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farming and ranching. The difficulty of supplying these remote Army posts encouraged farming and urban enterprises around the posts, the beginning of permanent settlements. The daily life of the frontier soldier was a hardy one. The soldiers built their shelter, escorted travelers, emigrants, and wagon trains on the trails, aided and protected surveying parties, constructed thousands of miles of trails and roads, supplied needy emigrants, patrolled trails and railroad lines, guarded river navigation, protected government and private property from hostile
Indians and outlaws, assisted and fed friendly Indians, fought hostile Indians and gave police assistance to the weak civil authorities on the frontier. Their shelters were usually log, stone, adobe or sod huts constructed largely by their own labor. The hardships of the soldiers, the miserable quarters, inferior food and the lonely life encouraged many desertions.
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When the
Indians revolted, the U.S. Army made war upon the entire Indian tribe, punishing the innocent with the guilty, even to the extent of killing women and children in raids on villages or camps. The Indian Bureau and the Army officials accused each other of being responsible for the Indian wars.
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The Indian wars under the government of the United States have been more than 40 in number. They have cost the lives of about 19,000 white men, women and children, including those killed in individual combats, and the lives of about 30,000 Indians. The actual number of killed and wounded
Indians must
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By 1867, over 100 posts were scattered throughout the West. As the Indian wars ended after 1870, these posts were rapidly abandoned. The army's supplies were carried by boats, steamboats, ox and mule trains, pack mules and horses and later by railroads, which stimulated the development of trade,
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The frontier soldiers were usually stationed in posts at strategic points defending the routes of communications, settlements and Indian reservations. The strength of this army, about one half of the
Regular Army in time of peace, ranged from 1,423 troops in 1790 in the
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aiding the settlement of the West by developing and protecting the communication between the older settlements and the frontier, by exploring the West, constructing roads and defending the overland trails, water routes and later telegraph and railroad
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Indian wars have occurred throughout the United States though the conflicts are generally separated into two categories; the Indian wars east of the
Mississippi River and the Indian wars west of the Mississippi. The
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and campaigns were fought by the Army. Some of the more notable Indian wars were: the
Northwest Indians, 1790–95 and 1811–13;
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Curtis, Charles A. Army Life in the West (1862-1865). CreateSpace
Independent Publishing Platform, April 20, 2017.
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McGinnis, Anthony R. "When
Courage Was Not Enough: Plains Indians at War with the United States Army,"
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The
Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History
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from the beginning of national existence until about 1890, the end of the settlers' frontier.
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be very much higher than the given... Fifty percent additional would be a safe estimate...
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157:. The frontiersmen in general demanded the destruction or removal of the Indians (see
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271:
223:
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161:). The Indian Bureau attempted to protect the Indians, and the Army to coerce them.
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Report on
Indians taxed and Indians not taxed in the United States (except Alaska)
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guarding the frontier settlements in forts from hostile indigenous peoples;
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to over 26,000 in 1868, which was the height of the Indian wars on the
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policing the frontier until the civil governments could maintain order.
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Frontiersmen in Blue: The United States Army and the Indian, 1848–1865
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Encyclopedia of Indian wars: Western battles and skirmishes 1850–1890
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Frontier Regulars: The United States Army and the Indian, 1866–1891
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142:. The frontier posts had, on average, a garrison of 200 troops.
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270:(Missoula, Montana: Mountain Press Publishing Company, 2009).
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The western movement of settlers brought conflict with the
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The principal functions performed by the U.S. Army were:
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118:, 1861–90. These wars were fought by the regular
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247:Encyclopedia Of Native American Wars And Warfare
339:19th-century history of the United States Army
334:18th-century history of the United States Army
254:History of the Second Seminole War, 1835–1842
20:" is a term applied to the activities of the
153:and the frontier civil authorities over the
149:The Army on the Frontier disagreed with the
245:Kessel, William B.; Robert Wooster (2005).
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126:regiments, occasionally aided by state
73:(1894) provided an estimate of deaths:
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329:Military history of the United States
344:Indian wars of the American Old West
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198:History of the United States Army
222:. Norman Ross Pub. p. 637.
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216:Bureau of the Census (1894).
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249:. InfobaseKessel Publishing.
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261:Journal of Military History
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151:Bureau of Indian Affairs
106:, 1862–1867; War of the
263:(2012) 76#2 pp 455–473.
112:Sioux and Cheyenne War
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266:Michno, F. Gregory.
64:American Indian Wars
26:frontier settlements
18:Army on the Frontier
136:Northwest Territory
24:stationed near the
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22:United States Army
324:American frontier
295:Utley, Robert M.
288:Utley, Robert M.
276:978-0-87842-468-9
193:American frontier
183:Creek War of 1836
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187:Cherokee removal
130:and volunteers.
114:of 1876–79; and
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86:. Scores of
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116:Apache Wars
110:, 1863–69;
88:Indian wars
47:Indian Wars
318:Categories
173:See also:
104:Sioux War
169:See also
120:infantry
102:, 1832;
128:militia
124:cavalry
96:Florida
84:Indians
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299:(1984)
292:(1981)
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256:(2010)
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185:, and
55:Chief
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16:The "
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