simpson Historical Research Center, Office of Air Force History, Headquarters United States Air Force 6254: 4993: 4684: 3626: 2778: 2589: 768: 350: 8458:

Correll, John T. (June 1995). "The US Army Air Forces at war: a statistical portrait of USAAF in World War II".

4731:

The rank structure and insignia of the U.S. Army Air Forces was that of the United States Army of World War II.

1339:

pilots, and 132 navigators. The vast majority of African-American airmen, however, did not fare as well. Mainly

10039: 10024: 9902: 9841: 9736: 9726: 9696: 5574: 4267: 3756: 2680: 2551:

organized between March 1941 and April 1942 to support and supply the numbered air forces remained on the same

853:

on 17 October 1941 to provide service units and maintain 250 depots in the United States; the elevation of the

789: 634: 17: 8550: 8542: 8534: 8526: 8518: 8510: 8502: 5724:

rather than being dispersed in revetments for protection against air attack. (Arakaki and Kuborn, pp. 5–6, 38)

10331: 10108: 10065: 9751: 8712: 8696: 6383: 6379: 6293: 6218:

In May 1942 "transport" became the designation for non-combat groups that were part of Air Transport Command.

5517: 4871: 4670: 4283: 4279: 3819:"Arnold's staff made the first priority in the war to launch a strategic bombing offensive in support of the 1364: 403: 374:

that gave new impetus to arguments for an independent air force, beginning with those espoused by Brig. Gen.

338: 8805:"Battle casualties by type of casualty and disposition, and duty branch: 7 December 1941 – 31 December 1946" 5900:

In all, the United States produced nearly 300,000 aircraft in the years 1941–1945 inclusive. (Nalty, p. 235)

1350:

A group of women who served in the Army Air Forces sitting around a table in Wilmington, Delaware circa 1945

617:, based on Marshall's recommendation and the work of McNarney's committee. The EO changed Arnold's title to 9716: 9700: 9038: 8941: 8405: 8306:

National Archives, Headquarters, European Theater of Operations, U.S. Army, General Order 18, 29 March 1943

5775: 5580: 4078:

wartime expedients that had overcome these defects proved to be the difference between victory and defeat.

3712: 3372: 2958: 2709: 2684: 1307:

comprised approximately six per cent of this force (145,242 personnel in June 1944). In 1940, pressured by

260: 398:(a peacetime ground forces administrative echelon), following the model established by commanding General 10014: 6375: 4896: 4618: 4400:

unauthorized insignia and emblems appeared throughout the forces, particularly in combat units overseas.

3442: 3387: 3367: 3357: 3244: 3240: 3175: 3030: 2930: 2926: 2697: 2693: 1132: 478: 8958:

War Department. Army Regulations No. 600-40 "Personnel, Wearing of the Service Uniform" (28 August 1941)

8952:, 9th Edition (July 1943). Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: The Military Service Publishing Co. ASIN B0027W7SU4 3815:

The Air Force Historical Studies Office summarizes the execution of USAAF strategy during World War II:

829:

partner in Russia, creating even greater demands on an already struggling American aircraft production.

382:. Despite a perception of resistance and even obstruction then by the bureaucracy in the War Department 10019: 9317: 8964:

War Department. Army Regulations No. 600-40 "Personnel, Wearing of the Service Uniform" (31 March 1944)

6391: 6341: 6289: 5843:

wrote: "Ours may not be the biggest air force in the world, but, my gracious, it is one of the best!" (

3547: 3352: 2620: 538: 287:), and the Army Air Forces. Each of these forces had a commanding general who reported directly to the 268: 8955:

War Department. Army Regulations No. 600-35 "Personnel, Prescribed Service Uniform" (10 November 1941)

8043: 6614: 3994:

With the defeat of Japan, the entire United States military establishment immediately began a drastic

275:, which on 2 March 1942 was divided functionally by executive order into three autonomous forces: the 10270: 9710: 9322: 9243: 9123: 8779:

Organization of Military Aeronautics, 1935–1945 (Executive, Congressional, and War Department Action)

5616: 4368:

field jackets used by Army ground troops, were also worn by AAF troops depending on duty assignment.

4352:, knit waistbands and cuffs, a zipper closing, and unit insignia. Heavy, sheepskin-lined B-3 and B-6 4043: 3656: 3452: 3437: 3382: 3143: 3026: 2898: 2749: 2660:

The primary combat unit of the Army Air Forces for both administrative and tactical purposes was the

1286: 728: 371: 8275: 6422:

R — Rotary wing (helicopter); TG — Trainer Glider; and UC — Utility. (Bowman, p. 113)

4293: 1358:(WAACs) and became an early and determined supporter of full military status for women in the Army ( 9613: 9550: 8961:

War Department. Army Regulations No. 600-35 "Personnel, Prescribed Service Uniform" (31 March 1944)

8749: 8625: 7097: 5254: 5222: 4122: 3596: 3571: 2768: 1227: 554: 58: 7896:, Table 34 – Battle Casualties in All Overseas Theaters, By Type of Casualty and Type of Personnel 6167:, it oversaw the preparation for overseas movement (POM) of AAF combat units. It was redesignated 9445: 9092: 9053: 6285: 5676: 5592: 5153: 4881: 4861: 4298: 4259: 4152: 4091: 3853: 3749: 3733: 3422: 3212: 3058: 2625: 1251: 1082: 342: 264: 31: 8967:

War Department Circular No. 391, "Adoption of M-1944 Field Jacket" (30 September 1944), Sec. VII

8843: 8594:

Ideas, Concepts, Doctrine: A History of Basic Thinking in the United States Air Force, 1907–1964

7211:, Table 19 – Civilian Personnel in Continental US, by Air Force or Command: Dec 1941 to Aug 1945 7044: 2506:

Inclusive within the air forces, commands and divisions were administrative headquarters called

656:

more than thirty offices were authorized to issue orders in the name of the commanding general.

10190: 8621: 8435: 6367: 6333: 6301: 6250: 5697: 5163: 5143: 4380:

the year, with the A-11 trousers issued in the last months of the war. Most jackets featured a

3981: 3796: 3724: 3542: 2638: 2440: 1312: 838: 610: 598: 546: 334: 5250:) were authorized for wear above the AAF insignia by members of the various support commands. 4340:, made standard issue on 9 May 1931, became one of the best known symbols of the AAF. Made of 10070: 6436: 6371: 6245:, which was the first complete parent unit formed in June 1942. It began the training of the 6238: 6025:

VIII Air Force Composite Command was a combined training and special operations organization,

5982: 4988: 4891: 4704: 4632: 4580: 4554: 4504: 4275: 4271: 4035: 3999: 3537: 3532: 3507: 3347: 3337: 3114: 3086: 2844: 2661: 2574: 1359: 1355: 1270: 1255: 862: 715:

persisted colloquially among the public as well as veteran airmen; in addition, the singular

602: 550: 506:) made clear that the splintering of authority in the American air forces, characterized as " 428: 303:

control of aviation doctrine and organization that had been ongoing since the creation of an

296: 4189: 4010:

largest air force in military history and its rebirth as envisioned by Mitchell and Arnold.

9972: 9927: 9922: 9435: 9430: 9332: 8946:. Air Force History and Museums Program Air Force History Support Office. Bolling AFB, D.C. 6549: 6541: 6517: 6440: 6432: 5859: 5646: 5641: 5507: 5491: 4676: 4039: 4027: 3886: 3591: 3497: 3457: 3432: 3377: 3342: 3184: 3022: 2994: 2962: 2713: 2612: 2584: 2559: 2508: 2484: 2475: 1336: 1278: 1231: 858: 854: 850: 818: 785: 781: 773: 746: 579: 8362: 6665:, Table 215 – Airfields in CONUS 1941–1945; Table 217 – Airfields outside CONUS 1941–1945. 6585:

civilian personnel of the Army Air Forces to the Department of the Air Force and the USAF.

5700:, where neither the Air Corps nor the AFCC had any command jurisdiction. First, Maj. Gen. 3323: 664: 8: 9937: 9440: 9425: 9420: 6399: 6394:

with one troop carrier, two reduced-strength fighter, and three liaison squadrons each. (

6344:

in 1944–45. Two were later redesignated troop carrier groups and became part of the USAF.

6246: 6039: 6035: 5708: 5539: 5523: 5168: 4464: 4307: 3882: 3869: 3824: 3646: 3586: 3576: 3563: 3527: 3502: 3462: 3447: 3427: 2665: 2500: 2488: 1320: 1298: 1247: 531: 317: 284: 8978: 8912: 8561:

The Enlisted Experience: A Conversation With the Chief Master Sergeants of the Air Force

812:"The Evolution of the Department of the Air Force" – Air Force Historical Studies Office 614: 9912: 9405: 9352: 9337: 9302: 9248: 6533: 5996: 5705: 5457: 5133: 4973: 4516: 4099: 4047: 3902: 3894: 3857: 3741: 3332: 3147: 2990: 2840: 2717: 2673: 2423: 1316: 1239: 734: 683: 630: 622: 591: 558: 442: 276: 272: 248: 219: 113: 8341: 7367:, Table 4 – Military Personnel in Continental U.S. and Overseas, By Type of Personnel. 5961: 5158: 3947:. Its casualties were 5.1% of its strength, compared to 10% for the rest of the Army. 1375:

end of World War II, 320 generals were authorized for service within the wartime AAF.

1346: 10195: 10080: 9917: 9892: 9721: 9410: 9385: 8898: 8874: 8860: 8790: 8739: 8701: 8663: 8648: 8564: 8489: 8425: 8411: 6513: 6262: 6043: 5840: 5734: 5712: 5611: 5473: 5385: 5235: 4906: 4572: 3940: 3935: 3861: 3845: 3636: 3417: 3362: 2820: 2668:

and attached or organic ground support elements, which was the rough equivalent of a

2552: 1308: 1304: 1265: 759:

series, as an animated map graphic of equal prominence to that of the Army and Navy.

692: 367: 52: 6095:

Created 1 June 1944 from AAF Redistribution Center. (Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, p. 64)

4966: 4183:. Shirts with two patch pockets and without shoulder straps were either 8.2 oz 621:

effective 9 March 1942, making him co-equal with the commanding generals of the new

9897: 9877: 9867: 9503: 9390: 9375: 9365: 6545: 6537: 6297: 6034:"Composite" organizations continued to be fielded at the wing and group level. The 5869: 5636: 5403: 5327: 5291: 4901: 4490: 4361: 4278:(WAC) replaced the WAAC. Although female auxiliary organizations such as the WAAC, 4015: 3931: 3865: 3776: 3759: 3392: 2860:, were not assigned to groups but as separate units under higher command echelons. 2809: 2785: 1368: 1157: 1057: 797: 777: 515: 399: 383: 157: 9015: 4254: 10220: 10029: 9965: 9907: 9887: 9882: 9872: 9862: 9400: 9395: 9380: 9370: 9360: 9022: 8985: 8921: 8444: 8382:. Office of Statistical Control, Headquarters AAF. Washington, D.C. December 1945 8282: 6258: 5968: 5701: 5651: 5439: 5365: 5345: 5309: 5273: 5123: 4592: 4546: 4484: 4228: 4074: 4057: 4026:

For his part, Spaatz consulted closely with the new Army Chief of Staff, General

3985: 3970: 3944: 3890: 3885:, equipped with the new long-range B-29 Superfortresses used for bombing Japan's 3820: 3651: 3606: 3581: 3482: 2805: 2789: 2480: 2455: 1328: 1215: 495: 471: 446: 313: 213: 184: 9957: 8767:

Mooney, Chase C. and Williamson, Edwin C. (1956). USAF Historical Study No. 10:

8294: 7920:, Table 99 – Airplane Losses in Continental US and Overseas, By Type of Airplane 4980: 4381: 4171:

wool worn in temperate weather and a tropical weather summer service uniform of

255:

aerial warfare service branch of the United States during and immediately after

10034: 8598:

Air Force Historical Research Agency - Numbered USAF Historical Studies 101-150

6525: 6509: 5621: 5173: 5138: 5128: 4998: 4644: 4606: 4478: 4349: 4348:

lining (cotton after 1939), the jackets featured an officer's stand-up collar,

4243: 4180: 4156: 3995: 3966: 3898: 3767:, as the only means available to the United States to take the war to Germany. 3671: 2853: 866:

of the service, more than 420,000 civilian personnel were employed by the AAF.

641:

In addition to dissolving both Army General Headquarters and the chiefs of the

507: 432: 423: 419: 375: 321: 244: 133: 6237:

An example of early difficulties with the "parent and satellite" plan was the

3939:

States. 63,209 members of the USAAF were other battle casualties. 18,364 were

3558: 2503:

for the vast organization, capable of acting independently if the need arose.

10290: 9760: 9756: 8814:. Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Archived from 8660:

Piercing the Fog: Intelligence and Army Air Forces Operations in World War II

8596:, Air Force Historical Research Agency (This document is available online at 6242: 4536: 4440: 4353: 4168: 3841: 3492: 3412: 3180: 2857: 1709: 1697: 1294: 1007: 724: 719:

often crept into popular and even official use, reflected by the designation

379: 103: 8073:

Table of Equipment No. 21 1 September 1945 Part II (theater clothing zones).

7685:

Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, p. 59. The source reproduces the original table in

6323:

10 of the fighter groups in 1945 were classified as "twin-engine". (Rickard)

5231: 4717: 4638: 4458: 4434: 2652: 10275: 9851: 4522: 4428: 4160: 3661: 3631: 3617: 1340: 1259: 1032: 982: 754: 484: 455: 394:. Since 1920, control of aviation units had resided with commanders of the 256: 195: 162: 9061: 8812:

Army Battle Casualties and Non-battle Deaths in World War II: Final Report

8624:: (USAF Historical Study 89). Center For Air Force History. Archived from 8536:

Volume Five – The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki: June 1944 – August 1945

3748:

bomber requirement of 7,500 aircraft, which included the intercontinental

8645:

The Quest: Haywood Hansell and American Strategic Bombing in World War II

8528:

Volume Four – The Pacific: Guadalcanal to Saipan: August 1942 – July 1944

5656: 4356:, A-3 winter flying trousers, and B-2 "gunner's" caps, all in seal brown 4274:(WAAC) with appropriate USAAF branch insignia. In the summer of 1943 the 4184: 3988: 3487: 1701: 1315:, General Arnold agreed to accept blacks for pilot training, albeit on a 1211: 822: 740: 642: 587: 407: 366:

The roots of the Army Air Forces arose in the formulation of theories of

259:(1941–1947). It was created on 20 June 1941 as successor to the previous 180: 8884:

Spaatz, Carl A. (April 1946). "Strategic Airpower in the European War".

8848:

Risch, Ema and Pitkin, Thomas M. (1946), QMC Historical Studies No. 16:

6479: 4690: 4323: 4167:

USAAF uniforms for all members consisted of a winter service uniform of

3917:, nevertheless, demonstrated what air power could do in the future. The 3897:, Japan was so weakened by August 1945 that Arnold believed neither the 445:

to request a reorganization study from Chief of the Air Corps Maj. Gen.

10265: 9005: 5865: 5226: 4510: 4341: 4337: 4232: 4201: 3849: 1335:. The Tuskegee training program produced 673 black fighter pilots, 253 826: 613:

as he found necessary. Under it, on 28 February 1942, Roosevelt issued

395: 8297:, Aviation Wings and Badges of World War II, retrieved 25 January 2013 8133:

AR 600-35 31 March 1944 (Section I, para. 2; Section II, para. 9, 19).

7169:, Table 84 – Airplanes on Hand in the AAF, by Type and Principal Model 5632:

Memorial Hall for the U.S. Airmen Killed In Action During World War II

4446: 3513: 849:

The logistical demands of this armada were met by the creation of the

466: 8787:

Winged Shield, Winged Sword: A History of the United States Air Force

8512:

Volume Two – Europe: Torch to Pointblank: August 1942 – December 1943

7950:, Table 203 – Expenditures by Direct Appropriations, By Major Project 5856:

By 1945 the term had also found its way into feature cinema, such as

4650: 4598: 4357: 3910: 3666: 3641: 1282: 503: 499: 329: 123: 8285:, U. S. Army Insignia, William K. Emerson, retrieved 25 January 2013 6150:

Created 30 April 1942 as a specialized training organization called

5716:

aircrew were used by the Hawaiian Department to guard warehouses in

5070: 5063: 5056: 5049: 4496: 861:

on 31 August 1944. In addition to carrying personnel and cargo, the

8520:

Volume Three – Europe: Argument to V-E Day: January 1944 – May 1945

8504:

Volume One – Plans and Early Operations: January 1939 – August 1942

8085:

AR 600-35 31 March 1944 (Section I, para. 2; Section II, para. 18).

6478:

Approximately $ 671 billion in 2016 dollars, calculated from 1945.

6435:

until early 1943; Mk.Vs and Mk.IXs were the primary fighter of the

5721: 5717: 5626: 5606: 5148: 5112: 5105: 5098: 5091: 5084: 5077: 4224: 3914: 2761: 2669: 1243: 1218: 488: 10302:

Military units and formations of the United States in World War II

8943:

Toward Independence: The Emergence of the U.S. Air Force 1945–1947

8586:

Development of AAF Base Facilities in the United States, 1939–1945

8177: 8175: 8111: 8109: 5253:

As all 48 states then part of the Union were contained within the

4785: 4778: 8991:

U.S. Army Air Forces in World War II: Combat Chronology 1941–1945

8937:(USAF Historical Study 61). Air Force Historical Research Agency. 8895:

The Army and its Air Corps: Army Policy Toward Aviation 1919–1941

8682:(USAF Historical Study 53). Air Force Historical Research Agency. 4848: 4841: 4834: 4827: 4820: 4813: 4806: 4799: 4792: 4236: 3873: 3684:

Air warfare of World War II § United States: Army Air Forces

3601: 1705: 1324: 668:

29 March 1943 reorganization of the United States Army Air Forces

6353:

The totals include 12 designated reconnaissance groups plus the

4612: 4344:

horsehide leather (later supplemented by goatskin) with a beige

8476:

Correll, John T. (July 2009). "But What About the Air Corps?".

8172: 8106: 4586: 4560: 4376: 4365: 3959: 3784: 3705: 2164: 2159: 1749: 1744: 451: 8802: 8614:

The Development of Air Doctrine in the Army Air Arm, 1917–1941

4624: 4470: 438:

The expected activation of Army General Headquarters prompted

6923:

Mooney and Williamson (1956), pp. 29, 33, 40, 41, 43, and 68.

6653:

Nalty (1997), pp. 176 and 378. Also, see growth tables above.

6521: 4372: 4311: 4172: 1690: 1290: 1277:

Air crew needs resulted in the successful training of 43,000

361: 8852:, United States Army Quartermaster Corps, Historical Section 8365:, angelfire.com, by Howard G. Lanham, retrieved 3 April 2020 8363:

United States Army, Second World War, Air Force Command Arcs

5829:"Commitments" would be consolidated as part of AC/AS, Plans. 4664: 3860:

forces to open up new bases. The AAF also supported Admiral

8484:

Craven, Wesley Frank, and Cate, James Lea, editors (1983).

4345: 3905:

would be necessary to win the war. The fact that AAF B-29s

3403: 8836:

The Development of Tactical Doctrines at AAFSAT and AAFTAC

8592:

Futrell, Robert F. (1971). USAF Historical Study No. 139:

8388:

Tables 1–73, Combat Groups, Personnel, Training, and Crews

8262:

Bowman (1997), p. 156. Reproduction of relevant page from

7770: 6386:. The air commando groups were created for service in the 3844:

a constant frustration. In the war against Japan, General

2784:

The plan was first adopted in February 1942 by the AFCC's

8719:

Mayock, Thomas J. (1944). USAF Historical Study No. 105:

8662:. Washington, D.C.: Air Force Historical Studies Office. 8583:

Futrell, Robert F. (1951). USAF Historical Study No. 69:

8574:

Finney, Robert T. (1955). USAF Historical Study No. 100:

8410:. Pacific Air Forces History Office, Hickam AFB, Hawaii. 5550: 4718:

Identification patch for flying personnel in combat areas

3763:

accordance with United States strategic policy stated in

8478:

AIR FORCE Magazine, Journal of the Air Force Association

8469:

AIR FORCE Magazine, Journal of the Air Force Association

8460:

AIR FORCE Magazine, Journal of the Air Force Association

6402:, converted to a P-47/B-25 composite group in June 1945. 4085:

with enactment of the National Security Act of 1947 (61

3832:"Tactical air forces supported the ground forces in the 2487:

did not field subordinate commands during World War II.

574: 9027: 9010: 8928:(series), United States Army Center of Military History 8789:, Vol. I. Air Force History and Museums Program, USAF. 8776:

Mooney, Chase C. (1946). USAF Historical Study No. 46:

8160:

War Department Cir. No. 391 30 September 1944 Sec. VII.

4081:

Congress, at the recommendation of Truman, created the

9208:

Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces

8926:

United States Army in World War II: The War Department

8871:

Dressed for Duty: America's Women in Uniform 1898–1973

8449:

United States Army in World War II: The War Department

7828: 7826: 7190:, Table 206 – AAF Ferrying Operations Jan 42 to Aug 45 7049:. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 139, 156–157. 3468: 3278:

Night fighter squadrons were not organized into groups

10010:

United States aircraft production during World War II

9191:

House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces

8722:

Air Phase of the North African Invasion November 1942

8340:. Air Force Historical Studies Office. Archived from 8338:"How did Air Force shoulder sleeve insignia develop?" 7344:

Official Register of the United States 1941, Volume I

7096:. Air Force Historical Studies Office. Archived from 6300:. They were trained by the last active B-29 OTU, the 4266:

Female USAAF uniforms were either the uniform of the

2421:

By the end of World War II, the USAAF had created 16

876:

United States aircraft production during World War II

10322:

Military units and formations disestablished in 1947

8897:. Maxwell Air Force Base, AL: Air University Press. 8873:. San Jose, California: R. James Bender Publishing, 8607:. Historical Section Army Ground Forces, AD-A954 913 8467:

Correll, John T. (September 2008). "GHQ Air Force".

7024:

Correll, "But What About the Air Corps?", pp. 64–65.

6571:

provisions of the National Security Act of 1947 (61

4235:

was fitted with a spring stiffening device called a

2815:

In February 1945 the AAF fielded 243 combat groups:

739:. The term "Air Force" also appeared prominently in 8738:. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University. 8647:. Maxwell Air Force Base, AL: Air University Press 8603:Greenfield, Col. Kent Roberts (1948). Study No. 35 7823: 7346:, U.S. Civil Service Commission publication, p. 48. 6945: 3943:and required medical evacuation, and 41,057 became 2864:Composition of AAF Combat Units (20 February 1945) 10307:20th-century military history of the United States 9186:House Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces 8934:Combat Crew and Training Units in the AAF, 1939–45 8833:Reither, Joseph (1944). USAF Historical Study 13: 8679:Organization of AAF Training Activities, 1939–1945 8580:, Center for Air Force History, March 1955 edition 8318:. airforce-magazine.com. Retrieved 9 October 2012. 7094:"The Evolution of the Department of the Air Force" 6261:9 Allied invasion of French North Africa) and the 3976: 2823:(25 Very Heavy, 72 Heavy, 20 Medium, and 8 Light); 2748:) groups. After the operational deployment of the 1379:USAAC-USAAF Military Personnel Strength, 1939–1945 1319:basis. A flight training center was set up at the 10312:Military units and formations established in 1941 9987: 8605:Army Ground Forces and the Air-Ground Battle Team 8563:. Darby, Pennsylvania: Diane Publishing Company. 8404:Arakaki, Leatrice R. and Kuborn, John R. (1991). 7569:Spaatz, "Strategic Airpower in the European War". 7420: 7418: 4395:United States military aircraft national insignia 569: 10288: 8688:Combat Crew Rotation World War II and Korean War 8437:Washington Command Post: The Operations Division 8424:. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books, 8380:Army Air Forces Statistical Digest, World War II 7959:Correll, "The US Army Air Forces at War", p. 32. 7938:Correll, "The US Army Air Forces at war", p. 33. 7929:Correll, "The US Army Air Forces at War", p. 34. 7904: 7902: 7798: 7796: 7786: 7784: 7782: 7687:Army Air Forces Statistical Digest, World War II 7454:, Table 217 – Airfields outside CONUS 1941–1945. 7265:Correll, "The US Army Air Forces at War", p. 36. 4388: 487:prompted the most radical reorganization of the 6734: 6732: 5774:Two changes were possibly in conflict with the 4726: 3965:36 members of the Army Air Forces received the 798:German invasion of France and the Low Countries 8914:Chief of Staff: Pre-war Plans and Preparations 8713:Combat Squadrons of the Air Force World War II 8081: 8079: 7442:Futrell, Historical Study 69, Chart I, p. 169. 7415: 6615:"Records of the Army Air Forces [AAF]" 4089:. 495), 26 July 1947. The act established the 3701:13 August 1941: electrical production (AWPD/1) 3612: 3306:List of military aircraft of the United States 2595:Army Air Forces Personnel Distribution Command 9973: 9827: 9077: 9028:National WWII Glider Pilots Association, Inc. 9001:Army Air Forces Aircraft: A Definitive Moment 8453:United States Army Center of Military History 8276:Distinguished Bomber and Aerial Gunner Badges 8012: 8010: 7899: 7793: 7779: 7036: 4410:Obsolete badges of the United States military 3288: 3286: 3284: 2772:USAAF insignia from July 1943 to January 1947 2446:Half of the numbered air forces were created 2416: 1206: 564: 7510:Reither (1944), p. 10 (organizational chart) 6926: 6729: 5910:Fortress (4,525), and C-47 Skytrain (4,454). 5589: 20 June 1941 – 18 September 1947 3925: 3315:resulting from differences in power plants. 2571:Support commands active on 15 September 1945 2458:in April 1942), and higher echelons such as 1331:distinguished themselves in combat with the 1238:became surplus, and 24,000 were sent to the 659: 10327:1947 disestablishments in the United States 9091: 8770:Organization of the Army Air Arm, 1935–1945 8398:Tables 118–218 Operations and Miscellaneous 8076: 7734: 7543: 7541: 7539: 7537: 7484: 7482: 7480: 7478: 6970: 5672:USAAF unit identification aircraft markings 743:'s 1945 War Department indoctrination film 30:For the current active service branch, see 9980: 9966: 9834: 9820: 9084: 9070: 8038: 8036: 8034: 8007: 7527: 7525: 7303: 7301: 7162: 7160: 6956:sfn error: no target: CITEREFFutrell1951 ( 6919: 6917: 5811:had been under the Chief of the Air Corps. 3281: 3272: 2664:, an organization of three or four flying 2608:Army Air Forces Technical Training Command 461: 362:Unity of command problems in the Air Corps 10201:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 8728: 7876: 7874: 7586: 7584: 7519:Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, Chapter 2, p.70. 7385:Craven and Cate Vol. 6, pp. 141–142. 7376:Craven and Cate Vol. 6, pp. 134–136. 7080:, Table 3 – Strength of the AAF 1912–1945 7042: 7006:Mooney and Williamson (1956), chart p. 30 6964: 6826: 6824: 5919:Includes liaison and rotary wing aircraft 3407:P-51 Mustang of 361st Fighter Group, 1944 2829:29 Troop Carrier and Combat Cargo groups; 1667:1939–1940 totals were U.S. Army Air Corps 36:U.S.A.A.F. - United States Army Air Force 10317:1941 establishments in the United States 8577:History of the Air Corps Tactical School 8552:Volume Seven – Services Around the World 7911: 7887: 7534: 7475: 7394:Craven and Cate Vol. 6, pp. 145 and 150. 7015:Mooney and Williamson (1956), pp. 61–62. 6640: 6638: 6636: 5737:(D-Nev). (Craven and Cate Vol. 6, p. 24) 4322: 4292: 4253: 4195: 4151: 3980: 3783:AWPD/42 revised the priorities, placing 3616: 3557: 3512: 3467: 3402: 3327:B-17G Fortresses of the 306th Bomb Group 3322: 2779:Army Air Force School of Applied Tactics 2767: 2720:). The balance of the force included 26 2651: 2558: 2464:U.S. Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific 1671: 1345: 1264: 1210: 671: 663: 573: 483:The likelihood of U.S. participation in 465: 8803:Office of the Adjutant General (1953). 8488:, Air Force Historical Studies Office, 8475: 8466: 8457: 8031: 7998: 7718: 7716: 7706: 7704: 7679: 7656: 7654: 7652: 7650: 7522: 7298: 7157: 6978:(Report). Vol. Six: Men and Planes 6951: 6914: 6748: 6746: 6744: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6716: 4297:Female service dress in OD shade 33 at 4258:At the AAF School of Air Evacuation at 4249: 4034:including three for combat operations ( 3795:To prevent or alleviate the effects of 3790: 3677: 2603:Army Air Forces Flying Training Command 2599:Discontinued or merged support commands 2466:became necessary to control the whole. 601:on 18 December 1941 endowing President 27:Aerial warfare branch from 1941 to 1947 14: 10289: 9280:Operational Test and Evaluation Center 9144:Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force 8996:Air Power: The United States Air Force 8883: 8844:Lockheed P-38 Lightning Fighter Groups 8839:, Air Force Historical Research Agency 8782:, Air Force Historical Research Agency 8773:, Air Force Historical Research Agency 8725:, Air Force Historical Research Agency 8697:Air Force Combat Units of World War II 8691:, Air Force Historical Research Agency 8589:, Air Force Historical Research Agency 8330: 8316:Up from Kittyhawk Chronology 1903–1979 8295:U.S. Army Air Corps – Between The Wars 8044:"Records of the Army Air Forces (AAF)" 7871: 7581: 7088: 7086: 7033:Futrell, Historical Study 69, pp. 2–7. 6905: 6821: 6796: 6794: 5667:United States Strategic Bombing Survey 5583: 2 July 1926 – 20 June 1941 5551:Lineage of the United States Air Force 4193:second and third button of the shirt. 2794:Assistant Chief of Air Staff, Training 695:, and Procurement & Distribution. 597:After war began, Congress enacted the 9961: 9815: 9065: 8657: 8610: 7590:Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, pp. 600–602. 7424:Futrell, Historical Study 69, p. 156. 7412:Futrell, Historical Study 69, p. 167. 7403:Futrell, Historical Study 69, p. 112. 7068:Craven and Cate, Vol. 1, pp. 105–106. 6633: 6165:Foreign Service Concentration Command 5662:Strategic bombing during World War II 5595: 18 September 1947–present 5577: 24 May 1918 – 2 July 1926 5571: 20 May 1918 – 24 May 1918 4242:Leather items, including shoes, were 3889:, first from China and then from the 3810: 3688: 3517:C-47 of the 438th Troop Carrier Group 2756:units were added to the force array. 281:United States Army Services of Supply 263:and is the direct predecessor of the 8892: 8850:Clothing the Soldier of World War II 8407:7 December 1941: The Air Force Story 8393:Tables 74–117 Aircraft and Equipment 7713: 7701: 7647: 7433:Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, pp. 120–121 7310: 7268: 6741: 6713: 6695: 6609: 6607: 6228:status over its role. (White, p. 20) 3755:AWPD/1 was approved by Marshall and 3742:the invasion of Europe by the Allies 341:with the creation of an independent 10337:United States Army Air Forces lists 8486:The Army Air Forces in World War II 7882:Army Battle Casualties Final Report 7083: 6973:The Army Air Forces in World War II 6937:sfn error: no target: CITEREFFrye ( 6875:Mooney and Williamson (1956), p. 10 6791: 6701:Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, pp. 17–18. 6366:The five composite groups were the 5799:Command and Employment of Air Power 5557:Aeronautical Division, Signal Corps 5259:United States Department of Defense 4659:Women Airforce Service Pilots Badge 4280:Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron 3934:, 1,140 died of wounds, 3,603 were 3868:in their island-hopping across the 2059:Civilian & factory tech schools 2033:Leased hotels & apartment bldgs 1289:flight engineers and 1,000 more as 869: 819:German invasion of the Soviet Union 687:(1942) helped enlist 150,000 pilots 619:Commanding General, Army Air Forces 24: 10099:Hispanic Americans in World War II 10005:American music during World War II 9781:Air & Space Forces Association 9198:Senate Committee on Armed Services 8785:Nalty, Bernard C., editor (1997). 6809:Mooney and Williamson (1956), p. 8 6644:Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, pp. 28–29 6508:The commanders L-R are Brig. Gen. 6014:United States Air Forces in Europe 5985:. (Craven and Cate, Vol. 1, p. 75) 5847:24 February 1933, Vol. XVII No. 2) 4689: 4318: 2460:United States Strategic Air Forces 629:, the other two components of the 25: 10348: 10104:Native Americans and World War II 8972: 8859:. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. 8685:Little, Donald D. et al. (1968). 8151:AR 600-35 (Section I, para. 2a2). 8142:Army Officers Guide 1942, p. 132. 8115:AR 600-35 (Section I, para. 2a3). 8028:(AF.mil) Retrieved 25 April 2016. 7307:Craven and Cate, Vol. 7, p. xxxvi 6604: 6398:, p. 2) A medium bomb group, the 4331:Flight clothing varied widely by 3856:his air forces forward and using 3696:Changing USAAF Bombing Priorities 2499:served as an additional layer of 650: 271:. The AAF was a component of the 269:armed forces of the United States 10121: 10050:Internment of Japanese Americans 9946: 9842: 9795: 9794: 9693:Division of Military Aeronautics 9218: 9117:Under Secretary of the Air Force 8356: 8321: 8309: 8300: 8288: 8269: 8256: 8247: 8244:AR 600-40 (Section IId, para. 9) 8238: 8229: 8220: 8211: 8202: 8193: 8184: 8163: 8154: 8145: 8136: 8127: 8124:AR 600-40 (Section 3, para. 39). 8118: 8097: 8088: 8067: 8058: 8019: 7989: 7980: 7971: 7962: 7953: 7941: 7932: 7923: 7862: 7853: 7844: 7835: 7814: 7805: 7761: 7752: 7743: 7725: 7692: 7666: 7638: 7629: 7620: 7611: 7602: 7593: 7572: 7563: 7554: 7513: 7504: 7495: 7466: 7457: 7316:Craven and Cate, Vol. 7, p. 514. 7046:Report on England, November 1940 6932: 6839:Correll, "GHQ Air Force", p. 68. 6578: 6564: 6555: 6502: 6493: 6484: 6472: 6463: 6450: 6425: 6415: 6405: 6360: 6347: 6326: 6317: 6307: 6278: 6268: 6231: 6221: 6212: 6203: 6193: 6184: 6174: 6157: 6144: 6135: 6126: 6116: 6107: 6098: 6089: 6080: 6071: 6062: 6053: 6028: 6019: 6002: 5988: 5974: 5954: 5569:Division of Military Aeronautics 5532: 5516: 5500: 5484: 5466: 5450: 5432: 5412: 5396: 5378: 5358: 5338: 5320: 5302: 5284: 5266: 5111: 5104: 5097: 5090: 5083: 5076: 5069: 5062: 5055: 5048: 4979: 4972: 4965: 4847: 4840: 4833: 4826: 4819: 4812: 4805: 4798: 4791: 4784: 4777: 4703: 4685:Army Air Forces Technician Badge 4675: 4663: 4649: 4637: 4623: 4611: 4597: 4585: 4571: 4559: 4545: 4535: 4521: 4509: 4495: 4483: 4469: 4457: 4445: 4433: 4147: 4119:limited to the Zone of Interior 3881:"Arnold directly controlled the 3172:Tactical reconnaissance squadron 2580:Army Air Forces Training Command 1715: 392:"General Headquarters Air Force" 96: 51: 10045:Internment of Italian Americans 8700:. Office of Air Force History. 8559:Daly-Benarek, Janet R. (1995). 7560:Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, p. 485 7531:Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, p. 58. 7472:Craven and Cate, Vol. 1, p. 75. 7445: 7436: 7427: 7406: 7397: 7388: 7379: 7370: 7358: 7349: 7337: 7328: 7319: 7289: 7280: 7259: 7250: 7241: 7232: 7223: 7214: 7202: 7193: 7181: 7172: 7148: 7139: 7130: 7121: 7112: 7071: 7062: 7053: 7027: 7018: 7009: 7000: 6991: 6896: 6887: 6878: 6869: 6860: 6851: 6842: 6833: 6812: 6803: 6782: 6773: 6764: 6755: 6726:Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, p. 293 6704: 5945: 5936: 5922: 5913: 5903: 5894: 5884: 5875: 5850: 5832: 5823: 5814: 5804: 5791: 5781: 5768: 5759: 5749: 5740: 5727: 5575:Air Service, United States Army 4671:WASP Pilot Badge, Older Version 4112:Army Air Forces in World War II 4030:, and reorganized the AAF into 3977:Demobilization and independence 3840:, where the enemy found Allied 3597:Boeing-Stearman PT-13/17 Kaydet 2862: 2647: 2137: 1719: 1382: 769:Civilian Pilot Training Program 707:officially the air arm was the 351:United States Department of War 143:2.4 million airmen (March 1944) 34:. For the 1995 video game, see 10040:Internment of German Americans 10025:New Mexico during World War II 9604:Reserve Officer Training Corps 9561:Judge Advocate General's Corps 9203:Senate Subcommittee on Airland 9181:House Armed Services Committee 9045:United States Army Air Forces 6997:Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, p. 42 6710:Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, p. 20 6686: 6677: 6668: 6656: 6647: 6540:), Brig. Gen. William Kepner ( 5690: 5563:Aviation Section, Signal Corps 3872:and assisted Allied forces in 3476: 570:Circular No. 59 reorganization 13: 1: 10297:United States Army Air Forces 10109:Puerto Ricans in World War II 10066:Women Airforce Service Pilots 9989:United States in World War II 9848:United States Army Air Forces 9752:Women Airforce Service Pilots 8979:Allied Fighter Combat Footage 8911:Watson, Mark Skinner (1991). 8190:Risch and Pitkin, pp. 80, 81. 8016:McClendon (1996), pp. 104–108 6592: 5587:United States Army Air Forces 4542:Flight Surgeon Dentist Badge 4441:Army Air Forces Aircrew Badge 4389:Badges, insignia, and emblems 4284:Women Airforce Service Pilots 3209:Photo reconnaissance squadron 2832:13 Reconnaissance groups; and 2585:Air Technical Service Command 1365:Women Airforce Service Pilots 1311:and some Northern members of 881:USAAF aircraft types by year 859:Air Technical Service Command 404:American Expeditionary Forces 339:National Security Act of 1947 233:United States Army Air Forces 46:United States Army Air Forces 10076:Woman's Land Army of America 9039:United States Army Air Corps 8658:Kreis, John F., ed. (1996). 6902:McClendon (1996), pp. 99–100 6597: 6460:, pp. 507–508, 512, and 551) 6431:Spitfire Mk.Vs equipped the 5864:, in which a naval officer ( 5711:, held the opinion that the 5704:, commanding general of the 5581:United States Army Air Corps 5559:1 August 1907 – 18 July 1914 4727:Insignia of ranks and grades 4272:Women's Auxiliary Army Corps 3717:5 January 1945: jet aircraft 3533:Curtiss-Wright C-46 Commando 3521: 3373:North American B-25 Mitchell 3263: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3239: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3211: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3174: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3142: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3113: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3085: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3057: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3021: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2989: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2957: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2925: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2897: 2895:Very heavy bombardment group 2845:the end of the war in Europe 2469:Within numbered air forces, 2407: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2085:College training detachments 2079: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1955:& other owned facilities 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925:Bombing & gunnery ranges 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1683:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1636: 1633: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1567: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1356:Women's Army Auxiliary Corps 1196: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1011: 998: 995: 992: 989: 986: 973: 970: 967: 964: 961: 950: 947: 944: 941: 938: 925: 922: 919: 916: 913: 843:American automotive industry 762: 524:Chief of the Army Air Forces 318:had already been established 261:United States Army Air Corps 7: 10015:Arizona during World War II 9107:Department of the Air Force 8729:McClendon, R. Earl (1996). 8544:Volume Six – Men and Planes 8199:Daly-Benarek (1995), p. 27. 7722:Griffith (1999), pp. 96–97. 6163:Created 1 July 1942 as the 5599: 5017: 4699:Distinguished Aerial Badges 4142: 4083:Department of the Air Force 3657:Consolidated OA-10 Catalina 3613:Utility, rescue, and glider 3607:Fairchild PT-19/PT-23/PT-26 3483:Taylorcraft L-2 Grasshopper 3443:North American P-51 Mustang 3388:Consolidated B-32 Dominator 3368:Consolidated B-24 Liberator 3358:Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress 3299: 3019:Single-engine fighter group 2804:Third, and fighters in the 1133:Military transport aircraft 479:Air warfare of World War II 356: 243:) was the major land-based 145:80,000 aircraft (July 1944) 10: 10353: 10020:Nevada during World War II 9112:Secretary of the Air Force 8855:Rottman, Gordon L (1998). 8842:Rickard, J (30 May 2007), 8676:Layman, Martha E. (1946). 8643:Griffith, Charles (1999). 8420:Bowman, Martin W. (1997). 8372: 8235:Smith (2001), pp. 244–246. 8094:AR 600-35 10 November 1941 8064:Nalty (1997), pp. 418–424. 8026:"The Air Force Fact Sheet" 7325:Nalty (1997), pp. 253–254. 7295:Nalty (1997), pp. 251–252. 7256:Nalty (1997), pp. 260–263. 7199:Nalty (1997), pp. 248–249. 7178:Nalty (1997), pp. 246–248. 7154:Nalty (1997), pp. 233–235. 6779:Nalty (1997), pp. 179–181. 6692:Nalty (1997), pp. 131–133. 6674:Nalty (1997), pp. 112–113. 5891:of the AAF. (Tate, p. 179) 5565:18 July 1914 – 20 May 1918 5216: 4949: 4734: 4407: 4392: 4163:in Officer's Service Dress 4137: 3681: 3592:Vultee BT-13/BT-15 Valiant 3553: 3398: 3353:North American A-36 Apache 3303: 2563:AAF Training Command patch 2417:Organization and equipment 2111:Specialized storage depots 1207:Growth, military personnel 873: 565:Reorganizations of the AAF 476: 283:(which in 1943 became the 29: 10271:Destroyers-for-bases deal 10256: 10209: 10178: 10169:Medal of Honor recipients 10130: 10119: 10089: 10058: 9995: 9944: 9858: 9789: 9670: 9632: 9516: 9454: 9351: 9293: 9267: 9236: 9227: 9216: 9099: 9050: 9043: 9035: 8611:Greer, Thomas H. (1985). 7811:Bowman (1997), pp. 19–20. 7501:Bowman (1997), pp. 17–18. 7043:Ingersoll, Ralph (1940). 6010:U.S. Strategic Air Forces 5933:, June 1995, pp. 260–263) 5617:Combined Bomber Offensive 5036: 5033: 5030: 5024: 4959: 4403: 4105: 3926:USAAF statistical summary 3528:Beechcraft C-45 Expeditor 3453:Northrop P-61 Black Widow 3438:Republic P-47 Thunderbolt 3383:Boeing B-29 Superfortress 3318: 3055:Twin-engine fighter group 796:Following the successful 660:March 1943 reorganization 631:Army of the United States 502:'s military air arm, the 372:Air Corps Tactical School 247:service component of the 206: 201: 191: 169: 149: 139: 129: 119: 109: 91: 73: 65: 50: 45: 10258:Diplomatic participation 9614:Airman Leadership School 9416:Thirteenth Expeditionary 9254:Field Operating Agencies 8940:Wolk, Herman S. (1996). 8920:11 November 2010 at the 8443:11 December 2018 at the 8422:USAAF Handbook 1939–1945 8103:Risch and Pitkin, p. 47. 8004:McClendon (1996), p. 108 7868:Little (1968), pp. 14–16 7850:Little (1968), pp. 11–12 7644:White (1949), pp. 17–18. 7626:Layman (1946), pp. 38–40 6911:Layman (1946), pp. 22–23 6893:Mooney (1946), pp. 57–58 6866:Mooney (1946), pp. 49–50 5683: 5255:contiguous United States 5223:shoulder sleeve insignia 4645:Technical Observer Badge 3919:Strategic Bombing Survey 3907:dropped the atomic bombs 3587:Cessna AT-8/AT-17 Bobcat 2955:Medium bombardment group 2796:and administered by the 1228:Officer Candidate School 751:, of the famous iconic 721:Air Force Combat Command 528:Air Force Combat Command 59:shoulder sleeve insignia 9599:Officer Training School 9093:United States Air Force 9054:United States Air Force 8893:Tate, James P. (1998). 8869:Smith, Jill H. (2001). 8857:U.S. Army Air Force – 1 8732:Autonomy of the Air Arm 8710:Maurer, Maurer (1982). 8694:Maurer, Maurer (1983). 8217:AR 600-37 16 April 1945 7776:Griffith (1999), p. 77. 7767:Griffith (1999), p. 78. 7758:Griffith (1999), p. 66. 7710:Griffith (1999), p. 67. 6884:McClendon (1996), p. 98 6480:US Inflation Calculator 6447:, pp. 35, 84, and 114). 6384:3rd Air Commando Groups 6169:I Concentration Command 5677:Air Force Space Command 5593:United States Air Force 5313:Southeast United States 5295:Northwest United States 5277:Northeast United States 5154:Technician Fourth Grade 4092:United States Air Force 4062:Autonomy of the Air Arm 3848:made his advance along 3723:On 13 August 1941, the 3637:Noorduyn UC-64 Norseman 3423:Lockheed P-38 Lightning 3237:Combat mapping squadron 2987:Light bombardment group 2923:Heavy bombardment group 2656:USAAF recruiting poster 2630:I Concentration Command 2626:I Troop Carrier Command 2462:(USSTAF) in Europe and 1757:Total all installations 1252:United States Air Force 1152:December 1944 (10,456) 1083:Reconnaissance aircraft 1052:September 1944 (3,338) 472:Henry H. ("Hap") Arnold 462:Army Air Forces created 414:but was not activated. 343:United States Air Force 267:, today one of the six 265:United States Air Force 214:Henry H. ("Hap") Arnold 32:United States Air Force 10191:Attack on Pearl Harbor 10132:Military participation 9642:Awards and decorations 9275:District of Washington 9268:Direct Reporting Units 8622:Maxwell Air Force Base 8434:Cline, Ray S. (1990). 8327:Rottman (1998), p. 54. 8253:Risch and Pitkin, p. . 8226:Bowman (1997), p. 172. 8181:Bowman (1997), p. 171. 7948:AAF Statistical Digest 7918:AAF Statistical Digest 7894:AAF Statistical Digest 7841:Little (1968), pp. 8–9 7698:Bowman (1997), p. 113. 7661:AAF Statistical Digest 7452:AAF Statistical Digest 7365:AAF Statistical Digest 7334:Bowman (1997), p. 158. 7286:Bowman (1997), p. 161. 7275:AAF Statistical Digest 7209:AAF Statistical Digest 7188:AAF Statistical Digest 7167:AAF Statistical Digest 7078:AAF Statistical Digest 6663:AAF Statistical Digest 6396:AAF Statistical Digest 6355:25h Bomb Group (Recon) 5967:19 August 2012 at the 5698:attack on Pearl Harbor 5333:(Zone of the Interior) 5315:(Zone of the Interior) 5297:(Zone of the Interior) 5279:(Zone of the Interior) 5261:in the 21st century. 5164:Technician Fifth Grade 5144:Technician Third Grade 4694: 4479:Balloon Observer Badge 4328: 4302: 4263: 4205: 4164: 4135: 4129: 4065: 3991: 3923: 3878: 3829: 3736:and the U.S. war plan 3725:Air War Plans Division 3720: 3622: 3602:Ryan PT-16/PT-21/PT-22 3567: 3548:Lockheed C-56 Lodestar 3543:Douglas C-54 Skymaster 3518: 3473: 3408: 3328: 3140:Night fighter squadron 2798:Unit Training Division 2773: 2754:Very Heavy Bombardment 2683:and its successor the 2657: 2639:Flight Control Command 2621:Proving Ground Command 2590:Army Air Forces Center 2564: 2441:Continental Air Forces 1981:Contract pilot schools 1367:(WASPs), and 6,500 as 1351: 1274: 1222: 1200:December 1943 (4,267) 839:attack on Pearl Harbor 809: 688: 669: 582: 547:attack on Pearl Harbor 543:Department of the Navy 474: 378:that led to his later 335:United States Congress 309:U.S. Army Signal Corps 79:; 77 years ago 9685:Aeronautical Division 8931:White, Jerry (1949). 8208:Smith (2001), p. 241. 8169:AR 600-35 (para. 12). 7995:Nalty (1997), p. 377. 7986:Nalty (1997), p. 375. 7977:Nalty (1997), p. 374. 7968:Nalty (1997), p. 378. 7908:Nalty (1997), p. 268. 7802:Nalty (1997), p. 190. 7790:Nalty (1997), p. 188. 7749:Bowman (1997), p. 19. 7740:Irving (1989), p. 666 7463:Bowman (1997), p. 16. 7355:Finney (1955), p. 25. 7247:Nalty (1997), p. 255. 7238:Nalty (1997), p. 325. 7229:Nalty (1997), p. 259. 7220:Nalty (1997), p. 250. 7145:Nalty (1997), p. 235. 7127:Nalty (1997), p. 231. 7118:Nalty (1997), p. 173. 6738:Nalty (1997), p. 181. 6683:Nalty (1997), p. 130. 6575:. 495), 26 July 1947. 6374:(B-24/B-25), and the 6152:Air Transport Command 5983:Strategic Air Command 5845:Air Corps News Letter 5331:Western United States 4989:Chief Warrant Officer 4693: 4505:Flight Engineer Badge 4326: 4296: 4270:(ANC) or that of the 4257: 4199: 4155: 4130: 4116: 4053: 4036:Strategic Air Command 4000:Air Transport Command 3984: 3879: 3830: 3817: 3693: 3662:Sikorsky R-4 Hoverfly 3620: 3582:Lockheed AT-18 Hudson 3561: 3538:Douglas C-47 Skytrain 3516: 3508:de Havilland Mosquito 3471: 3406: 3393:Lockheed B-34 Ventura 3348:Vultee A-35 Vengeance 3326: 2771: 2655: 2634:Antisubmarine Command 2575:Air Transport Command 2567:These commands were: 2562: 2485:Fourteenth Air Forces 2452:V Air Support Command 1883:Total CONUS airfields 1672:Growth, installations 1349: 1268: 1256:James Robinson Risner 1214: 1027:October 1944 (6,262) 904:Date of maximum size 863:Air Transport Command 804: 693:Military Requirements 680: 667: 603:Franklin D. Roosevelt 577: 551:Joint Chiefs of Staff 469: 10332:Disbanded air forces 9928:Fourteenth Air Force 9923:Thirteenth Air Force 9556:Aeronautical ratings 9155:Three-star generals 9021:4 March 2018 at the 7880:"Battle casualties" 7859:Little (1968), p. 13 7832:Little (1968), p. 25 7820:Little (1968), p. 24 7731:Kreis (1996), p. 241 7617:Layman (1946), p. 23 7608:Layman (1946), p. 14 7599:White (1949), p. 15. 7136:Tate (1998), p. 189. 7059:Tate (1998), p. 172. 6857:Cline (1990), p. 92. 6848:Mooney (1946), p. 49 6818:Mooney (1946), p. 47 6770:Greer (1985), p. 114 6761:Mooney (1946), p. 43 6518:Dwight D. Eisenhower 6443:until 1944. (Maurer 6257:but was assigned to 6255:327th Fighter Groups 6044:69th Composite Wings 5868:) and an AAF pilot ( 5860:They Were Expendable 5776:National Defense Act 5647:Operation Tidal Wave 5642:Operation Matterhorn 5508:Fourteenth Air Force 5492:Thirteenth Air Force 4531:Flight Surgeon Badge 4454:Airship Pilot Badge 4333:theater of operation 4250:Female service dress 4040:Tactical Air Command 4028:Dwight D. Eisenhower 3791:Combat crew rotation 3734:British Commonwealth 3708:facilities (AWPD/42) 3678:Role in World War II 3498:Stinson L-5 Sentinel 3458:Supermarine Spitfire 3433:Curtiss P-40 Warhawk 3378:Martin B-26 Marauder 3343:Douglas A-26 Invader 3338:Douglas A-24 Banshee 2841:Invasion of Normandy 2694:B-17 Flying Fortress 2476:VIII Fighter Command 2471:operational commands 2139:Overseas airfields 1721:CONUS installations 1232:Miami Beach, Florida 1002:April 1945 (12,919) 977:August 1945 (2,865) 782:Messerschmitt Bf 110 747:War Comes to America 681:The recruiting film 615:Executive Order 9082 599:First War Powers Act 470:General of the Army 9938:Twentieth Air Force 9933:Fifteenth Air Force 9353:Numbered Air Forces 9134:Vice Chief of Staff 8984:16 May 2009 at the 8950:The Officer's Guide 8755:on 23 November 2016 8344:on 17 November 2016 8281:27 May 2014 at the 8264:The Officer's Guide 8046:. National Archives 7635:White (1949), p. 20 7578:White (1949), p. 8. 6988:(page 233, others). 6752:Mooney (1956), p. 7 6036:24th Composite Wing 5709:Hawaiian Department 5540:Twentieth Air Force 5524:Fifteenth Air Force 5244:Quartermaster Corps 5169:Private First Class 4857:General of the Army 4633:Service Pilot Badge 4581:Liaison Pilot Badge 4465:Balloon Pilot Badge 4429:Aerial Gunner Badge 4200:Awards ceremony at 4044:Air Defense Command 3883:Twentieth Air Force 3825:Fifteenth Air Force 3732:agreement with the 3647:Cessna UC-78 Bobcat 3503:North American O-47 3463:Bristol Beaufighter 3448:Bell P-59 Airacomet 3428:Bell P-39 Airacobra 3083:Troop carrier group 2865: 2835:5 Composite groups. 2613:Air Service Command 2501:command and control 2489:Fifteenth Air Force 2424:numbered air forces 2140: 2007:Rented office space 1722: 1679:Quartermaster Corps 1333:332nd Fighter Group 1299:Army Service Forces 1248:Army Service Forces 1246:, and 6,000 to the 1127:July 1944 (41,667) 929:July 1944 (79,908) 882: 851:Air Service Command 532:Army Service Forces 440:Army Chief of Staff 345:in September 1947. 289:Army Chief of Staff 285:Army Service Forces 10237:Japanese Americans 10071:Women's Army Corps 9913:Eleventh Air Force 9711:The U.S. Air Force 9624:Fitness Assessment 9581:Chief of Chaplains 9500:Civilian auxiliary 9249:Air National Guard 9151:Four-star generals 9006:AAFCollection.info 7100:on 5 November 2013 6534:James H. Doolittle 6239:33rd Fighter Group 6050:, pp. 388 and 404) 5997:Army Ground Forces 5962:"Proud to be Back" 5931:AIR FORCE Magazine 5713:Hawaiian Air Force 5458:Eleventh Air Force 5232:V-for-Victory sign 5134:Technical Sergeant 4887:Lieutenant Colonel 4867:Lieutenant General 4695: 4555:Glider Pilot Badge 4517:Flight Nurse Badge 4338:A-2 flight jackets 4329: 4303: 4276:Women's Army Corps 4264: 4206: 4165: 4121:(today called the 4100:Key West Agreement 4048:Air National Guard 4021:reserve components 3992: 3811:Operations summary 3744:would take place. 3711:3 September 1944: 3704:6 September 1942: 3689:Strategic planning 3623: 3568: 3562:USAAF AT-6Cs near 3519: 3474: 3409: 3333:Douglas A-20 Havoc 3329: 3111:Combat cargo group 2875:Number of aircraft 2863: 2852:squadrons, mostly 2826:71 Fighter groups; 2821:Bombardment groups 2774: 2750:B-29 Superfortress 2674:Army Ground Forces 2658: 2565: 2138: 1720: 1360:Women's Army Corps 1352: 1321:Tuskegee Institute 1275: 1242:for retraining as 1240:Army Ground Forces 1223: 1177:May 1944 (27,923) 1077:May 1945 (17,725) 959:Very heavy bombers 954:May 1945 (43,248) 880: 735:Winning Your Wings 689: 684:Winning Your Wings 670: 627:Services of Supply 623:Army Ground Forces 609:to reorganize the 592:Joseph T. McNarney 583: 580:recruitment poster 559:United States Navy 475: 443:George C. Marshall 277:Army Ground Forces 273:United States Army 249:United States Army 154:Munitions Building 84:September 18, 1947 77:September 18, 1947 10284: 10283: 10252: 10251: 10232:Chinese Americans 10217:African Americans 10196:Normandy landings 10117: 10116: 10081:Rosie the Riveter 9955: 9954: 9918:Twelfth Air Force 9893:Seventh Air Force 9809: 9808: 9594:Air Force Academy 9512: 9511: 9139:Director of Staff 9060: 9059: 9051:Succeeded by 8904:978-0-16-061379-1 8745:978-0-16-045510-0 8669:978-1-4289-1405-6 6971:Craven and Cate. 6800:Wolk (1996), p. 6 6788:Wolk (1996), p. 4 6619:National Archives 6433:4th Fighter Group 6263:Twelfth Air Force 5841:F. Trubee Davison 5735:James G. Scrugham 5612:Bombardment group 5474:Twelfth Air Force 5386:Seventh Air Force 5369:Caribbean Islands 5353:Southwest Pacific 5248:Command structure 5236:Winston Churchill 5214: 5213: 5015: 5014: 4947: 4946: 4907:Second Lieutenant 4877:Brigadier General 4711: 4710: 4327:USAAF flight crew 3941:wounded in action 3936:missing in action 3866:aircraft carriers 3846:Douglas MacArthur 3838:European theaters 3418:Curtiss P-36 Hawk 3363:Douglas B-18 Bolo 3268: 3267: 2843:in June 1944 and 2414: 2413: 2136: 2135: 1668: 1664: 1663: 1309:Eleanor Roosevelt 1305:African-Americans 1269:1943 portrait of 1260:Charles E. Yeager 1204: 1203: 1102:May 1945 (2,009) 898:31 December 1944 895:31 December 1943 892:31 December 1942 889:31 December 1941 886:Type of aircraft 855:Materiel Division 678: 368:strategic bombing 226: 225: 16:(Redirected from 10344: 10244:Jewish Americans 10176: 10175: 10125: 10056: 10055: 9982: 9975: 9968: 9959: 9958: 9950: 9898:Eighth Air Force 9878:Fourth Air Force 9868:Second Air Force 9846: 9836: 9829: 9822: 9813: 9812: 9798: 9797: 9697:Army Air Service 9689:Aviation Section 9504:Civil Air Patrol 9234: 9233: 9222: 9221: 9086: 9079: 9072: 9063: 9062: 9036:Preceded by 9033: 9032: 8908: 8889: 8830: 8828: 8826: 8821:on 20 March 2020 8820: 8809: 8764: 8762: 8760: 8754: 8748:. Archived from 8737: 8673: 8640: 8638: 8636: 8631:on 13 March 2013 8630: 8619: 8481: 8472: 8463: 8366: 8360: 8354: 8353: 8351: 8349: 8334: 8328: 8325: 8319: 8313: 8307: 8304: 8298: 8292: 8286: 8273: 8267: 8260: 8254: 8251: 8245: 8242: 8236: 8233: 8227: 8224: 8218: 8215: 8209: 8206: 8200: 8197: 8191: 8188: 8182: 8179: 8170: 8167: 8161: 8158: 8152: 8149: 8143: 8140: 8134: 8131: 8125: 8122: 8116: 8113: 8104: 8101: 8095: 8092: 8086: 8083: 8074: 8071: 8065: 8062: 8056: 8055: 8053: 8051: 8040: 8029: 8023: 8017: 8014: 8005: 8002: 7996: 7993: 7987: 7984: 7978: 7975: 7969: 7966: 7960: 7957: 7951: 7945: 7939: 7936: 7930: 7927: 7921: 7915: 7909: 7906: 7897: 7891: 7885: 7878: 7869: 7866: 7860: 7857: 7851: 7848: 7842: 7839: 7833: 7830: 7821: 7818: 7812: 7809: 7803: 7800: 7791: 7788: 7777: 7774: 7768: 7765: 7759: 7756: 7750: 7747: 7741: 7738: 7732: 7729: 7723: 7720: 7711: 7708: 7699: 7696: 7690: 7683: 7677: 7674:Combat Squadrons 7670: 7664: 7658: 7645: 7642: 7636: 7633: 7627: 7624: 7618: 7615: 7609: 7606: 7600: 7597: 7591: 7588: 7579: 7576: 7570: 7567: 7561: 7558: 7552: 7545: 7532: 7529: 7520: 7517: 7511: 7508: 7502: 7499: 7493: 7486: 7473: 7470: 7464: 7461: 7455: 7449: 7443: 7440: 7434: 7431: 7425: 7422: 7413: 7410: 7404: 7401: 7395: 7392: 7386: 7383: 7377: 7374: 7368: 7362: 7356: 7353: 7347: 7341: 7335: 7332: 7326: 7323: 7317: 7314: 7308: 7305: 7296: 7293: 7287: 7284: 7278: 7272: 7266: 7263: 7257: 7254: 7248: 7245: 7239: 7236: 7230: 7227: 7221: 7218: 7212: 7206: 7200: 7197: 7191: 7185: 7179: 7176: 7170: 7164: 7155: 7152: 7146: 7143: 7137: 7134: 7128: 7125: 7119: 7116: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7105: 7090: 7081: 7075: 7069: 7066: 7060: 7057: 7051: 7050: 7040: 7034: 7031: 7025: 7022: 7016: 7013: 7007: 7004: 6998: 6995: 6989: 6987: 6985: 6983: 6977: 6968: 6962: 6961: 6949: 6943: 6942: 6930: 6924: 6921: 6912: 6909: 6903: 6900: 6894: 6891: 6885: 6882: 6876: 6873: 6867: 6864: 6858: 6855: 6849: 6846: 6840: 6837: 6831: 6828: 6819: 6816: 6810: 6807: 6801: 6798: 6789: 6786: 6780: 6777: 6771: 6768: 6762: 6759: 6753: 6750: 6739: 6736: 6727: 6724: 6711: 6708: 6702: 6699: 6693: 6690: 6684: 6681: 6675: 6672: 6666: 6660: 6654: 6651: 6645: 6642: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6626: 6621:. 15 August 2016 6611: 6586: 6582: 6576: 6568: 6562: 6559: 6553: 6546:Donald Blakeslee 6506: 6500: 6497: 6491: 6488: 6482: 6476: 6470: 6467: 6461: 6458:Combat Squadrons 6454: 6448: 6429: 6423: 6419: 6413: 6409: 6403: 6364: 6358: 6351: 6345: 6330: 6324: 6321: 6315: 6311: 6305: 6282: 6276: 6272: 6266: 6235: 6229: 6225: 6219: 6216: 6210: 6207: 6201: 6197: 6191: 6188: 6182: 6178: 6172: 6161: 6155: 6148: 6142: 6139: 6133: 6130: 6124: 6120: 6114: 6111: 6105: 6102: 6096: 6093: 6087: 6084: 6078: 6075: 6069: 6066: 6060: 6057: 6051: 6032: 6026: 6023: 6017: 6006: 6000: 5992: 5986: 5978: 5972: 5958: 5952: 5949: 5943: 5940: 5934: 5926: 5920: 5917: 5911: 5907: 5901: 5898: 5892: 5888: 5882: 5879: 5873: 5870:Louis Jean Heydt 5854: 5848: 5836: 5830: 5827: 5821: 5818: 5812: 5808: 5802: 5795: 5789: 5785: 5779: 5772: 5766: 5763: 5757: 5753: 5747: 5744: 5738: 5731: 5725: 5694: 5637:Operation Bolero 5536: 5520: 5504: 5488: 5470: 5454: 5436: 5416: 5404:Eighth Air Force 5400: 5382: 5362: 5342: 5328:Fourth Air Force 5324: 5306: 5292:Second Air Force 5288: 5270: 5115: 5108: 5101: 5094: 5087: 5080: 5073: 5066: 5059: 5052: 5022: 5021: 4983: 4976: 4969: 4954: 4953: 4902:First Lieutenant 4851: 4844: 4837: 4830: 4823: 4816: 4809: 4802: 4795: 4788: 4781: 4739: 4738: 4707: 4679: 4667: 4653: 4641: 4627: 4615: 4601: 4589: 4575: 4567:Instructor Badge 4563: 4549: 4539: 4525: 4513: 4499: 4491:Bombardier Badge 4487: 4473: 4461: 4449: 4437: 4425: 4424: 4418:, the following 4362:General Electric 4268:Army Nurse Corps 4229:warrant officers 4159:recipient Major 3945:prisoners-of-war 3932:killed in action 3901:nor the planned 3893:. Devastated by 3777:Eighth Air Force 3757:Secretary of War 3293: 3290: 3279: 3276: 2872:Type of aircraft 2866: 2790:Third Air Forces 2736:) groups, and 6 2728:in May 1942), 9 2724:groups (renamed 2700:), and the rest 2617:Materiel Command 2553:chain of command 2549:support commands 2217:Atlantic islands 2156:31 December 1944 2153:31 December 1943 2150:31 December 1942 2147:31 December 1941 2141: 1855:Auxiliary fields 1741:31 December 1944 1738:31 December 1943 1735:31 December 1942 1732:31 December 1941 1726:Type of facility 1723: 1681:and then by the 1666: 1590:31 December 1944 1538:31 December 1943 1515:31 December 1942 1492:31 December 1941 1469:31 December 1940 1446:31 December 1939 1383: 1158:Trainer aircraft 1108:Support aircraft 1058:Fighter aircraft 883: 879: 870:Growth, aircraft 813: 679: 611:executive branch 516:Robert A. Lovett 429:Frank M. Andrews 400:John J. Pershing 305:aviation section 187: 181:Ultramarine blue 179: 176: 158:Washington, D.C. 102: 100: 99: 87: 85: 80: 55: 43: 42: 21: 10352: 10351: 10347: 10346: 10345: 10343: 10342: 10341: 10287: 10286: 10285: 10280: 10248: 10227:Asian Americans 10221:Tuskegee Airmen 10205: 10186:List of battles 10174: 10126: 10113: 10085: 10054: 10030:G.I. Generation 9991: 9986: 9956: 9951: 9942: 9908:Tenth Air Force 9903:Ninth Air Force 9888:Sixth Air Force 9883:Fifth Air Force 9873:Third Air Force 9863:First Air Force 9854: 9840: 9810: 9805: 9785: 9776:Service numbers 9747:National Museum 9705:Army Air Forces 9672: 9666: 9634: 9628: 9586:Chief Scientist 9576:Medical Service 9571:Security Forces 9518: 9508: 9493:Security Forces 9450: 9347: 9289: 9263: 9223: 9219: 9214: 9095: 9090: 9056: 9047: 9041: 9023:Wayback Machine 8986:Wayback Machine 8975: 8970: 8922:Wayback Machine 8905: 8886:Foreign Affairs 8824: 8822: 8818: 8807: 8758: 8756: 8752: 8746: 8735: 8670: 8634: 8632: 8628: 8617: 8445:Wayback Machine 8375: 8370: 8369: 8361: 8357: 8347: 8345: 8336: 8335: 8331: 8326: 8322: 8314: 8310: 8305: 8301: 8293: 8289: 8283:Wayback Machine 8274: 8270: 8261: 8257: 8252: 8248: 8243: 8239: 8234: 8230: 8225: 8221: 8216: 8212: 8207: 8203: 8198: 8194: 8189: 8185: 8180: 8173: 8168: 8164: 8159: 8155: 8150: 8146: 8141: 8137: 8132: 8128: 8123: 8119: 8114: 8107: 8102: 8098: 8093: 8089: 8084: 8077: 8072: 8068: 8063: 8059: 8049: 8047: 8042: 8041: 8032: 8024: 8020: 8015: 8008: 8003: 7999: 7994: 7990: 7985: 7981: 7976: 7972: 7967: 7963: 7958: 7954: 7946: 7942: 7937: 7933: 7928: 7924: 7916: 7912: 7907: 7900: 7892: 7888: 7879: 7872: 7867: 7863: 7858: 7854: 7849: 7845: 7840: 7836: 7831: 7824: 7819: 7815: 7810: 7806: 7801: 7794: 7789: 7780: 7775: 7771: 7766: 7762: 7757: 7753: 7748: 7744: 7739: 7735: 7730: 7726: 7721: 7714: 7709: 7702: 7697: 7693: 7684: 7680: 7671: 7667: 7659: 7648: 7643: 7639: 7634: 7630: 7625: 7621: 7616: 7612: 7607: 7603: 7598: 7594: 7589: 7582: 7577: 7573: 7568: 7564: 7559: 7555: 7546: 7535: 7530: 7523: 7518: 7514: 7509: 7505: 7500: 7496: 7487: 7476: 7471: 7467: 7462: 7458: 7450: 7446: 7441: 7437: 7432: 7428: 7423: 7416: 7411: 7407: 7402: 7398: 7393: 7389: 7384: 7380: 7375: 7371: 7363: 7359: 7354: 7350: 7342: 7338: 7333: 7329: 7324: 7320: 7315: 7311: 7306: 7299: 7294: 7290: 7285: 7281: 7273: 7269: 7264: 7260: 7255: 7251: 7246: 7242: 7237: 7233: 7228: 7224: 7219: 7215: 7207: 7203: 7198: 7194: 7186: 7182: 7177: 7173: 7165: 7158: 7153: 7149: 7144: 7140: 7135: 7131: 7126: 7122: 7117: 7113: 7103: 7101: 7092: 7091: 7084: 7076: 7072: 7067: 7063: 7058: 7054: 7041: 7037: 7032: 7028: 7023: 7019: 7014: 7010: 7005: 7001: 6996: 6992: 6981: 6979: 6975: 6969: 6965: 6955: 6950: 6946: 6936: 6931: 6927: 6922: 6915: 6910: 6906: 6901: 6897: 6892: 6888: 6883: 6879: 6874: 6870: 6865: 6861: 6856: 6852: 6847: 6843: 6838: 6834: 6829: 6822: 6817: 6813: 6808: 6804: 6799: 6792: 6787: 6783: 6778: 6774: 6769: 6765: 6760: 6756: 6751: 6742: 6737: 6730: 6725: 6714: 6709: 6705: 6700: 6696: 6691: 6687: 6682: 6678: 6673: 6669: 6661: 6657: 6652: 6648: 6643: 6634: 6624: 6622: 6613: 6612: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6589: 6583: 6579: 6569: 6565: 6560: 6556: 6507: 6503: 6498: 6494: 6489: 6485: 6477: 6473: 6468: 6464: 6455: 6451: 6430: 6426: 6420: 6416: 6410: 6406: 6365: 6361: 6352: 6348: 6331: 6327: 6322: 6318: 6312: 6308: 6283: 6279: 6273: 6269: 6259:Operation Torch 6236: 6232: 6226: 6222: 6217: 6213: 6208: 6204: 6198: 6194: 6189: 6185: 6179: 6175: 6162: 6158: 6149: 6145: 6140: 6136: 6131: 6127: 6121: 6117: 6112: 6108: 6103: 6099: 6094: 6090: 6085: 6081: 6076: 6072: 6067: 6063: 6058: 6054: 6033: 6029: 6024: 6020: 6007: 6003: 5993: 5989: 5979: 5975: 5969:Wayback Machine 5959: 5955: 5950: 5946: 5941: 5937: 5927: 5923: 5918: 5914: 5908: 5904: 5899: 5895: 5889: 5885: 5880: 5876: 5855: 5851: 5837: 5833: 5828: 5824: 5819: 5815: 5809: 5805: 5796: 5792: 5786: 5782: 5773: 5769: 5764: 5760: 5754: 5750: 5745: 5741: 5732: 5728: 5702:Walter C. Short 5695: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5652:Project Alberta 5602: 5553: 5546: 5545:Mariana Islands 5544: 5542: 5537: 5528: 5526: 5521: 5512: 5510: 5505: 5496: 5494: 5489: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5471: 5462: 5460: 5455: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5440:Tenth Air Force 5437: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5420:Ninth Air Force 5417: 5408: 5406: 5401: 5392: 5391:Central Pacific 5390: 5388: 5383: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5366:Sixth Air Force 5363: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5346:Fifth Air Force 5343: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5325: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5310:Third Air Force 5307: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5289: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5274:First Air Force 5271: 5234:popularized by 5219: 5124:Master Sergeant 5020: 4994:Warrant Officer 4952: 4737: 4729: 4720: 4593:Navigator Badge 4420:military badges 4412: 4406: 4397: 4391: 4350:shoulder straps 4321: 4319:Flight clothing 4252: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4108: 4075:Harry S. Truman 4066: 4050:in April 1946. 3979: 3971:Operation Torch 3928: 3870:Central Pacific 3813: 3793: 3721: 3691: 3686: 3680: 3652:Airspeed Oxford 3615: 3556: 3524: 3479: 3472:Taylorcraft L-2 3401: 3321: 3308: 3302: 3297: 3296: 3291: 3282: 3277: 3273: 3179: 3029: 2884:Total personnel 2878:Number of crews 2650: 2456:Ninth Air Force 2419: 2332:Pacific islands 1827:Satellite bases 1729:7 December 1941 1718: 1674: 1669: 1613:30 April 1945 ( 1561:31 March 1944 ( 1381: 1329:Tuskegee Airmen 1216:Tuskegee Airmen 1209: 935:Combat aircraft 901:31 August 1945 878: 872: 815: 811: 790:Ralph Ingersoll 765: 709:Army Air Forces 672: 662: 572: 567: 555:Combined Chiefs 498:and the German 496:Royal Air Force 481: 464: 447:Henry H. Arnold 422:, Pacific, and 364: 359: 314:Royal Air Force 229: 217: 208: 177: 174: 173: 161: 144: 97: 95: 83: 81: 78: 61: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10350: 10340: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10282: 10281: 10279: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10262: 10260: 10254: 10253: 10250: 10249: 10247: 10246: 10241: 10240: 10239: 10234: 10224: 10213: 10211: 10207: 10206: 10204: 10203: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10182: 10180: 10173: 10172: 10165:Service medals 10162: 10157: 10152: 10150:Army Air Force 10147: 10136: 10134: 10128: 10127: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10114: 10112: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10095: 10093: 10087: 10086: 10084: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10062: 10060: 10059:American women 10053: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10035:Schools at War 10032: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10001: 9999: 9993: 9992: 9985: 9984: 9977: 9970: 9962: 9953: 9952: 9945: 9943: 9941: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9859: 9856: 9855: 9839: 9838: 9831: 9824: 9816: 9807: 9806: 9804: 9803: 9790: 9787: 9786: 9784: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9722:Airman's Creed 9719: 9717:Air Force Band 9714: 9707: 9701:Army Air Corps 9682: 9676: 9674: 9668: 9667: 9665: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9638: 9636: 9630: 9629: 9627: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9609:Basic Training 9606: 9601: 9596: 9589: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9551:Specialty Code 9548: 9547: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9528: 9522: 9520: 9514: 9513: 9510: 9509: 9507: 9506: 9497: 9496: 9495: 9490: 9480: 9479: 9478: 9468: 9467: 9466: 9455: 9452: 9451: 9449: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9357: 9355: 9349: 9348: 9346: 9345: 9343:USAFE–AFAFRICA 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9299: 9297: 9295:Major commands 9291: 9290: 9288: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9271: 9269: 9265: 9264: 9262: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9240: 9238: 9231: 9225: 9224: 9217: 9215: 9213: 9212: 9211: 9210: 9205: 9195: 9194: 9193: 9188: 9178: 9177: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9153: 9148: 9147: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9129:Chief of Staff 9121: 9120: 9119: 9114: 9103: 9101: 9097: 9096: 9089: 9088: 9081: 9074: 9066: 9058: 9057: 9052: 9049: 9042: 9037: 9031: 9030: 9025: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8974: 8973:External links 8971: 8969: 8968: 8965: 8962: 8959: 8956: 8953: 8947: 8938: 8929: 8909: 8903: 8890: 8881: 8867: 8853: 8846: 8840: 8831: 8800: 8797: 8783: 8774: 8765: 8744: 8726: 8717: 8708: 8692: 8683: 8674: 8668: 8655: 8641: 8608: 8601: 8600:in six parts.) 8590: 8581: 8572: 8556: 8555: 8547: 8539: 8531: 8523: 8515: 8507: 8498: 8497: 8482: 8473: 8464: 8455: 8432: 8418: 8401: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8384: 8383: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8368: 8367: 8355: 8329: 8320: 8308: 8299: 8287: 8268: 8255: 8246: 8237: 8228: 8219: 8210: 8201: 8192: 8183: 8171: 8162: 8153: 8144: 8135: 8126: 8117: 8105: 8096: 8087: 8075: 8066: 8057: 8030: 8018: 8006: 7997: 7988: 7979: 7970: 7961: 7952: 7940: 7931: 7922: 7910: 7898: 7886: 7870: 7861: 7852: 7843: 7834: 7822: 7813: 7804: 7792: 7778: 7769: 7760: 7751: 7742: 7733: 7724: 7712: 7700: 7691: 7678: 7665: 7646: 7637: 7628: 7619: 7610: 7601: 7592: 7580: 7571: 7562: 7553: 7533: 7521: 7512: 7503: 7494: 7474: 7465: 7456: 7444: 7435: 7426: 7414: 7405: 7396: 7387: 7378: 7369: 7357: 7348: 7336: 7327: 7318: 7309: 7297: 7288: 7279: 7267: 7258: 7249: 7240: 7231: 7222: 7213: 7201: 7192: 7180: 7171: 7156: 7147: 7138: 7129: 7120: 7111: 7082: 7070: 7061: 7052: 7035: 7026: 7017: 7008: 6999: 6990: 6976:(Google books) 6963: 6944: 6925: 6913: 6904: 6895: 6886: 6877: 6868: 6859: 6850: 6841: 6832: 6820: 6811: 6802: 6790: 6781: 6772: 6763: 6754: 6740: 6728: 6712: 6703: 6694: 6685: 6676: 6667: 6655: 6646: 6632: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6588: 6587: 6577: 6563: 6554: 6526:Carl A. Spaatz 6510:Jesse D. Auton 6501: 6492: 6483: 6471: 6462: 6449: 6424: 6414: 6404: 6359: 6346: 6325: 6316: 6306: 6298:73rd Bomb Wing 6277: 6267: 6230: 6220: 6211: 6202: 6192: 6183: 6173: 6156: 6143: 6134: 6125: 6115: 6106: 6097: 6088: 6079: 6070: 6061: 6052: 6027: 6018: 6001: 5987: 5973: 5953: 5944: 5935: 5921: 5912: 5902: 5893: 5883: 5874: 5849: 5831: 5822: 5813: 5803: 5790: 5780: 5767: 5758: 5748: 5739: 5726: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5622:Doolittle Raid 5619: 5614: 5609: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5597: 5596: 5590: 5584: 5578: 5572: 5566: 5560: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5547: 5538: 5531: 5529: 5522: 5515: 5513: 5506: 5499: 5497: 5490: 5483: 5481: 5472: 5465: 5463: 5456: 5449: 5447: 5438: 5431: 5429: 5418: 5411: 5409: 5402: 5395: 5393: 5384: 5377: 5375: 5364: 5357: 5355: 5344: 5337: 5335: 5326: 5319: 5317: 5308: 5301: 5299: 5290: 5283: 5281: 5272: 5265: 5218: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5208: 5205: 5202: 5199: 5196: 5193: 5190: 5187: 5184: 5181: 5177: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5139:Staff Sergeant 5136: 5131: 5129:First Sergeant 5126: 5120: 5119: 5116: 5109: 5102: 5095: 5088: 5081: 5074: 5067: 5060: 5053: 5045: 5044: 5041: 5038: 5035: 5032: 5029: 5026: 5019: 5016: 5013: 5012: 5009: 5006: 5002: 5001: 4999:Flight Officer 4996: 4991: 4985: 4984: 4977: 4970: 4962: 4961: 4958: 4951: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4941: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4923: 4920: 4917: 4914: 4910: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4845: 4838: 4831: 4824: 4817: 4810: 4803: 4796: 4789: 4782: 4774: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4764: 4761: 4758: 4755: 4752: 4749: 4746: 4743: 4736: 4733: 4728: 4725: 4719: 4716: 4709: 4708: 4701: 4696: 4687: 4681: 4680: 4673: 4668: 4661: 4655: 4654: 4647: 4642: 4635: 4629: 4628: 4621: 4616: 4609: 4607:Observer Badge 4603: 4602: 4595: 4590: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4569: 4564: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4543: 4540: 4533: 4527: 4526: 4519: 4514: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4493: 4488: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4467: 4462: 4455: 4451: 4450: 4443: 4438: 4431: 4408:Main article: 4405: 4402: 4390: 4387: 4354:flight jackets 4320: 4317: 4299:Randolph Field 4251: 4248: 4157:Medal of Honor 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4107: 4104: 4052: 4032:major commands 4016:staff officers 3996:demobilization 3989:Carl A. Spaatz 3978: 3975: 3967:Medal of Honor 3927: 3924: 3862:Chester Nimitz 3812: 3809: 3797:combat fatigue 3792: 3789: 3719: 3718: 3715: 3709: 3702: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3682:Main article: 3679: 3676: 3675: 3674: 3672:Airspeed Horsa 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3627:UC-43 Traveler 3621:UC-64 Norseman 3614: 3611: 3610: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3555: 3552: 3551: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3523: 3520: 3511: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3478: 3475: 3466: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3400: 3397: 3396: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3320: 3317: 3304:Main article: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3294: 3280: 3270: 3269: 3266: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3238: 3234: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3210: 3206: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3173: 3169: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3141: 3137: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3112: 3108: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3084: 3080: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3056: 3052: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3020: 3016: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2988: 2984: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2956: 2952: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2924: 2920: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2896: 2892: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2854:reconnaissance 2837: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2734:Reconnaissance 2698:B-24 Liberator 2649: 2646: 2642: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2526:reconnaissance 2418: 2415: 2412: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2379:Total overseas 2375: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2352: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2329: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2306: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2283: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2260: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2237: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2214: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2191: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2171:US possessions 2168: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2134: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2108: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2082: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2056: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2030: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2004: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1978: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1949: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1921: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1879: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1851: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1823: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1795: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1753: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1717: 1714: 1673: 1670: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1642:31 August 1945 1639: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1610: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1587: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1566: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1535: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1489: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1443: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1420: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1377: 1295:night fighters 1273:air controller 1208: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1182:Communications 1179: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1154: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1129: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1054: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1008:Medium bombers 1004: 1003: 1000: 997: 994: 991: 988: 985: 979: 978: 975: 972: 969: 966: 963: 960: 956: 955: 952: 949: 946: 943: 940: 937: 931: 930: 927: 924: 921: 918: 915: 912: 906: 905: 902: 899: 896: 893: 890: 887: 874:Main article: 871: 868: 803: 764: 761: 661: 658: 588:Carl A. Spaatz 571: 568: 566: 563: 463: 460: 433:Oscar Westover 376:Billy Mitchell 363: 360: 358: 355: 322:United Kingdom 245:aerial warfare 227: 224: 223: 210: 204: 203: 199: 198: 193: 189: 188: 171: 167: 166: 151: 147: 146: 141: 137: 136: 134:Aerial warfare 131: 127: 126: 121: 117: 116: 111: 107: 106: 93: 89: 88: 75: 71: 70: 67: 63: 62: 56: 48: 47: 26: 18:Army Air Force 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10349: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10294: 10292: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10263: 10261: 10259: 10255: 10245: 10242: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10229: 10228: 10225: 10222: 10218: 10215: 10214: 10212: 10208: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10183: 10181: 10177: 10170: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10145: 10141: 10138: 10137: 10135: 10133: 10129: 10124: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10096: 10094: 10092: 10088: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10063: 10061: 10057: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10002: 10000: 9998: 9994: 9990: 9983: 9978: 9976: 9971: 9969: 9964: 9963: 9960: 9949: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9860: 9857: 9853: 9849: 9845: 9837: 9832: 9830: 9825: 9823: 9818: 9817: 9814: 9802: 9801: 9792: 9791: 9788: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9761:Air Force Two 9758: 9757:Air Force One 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9712: 9708: 9706: 9702: 9698: 9694: 9690: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9677: 9675: 9669: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9639: 9637: 9631: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9591: 9590: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9531: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9523: 9521: 9517:Personnel and 9515: 9505: 9501: 9498: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9485: 9484: 9481: 9477: 9474: 9473: 9472: 9469: 9465: 9462: 9461: 9460: 9457: 9456: 9453: 9447: 9446:Twenty-Second 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9358: 9356: 9354: 9350: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9300: 9298: 9296: 9292: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9272: 9270: 9266: 9260: 9259:Installations 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9241: 9239: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9226: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9200: 9199: 9196: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9183: 9182: 9179: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9156: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9126: 9125: 9122: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9109: 9108: 9105: 9104: 9102: 9098: 9094: 9087: 9082: 9080: 9075: 9073: 9068: 9067: 9064: 9055: 9046: 9040: 9034: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9020: 9017: 9016:USAAF in WWII 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8983: 8980: 8977: 8976: 8966: 8963: 8960: 8957: 8954: 8951: 8948: 8945: 8944: 8939: 8936: 8935: 8930: 8927: 8923: 8919: 8916: 8915: 8910: 8906: 8900: 8896: 8891: 8887: 8882: 8880: 8879:0-912138-81-5 8876: 8872: 8868: 8866: 8865:1-85532-295-1 8862: 8858: 8854: 8851: 8847: 8845: 8841: 8838: 8837: 8832: 8817: 8813: 8806: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8795:0-16-049009-X 8792: 8788: 8784: 8781: 8780: 8775: 8772: 8771: 8766: 8751: 8747: 8741: 8734: 8733: 8727: 8724: 8723: 8718: 8715: 8714: 8709: 8707: 8706:0-912799-02-1 8703: 8699: 8698: 8693: 8690: 8689: 8684: 8681: 8680: 8675: 8671: 8665: 8661: 8656: 8654: 8653:1-58566-069-8 8650: 8646: 8642: 8627: 8623: 8616: 8615: 8609: 8606: 8602: 8599: 8595: 8591: 8588: 8587: 8582: 8579: 8578: 8573: 8570: 8569:0-7881-2824-8 8566: 8562: 8558: 8557: 8554: 8553: 8548: 8546: 8545: 8540: 8538: 8537: 8532: 8530: 8529: 8524: 8522: 8521: 8516: 8514: 8513: 8508: 8506: 8505: 8500: 8499: 8495: 8494:0-912799-03-X 8491: 8487: 8483: 8479: 8474: 8470: 8465: 8461: 8456: 8454: 8450: 8446: 8442: 8439: 8438: 8433: 8431: 8430:0-8117-1822-0 8427: 8423: 8419: 8417: 8416:0-912799-73-0 8413: 8409: 8408: 8403: 8402: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8385: 8381: 8378: 8377: 8364: 8359: 8343: 8339: 8333: 8324: 8317: 8312: 8303: 8296: 8291: 8284: 8280: 8277: 8272: 8265: 8259: 8250: 8241: 8232: 8223: 8214: 8205: 8196: 8187: 8178: 8176: 8166: 8157: 8148: 8139: 8130: 8121: 8112: 8110: 8100: 8091: 8082: 8080: 8070: 8061: 8045: 8039: 8037: 8035: 8027: 8022: 8013: 8011: 8001: 7992: 7983: 7974: 7965: 7956: 7949: 7944: 7935: 7926: 7919: 7914: 7905: 7903: 7895: 7890: 7883: 7877: 7875: 7865: 7856: 7847: 7838: 7829: 7827: 7817: 7808: 7799: 7797: 7787: 7785: 7783: 7773: 7764: 7755: 7746: 7737: 7728: 7719: 7717: 7707: 7705: 7695: 7688: 7682: 7675: 7669: 7662: 7657: 7655: 7653: 7651: 7641: 7632: 7623: 7614: 7605: 7596: 7587: 7585: 7575: 7566: 7557: 7550: 7544: 7542: 7540: 7538: 7528: 7526: 7516: 7507: 7498: 7491: 7485: 7483: 7481: 7479: 7469: 7460: 7453: 7448: 7439: 7430: 7421: 7419: 7409: 7400: 7391: 7382: 7373: 7366: 7361: 7352: 7345: 7340: 7331: 7322: 7313: 7304: 7302: 7292: 7283: 7276: 7271: 7262: 7253: 7244: 7235: 7226: 7217: 7210: 7205: 7196: 7189: 7184: 7175: 7168: 7163: 7161: 7151: 7142: 7133: 7124: 7115: 7099: 7095: 7089: 7087: 7079: 7074: 7065: 7056: 7048: 7047: 7039: 7030: 7021: 7012: 7003: 6994: 6974: 6967: 6959: 6953: 6948: 6940: 6934: 6929: 6920: 6918: 6908: 6899: 6890: 6881: 6872: 6863: 6854: 6845: 6836: 6827: 6825: 6815: 6806: 6797: 6795: 6785: 6776: 6767: 6758: 6749: 6747: 6745: 6735: 6733: 6723: 6721: 6719: 6717: 6707: 6698: 6689: 6680: 6671: 6664: 6659: 6650: 6641: 6639: 6637: 6620: 6616: 6610: 6608: 6603: 6581: 6574: 6567: 6558: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6505: 6496: 6487: 6481: 6475: 6466: 6459: 6453: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6428: 6418: 6408: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6370:(B-29/C-54), 6369: 6363: 6356: 6350: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6329: 6320: 6310: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6281: 6271: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6243:Mitchel Field 6240: 6234: 6224: 6215: 6206: 6196: 6187: 6177: 6170: 6166: 6160: 6153: 6147: 6138: 6129: 6119: 6110: 6101: 6092: 6083: 6074: 6065: 6056: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6031: 6022: 6015: 6011: 6005: 5998: 5991: 5984: 5977: 5970: 5966: 5963: 5957: 5948: 5939: 5932: 5925: 5916: 5906: 5897: 5887: 5878: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5861: 5853: 5846: 5842: 5835: 5826: 5817: 5807: 5800: 5794: 5784: 5777: 5771: 5762: 5752: 5743: 5736: 5730: 5723: 5719: 5714: 5710: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5693: 5689: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5604: 5594: 5591: 5588: 5585: 5582: 5579: 5576: 5573: 5570: 5567: 5564: 5561: 5558: 5555: 5554: 5541: 5535: 5530: 5527:Mediterranean 5525: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5503: 5498: 5495:South Pacific 5493: 5487: 5482: 5479:Mediterranean 5475: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5453: 5448: 5441: 5435: 5430: 5421: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5399: 5394: 5387: 5381: 5376: 5373:South America 5367: 5361: 5356: 5347: 5341: 5336: 5329: 5323: 5318: 5311: 5305: 5300: 5293: 5287: 5282: 5275: 5269: 5264: 5263: 5262: 5260: 5256: 5251: 5249: 5245: 5239: 5237: 5233: 5228: 5224: 5209: 5206: 5203: 5200: 5197: 5194: 5191: 5188: 5185: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5121: 5117: 5114: 5110: 5107: 5103: 5100: 5096: 5093: 5089: 5086: 5082: 5079: 5075: 5072: 5068: 5065: 5061: 5058: 5054: 5051: 5047: 5046: 5042: 5039: 5027: 5023: 5010: 5007: 5004: 5003: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4975: 4971: 4968: 4964: 4963: 4956: 4955: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4930: 4927: 4924: 4921: 4918: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4872:Major General 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4843: 4839: 4836: 4832: 4829: 4825: 4822: 4818: 4815: 4811: 4808: 4804: 4801: 4797: 4794: 4790: 4787: 4783: 4780: 4776: 4775: 4771: 4768: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4747: 4744: 4741: 4740: 4732: 4724: 4715: 4706: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4692: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4666: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4640: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4614: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4486: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4456: 4453: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4401: 4396: 4386: 4383: 4378: 4374: 4369: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4334: 4325: 4316: 4313: 4309: 4300: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4261: 4256: 4247: 4245: 4240: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4221: 4219: 4214: 4210: 4203: 4198: 4194: 4191: 4186: 4182: 4177: 4174: 4170: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4148:Service dress 4134: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4115: 4113: 4103: 4101: 4096: 4094: 4093: 4088: 4084: 4079: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4059: 4058:the President 4051: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4024: 4022: 4017: 4011: 4007: 4003: 4001: 3997: 3990: 3987: 3983: 3974: 3972: 3968: 3963: 3961: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3922: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3877: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3854:leap frogging 3851: 3847: 3843: 3842:air supremacy 3839: 3835: 3834:Mediterranean 3828: 3826: 3822: 3816: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3798: 3788: 3786: 3780: 3778: 3772: 3768: 3766: 3761: 3760:Henry Stimson 3758: 3753: 3751: 3745: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3716: 3714: 3710: 3707: 3703: 3700: 3699: 3698: 3697: 3685: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3624: 3619: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3525: 3515: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3480: 3470: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3413:Seversky P-35 3411: 3410: 3405: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3330: 3325: 3316: 3312: 3307: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3275: 3271: 3246: 3242: 3236: 3235: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3186: 3182: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3149: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3018: 3017: 2996: 2992: 2986: 2985: 2964: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2932: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2867: 2861: 2859: 2858:night fighter 2855: 2849: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2818: 2817: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2780: 2770: 2766: 2763: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2742:Troop Carrier 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2726:fighter group 2723: 2719: 2715: 2714:B-26 Marauder 2711: 2710:B-25 Mitchell 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2654: 2645: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2569: 2568: 2561: 2557: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2538:troop carrier 2535: 2534:antisubmarine 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2510: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2497:air divisions 2493: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2479:history. The 2477: 2472: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2425: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2377: 2376: 2354: 2353: 2331: 2330: 2308: 2307: 2285: 2284: 2262: 2261: 2240:South America 2239: 2238: 2216: 2215: 2194:North America 2193: 2192: 2170: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2110: 2109: 2084: 2083: 2058: 2057: 2032: 2031: 2006: 2005: 1980: 1979: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1856: 1853: 1852: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1725: 1724: 1716:Installations 1713: 1711: 1710:New Hampshire 1707: 1703: 1699: 1698:Massachusetts 1694: 1692: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1641: 1640: 1631: 1616: 1615:Peak overseas 1612: 1611: 1589: 1588: 1570: 1564: 1560: 1559: 1537: 1536: 1514: 1513: 1491: 1490: 1468: 1467: 1445: 1444: 1422: 1421: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1361: 1357: 1348: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1337:B-26 Marauder 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1293:operators in 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1272: 1267: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1220: 1217: 1213: 1199: 1181: 1180: 1176: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1151: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1126: 1109: 1106: 1105: 1101: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1076: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1051: 1034: 1033:Light bombers 1031: 1030: 1026: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1001: 984: 983:Heavy bombers 981: 980: 976: 958: 957: 953: 936: 933: 932: 928: 911: 908: 907: 903: 900: 897: 894: 891: 888: 885: 884: 877: 867: 864: 860: 856: 852: 847: 844: 840: 834: 830: 828: 824: 820: 814: 808: 802: 799: 794: 791: 787: 783: 780:, and German 779: 775: 770: 760: 758: 756: 750: 748: 742: 738: 736: 730: 726: 725:Jimmy Stewart 722: 718: 714: 710: 704: 700: 696: 694: 686: 685: 666: 657: 654: 653: 646: 644: 639: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 607:carte blanche 605:with virtual 604: 600: 595: 593: 589: 581: 576: 562: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 535: 533: 529: 525: 519: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 492: 490: 486: 480: 473: 468: 459: 457: 453: 448: 444: 441: 436: 434: 430: 425: 421: 415: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 387: 385: 384:General Staff 381: 380:court-martial 377: 373: 369: 354: 352: 346: 344: 340: 336: 332: 331: 325: 323: 319: 315: 310: 306: 300: 298: 292: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 228:Military unit 222:, (1946–1947) 221: 216:, (1941–1946) 215: 211: 205: 200: 197: 194: 190: 186: 185:golden orange 182: 172: 168: 164: 159: 155: 152: 148: 142: 138: 135: 132: 128: 125: 122: 118: 115: 112: 108: 105: 104:United States 94: 90: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 54: 49: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 10276:Project Hula 10155:Marine Corps 10149: 9852:World War II 9847: 9793: 9771:Thunderbirds 9704: 9633:Uniforms and 9285:USAF Academy 9174:2020–present 9044: 8949: 8942: 8933: 8925: 8913: 8894: 8885: 8870: 8856: 8849: 8835: 8823:. Retrieved 8816:the original 8811: 8786: 8778: 8769: 8757:. Retrieved 8750:the original 8731: 8721: 8711: 8695: 8686: 8678: 8659: 8644: 8633:. Retrieved 8626:the original 8613: 8604: 8593: 8585: 8576: 8560: 8551: 8543: 8535: 8527: 8519: 8511: 8503: 8485: 8477: 8468: 8459: 8448: 8436: 8421: 8406: 8379: 8358: 8346:. Retrieved 8342:the original 8332: 8323: 8311: 8302: 8290: 8271: 8266:, July 1943. 8263: 8258: 8249: 8240: 8231: 8222: 8213: 8204: 8195: 8186: 8165: 8156: 8147: 8138: 8129: 8120: 8099: 8090: 8069: 8060: 8048:. Retrieved 8021: 8000: 7991: 7982: 7973: 7964: 7955: 7947: 7943: 7934: 7925: 7917: 7913: 7893: 7889: 7881: 7864: 7855: 7846: 7837: 7816: 7807: 7772: 7763: 7754: 7745: 7736: 7727: 7694: 7686: 7681: 7673: 7668: 7660: 7640: 7631: 7622: 7613: 7604: 7595: 7574: 7565: 7556: 7549:Combat Units 7548: 7515: 7506: 7497: 7490:Combat Units 7489: 7468: 7459: 7451: 7447: 7438: 7429: 7408: 7399: 7390: 7381: 7372: 7364: 7360: 7351: 7343: 7339: 7330: 7321: 7312: 7291: 7282: 7274: 7270: 7261: 7252: 7243: 7234: 7225: 7216: 7208: 7204: 7195: 7187: 7183: 7174: 7166: 7150: 7141: 7132: 7123: 7114: 7102:. Retrieved 7098:the original 7077: 7073: 7064: 7055: 7045: 7038: 7029: 7020: 7011: 7002: 6993: 6980:. Retrieved 6966: 6952:Futrell 1951 6947: 6928: 6907: 6898: 6889: 6880: 6871: 6862: 6853: 6844: 6835: 6814: 6805: 6784: 6775: 6766: 6757: 6706: 6697: 6688: 6679: 6670: 6662: 6658: 6649: 6623:. Retrieved 6618: 6580: 6572: 6566: 6557: 6544:), and Col. 6532:), Lt. Gen. 6524:), Lt. Gen. 6504: 6495: 6486: 6474: 6465: 6457: 6452: 6445:Combat Units 6444: 6427: 6417: 6407: 6395: 6362: 6349: 6328: 6319: 6309: 6280: 6270: 6233: 6223: 6214: 6205: 6195: 6186: 6176: 6168: 6164: 6159: 6151: 6146: 6137: 6128: 6118: 6109: 6100: 6091: 6082: 6073: 6064: 6055: 6048:Combat Units 6047: 6030: 6021: 6009: 6004: 5990: 5976: 5956: 5947: 5938: 5930: 5924: 5915: 5905: 5896: 5886: 5877: 5857: 5852: 5844: 5834: 5825: 5816: 5806: 5798: 5793: 5783: 5770: 5761: 5751: 5742: 5729: 5692: 5586: 5477:North Africa 5425:North Africa 5252: 5247: 5240: 5220: 5118:No Insignia 4730: 4721: 4712: 4413: 4398: 4375:blends with 4370: 4330: 4304: 4288: 4265: 4260:Bowman Field 4241: 4225:garrison cap 4222: 4218:"Ike jacket" 4215: 4211: 4207: 4185:chino cotton 4178: 4166: 4161:Richard Bong 4131: 4120: 4117: 4111: 4109: 4097: 4090: 4086: 4080: 4071: 4067: 4061: 4054: 4031: 4025: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3993: 3964: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3929: 3887:home islands 3880: 3831: 3818: 3814: 3805: 3801: 3794: 3781: 3773: 3769: 3754: 3750:Convair B-36 3746: 3722: 3713:Oil Campaign 3695: 3694: 3577:AT-11 Kansan 3313: 3309: 3274: 2881:Men per crew 2869:Type of unit 2850: 2839:Between the 2838: 2814: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2783: 2775: 2758: 2753: 2746:Combat Cargo 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2705: 2701: 2689: 2678: 2659: 2648:Combat units 2643: 2566: 2548: 2546: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2507: 2505: 2496: 2494: 2470: 2468: 2451: 2447: 2445: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2422: 2420: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2378: 1952: 1924: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1854: 1826: 1798: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1695: 1687: 1675: 1629: 1614: 1568: 1562: 1423:31 July 1939 1417:Enlisted o/s 1416: 1412:Officers o/s 1411: 1406: 1402:Tot Enlisted 1401: 1397:Tot Officers 1396: 1391: 1386: 1378: 1373: 1353: 1303: 1276: 1236: 1224: 1107: 934: 909: 848: 835: 831: 816: 810: 805: 795: 766: 755:Why We Fight 752: 744: 732: 720: 716: 712: 708: 705: 701: 697: 690: 682: 652:Combat units 651: 647: 640: 618: 606: 596: 584: 539:Marine Corps 536: 527: 523: 520: 493: 485:World War II 482: 456:Panama Canal 437: 416: 411: 391: 388: 365: 347: 328: 326: 301: 293: 257:World War II 252: 240: 236: 232: 230: 196:World War II 163:The Pentagon 40: 9766:Honor Guard 9727:Core Values 9671:History and 8635:10 November 8050:22 November 7884:, pp. 76–77 5706:U.S. Army's 5657:Silverplate 5543:India/China 5423:Middle East 5349:Philippines 4745:10th Grade 4742:11th Grade 4619:Pilot Badge 4308:herringbone 4282:(WAFS) and 4233:service cap 4190:Melton wool 3899:atomic bomb 3632:UC-61 Argus 3488:Aeronca L-3 3477:Observation 2730:Observation 2681:Air Service 2542:replacement 2518:bombardment 2512:to control 2454:became the 1702:Connecticut 1392:Total USAAF 1279:bombardiers 910:Grand total 823:Axis Powers 741:Frank Capra 711:, the term 643:combat arms 635:Air Service 541:within the 424:Gulf coasts 412:coup d'état 408:World War I 396:corps areas 307:within the 220:Carl Spaatz 192:Engagements 165:(1942–1947) 160:(1941–1942) 150:Garrison/HQ 10291:Categories 10266:Lend-Lease 10210:Minorities 10091:Minorities 9997:Home front 9673:traditions 9592:Training: 9436:Nineteenth 9431:Eighteenth 9100:Leadership 9048:1941–1947 8451:(series), 8348:11 October 7104:11 October 6982:16 October 6593:References 5866:John Wayne 5797:FM 100-20 5788:abolished. 5227:triskelion 5221:The first 5043:7th Grade 5040:6th Grade 5037:5th Grade 5034:4th Grade 5031:3rd Grade 5028:2nd Grade 5025:1st Grade 4960:1st Grade 4957:2nd Grade 4772:1st Grade 4769:2nd Grade 4766:3rd Grade 4763:4th Grade 4760:5th Grade 4757:6th Grade 4754:7th Grade 4751:8th Grade 4748:9th Grade 4393:See also: 4382:Mouton fur 4342:seal brown 4202:RAF Debden 4169:olive drab 3895:fire-raids 3876:and China. 3858:amphibious 3850:New Guinea 3642:Waco UC-72 3572:AT-6 Texan 3564:Luke Field 3066:108 to 126 3063:111 to 126 3038:108 to 126 3035:111 to 126 2718:A-20 Havoc 2690:Heavy Bomb 1799:Main bases 1712:combined. 1637:1,060,120 1608:1,010,591 1407:# overseas 1317:segregated 1283:navigators 827:Lend lease 477:See also: 209:commanders 202:Commanders 9652:Equipment 9635:equipment 9566:RED HORSE 9526:Personnel 9483:Squadrons 9441:Twentieth 9426:Sixteenth 9421:Fifteenth 9229:Structure 9169:2010–2019 9164:2000–2009 9159:1940–1959 9124:Air Staff 9011:USAAF.net 8825:8 October 8496:(Vol. 1). 6598:Citations 6334:419th TCG 6294:500th BGs 5351:Australia 5183:1st Sgt. 4358:shearling 4346:spun silk 3911:Hiroshima 3765:Rainbow 5 3738:Rainbow 5 3667:CG-4 Waco 3522:Transport 3493:Piper L-4 2890:Enlisted 2740:(renamed 2738:Transport 2732:(renamed 2685:Air Corps 2666:squadrons 2437:Twentieth 2433:Fifteenth 2309:Australia 1953:Hospitals 1651:1,884,838 1645:2,253,182 1630:1,224,006 1626:1,941,256 1620:2,329,534 1602:1,164,136 1599:1,983,483 1593:2,359,456 1576:2,104,405 1569:2,411,294 1563:Peak size 1547:2,099,535 1541:2,373,882 1524:1,469,782 1518:1,597,049 1281:, 49,000 1219:War bonds 778:Hurricane 763:Expansion 729:Hollywood 717:Air Force 713:Air Corps 504:Luftwaffe 500:Wehrmacht 406:model of 330:Luftwaffe 124:Air force 74:Disbanded 69:1941–1947 10144:Uniforms 9800:Category 9742:Memorial 9662:Uniforms 9657:Aircraft 9544:enlisted 9534:officers 9519:training 9406:Eleventh 9237:Commands 9019:Archived 8982:Archived 8918:Archived 8549:(1958). 8541:(1955). 8533:(1953). 8525:(1950). 8517:(1951). 8509:(1949). 8501:(1948). 8441:Archived 8279:Archived 7547:Maurer, 7488:Maurer, 6516:), Gen. 6441:52nd FGs 6400:477th BG 6368:509th CG 6302:472nd BG 6200:groups). 6016:(USAFE). 5965:Archived 5722:sabotage 5718:Honolulu 5627:The Hump 5607:Big Week 5600:See also 5159:Corporal 5149:Sergeant 5018:Enlisted 4143:Uniforms 3915:Nagasaki 3903:invasion 3891:Marianas 3300:Aircraft 2887:Officers 2762:pedagogy 2752:bomber, 2708:groups ( 2692:groups ( 2670:regiment 2547:The six 2530:training 2431:through 2144:Location 1660:876,776 1585:801,471 1556:654,594 1533:215,229 1341:draftees 1313:Congress 1244:infantry 846:needed. 774:Spitfire 489:aviation 454:and the 420:Atlantic 357:Creation 253:de facto 9680:History 9411:Twelfth 9386:Seventh 9244:Reserve 8373:Sources 7672:Maurer 7492:, p. 8. 6625:15 June 6542:VIII FC 6530:USSTAFE 6514:65th FW 6372:28th BG 6296:of the 5217:Emblems 5186:T/Sgt. 5174:Private 4950:Warrant 4897:Captain 4882:Colonel 4862:General 4735:Officer 4310:cotton 4237:grommet 4138:Culture 3986:General 3960:sorties 3554:Trainer 3399:Fighter 2941:9 to 11 2722:Pursuit 2672:of the 2522:fighter 2448:de novo 1706:Vermont 1677:by the 1657:122,833 1654:999,609 1648:368,344 1634:163,886 1623:388,278 1605:153,545 1596:375,973 1582:104,864 1579:906,335 1573:306,889 1550:735,666 1544:274,347 1527:242,021 1521:127,267 1510:23,405 1501:329,640 1495:354,161 1487:15,458 1472:101,227 1325:Alabama 370:at the 337:of the 320:in the 297:V-E Day 207:Notable 92:Country 82: ( 10179:Events 9737:Symbol 9647:Badges 9539:cadets 9471:Groups 9391:Eighth 9376:Fourth 9366:Second 8901: 8877: 8863: 8793: 8759:31 May 8742: 8704: 8666: 8651: 8567: 8492: 8428: 8414: 7689:, p. 1 7551:, p. 7 6550:4th FG 6538:8th AF 6292:, and 6253:, and 5461:Alaska 5427:Europe 5407:Europe 5389:Hawaii 5371:Panama 5189:S/Sgt. 5180:M/Sgt. 4404:Badges 4377:alpaca 4366:poplin 4301:, 1944 4244:russet 4106:Legacy 4042:, and 3958:Total 3785:U-boat 3706:U-boat 3566:, 1943 3319:Bomber 3178:, P-40 3158:2 or 3 3117:, C-47 3106:1,323 3097:4 or 5 3091:80–110 3014:1,093 3005:3 or 4 2982:1,386 2973:5 or 6 2950:1,796 2918:1,816 2810:Fourth 2786:Second 2716:, and 2702:Medium 2540:, and 2514:groups 2495:Eight 2286:Europe 2263:Africa 2165:VJ Day 2160:VE Day 1750:VJ Day 1745:VE Day 1708:, and 1691:leases 1553:81,072 1530:26,792 1504:25,884 1498:24,521 1481:16,070 1478:94,790 1464:6,656 1455:40,112 1449:43,118 1441:3,719 1432:22,088 1426:24,724 1369:nurses 1221:poster 1171:17,060 1168:26,051 1165:17,044 1146:10,456 1124:22,552 1121:30,765 1118:36,784 1115:21,697 1074:16,799 1071:17,198 1068:11,875 999:11,065 996:12,813 951:41,163 948:41,961 945:27,448 942:11,607 926:63,715 923:72,726 920:64,232 917:33,304 914:12,297 578:USAAF 452:Hawaii 316:which 279:, the 178: 175: 170:Colors 110:Branch 101: 66:Active 9530:Rank 9459:Wings 9401:Tenth 9396:Ninth 9381:Fifth 9371:Third 9361:First 9338:PACAF 9328:AFSOC 9313:AFGSC 8819:(PDF) 8808:(PDF) 8753:(PDF) 8736:(PDF) 8629:(PDF) 8618:(PDF) 6522:SHAEF 6290:498th 6286:497th 6251:325th 6247:324th 5733:Rep. 5684:Notes 5511:China 5445:Burma 5443:India 5210:Pvt. 5207:Pfc. 5204:T/5. 5198:T/4. 5192:T/3. 4892:Major 4416:rated 4373:nylon 4312:twill 4181:serge 4173:khaki 4123:CONUS 3874:Burma 3730:ABC-1 3100:1,837 3072:1,081 3008:1,304 2976:1,759 2944:2,261 2912:2,078 2806:First 2706:Light 2662:group 2509:wings 2481:Tenth 2429:First 1792:1,377 1787:1,473 1782:1,506 1777:1,419 1772:1,270 1507:2,479 1475:6,437 1458:7,007 1452:3,006 1435:3,991 1429:2,636 1291:radar 1197:3,433 1194:3,249 1191:4,267 1188:2,796 1174:9,558 1162:7,340 1149:9,561 1143:6,466 1140:1,857 1112:7,820 1099:1,971 1096:1,804 1065:5,303 1062:2,170 1049:3,079 1046:2,980 1043:2,371 1040:1,201 1024:5,384 1021:6,189 1018:4,370 1015:2,556 993:8,027 990:2,076 974:2,865 939:4,477 512:ABC-1 508:hydra 237:USAAF 10160:Navy 10140:Army 9732:Flag 9619:SERE 9323:AFRC 9318:AFMC 9308:AETC 8899:ISBN 8875:ISBN 8861:ISBN 8827:2012 8791:ISBN 8761:2012 8740:ISBN 8702:ISBN 8664:ISBN 8649:ISBN 8637:2010 8565:ISBN 8490:ISBN 8426:ISBN 8412:ISBN 8350:2012 8052:2010 7676:, v. 7106:2012 6984:2013 6958:help 6939:help 6933:Frye 6627:2019 6573:Stat 6439:and 6437:31st 6412:war. 6390:and 6382:and 6340:and 6332:The 6284:The 6042:and 6040:68th 6008:The 5201:Cpl. 5195:Sgt. 4943:2LT 4940:1LT 4937:CPT 4934:MAJ 4931:LTC 4928:COL 4919:LTG 4916:GEN 4110:The 4087:Stat 3913:and 3836:and 3264:397 3232:297 3204:194 3167:238 3148:P-70 3144:P-61 3135:533 3115:C-46 3087:C-47 3078:838 3059:P-38 3050:811 3031:P-51 3027:P-47 3023:P-40 2995:A-26 2991:A-20 2963:B-26 2959:B-25 2931:B-24 2927:B-17 2899:B-29 2856:and 2819:125 2808:and 2788:and 2704:and 2696:and 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