1246:
778:
1152:
1234:
735:
1202:
948:
1066:
1218:
76:
881:
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613:) years, which would place his birth around 453 or 445 BC. Briant simply notes that Arses was born before his father's accession in 424, while another author states that he was "at least in his late seventies in the early 360s". Darius II and Parysatis had thirteen children, most of whom died prematurely. Thus the only known full siblings of Arsaces were his younger brothers Cyrus,
691:. Plutarch, however, reports that it was Parysatis who summoned Cyrus, as she favoured him over Arsaces. He further adds that she attempted to convince Darius II to choose Cyrus as his heir, as the position was still vacant. Modern historians question Plutarch's account, and state that Arsaces must have already been chosen as heir previously, probably several years earlier.
698:, Cyrus allegedly attempted to have his brother assassinated. The plan was exposed by Tissaphernes, but Cyrus was spared following the intervention of Parysatis and sent back to Asia Minor. The authenticity of this event is deemed uncertain by modern historians. According to Binder, the transition of power between Darius II and Arsaces was seemingly peaceful. During his
2004:"Persian coins were stamped with the figure of an archer, and Agesilaus said, as he was breaking camp, that the King was driving him out of Asia with ten thousand "archers"; for so much money had been sent to Athens and Thebes and distributed among the popular leaders there, and as a consequence those people made war upon the Spartans" Plutarch 15-1-6 in
585:, used Ctesias, Dinon, Xenophon, and a few others as references. The work is the only biography of an Achaemenid king. According to the modern historian Carsten Binder, Plutarch's work is an "eloquent but hardly reliable source of information" and that it "should be treated with the greatest caution".
1343:
The image of
Artaxerxes from contemporary foreign sources depicts him in a similar light to his image among those in the Achaemenid Empire. The Greek portrayal highlights his long rule with many conflicts and shortcomings of Artaxerxes II in his ability to control his empire. Greek sources also focus
1327:
The
Persian Empire under Artaxerxes II was viewed as a political power that had many unfortunate complications, such as the many wars with Greece. One aspect of his legacy which would have great influence upon his successors was his conflict with Cyrus the Younger. This conflict was remembered due to
750:
Artaxerxes II initially wanted to resolve the conflict peacefully, but the negotiations fell through. Cyrus also ran into issues with the locals, who were loyal to
Artaxerxes. Artaxerxes defended his position against his brother Cyrus the Younger, who with the aid of a large army of Greek mercenaries
730:
By the time of Darius II's death, Cyrus had already been successful in defeating the
Syrians and Cilicians and was commanding a large army made up of his initial supporters plus those who had joined him in Phrygia and beyond. Upon hearing of his father's death, Cyrus the Younger declared his claim to
1115:
During autumn of 367 BCE, first the
Spartans, soon followed by the Athenians, the Arcadians, the Argives, the Eleans, the Thebans, and other Greek city-states, sent envoys to Susa in attempts to obtain the support of Achaemenid king Artaxerxes II in the Greek conflict. The Achaemenid king proposed a
1107:
Before returning to Abydos, Philicus used
Achaemenid funds to finance an army for the Spartans, suggesting that he was acting in support of the Spartans from the beginning. With the Achaemenid financing of a new army, Sparta was able to continue the war. Among the mercenaries whom he had recruited,
1295:
Artaxerxes II was thus the first known
Achaemenid king to recognize Anahita, who was the divinity of "the Waters" and hence associated with fertility, healing and wisdom. He promoted the worship of Anahita, erecting temples and statues of the goddess across the empire. This included the cities of
620:
With the exception of
Arsaces and Cyrus, not much is known about the children of Darius II and Parysatis. Cyrus was most likely born in 424/423 BC, just after the accession of Darius II. In 408 BC, at the age of 15 or 16, Cyrus was appointed the satrap of
1191:. On the upper register of the tomb appear reliefs of the Emperor, supported by the soldiers of all ethnicities of the Empire. On the lintel over each figure appears a trilingual inscription describing each ethnicity. These are known collectively as
872:, putting increased pressure on the Spartans. This encouraged the resurgence of Athens, which started to bring back under her control the Greek cities of Asia Minor, thus worrying Artaxerxes II that his Athenian allies were becoming too powerful.
1015:
After several weeks, the
Persians and their Greek mercenaries under Iphicrates had to re-embark. The expedition against Egypt had failed. It was the end of the career of Pharnabazus, who was now over 70 years old. Pharnabazus was replaced by
1050:, but the machinations of his enemies at the Persian court, and the risks to which he was in consequence exposed, induced him to change his plan, and throw off his allegiance to the king. He withdrew with the troops under his command into
2563:
Bezalel Porten (Author), J. J. Farber (Author), C. J. F. Martin (Author), G. Vittmann (Author), The
Elephantine Papyri in English (Documenta Et Monumenta Orientis Antiqui, book 22), Koninklijke Brill NV, The Netherlands, 1996,
1116:
new peace treaty, this time highly tilted in favour of Thebes, which required Messenia to remain independent and that the Athenian fleet to be dismantled. This Peace proposal was rejected by most Greek parties except Thebes.
1004:. Eventually the fleet managed to find its way up the less-defended Mendesian branch. At this point, the mutual distrust that had arisen between Iphicrates and Pharnabazus prevented the enemy from reaching
1245:
1445:
162). These sources thus arguably identify Ahasuerus as Artaxerxes II in light of the names used in the Hebrew and Greek sources and accords with the contextual information from Pseudo-Hecataeus and
1155:
Ethnicities of the soldiers of the Empire, on the tomb of Artaxerxes II. On the lintel over each figure appears a trilingual inscription describing each ethnicity. These are known collectively as
1057:
The Pharaoh Nectanebo provided financial support to the rebelling satraps and re-established ties with both Sparta and Athens. Artaxerxes II finally quashed the revolt of the satraps by 362 BC.
570:
The life and reign of Artaxerxes II is mostly attested in classical Greek sources, which generally focuses on the history of the western front. However, due to Artaxerxes II's younger brother
719:
had many flaws that led him to believe that Cyrus was planning to revolt. These claims became realized when Cyrus began to seek political support for his campaign. Cyrus found support from
1548:
1543:
1563:
1034:
The Achaemenid defeat in Egypt led to unrest among the Achaemenid nobility. From 372 BC, many western satrapies of the Achaemenid Empire started to rebel against Artaxerxes II, in the
1572:
731:
the throne, based on the argument that he was born to Darius and Parysatis after Darius had ascended to the throne, while Artaxerxes was born prior to Darius II's gaining the throne.
727:, who contributed to the effort through funds. During this time, due to Tissaphernes' reports, Artaxerxes II began to build up a force to contend with his younger brother's revolt.
676:. The marriage was part of a political alliance that Darius had sought during his early reign, due to facing opposition against his rule. Amestris was also married to Hydarnes' son
839:, were used to bribe the Greek states to start a war against Sparta. These subsidies helped to engage the Spartans in what would become known as the Corinthian War. According to
1096:, to Delphi in order to help the Greek negotiate peace. The objective of Philicus of Abydos was such to help broker a Common Peace between the Greek belligerents reunited at
1012:
and the Egyptian defenders' resolve to defend their territory turned what had initially appeared as certain defeat for Nectanebo I and his troops into a complete victory.
1233:
955:
After four years of preparations in the Levant, Pharnabazus gathered an expeditionary force of 200,000 Persian troops, 300 triremes, 200 galleys, and 12,000 Greeks under
849:) the Greek nickname for the darics from their obverse design, because that much money had been paid to politicians in Athens and Thebes to start a war against Sparta.
982:, king of Egypt, having added to its former defences by laying the neighboring lands under water, and blocking up the navigable channels of the Nile by embankments. (
944:
In 377 BC, Pharnabazus was reassigned by Artaxerxes II to help command a military expedition into rebellious Egypt, having proven his ability against the Spartans.
1123:, decided to provide careful military support to the opponents of the Achaemenid king. Athens and Sparta provided support for the revolted satraps, in particular
6959:
6954:
1135:, which was however diverted when it became obvious that Ariobarzanes had entered frontal conflict with the Achaemenid king. An Athenian mercenary force under
815:
had started by invading Asia Minor in 396–395 BC. To redirect the Spartans' attention to Greek affairs, Artaxerxes subsidized their enemies through his envoy
3653:
1108:
Philiscus gave 2,000 to the Spartans. He also probably provided funds to the Athenians and promised them, on behalf of the King, to help them recover the
687:
When Darius II was on his deathbed, Arsaces was by his side. According to Xenophon, Darius II summoned Cyrus, who arrived with Tissaphernes and 300 Greek
1112:
militarily. Both Philiscus and Ariobarzanes were made citizens of Athens, a remarkable honor suggesting important services rendered to the city-state.
777:
3446:
Shayegan, M. Rahim (2016). "The Arsacids and Commagene". In Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Pendleton, Elizabeth J.; Alram, Michael; Daryaee, Touraj (eds.).
2546:
Pritchard, James B. ed., Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, Princeton University Press, third edition with supplement 1969,
3408:
354:
in 401 BC, which resulted in the defeat and death of Cyrus. Following this, Artaxerxes II had to contend with several other revolts; a revolt by
1280:
pantheon by the royal family. It was first under Artaxerxes II that the identities of these gods were uncovered. In a trilingual inscription at
974:
in 373 BC. The expedition force was too slow, giving time to the Egyptians to strengthen defenses. Pharnabazus and Iphicrates appeared before
677:
1151:
2716:
3889:
3300:. Harvard University, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations and National Association for Armenian Studies and Research.
574:
recruiting many Greeks during his rebellion against his brother, the reign of Artaxerxes II is well documented until Cyrus' death at the
924:, who had successfully revolted against him at the beginning of his reign. An attempt to reconquer Egypt in 373 BC under the command of
6183:
4945:
1315:
was also most likely founded by Artaxerxes II. At the start of the 3rd century AD, the temple was repaired and adorned by the Persian
3646:
932:, was completely unsuccessful, but in his waning years, the Persians did manage to defeat a joint Egyptian–Spartan effort to conquer
1336:. Artaxerxes II was also remembered for his works to restore monuments of his predecessors. His largest restoration was that of the
759:
in Babylon (401 BC), Cyrus himself was killed in the exchange by Mithridates, rendering his victory irrelevant. The Greek historian
4226:
2932:
1201:
6974:
1552:
17:
6989:
3474:
3455:
3397:
3353:
3150:
3028:
2858:
2839:
2761:
2068:
1506:
1217:
213:
3639:
2981:
1557:
6866:
909:
1046:
in Egypt, Datames had been entrusted by the Persian king with the chief command of a force designed for the recovery of
843:, Agesilaus said upon leaving Asia Minor, "I have been driven out by 10,000 Persian archers", a reference to "Archers" (
6580:
3541:
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3305:
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3169:
3089:
3068:
3049:
3006:
2921:
2900:
2879:
2820:
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1515:
657:), which greatly expanded his authority both politically and militarily, and allowed him to become largely autonomous.
723:, who sent soldiers to aid the campaign against Artaxerxes II. Notably, Cyrus found support from a Persian kingdom of
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2043:
2016:
1989:
443:
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1482:
1470:
1020:
to lead a second expedition to Egypt, but he failed and then started the "Satraps' Revolt" against the Great King.
661:
175:
3882:
2521:
6964:
6204:
4938:
4720:
3434:
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in 401 BC. Following that, detailed information on the rest of Artaxerxes II's reign become much more sparse.
6984:
2832:
Nemrud Dağı: Recent Archaeological Research and Conservation Activities in the Tomb Sanctuary on Mount Nemrud
1487:
1192:
1167:, and also the fortifications; including a strong redoubt at the south-east corner of the enclosure and gave
1156:
665:
198:
6979:
4909:
4431:
2198:
Gershevitch, I.; Fisher, William Bayne; Boyle, John Andrew; Yarshater, Ehsan; Frye, Richard Nelson (1985).
2156:
Gershevitch, I.; Fisher, William Bayne; Boyle, John Andrew; Yarshater, Ehsan; Frye, Richard Nelson (1985).
2084:
Gershevitch, I.; Fisher, William Bayne; Boyle, John Andrew; Yarshater, Ehsan; Frye, Richard Nelson (1985).
1567:
1384:
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on the Anatolian coast to the Persians, while giving Sparta dominance on the Greek mainland. In 385 BC, he
724:
1392:
1388:
5687:
4913:
4798:
4483:
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1373:
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satrapies as well as Greek mercenaries in his bid for the throne. The forces of the brothers clashed at
6809:
6786:
6626:
5755:
4253:
3875:
2959:
1449:
as well as agreeing with Al-Tabari and Masudi's placement of events. The 13th century Syriac historian
1308:
1164:
900:, he forced his erstwhile allies to come to terms. This treaty restored control of the Greek cities of
794:
614:
6777:
6668:
6654:
6549:
6492:
6339:
6116:
5438:
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Artaxerxes again attempted to mediate in conflicts between the Greek city-states at the time of the
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4964:
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3421:
1337:
1329:
1047:
1035:
1029:
381:
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branch of the Nile ordered by Nectanebo forced the enemy fleet to seek another way to sail up the
6969:
6701:
6679:
6520:
6429:
6176:
6109:
5580:
4969:
4201:
4191:
4009:
3613:
1950:
1124:
1093:
389:
57:
5795:
2714:
2702:
896:
In 386 BC, Artaxerxes II betrayed his allies and came to an arrangement with Sparta, and in the
715:
Tissaphernes noted that Cyrus the Younger's claims to be on a military expedition to attack the
6949:
6875:
6710:
6573:
6457:
6332:
6197:
6190:
6162:
5534:
5493:
5425:
4872:
4496:
4288:
4181:
3908:
3676:
2006:
1398:
1081:
755:", attempted to usurp the throne. Though Cyrus' mixed army fought to a tactical victory at the
734:
547:
2245:
2199:
2157:
2085:
1979:
959:. The Achaemenid Empire had also been applying pressure on Athens to recall the Greek general
6415:
6370:
6306:
6169:
6102:
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4452:
4153:
3531:
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2414:
2351:
2275:
2127:
2033:
1369:
929:
857:
807:
Artaxerxes became involved in a war with Persia's erstwhile allies, the Spartans, during the
782:
1926:
947:
6732:
6246:
5605:
5585:
5529:
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8:
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The Achaemenids, allied with Athens, managed to utterly destroy the Spartan fleet at the
765:
763:, himself one of the leaders of the Greek troops, would later recount this battle in the
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5937:
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3217:
2955:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3(1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods
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2012:
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King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BCE - 651 CE)
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1457:, also identifies Ahasuerus as Artaxerxes II citing the sixth century AD historian
1316:
1262:
983:
853:
756:
743:
638:
575:
351:
3867:
3552:
3118:
Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd (2017). "The Achaemenid Empire". In Daryaee, Touraj (ed.).
2977:
2379:
2312:
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in about 400 BC. Artaxerxes II is said to have more than 115 sons from 350 wives.
338:
Soon after his accession, Artaxerxes II faced opposition from his younger brother
6634:
6276:
6261:
6239:
6043:
5946:
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5650:
5625:
5615:
5549:
5483:
5396:
5376:
5336:
5278:
5209:
5160:
5048:
4856:
4625:
4211:
4051:
4019:
3964:
3836:
3776:
3510:
3385:
3368:
3341:
3316:
3180:
3140:
3119:
3079:
3039:
2985:
2953:
2949:
2936:
2911:
2890:
2869:
2810:
2720:
1458:
1077:
987:
769:, focusing on the struggle of the now-stranded Greek mercenaries to return home.
626:
485:
481:
400:
3364:
6857:
6764:
6696:
6605:
6086:
6036:
5882:
5762:
5620:
5381:
5356:
5331:
5268:
5260:
5240:
4691:
4594:
4540:
4196:
4014:
3831:
3684:
3662:
3016:
2794:
1576:
1519:
1500:
1438:
1406:
1188:
1120:
1054:, and made common cause with the other satraps who were revolting from Persia.
1043:
1005:
970:
The Achaemenid force landed in Egypt with the Athenian general Iphicrates near
925:
889:
861:
824:
808:
802:
790:
533:
503:
416:
303:
270:
258:
208:
125:
3631:
3337:
3242:
75:
6943:
6891:
6849:
6663:
5990:
5824:
5711:
5506:
5501:
5227:
5175:
5165:
5129:
4862:
4783:
4746:
4586:
4563:
4506:
4248:
4186:
4134:
3501:
3250:
3213:
2806:
1433:(Artexerxes II's physician) respectively. These derive from the Persian name
1140:
920:
Although successful against the Greeks, Artaxerxes had more trouble with the
393:
313:
93:
47:
3162:
In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World
2948:
Frye, R. N. (1983). "The political history of Iran under the Sasanians". In
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297:
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5635:
5567:
5521:
5478:
5326:
5316:
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5245:
5137:
5106:
5076:
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4599:
4581:
4548:
4462:
4308:
4206:
4139:
4114:
4104:
3989:
3806:
2999:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 2: The Median and Achaemenian periods
2776:
A History of Zoroastrianism, Zoroastrianism under Macedonian and Roman Rule
1582:
1469:
Artaxerxes II is reported to have had a number of wives. His main wife was
1450:
1163:
Much of Artaxerxes' wealth was spent on building projects. He restored the
1128:
963:, who was in the service of the Egyptians, but in vain. The Egyptian ruler
869:
812:
752:
739:
634:
3277:"Rebellions against the Great King in the Achaemenid Empire: Some Remarks"
2753:
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5101:
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3781:
2491:
2489:
1277:
1273:
1060:
979:
964:
699:
650:
605:, a half-sister of Darius II. His age at death is variously given as 86 (
537:
434:
380:, and most importantly, the revolts by the western satraps (known as the
370:
81:
3258:
880:
6650:
6464:
6450:
6436:
6408:
6346:
6056:
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5645:
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4558:
4525:
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3841:
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Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BCE
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164:
85:
52:
3346:
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4004:
3994:
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3816:
3811:
3702:
3392:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 524–526.
3348:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 588–590.
2892:
Brill's Companion to Military Defeat in Ancient Mediterranean Society
1510:
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1402:
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1333:
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was thus supported by Athenian General Chabrias and his mercenaries.
933:
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594:
491:
332:
321:
248:
238:
115:
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4671:
4447:
4350:
4318:
4283:
4243:
4129:
4069:
3984:
3801:
3717:
3712:
2665:
John of Ephesus. A Monophysite Historian in Sixth-century Byzantium
1493:
1446:
1410:
1297:
1168:
1136:
1119:
Sparta and Athens, dissatisfied with the Persian king's support of
1101:
997:
975:
960:
840:
760:
681:
669:
455:
203:
4039:
3061:
The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period
1272:), Achaemenid inscriptions make mention of unnamed gods alongside
6845:
6840:
6831:
6827:
6791:
6612:
5960:
5250:
5217:
4896:
4892:
4886:
4866:
4852:
4822:
4793:
4775:
4725:
4712:
4701:
4696:
4520:
4457:
4436:
4376:
4366:
4355:
4238:
4216:
4079:
4074:
4064:
4059:
3974:
3954:
3949:
3943:
3791:
3786:
3766:
3761:
3755:
3697:
3448:
The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: Adaptation and Expansion
2464:
2462:
2460:
2403:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1430:
1312:
1301:
1285:
1172:
1089:
1039:
1017:
845:
828:
716:
688:
673:
515:
385:
347:
223:
5909:
384:) in the 360s and 350s BC, led by distinguished figures such as
6800:
6723:
6705:
5222:
5066:
4876:
4735:
4604:
4553:
4371:
4029:
3860:
indicate kings not directly attested and so possibly legendary.
3846:
3707:
2474:
2197:
2155:
2083:
1441:"Arshu" for Artaxerxes II found on a contemporary inscription (
1426:
1345:
1289:
1097:
971:
905:
832:
820:
786:
720:
642:
606:
366:
2457:
1759:
1730:
1092:(vice-regent) and military commander of the Achaemenid satrap
951:
Achaemenid campaign of Pharnabazus II against Egypt in 373 BC.
6813:
6759:
6750:
6683:
6299:
4826:
4663:
4408:
4339:
3390:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume VI/5: Čūb-bāzī–Daf(f) and Dāyera
3318:
Trouble in the West: Egypt and the Persian Empire, 525–332 BC
2678:
2129:
Trouble in the West: Egypt and the Persian Empire, 525-332 BC
2061:
Trouble in the West: Egypt and the Persian Empire, 525-332 BC
1907:
1800:
Trouble in the West: Egypt and the Persian Empire, 525–332 BC
1747:
1705:
1703:
1069:
921:
901:
865:
622:
610:
497:
465:
459:
449:
420:
343:
307:
274:
1688:
888:, promulgated by Artaxerxes II in 387 BC, put an end to the
694:
During the coronation of Arsaces at the southern capital of
637:
as the commander-in-chief of the Persian force stationed at
440:("man", "hero"). He was also widely known by the hypocorism
6687:
4846:
1360:. Greek sources portray Artaxerxes II as sad in his reign.
1281:
1001:
511:
1832:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1700:
1664:
1628:
1340:. He would also be remembered for his tomb in Persepolis.
1100:. The negotiation collapsed when Thebes refused to return
672:, one of the seven Persian conspirators who overthrew the
4908:
In most territories, Achaemenid rulers were succeeded by
2063:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 55–62.
2011:. Delphi Classics. 2013. pp. 1031, Plutarch 15-1-6.
1616:
320:
from 405/4 BC to 358 BC. He was the son and successor of
2812:
From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire
1885:
1883:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1319:, who acted as the hereditary caretakers of the temple.
2035:
The Ancient Near East, Greece and Rome: A Brief History
1805:
1720:
1718:
875:
772:
546:
Greek authors gave Artaxerxes II the epithet "Mnemon" (
2501:
1652:
1640:
1061:
Peace mediation in the Theban–Spartan War (368-366 BC)
1895:
1880:
1844:
1771:
1143:, who was also fighting against the Achaemenid king.
1127:. Sparta sent a force to Ariobarzanes under an aging
1023:
939:
448:, which is attested in several Greek forms including
3467:
A Historical Commentary on Diodorus Siculus, Book 15
2982:"Armeno-Iranian Relations in the pre-Islamic period"
1868:
1856:
1715:
1187:, and was built on the model of his predecessors at
562:), meaning "remembering" or "having a good memory."
415:
The given name of Artaxerxes II was, as rendered in
342:, who assembled an army composed of troops from his
27:
King of the Achaemenid Empire from 405/4 to 359/8 BC
3897:
1401:, it has been suggested that Artaxerxes II was the
3275:
3229:Osborne, Michael J. (1971). "Athens and Orontes".
2851:A History of Ancient Persia: The Achaemenid Empire
2378:
2311:
1676:
1395:), thereby supporting the chronological sequence.
831:received massives subsidies. Tens of thousands of
2792:
2495:
711:Dynastic conflict with Cyrus the Younger (401 BC)
702:, Arsaces adopted the throne name of Artaxerxes.
6941:
2602:, Livius, Articles on Ancient History, 1996–2008
1344:on his problems in his court with his harem and
1251:Soldiers of many ethnicities on the upper relief
488:and claimed descent from Artaxerxes II himself.
3661:
3142:King and Court in Ancient Persia 559 to 331 BCE
3138:
3117:
3103:. The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. VI.
3037:
2480:
2468:
2008:Delphi Complete Works of Plutarch (Illustrated)
1913:
1753:
1741:
1473:, until she was poisoned by Artaxerxes' mother
856:(394 BC). After that, the Achaemenid satrap of
3099:Lloyd, Alan B. (1994). "Egypt, 404–332 B.C.".
1981:Coins and Currency: An Historical Encyclopedia
1802:(Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 263, n. 16
6960:4th-century BC Kings of the Achaemenid Empire
6955:5th-century BC Kings of the Achaemenid Empire
6574:
4939:
3883:
3647:
2793:Boyce, M.; Chaumont, M. L.; Bier, C. (1989).
2353:War and Peace in Ancient and Medieval History
1328:the power vacuum that followed, allowing the
892:under the guarantee of the Achaemenid Empire.
680:, while Hydarnes was appointed the satrap of
5911:Babylon under foreign rule (539 BC – AD 224)
3512:Ctesias' Persica in Its Near Eastern Context
3041:A Companion to the Achaemenid Persian Empire
2913:A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire
2774:; Grenet, Frantz (1991). Beck, Roger (ed.).
2626:A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire
2132:. Oxford University Press. pp. 99–105.
2031:
1276:, who was considered the supreme god of the
811:(395-387 BC). The Spartans under their king
789:at the time of Artaxerxes II and his Satrap
617:, Oxathres, and an older sister, Amestris.
588:
3321:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–311.
2996:
2888:
2770:
2349:
2204:. Cambridge University Press. p. 374.
2162:. Cambridge University Press. p. 373.
2090:. Cambridge University Press. p. 372.
1437:as do "Ahasuerus" ("(Arta)Xerxes") and the
6581:
6567:
4946:
4932:
3890:
3876:
3654:
3640:
3550:
2639:The Book of Esther in the Light of History
2356:. Cambridge University Press. p. 41.
1694:
1239:Upper Relief of the tomb of Artaxerxes II.
915:
283:445 – 359/8 BC), known by his regnal name
3464:
3202:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
3124:. UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies.
3038:Jacobs, Bruno; Rollinger, Robert (2021).
2909:
2889:Clark, Jessica H.; Turner, Brian (2018).
1977:
3445:
3432:
3419:
3406:
3273:
3182:Early Arsakid Parthia (ca. 250-165 B.C.)
3178:
2976:
2748:(in German). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
2507:
2419:. Harvard University Press. p. 25.
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2151:
2149:
2109:
2107:
1814:
1709:
1670:
1658:
1183:The tomb of Artaxerxes II is located at
1150:
1064:
946:
879:
864:, together with former Athenian admiral
776:
733:
3557:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 4
3483:
3439:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 6
3426:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 6
3413:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 6
3379:
3362:
3335:
3314:
3292:
3228:
3200:Osborne, Michael J. (1973). "Orontes".
3199:
2930:
2848:
2829:
2350:Souza, Philip de; France, John (2008).
2125:
2058:
1838:
1826:
664:, the daughter of the Persian nobleman
514:"). It is known in other languages as;
403:notably considered Artaxerxes II their
14:
6942:
4992:
3529:
3508:
3490:Schweizerische Numismatische Rundschau
3465:Stylianou, P.J. (1998). "Commentary".
3231:Annual of the British School at Athens
3015:
2867:
2805:
2799:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 9
2743:
2676:
2519:
2412:
2381:The Ancient Greeks: A Critical History
2314:The Ancient Greeks: A Critical History
2273:
2243:
2224:
2113:
1901:
1889:
1850:
1786:
1765:
1724:
1646:
1634:
1622:
660:Before his accession, Arsaces married
6588:
6562:
5908:
4927:
3871:
3635:
3159:
3098:
3077:
3058:
2631:
2441:"Achaemenid Royal Inscriptions: A2Sa"
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2269:
2267:
2250:. Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 113.
2230:
2193:
2191:
2182:
2146:
2104:
2077:
1973:
1971:
1874:
1862:
1391:) and during the rule of Artaxerxes (
1256:
1178:
1139:was also sent to the Egyptian Pharao
601:from 424 to 405/4 BC. His mother was
410:
4953:
3373:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition
2990:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition
2947:
2941:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition
2385:. Harvard University Press. p.
2376:
2318:. Harvard University Press. p.
2309:
2280:. Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 96.
2218:
1682:
1146:
1038:, starting with the powerful satrap
978:, but retired without attacking it,
876:Final agreement with Sparta (387 BC)
773:Conflict against Sparta (396-387 BC)
2677:Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica.
2654:, Gorgias Press LLC, reprinted 2003
1380:'s reign, and is also mentioned in
24:
6275:
5208:
4038:
3375:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
2992:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
2943:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
2679:"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica"
2624:M. A. Dandamaev, W. J. Vogelsang,
2336:
2294:
2277:The North Aegean Wars, 371-360 B.C
2264:
2247:The North Aegean Wars, 371-360 B.C
2188:
1968:
1425:for Artaxerxes II Mnemon given by
1417:(AD 75) records alternative names
1131:, while Athens sent a force under
1024:Revolt of the Satraps (372-362 BC)
940:Unfolding of the Egyptian campaign
25:
7001:
5936:
5683:
2871:The Kingdom of Armenia: A History
2615:, Little, Brown and Company, 1885
2611:John Dryden, Arthur Hugh Clough,
2523:Darius in the Shadow of Alexander
2416:Darius in the Shadow of Alexander
1490:(probably aged over 50 in 366 BC)
1363:
565:
6545:
6544:
5853:
3515:. University of Wisconsin Pres.
2652:The Chronography of Bar Hebraeus
1244:
1232:
1216:
1200:
910:campaigned against the Cadusians
74:
3139:Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd (2013).
2997:Gershevitch, Ilya, ed. (1985).
2910:Dandamaev, Muhammad A. (1989).
2725:
2695:
2670:
2657:
2644:
2641:, Oxford University Press, 1923
2618:
2605:
2592:
2575:
2557:
2540:
2513:
2496:Boyce, Chaumont & Bier 1989
2433:
2377:Fine, John Van Antwerp (1983).
2370:
2310:Fine, John Van Antwerp (1983).
2176:
2119:
2052:
2025:
1998:
1943:
1919:
1792:
1575:, mother of an unnamed wife of
1267:
781:Armoured cavalry of Achaemenid
645:. Cyrus was given the title of
360:
329: 423 – 405/4 BC
326:
6975:Kings of the Achaemenid Empire
3536:. Cambridge University Press.
3164:. Princeton University Press.
3145:. Edinburgh University Press.
3084:. Edinburgh University Press.
3001:. Cambridge University Press.
2032:Schwartzwald, Jack L. (2014).
1978:Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2015).
1376:dated to 407 BC, i.e., during
13:
1:
3593:
3581:
3382:"Cyrus vi. Cyrus the Younger"
2746:Plutarchs Vita des Artaxerxes
2201:The Cambridge History of Iran
2159:The Cambridge History of Iran
2087:The Cambridge History of Iran
1610:
996:c. 5.) Fortifications on the
506:rendition of the Old Persian
480:also derives the name of the
374:
280:
141:
6990:People of the Corinthian War
3179:Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2021).
2931:Facella, Margherita (2021).
2526:. Harvard University Press.
1927:"Cyrus the Younger - Livius"
593:Arses was the eldest son of
492:
466:
460:
450:
442:
298:
7:
3802:Xerxes the Great (Xerxes I)
3797:Darius the Great (Darius I)
3551:Wiesehöfer, Joseph (1986).
3469:. Oxford University Press.
3023:. Oxford: Blackwell Books.
2481:Jacobs & Rollinger 2021
2469:Jacobs & Rollinger 2021
1742:Jacobs & Rollinger 2021
1591:
1387:after the reign of Darius (
1042:. Following the failure of
581:Plutarch, when writing his
369:between 391–380 BC, by the
155:November 359 – April 358 BC
10:
7006:
6627:On the Malice of Herodotus
4036:
3777:Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II)
3486:"Orontes, Satrap of Mysia"
3021:A History of Ancient Egypt
2960:Cambridge University Press
2737:
1984:. McFarland. p. 125.
1551:(?), probable ancestor of
1165:Palace of Darius I at Susa
1027:
800:
551:
498:
421:
308:
292:
275:
187:
6920:
6884:
6643:
6597:
6542:
6260:
6126:
6117:Antigonus I Monophthalmus
6085:
6070:
5921:
5917:
5904:
5838:
5668:
5566:
5548:
5520:
5492:
5424:
5409:
5193:
5115:
5047:
5032:
4983:
4979:
4959:
4906:
4807:
4773:
4744:
4710:
4661:
4624:
4559:Queen Amoashtart (regent)
4539:
4505:
4481:
4403:
4337:
4262:
4225:
4148:
4049:
3916:
3906:
3855:
3726:
3683:
3674:
3620:
3611:
3603:
3566:
3484:Troxell, Hyla A. (1981).
3380:Schmitt, Rüdiger (1993).
3363:Schmitt, Rüdiger (2002).
3336:Schmitt, Rüdiger (2004).
3315:Ruzicka, Stephen (2012).
3298:Zoroastrianism in Armenia
3274:Podrazik, Michał (2017).
3243:10.1017/S0068245400019213
3160:Marek, Christian (2016).
3044:. John Wiley & Sons.
2126:Ruzicka, Stephen (2012).
2059:Ruzicka, Stephen (2012).
2038:. McFarland. p. 73.
1322:
1284:, he invokes the deities
1223:Tomb of Artaxerxes II in
1207:Tomb of Artaxerxes II in
797:, early fourth century BC
668:, who was descended from
589:Background and early life
510:("whose reign is through
254:
244:
234:
222:
181:
171:
159:
151:
135:
131:
121:
111:
103:
92:
73:
39:
32:
5411:Middle Babylonian period
4965:List of kings of Babylon
2830:Brijder, Herman (2014).
2744:Binder, Carsten (2008).
1768:, pp. 85, 109, 355.
1464:
1338:Palace of Darius in Susa
705:
597:, who ruled the Persian
6885:Translators and editors
5581:Ninurta-kudurri-usur II
3614:King of Kings of Persia
2849:Brosius, Maria (2020).
2703:"The Achaemenid Empire"
2520:Briant, Pierre (2015).
2413:Briant, Pierre (2015).
1951:"The Achaemenid Empire"
1560:, wife of Artaxerxes II
1292:alongside Ahura Mazda.
916:Egypt campaign (373 BC)
868:, raided the coasts of
835:, the main currency in
559:
18:Artaxerxes II of Persia
6198:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
6191:Seleucus IV Philopator
6163:Seleucus II Callinicus
5535:Ninurta-kudurri-usur I
4497:Alexander I of Macedon
4043:
3553:"Ardašīr I i. History"
3101:The Fourth Century B.C
2731:M.A. Dandamaev, p. 306
2663:Jan Jacob van Ginkel,
2274:Heskel, Julia (1997).
2244:Heskel, Julia (1997).
1587:112 other unnamed sons
1270: 522–486 BC
1160:
1073:
952:
893:
798:
747:
641:, east of the city of
363: 411–374 BC
6965:5th-century BC births
6307:Antiochus VII Sidetes
6170:Seleucus III Ceraunus
6103:Philip III Arrhidaeus
5840:Neo-Babylonian Empire
5742:Marduk-apla-iddina II
5737:Marduk-zakir-shumi II
5718:Marduk-apla-iddina II
5034:Old Babylonian Empire
4154:Hellespontine Phrygia
4042:
4025:Darius III Codomannus
3842:Darius III Codomannus
3530:Waters, Matt (2014).
3509:Waters, Matt (2017).
3433:Schmitt, R. (1986c).
3420:Schmitt, R. (1986b).
3407:Schmitt, R. (1986a).
2834:. Walter de Gruyter.
2801:. pp. 1003–1011.
2754:10.1515/9783110209945
2583:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2498:, pp. 1003–1011.
1637:, pp. 986, 1150.
1154:
1068:
1036:Great Satraps' Revolt
1030:Great Satraps' Revolt
950:
930:Hellespontine Phrygia
883:
858:Hellespontine Phrygia
819:; in particular, the
795:Altıkulaç Sarcophagus
783:Hellespontine Phrygia
780:
746:, Jean Adrien Guignet
737:
583:Life of Artaxerxes II
382:Great Satraps' Revolt
331:) and his mother was
6985:Babylonian captivity
6247:Demetrius II Nicator
5606:Marduk-zakir-shumi I
5586:Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina
5530:Eulmash-shakin-shumi
5434:Marduk-kabit-ahheshu
5387:Marduk-apla-iddina I
4760:Hydarnes the Younger
4492:Amyntas I of Macedon
4015:Artaxerxes III Ochus
4010:Artaxerxes II Mnemon
3911:- Achaemenid Kingdom
3832:Artaxerxes III Ochus
3827:Artaxerxes II Mnemon
3078:Lewis, Sian (2006).
2874:. Psychology Press.
1914:Llewellyn-Jones 2013
1754:Llewellyn-Jones 2017
1625:, pp. 109, 359.
1605:Ten Thousand (Greek)
1581:The unnamed wife of
1429:(c. 360–340 BC) and
1372:is mentioned in the
898:Treaty of Antalcidas
817:Timocrates of Rhodes
633:. He also succeeded
433:), derived from the
84:of Artaxerxes II in
6980:Anabasis (Xenophon)
6660:Alexander the Great
6212:Antiochus V Eupator
6177:Antiochus III Megas
5705:Tiglath-Pileser III
5670:Neo-Assyrian period
5611:Marduk-balassu-iqbi
5444:Ninurta-nadin-shumi
5352:Shagarakti-Shuriash
4910:Hellenistic satraps
4808:Other known satraps
4263:Greek Governors of
4030:Artaxerxes V Bessus
4020:Artaxerxes IV Arses
3847:Artaxerxes V Bessus
3837:Artaxerxes IV Arses
3559:. pp. 371–376.
3441:. pp. 658–659.
3428:. pp. 656–658.
3415:. pp. 654–655.
2868:Chahin, M. (2001).
2853:. Wiley-Blackwell.
1841:, pp. 588–590.
1829:, pp. 524–526.
1712:, pp. 656–658.
1697:, pp. 371–376.
1673:, pp. 654–655.
1370:high priest Johanan
1261:Since the reign of
1086:Philiscus of Abydos
1008:. Then, the annual
530:Ar-ta-ʾ-ḫa-šá-is-su
6897:Arthur Hugh Clough
6156:Antiochus II Theos
6137:Seleucus I Nicator
6072:Hellenistic period
5967:Nebuchadnezzar III
5558:Mar-biti-apla-usur
5540:Shirikti-shuqamuna
5464:Marduk-shapik-zeri
5439:Itti-Marduk-balatu
5392:Zababa-shuma-iddin
5367:Kadashman-Harbe II
5342:Kadashman-Enlil II
4916:from around 330 BC
4914:Hellenistic rulers
4044:
3573:Achaemenid dynasty
3059:Kuhrt, A. (2013).
2719:2008-06-19 at the
2637:Jacob Hoschander,
2116:, pp. 375–376
1374:Elephantine papyri
1354:Aspasia of Phocaea
1334:rebellion of Egypt
1257:Religious policies
1193:"Inscription A2Pa"
1179:Tomb at Persepolis
1161:
1157:"Inscription A2Pa"
1082:Theban–Spartan War
1074:
953:
894:
837:Achaemenid coinage
799:
785:attacking a Greek
748:
519:Ir-tak-ik-ša-iš-ša
484:, which ruled the
411:Name and etymology
399:The rulers of the
6937:
6936:
6924:Comparison extant
6854:Tiberius Gracchus
6620:De genio Socratis
6556:
6555:
6538:
6537:
6534:
6533:
6530:
6529:
6267:(141 BC – AD 224)
6256:
6255:
6233:Demetrius I Soter
6219:Demetrius I Soter
6144:Antiochus I Soter
6066:
6065:
5979:Nebuchadnezzar IV
5912:
5900:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5868:Nebuchadnezzar II
5834:
5833:
5664:
5663:
5656:Nabu-suma-ukin II
5641:Nabu-shuma-ishkun
5596:Nabu-shuma-ukin I
5512:Kashshu-nadin-ahi
5474:Marduk-ahhe-eriba
5459:Marduk-nadin-ahhe
5405:
5404:
5372:Adad-shuma-iddina
5362:Enlil-nadin-shumi
5307:Kadashman-Enlil I
5297:Kadashman-Harbe I
5189:
5188:
5028:
5027:
4921:
4920:
4110:Cyrus the Younger
3921:Achaemenid Empire
3900:Achaemenid Empire
3865:
3864:
3630:
3629:
3621:Succeeded by
3476:978-0-19-815239-2
3457:978-1-78570-208-2
3399:978-1-56859-003-5
3355:978-0-933273-80-1
3294:Russell, James R.
3152:978-0-7486-7711-5
3030:978-0-631-19396-8
2860:978-1-444-35092-0
2841:978-1-61451-713-9
2778:. Leiden: Brill.
2763:978-3-11-020269-4
2683:iranicaonline.org
2667:, Groningen, 1995
2600:Ctesias of Cnidus
2070:978-0-19-976662-8
1798:Stephen Ruzicka,
1649:, pp. 97–98.
1509:, wife of satrap
1405:mentioned in the
1350:Claudius Aelianus
1309:temple of Anahita
1147:Building projects
1104:to the Spartans.
1080:, especially the
599:Achaemenid Empire
572:Cyrus the Younger
523:Ir-da-ik-ša-iš-ša
340:Cyrus the Younger
318:Achaemenid Empire
295:
264:
263:
98:Achaemenid Empire
63:King of Countries
16:(Redirected from
6997:
6907:Philemon Holland
6796:Cato the Younger
6676:Aratus of Sicyon
6583:
6576:
6569:
6560:
6559:
6548:
6547:
6273:
6272:
6269:
6268:
6083:
6082:
6079:
6078:
5934:
5933:
5930:
5929:
5919:
5918:
5910:
5906:
5905:
5851:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5756:Aššur-nādin-šumi
5681:
5680:
5677:
5676:
5631:Marduk-apla-usur
5601:Nabu-apla-iddina
5591:Shamash-mudammiq
5469:Adad-apla-iddina
5454:Enlil-nadin-apli
5449:Nebuchadnezzar I
5422:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5312:Burna-Buriash II
5206:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5134:Unknown king (?)
5045:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5020:
5015:
5008:
4990:
4989:
4981:
4980:
4954:Kings of Babylon
4948:
4941:
4934:
4925:
4924:
3980:Darius the Great
3892:
3885:
3878:
3869:
3868:
3822:Darius II Nothus
3734:
3733:
3691:
3690:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3633:
3632:
3604:Preceded by
3599:
3598:
3595:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3547:
3526:
3505:
3480:
3461:
3442:
3435:"Artaxerxes III"
3429:
3416:
3403:
3386:Yarshater, Ehsan
3376:
3369:Yarshater, Ehsan
3359:
3342:Yarshater, Ehsan
3332:
3311:
3289:
3279:
3270:
3225:
3196:
3175:
3156:
3135:
3114:
3095:
3074:
3055:
3034:
3012:
2993:
2986:Yarshater, Ehsan
2973:
2950:Yarshater, Ehsan
2944:
2937:Yarshater, Ehsan
2927:
2906:
2885:
2864:
2845:
2826:
2802:
2789:
2767:
2732:
2729:
2723:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2674:
2668:
2661:
2655:
2650:E. A. W. Budge,
2648:
2642:
2635:
2629:
2622:
2616:
2613:Plutarch's Lives
2609:
2603:
2598:Jona Lendering,
2596:
2590:
2581:Wolfgang Felix,
2579:
2573:
2561:
2555:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2410:
2401:
2400:
2384:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2347:
2334:
2333:
2317:
2307:
2292:
2291:
2271:
2262:
2261:
2241:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2195:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2153:
2144:
2143:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2102:
2101:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1975:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1803:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1728:
1722:
1713:
1707:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1271:
1269:
1263:Darius the Great
1248:
1236:
1220:
1204:
1175:and sculptures.
1072:of Artaxerxes II
984:Diodorus Siculus
854:Battle of Cnidus
757:Battle of Cunaxa
744:Battle of Cunaxa
576:Battle of Cunaxa
553:
501:
500:
495:
469:
463:
453:
447:
424:
423:
379:
376:
364:
362:
330:
328:
311:
310:
301:
296:
293:
282:
278:
277:
192:
146:
143:
78:
30:
29:
21:
7005:
7004:
7000:
6999:
6998:
6996:
6995:
6994:
6940:
6939:
6938:
6933:
6916:
6880:
6867:Aemilius Paulus
6639:
6635:Pseudo-Plutarch
6593:
6587:
6557:
6552:
6526:
6266:
6265:
6264:
6262:Parthian period
6252:
6240:Alexander Balas
6122:
6076:
6075:
6074:
6062:
5927:
5926:
5925:
5913:
5892:
5844:
5843:
5842:
5830:
5796:Šamaš-šuma-ukin
5768:Mushezib-Marduk
5699:Nabu-mukin-zeri
5692:
5674:
5673:
5672:
5660:
5651:Nabu-nadin-zeri
5626:Marduk-bel-zeri
5616:Baba-aha-iddina
5576:Nabû-mukin-apli
5562:
5544:
5516:
5488:
5484:Nabu-shum-libur
5415:
5414:
5413:
5401:
5397:Enlil-nadin-ahi
5377:Adad-shuma-usur
5337:Kadashman-Turgu
5279:Kashtiliash III
5199:
5198:
5197:
5185:
5161:Peshgaldaramesh
5111:
5038:
5037:
5036:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5011:
5003:
4995:
4986:
4975:
4974:
4955:
4952:
4922:
4917:
4902:
4857:Greater Phrygia
4803:
4769:
4740:
4706:
4657:
4620:
4535:
4501:
4477:
4399:
4333:
4258:
4221:
4212:Pharnabazus III
4144:
4045:
4034:
3965:Cyrus the Great
3918:
3912:
3902:
3896:
3866:
3861:
3851:
3731:
3730:
3722:
3688:
3687:
3679:
3670:
3660:
3626:
3617:
3609:
3596:
3588:
3584:
3577:
3576:
3569:
3544:
3523:
3477:
3458:
3450:. Oxbow Books.
3422:"Artaxerxes II"
3400:
3356:
3329:
3308:
3193:
3172:
3153:
3132:
3111:
3092:
3081:Ancient Tyranny
3071:
3052:
3031:
3017:Grimal, Nicolas
3009:
2970:
2924:
2903:
2882:
2861:
2842:
2823:
2815:. Eisenbrauns.
2786:
2764:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2721:Wayback Machine
2708:
2706:
2705:. 25 April 2014
2701:
2700:
2696:
2687:
2685:
2675:
2671:
2662:
2658:
2649:
2645:
2636:
2632:
2623:
2619:
2610:
2606:
2597:
2593:
2580:
2576:
2562:
2558:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2518:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2494:
2487:
2483:, p. 1286.
2479:
2475:
2467:
2458:
2449:
2447:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2348:
2337:
2330:
2308:
2295:
2288:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2242:
2231:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2196:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2124:
2120:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1976:
1969:
1960:
1958:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1935:
1933:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1888:
1881:
1873:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1813:
1806:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1740:
1731:
1723:
1716:
1708:
1701:
1695:Wiesehöfer 1986
1693:
1689:
1681:
1677:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1594:
1467:
1459:John of Ephesus
1366:
1352:'s accounts of
1325:
1317:Sasanian family
1266:
1259:
1252:
1249:
1240:
1237:
1228:
1221:
1212:
1205:
1181:
1149:
1078:Theban hegemony
1063:
1032:
1026:
988:Cornelius Nepos
942:
918:
878:
805:
775:
738:Retreat of the
713:
708:
627:Greater Phrygia
591:
568:
486:Parthian Empire
482:Arsacid dynasty
413:
401:Parthian Empire
377:
359:
325:
218:
186:
185:
167:
144:
140:
88:
67:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7003:
6993:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6970:350s BC deaths
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6935:
6934:
6932:
6931:
6927:Four unpaired
6925:
6921:
6918:
6917:
6915:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6888:
6886:
6882:
6881:
6879:
6878:
6869:
6860:
6858:Gaius Gracchus
6843:
6834:
6825:
6816:
6807:
6798:
6789:
6780:
6771:
6762:
6753:
6744:
6735:
6726:
6717:
6708:
6699:
6697:Cato the Elder
6690:
6673:
6657:
6647:
6645:
6641:
6640:
6638:
6637:
6632:
6631:
6630:
6623:
6609:
6606:Parallel Lives
6601:
6599:
6595:
6594:
6586:
6585:
6578:
6571:
6563:
6554:
6553:
6543:
6540:
6539:
6536:
6535:
6532:
6531:
6528:
6527:
6525:
6524:
6517:
6510:
6503:
6496:
6493:Parthamaspates
6489:
6482:
6475:
6468:
6461:
6454:
6447:
6440:
6433:
6426:
6419:
6412:
6405:
6398:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6374:
6367:
6362:
6355:
6350:
6343:
6340:Mithridates II
6336:
6329:
6322:
6317:
6310:
6303:
6296:
6289:
6281:
6279:
6270:
6258:
6257:
6254:
6253:
6251:
6250:
6243:
6236:
6229:
6222:
6215:
6208:
6201:
6194:
6187:
6180:
6173:
6166:
6159:
6152:
6147:
6140:
6132:
6130:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6120:
6113:
6106:
6099:
6091:
6089:
6080:
6068:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6060:
6053:
6047:
6040:
6037:Artaxerxes III
6033:
6026:
6019:
6012:
6005:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5981:
5976:
5969:
5964:
5957:
5950:
5942:
5940:
5931:
5923:Persian period
5915:
5914:
5902:
5901:
5898:
5897:
5894:
5893:
5891:
5890:
5885:
5883:Labashi-Marduk
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5859:
5857:
5848:
5836:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5828:
5821:
5818:Sîn-šumu-līšir
5814:
5807:
5800:
5791:
5784:
5777:
5770:
5765:
5763:Nergal-ushezib
5760:
5751:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5727:
5720:
5715:
5708:
5701:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5690:
5684:
5678:
5666:
5665:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5621:Ninurta-apla-X
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5572:
5570:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5560:
5554:
5552:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5526:
5524:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5498:
5496:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5430:
5428:
5419:
5407:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5357:Kashtiliash IV
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5332:Nazi-Maruttash
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5269:Burnaburiash I
5266:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5241:Kashtiliash II
5238:
5233:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5214:
5212:
5203:
5200:(1729–1157 BC)
5195:Kassite period
5191:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5132:
5127:
5121:
5119:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5053:
5051:
5042:
5039:(1894–1595 BC)
5030:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5016:
5009:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4987:
4984:
4977:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4967:
4961:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4950:
4943:
4936:
4928:
4919:
4918:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4890:
4880:
4870:
4860:
4850:
4840:
4830:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4780:
4778:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4751:
4749:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4717:
4715:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4692:Pherendates II
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4668:
4666:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4634:
4632:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4617:Abdashtart III
4615:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4595:Baalshillem II
4592:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4545:
4543:
4541:Kings of Sidon
4537:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4515:
4511:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4494:
4488:
4486:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4413:
4411:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4344:
4342:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4270:
4268:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4235:
4233:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4197:Pharnabazus II
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4158:
4156:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4095:Artaphernes II
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4056:
4054:
4047:
4046:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3925:
3923:
3917:Kings of Kings
3914:
3913:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3898:Rulers in the
3895:
3894:
3887:
3880:
3872:
3863:
3862:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3737:
3735:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3694:
3692:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3659:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3636:
3628:
3627:
3624:Artaxerxes III
3622:
3619:
3610:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3570:
3568:Artaxerxes II
3567:
3562:
3561:
3548:
3543:978-0521253697
3542:
3527:
3522:978-0299310905
3521:
3506:
3481:
3475:
3462:
3456:
3443:
3430:
3417:
3404:
3398:
3377:
3360:
3354:
3333:
3327:
3312:
3307:978-0674968509
3306:
3290:
3271:
3226:
3208:(4): 515–551.
3197:
3192:978-9004460751
3191:
3176:
3171:978-0691159799
3170:
3157:
3151:
3136:
3130:
3115:
3109:
3096:
3091:978-0748621255
3090:
3075:
3070:978-1136016943
3069:
3056:
3051:978-1119174288
3050:
3035:
3029:
3013:
3008:978-0521200912
3007:
2994:
2978:Garsoian, Nina
2974:
2968:
2945:
2928:
2923:978-9004091726
2922:
2907:
2902:978-9004298583
2901:
2886:
2881:978-0700714520
2880:
2865:
2859:
2846:
2840:
2827:
2822:978-1575060316
2821:
2807:Briant, Pierre
2803:
2790:
2785:978-9004293915
2784:
2768:
2762:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2724:
2694:
2669:
2656:
2643:
2630:
2617:
2604:
2591:
2574:
2556:
2539:
2532:
2512:
2500:
2485:
2473:
2471:, p. 463.
2456:
2445:www.livius.org
2432:
2425:
2402:
2395:
2369:
2362:
2335:
2328:
2293:
2286:
2263:
2256:
2229:
2217:
2210:
2187:
2175:
2168:
2145:
2138:
2118:
2103:
2096:
2076:
2069:
2051:
2044:
2024:
2017:
1997:
1990:
1967:
1955:Iranologie.com
1942:
1931:www.livius.org
1918:
1906:
1904:, p. 616.
1894:
1892:, p. 177.
1879:
1877:, p. 353.
1867:
1865:, p. 225.
1855:
1853:, p. 101.
1843:
1831:
1819:
1817:, p. 278.
1804:
1791:
1789:, p. 615.
1770:
1758:
1746:
1744:, p. 460.
1729:
1727:, p. 612.
1714:
1699:
1687:
1685:, p. 178.
1675:
1663:
1661:, p. 146.
1651:
1639:
1627:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1579:
1577:Artaxerxes III
1570:
1561:
1555:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1535:By other wives
1532:
1531:
1522:
1520:Artaxerxes III
1513:
1504:
1501:Artaxerxes III
1497:
1491:
1485:
1466:
1463:
1439:hypocoristicon
1407:Book of Esther
1399:Amongst others
1365:
1364:Identification
1362:
1324:
1321:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1231:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1213:
1206:
1199:
1189:Naqsh-e Rustam
1180:
1177:
1148:
1145:
1062:
1059:
1044:Pharnabazus II
1028:Main article:
1025:
1022:
941:
938:
917:
914:
890:Corinthian War
877:
874:
862:Pharnabazus II
809:Corinthian War
803:Corinthian War
801:Main article:
791:Pharnabazus II
774:
771:
712:
709:
707:
704:
674:Pseudo-Smerdis
590:
587:
567:
566:Historiography
564:
534:Middle Persian
412:
409:
262:
261:
259:Zoroastrianism
256:
252:
251:
246:
242:
241:
236:
232:
231:
226:
220:
219:
217:
216:
211:
209:Artaxerxes III
206:
201:
195:
193:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
161:
157:
156:
153:
149:
148:
137:
133:
132:
129:
128:
126:Artaxerxes III
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
107:405/4–359/8 BC
105:
101:
100:
90:
89:
79:
71:
70:
66:
65:
60:
58:King of Persia
55:
50:
42:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7002:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6950:Artaxerxes II
6948:
6947:
6945:
6930:
6926:
6923:
6922:
6919:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6892:Jacques Amyot
6890:
6889:
6887:
6883:
6877:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6855:
6851:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6674:
6671:
6670:
6665:
6664:Julius Caesar
6661:
6658:
6656:
6652:
6649:
6648:
6646:
6642:
6636:
6633:
6628:
6624:
6621:
6617:
6616:
6615:
6614:
6610:
6608:
6607:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6584:
6579:
6577:
6572:
6570:
6565:
6564:
6561:
6551:
6541:
6523:
6522:
6518:
6516:
6515:
6511:
6509:
6508:
6504:
6502:
6501:
6497:
6495:
6494:
6490:
6488:
6487:
6486:Vologases III
6483:
6481:
6480:
6476:
6474:
6473:
6472:Artabanus III
6469:
6467:
6466:
6462:
6460:
6459:
6455:
6453:
6452:
6448:
6446:
6445:
6441:
6439:
6438:
6434:
6432:
6431:
6427:
6425:
6424:
6420:
6418:
6417:
6413:
6411:
6410:
6406:
6404:
6403:
6399:
6397:
6396:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6379:
6375:
6373:
6372:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6360:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6348:
6344:
6342:
6341:
6337:
6335:
6334:
6330:
6328:
6327:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6315:
6311:
6309:
6308:
6304:
6302:
6301:
6297:
6295:
6294:
6290:
6288:
6287:
6286:Mithridates I
6283:
6282:
6280:
6278:
6274:
6271:
6263:
6259:
6249:
6248:
6244:
6242:
6241:
6237:
6235:
6234:
6230:
6228:
6227:
6223:
6221:
6220:
6216:
6214:
6213:
6209:
6207:
6206:
6202:
6200:
6199:
6195:
6193:
6192:
6188:
6186:
6185:
6181:
6179:
6178:
6174:
6172:
6171:
6167:
6165:
6164:
6160:
6158:
6157:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6145:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6129:
6125:
6119:
6118:
6114:
6112:
6111:
6107:
6105:
6104:
6100:
6098:
6097:
6096:Alexander III
6093:
6092:
6090:
6088:
6084:
6081:
6073:
6069:
6059:
6058:
6054:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6045:
6044:Artaxerxes IV
6041:
6039:
6038:
6034:
6032:
6031:
6030:Artaxerxes II
6027:
6025:
6024:
6020:
6018:
6017:
6013:
6011:
6010:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5991:Shamash-eriba
5989:
5987:
5986:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5974:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5962:
5958:
5956:
5955:
5951:
5949:
5948:
5944:
5943:
5941:
5939:
5935:
5932:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5907:
5903:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5858:
5856:
5852:
5849:
5841:
5837:
5827:
5826:
5825:Sinsharishkun
5822:
5820:
5819:
5815:
5813:
5812:
5808:
5806:
5805:
5801:
5799:
5798:
5797:
5792:
5790:
5789:
5785:
5783:
5782:
5778:
5776:
5775:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5758:
5757:
5752:
5750:
5749:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5732:
5728:
5726:
5725:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5713:
5712:Shalmaneser V
5709:
5707:
5706:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5689:
5686:
5685:
5682:
5679:
5671:
5667:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5569:
5565:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5551:
5547:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5523:
5519:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5507:Ea-mukin-zeri
5505:
5503:
5502:Simbar-shipak
5500:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5491:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5423:
5420:
5416:(1157–732 BC)
5412:
5408:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:Kadashman-Sah
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5228:Kashtiliash I
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5207:
5204:
5196:
5192:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5176:Melamkurkurra
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5166:Ayadaragalama
5164:
5162:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5130:Itti-ili-nibi
5128:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5114:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5050:
5046:
5043:
5035:
5031:
5017:
5014:
5010:
5007:
5006:foreign ruler
5001:
5000:
4997:
4991:
4988:
4982:
4978:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4958:
4949:
4944:
4942:
4937:
4935:
4930:
4929:
4926:
4915:
4911:
4905:
4898:
4894:
4891:
4888:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4874:
4871:
4868:
4864:
4863:Phrataphernes
4861:
4858:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4844:
4841:
4838:
4834:
4831:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4784:Syennesis III
4782:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4772:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4743:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4714:
4709:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4660:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4616:
4614:Abdashtart II
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4587:Baalshillem I
4585:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4564:Eshmunazar II
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4538:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4507:Kings of Tyre
4504:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4480:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4336:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4261:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4249:Mithrobuzanes
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4187:Pharnabazus I
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4135:Autophradates
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4090:Artaphernes I
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4048:
4041:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3901:
3893:
3888:
3886:
3881:
3879:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3859:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3729:
3725:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3664:
3657:
3652:
3650:
3645:
3643:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3625:
3618:404–359/8 BC
3616:
3615:
3608:
3602:
3597: 358 BC
3592:
3585: 436 BC
3580:
3575:
3574:
3565:
3558:
3554:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3449:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3330:
3328:9780199766628
3324:
3320:
3319:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3278:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3137:
3133:
3131:9780692864401
3127:
3123:
3122:
3116:
3112:
3110:0-521-23348-8
3106:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3063:. Routledge.
3062:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3043:
3042:
3036:
3032:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2969:0-521-20092-X
2965:
2961:
2958:. Cambridge:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2741:
2728:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2704:
2698:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2660:
2653:
2647:
2640:
2634:
2628:, BRILL, 1989
2627:
2621:
2614:
2608:
2601:
2595:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2571:
2570:9781589836280
2567:
2560:
2553:
2552:9780691035031
2549:
2543:
2535:
2533:9780674493094
2529:
2525:
2524:
2516:
2510:, p. 89.
2509:
2508:Olbrycht 2021
2504:
2497:
2492:
2490:
2482:
2477:
2470:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2428:
2426:9780674493094
2422:
2418:
2417:
2409:
2407:
2398:
2396:9780674033146
2392:
2388:
2383:
2382:
2373:
2365:
2363:9781139469487
2359:
2355:
2354:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2331:
2329:9780674033146
2325:
2321:
2316:
2315:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2289:
2287:9783515069175
2283:
2279:
2278:
2270:
2268:
2259:
2257:9783515069175
2253:
2249:
2248:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2227:, p. 377
2226:
2225:Grimal (1992)
2221:
2213:
2211:9780521200912
2207:
2203:
2202:
2194:
2192:
2185:, p. 348
2184:
2179:
2171:
2169:9780521200912
2165:
2161:
2160:
2152:
2150:
2141:
2139:9780199908776
2135:
2131:
2130:
2122:
2115:
2114:Grimal (1992)
2110:
2108:
2099:
2097:9780521200912
2093:
2089:
2088:
2080:
2072:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2047:
2045:9781476613079
2041:
2037:
2036:
2028:
2020:
2018:9781909496620
2014:
2010:
2009:
2001:
1993:
1991:9781476611204
1987:
1983:
1982:
1974:
1972:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1916:, p. 13.
1915:
1910:
1903:
1898:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1876:
1871:
1864:
1859:
1852:
1847:
1840:
1835:
1828:
1823:
1816:
1815:Podrazik 2017
1811:
1809:
1801:
1795:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1767:
1762:
1756:, p. 76.
1755:
1750:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1711:
1710:Schmitt 1986b
1706:
1704:
1696:
1691:
1684:
1679:
1672:
1671:Schmitt 1986a
1667:
1660:
1659:Olbrycht 2021
1655:
1648:
1643:
1636:
1631:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1496:or Ariarathes
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1330:Satrap Revolt
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1264:
1247:
1242:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1153:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1021:
1019:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
994:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
968:
966:
962:
958:
949:
945:
937:
935:
931:
927:
923:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
891:
887:
882:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
850:
848:
847:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
804:
796:
792:
788:
784:
779:
770:
768:
767:
762:
758:
754:
745:
741:
736:
732:
728:
726:
722:
718:
703:
701:
697:
692:
690:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
586:
584:
579:
577:
573:
563:
561:
557:
549:
548:Ancient Greek
544:
542:
539:
535:
531:
528:
524:
520:
517:
513:
509:
505:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
474:
468:
462:
457:
452:
446:
445:
439:
436:
432:
428:
418:
408:
406:
402:
397:
395:
394:Autophradates
391:
387:
383:
378: 380 BC
372:
368:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
336:
334:
323:
319:
315:
314:King of Kings
305:
300:
290:
286:
285:Artaxerxes II
272:
268:
260:
257:
253:
250:
247:
243:
240:
237:
233:
230:
227:
225:
221:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
196:
194:
191:
189:
184:
180:
177:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
145: 436 BC
138:
134:
130:
127:
124:
120:
117:
114:
110:
106:
102:
99:
95:
94:King of Kings
91:
87:
83:
77:
72:
69:
64:
61:
59:
56:
54:
51:
49:
48:King of Kings
46:
45:
44:
41:
38:
33:Artaxerxes II
31:
19:
6928:
6912:Thomas North
6872:Themistocles
6823:Gaius Marius
6667:
6611:
6604:
6521:Artabanus IV
6519:
6514:Vologases VI
6512:
6505:
6500:Vologases IV
6498:
6491:
6484:
6477:
6470:
6463:
6456:
6449:
6442:
6435:
6430:Artabanus II
6428:
6421:
6414:
6407:
6400:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:Phraates III
6376:
6369:
6364:
6357:
6352:
6345:
6338:
6331:
6324:
6319:
6312:
6305:
6298:
6291:
6284:
6245:
6238:
6231:
6224:
6217:
6210:
6203:
6196:
6189:
6182:
6175:
6168:
6161:
6154:
6149:
6142:
6135:
6115:
6110:Alexander IV
6108:
6101:
6094:
6077:(331–141 BC)
6055:
6042:
6035:
6029:
6028:
6021:
6014:
6007:
6002:Artaxerxes I
6000:
5996:Bel-shimanni
5983:
5971:
5959:
5952:
5945:
5928:(539–331 BC)
5863:Nabopolassar
5845:(626–539 BC)
5823:
5816:
5809:
5804:Ashurbanipal
5802:
5794:
5793:
5788:Ashurbanipal
5786:
5779:
5772:
5754:
5753:
5746:
5729:
5722:
5710:
5703:
5675:(732–626 BC)
5636:Eriba-Marduk
5479:Marduk-zer-X
5327:Kurigalzu II
5317:Kara-hardash
5265:Unknown king
5256:Harba-Shipak
5246:Urzigurumash
5232:Unknown king
5138:Damqi-ilishu
5107:Samsu-Ditana
5077:Sin-Muballit
5012:
5005:
5002:Kings
4970:Royal titles
4873:Ariobarzanes
4843:Satibarzanes
4600:Abdashtart I
4582:Tetramnestos
4549:Eshmunazar I
4453:Artemisia II
4363:Teththiweibi
4309:Themistocles
4254:Ariarathes I
4207:Artabazus II
4202:Ariobarzanes
4192:Pharnaces II
4140:Spithridates
4115:Tissaphernes
4105:Tissaphernes
3990:Artaxerxes I
3942:
3935:
3928:
3857:
3826:
3807:Artaxerxes I
3754:
3747:
3740:
3732:(550–330 BC)
3689:(728–550 BC)
3612:
3590:
3578:
3571:
3556:
3532:
3511:
3493:
3489:
3466:
3447:
3438:
3425:
3412:
3409:"Artaxerxes"
3389:
3372:
3345:
3317:
3297:
3285:
3281:
3234:
3230:
3205:
3201:
3181:
3161:
3141:
3120:
3100:
3080:
3060:
3040:
3020:
2998:
2989:
2954:
2940:
2912:
2891:
2870:
2850:
2831:
2811:
2798:
2775:
2745:
2727:
2707:. Retrieved
2697:
2686:. Retrieved
2682:
2672:
2664:
2659:
2651:
2646:
2638:
2633:
2625:
2620:
2612:
2607:
2599:
2594:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2572:, p 125-153.
2559:
2542:
2522:
2515:
2503:
2476:
2448:. Retrieved
2444:
2435:
2415:
2380:
2372:
2352:
2313:
2276:
2246:
2220:
2200:
2183:Lloyd (1994)
2178:
2158:
2128:
2121:
2086:
2079:
2060:
2054:
2034:
2027:
2007:
2000:
1980:
1959:. Retrieved
1957:. 2014-04-25
1954:
1945:
1934:. Retrieved
1930:
1921:
1909:
1897:
1870:
1858:
1846:
1839:Schmitt 2004
1834:
1827:Schmitt 1993
1822:
1799:
1794:
1761:
1749:
1690:
1678:
1666:
1654:
1642:
1630:
1618:
1599:The Anabasis
1597:
1583:Tissaphernes
1527:, mother of
1468:
1455:Chronography
1454:
1451:Bar-Hebraeus
1442:
1434:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1397:
1367:
1342:
1326:
1306:
1300:, Susa, and
1294:
1260:
1182:
1162:
1129:Agesilaus II
1125:Ariobarzanes
1118:
1114:
1106:
1094:Ariobarzanes
1075:
1056:
1033:
1014:
991:
969:
954:
943:
928:, satrap of
919:
895:
886:King's Peace
870:Peloponnesia
851:
844:
813:Agesilaus II
806:
764:
753:Ten Thousand
751:called the "
749:
740:Ten Thousand
729:
714:
693:
686:
659:
654:
646:
635:Tissaphernes
619:
592:
582:
580:
569:
545:
540:
529:
522:
518:
507:
490:
477:
471:
437:
430:
414:
398:
390:Ariobarzanes
337:
294:𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂
284:
266:
265:
190:
188:among others
68:
43:
40:
35:𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂
6902:John Dryden
6783:Philopoemen
6720:Demosthenes
6507:Vologases V
6458:Vologases I
6444:Gotarzes II
6402:Phraates IV
6333:Artabanus I
6326:Hyspaosines
6314:Phraates II
6293:Phraates II
5954:Cambyses II
5878:Neriglissar
5873:Amel-Marduk
5774:Sennacherib
5731:Sennacherib
5382:Meli-Shipak
5347:Kudur-Enlil
5322:Nazi-Bugash
5302:Kurigalzu I
5274:Ulamburiash
5261:Shipta'ulzi
5236:Abi-Rattash
5125:Ilum-ma-ili
5102:Ammi-Saduqa
5097:Ammi-Ditana
5087:Samsu-iluna
5013:vassal king
4774:Satraps of
4745:Satraps of
4711:Satraps of
4677:Pherendates
4662:Satraps of
4610:Evagoras II
4473:Orontobates
4432:Lygdamis II
4338:Dynasts of
4314:Archeptolis
4304:Aristagoras
4289:Eurysthenes
4182:Artabazus I
4120:Tithraustes
4050:Satraps of
3970:Cambyses II
3909:Family tree
3782:Cambyses II
3677:Family tree
3237:: 297–321.
2772:Boyce, Mary
2589:, 1996–2008
1902:Briant 2002
1890:Waters 2014
1851:Waters 2017
1787:Briant 2002
1766:Binder 2008
1725:Briant 2002
1647:Binder 2008
1635:Briant 2002
1623:Binder 2008
1568:Pharnabazus
1549:Phriapatius
1544:Mithridates
1435:Khshayarsha
1368:The Jewish
1278:Zoroastrian
1274:Ahura Mazda
980:Nectanebo I
965:Nectanebo I
926:Pharnabazus
829:Corinthians
700:investiture
678:Terituchmes
651:Old Iranian
556:Old Persian
538:New Persian
435:Old Persian
371:Phoenicians
289:Old Persian
147:(or 453 BC)
112:Predecessor
82:Rock relief
6944:Categories
6787:Flamininus
6680:Artaxerxes
6655:Coriolanus
6651:Alcibiades
6465:Pacorus II
6451:Vonones II
6437:Vardanes I
6416:Orodes III
6409:Phraates V
6384:Piriustana
6371:Sinatruces
6353:Asi'abatar
6347:Gotarzes I
6057:Darius III
5781:Esarhaddon
5646:Nabonassar
5292:Karaindash
5062:Sumu-la-El
4682:Achaemenes
4653:Orontes II
4648:Darius III
4569:Bodashtart
4517:Boulomenus
4443:Hecatomnus
4427:Pisindelis
4417:Lygdamis I
4390:Mithrapata
4381:Artembares
4324:Amyntas II
4265:Asia Minor
4244:Ariamnes I
4231:Cappadocia
4177:Oebares II
4162:Mitrobates
4100:Pissuthnes
3960:Cambyses I
3937:Ariaramnes
3930:Achaemenes
3772:Cambyses I
3749:Ariaramnes
3742:Achaemenes
3728:Achaemenid
3667:Achaemenid
3338:"Hydarnes"
3288:: 277–291.
2933:"Orontids"
2709:2015-06-21
2688:2023-01-27
2450:2015-06-21
1961:2019-04-30
1936:2019-05-08
1875:Kuhrt 2013
1863:Lewis 2006
1611:References
1566:, wife of
1529:Darius III
1525:Sisygambis
1518:, wife of
1225:Persepolis
1209:Persepolis
1185:Persepolis
1110:Chersonese
1084:. He sent
1052:Cappadocia
1010:Nile flood
993:Iphicrates
957:Iphicrates
696:Pasargadae
631:Cappadocia
609:) and 94 (
499:Αρταξέρξης
493:Artaxerxēs
427:Babylonian
405:progenitor
356:Evagoras I
309:Ἀρταξέρξης
299:Artaxšaçāʰ
229:Achaemenid
165:Persepolis
86:Persepolis
53:Great King
6850:Cleomenes
6837:Sertorius
6810:Poplicola
6805:Agesilaus
6778:Marcellus
6774:Pelopidas
6711:Demetrius
6693:Aristides
6589:Works of
6423:Vonones I
6395:Orodes II
6389:Teleuniqe
6365:Ispubarza
6226:Timarchus
6205:Antiochus
6184:Antiochus
6050:Nidin-Bel
6023:Darius II
6016:Sogdianus
6009:Xerxes II
5888:Nabonidus
5811:Kandalanu
5724:Sargon II
5171:Akurduana
5153:Gulkishar
5148:Shushushi
5092:Abi-Eshuh
5082:Hammurabi
5057:Sumu-abum
4819:Abrocomas
4815:Megabyzus
4789:Camisares
4765:Atropates
4721:Hystaspes
4643:Orontes I
4638:Artasyrus
4574:Yatonmilk
4531:Azemilcus
4514:Mattan IV
4484:Macedonia
4482:Kings of
4468:Pixodarus
4422:Artemisia
4385:Artumpara
4329:Philiscus
4299:Histiaeus
4279:Demaratus
4274:Miltiades
4172:Megabates
4167:Megabazus
4125:Tiribazus
4005:Darius II
4000:Sogdianus
3995:Xerxes II
3817:Sogdianus
3812:Xerxes II
3703:Phraortes
3607:Darius II
3502:0035-4163
3496:: 27–41.
3365:"Orontes"
3267:163834297
3251:2045-2403
3214:0018-2311
3185:. Brill.
2916:. Brill.
2895:. Brill.
1683:Frye 1983
1511:Orontes I
1507:Rhodogune
1475:Parysatis
1403:Ahasuerus
1378:Darius II
1358:Tiridates
1133:Timotheus
934:Phoenicia
922:Egyptians
821:Athenians
742:, at the
717:Pisidians
603:Parysatis
595:Darius II
508:Artaxšaçā
502:) is the
419:, Arses (
333:Parysatis
322:Darius II
249:Parysatis
239:Darius II
214:Rhodogune
122:Successor
116:Darius II
6876:Camillus
6863:Timoleon
6769:Lycurgus
6756:Lysander
6747:Lucullus
6742:Pericles
6591:Plutarch
6550:Category
6479:Osroes I
6359:Orodes I
6150:Seleucus
5985:Xerxes I
5973:Darius I
5947:Cyrus II
5748:Bel-ibni
5284:Agum III
5181:Ea-gamil
5157:DIŠ+U-EN
5143:Ishkibal
5072:Apil-Sin
4883:Abulites
4837:Hyrcania
4755:Hydarnes
4731:Masistes
4672:Aryandes
4526:Evagoras
4448:Mausolus
4439:(satrap)
4360:Harpagus
4351:Kybernis
4319:Aridolis
4284:Gongylos
4130:Struthas
4070:Harpagus
3985:Xerxes I
3718:Astyages
3713:Cyaxares
3296:(1987).
3282:Anabasis
3259:30103238
3019:(1992).
2980:(2004).
2809:(2002).
2795:"Anāhīd"
2717:Archived
2585:, entry
2554:, p. 492
1592:See also
1558:Amestris
1553:Arsacids
1494:Ariaspes
1483:Stateira
1471:Stateira
1447:Berossus
1411:Plutarch
1393:Ezra 7:1
1389:Ezra 6:1
1348:, as in
1332:and the
1298:Ecbatana
1169:Ecbatana
1137:Chabrias
1102:Messenia
998:Pelusiac
986:xv. 42;
976:Pelusium
961:Chabrias
841:Plutarch
766:Anabasis
761:Xenophon
689:hoplites
682:Hyrcania
670:Hydarnes
666:Hydarnes
662:Stateira
639:Castolus
560:abiataka
527:Akkadian
476:). From
456:Plutarch
255:Religion
204:Ariaspes
176:Stateira
6841:Eumenes
6832:Theseus
6828:Romulus
6819:Pyrrhus
6792:Phocion
6702:Crassus
6613:Moralia
5961:Bardiya
5251:Agum II
5218:Gandash
5019:female)
4994:Dynasty
4897:Babylon
4893:Mazaeus
4887:Susiana
4867:Parthia
4853:Atizyes
4823:Belesys
4799:Arsames
4794:Mazaeus
4776:Cilicia
4726:Dadarsi
4713:Bactria
4702:Mazaces
4697:Sabaces
4687:Arsames
4630:Armenia
4626:Satraps
4521:Abdemon
4458:Idrieus
4437:Adusius
4405:Dynasts
4395:Perikle
4377:Arbinas
4367:Kheriga
4356:Kuprlli
4347:Kheziga
4294:Prokles
4239:Datames
4227:Satraps
4217:Arsites
4150:Satraps
4080:Bagaeus
4075:Oroetus
4065:Mazares
4060:Tabalus
3975:Bardiya
3955:Cyrus I
3950:Teispes
3944:Arsames
3919:of the
3858:Italics
3792:Gaumata
3787:Smerdis
3767:Cyrus I
3762:Teispes
3756:Arsames
3698:Deioces
3388:(ed.).
3371:(ed.).
3344:(ed.).
3222:4435366
2988:(ed.).
2952:(ed.).
2939:(ed.).
2738:Sources
1539:Arsames
1499:Ochus (
1453:in his
1431:Ctesias
1423:Arsicas
1413:in his
1346:eunuchs
1313:Istakhr
1302:Babylon
1286:Anahita
1173:apadana
1090:hyparch
1040:Datames
1018:Datames
1006:Memphis
846:Toxotai
825:Thebans
725:Cilicia
655:*Karana
647:karanos
615:Ostanes
541:Ardašīr
516:Elamite
478:Arsaces
473:Persica
467:Arsaces
461:Arsakas
451:Arsikas
386:Datames
316:of the
312:), was
224:Dynasty
96:of the
6801:Pompey
6738:Fabius
6733:Brutus
6724:Cicero
6715:Antony
6706:Nicias
6320:Ubulna
5223:Agum I
5067:Sabium
4985:Period
4877:Persis
4736:Bessus
4605:Tennes
4578:Anysos
4554:Tabnit
4372:Kherei
4267:cities
4085:Otanes
3708:Madyes
3685:Median
3663:Median
3589:
3540:
3519:
3500:
3473:
3454:
3396:
3352:
3325:
3304:
3265:
3257:
3249:
3220:
3212:
3189:
3168:
3149:
3128:
3107:
3088:
3067:
3048:
3027:
3005:
2966:
2920:
2899:
2878:
2857:
2838:
2819:
2782:
2760:
2568:
2550:
2530:
2423:
2393:
2360:
2326:
2284:
2254:
2208:
2166:
2136:
2094:
2067:
2042:
2015:
1988:
1516:Atossa
1488:Darius
1427:Deinon
1419:Oarses
1323:Legacy
1290:Mithra
1171:a new
1141:Tachos
1121:Thebes
1098:Delphi
972:Mendes
906:Aeolis
833:darics
827:, and
787:psiloi
721:Sparta
643:Sardis
629:, and
607:Lucian
552:Μνήμων
392:, and
367:Cyprus
352:Cunaxa
348:Ionian
344:Lydian
245:Mother
235:Father
199:Darius
172:Spouse
160:Burial
6929:Lives
6814:Solon
6760:Sulla
6751:Cimon
6684:Galba
6644:Lives
6598:Works
6300:Rinnu
4833:Ochus
4827:Syria
4747:Media
4664:Egypt
4591:Baana
4409:Caria
4340:Lycia
4052:Lydia
3669:kings
3591:Died:
3579:Born:
3384:. In
3367:. In
3340:. In
3263:S2CID
3255:JSTOR
3218:JSTOR
2984:. In
2935:. In
2587:Dinon
1564:Apama
1465:Issue
1415:Lives
1070:Daric
1048:Egypt
902:Ionia
866:Conon
706:Reign
623:Lydia
611:Dinon
512:truth
504:Greek
444:Aršak
438:*Ṛšā-
422:Ἄρσης
417:Greek
365:) in
304:Greek
276:Ἄρσης
271:Greek
267:Arses
183:Issue
139:Arses
104:Reign
6874:and
6865:and
6852:and
6846:Agis
6839:and
6830:and
6821:and
6812:and
6803:and
6794:and
6785:and
6776:and
6767:and
6765:Numa
6758:and
6749:and
6740:and
6731:and
6729:Dion
6722:and
6713:and
6704:and
6695:and
6688:Otho
6682:and
6669:life
6662:and
6653:and
6128:XIII
5568:VIII
4912:and
4847:Aria
3665:and
3538:ISBN
3517:ISBN
3498:ISSN
3471:ISBN
3452:ISBN
3394:ISBN
3350:ISBN
3323:ISBN
3302:ISBN
3247:ISSN
3210:ISSN
3187:ISBN
3166:ISBN
3147:ISBN
3126:ISBN
3105:ISBN
3086:ISBN
3065:ISBN
3046:ISBN
3025:ISBN
3003:ISBN
2964:ISBN
2918:ISBN
2897:ISBN
2876:ISBN
2855:ISBN
2836:ISBN
2817:ISBN
2780:ISBN
2758:ISBN
2566:ISBN
2548:ISBN
2528:ISBN
2421:ISBN
2391:ISBN
2358:ISBN
2324:ISBN
2282:ISBN
2252:ISBN
2206:ISBN
2164:ISBN
2134:ISBN
2092:ISBN
2065:ISBN
2040:ISBN
2013:ISBN
1986:ISBN
1573:Ocha
1443:LBAT
1421:and
1385:6:10
1382:Ezra
1356:and
1307:The
1288:and
1282:Susa
1088:, a
1002:Nile
904:and
884:The
536:and
464:and
431:Aršu
346:and
152:Died
136:Born
80:The
6277:XIV
6087:XII
6052:(?)
5550:VII
5210:III
4628:of
4463:Ada
4407:of
4229:of
4152:of
3239:doi
2750:doi
2387:585
2320:584
1481:By
1311:in
1304:.
458:),
373:in
6946::
6856:/
6848:/
6686:/
6678:/
5938:XI
5688:IX
5522:VI
5426:IV
5117:II
4821:,
4817:,
3594:c.
3582:c.
3555:.
3494:60
3492:.
3488:.
3437:.
3424:.
3411:.
3284:.
3280:.
3261:.
3253:.
3245:.
3235:66
3233:.
3216:.
3206:22
3204:.
2962:.
2797:.
2756:.
2681:.
2488:^
2459:^
2443:.
2405:^
2389:.
2338:^
2322:.
2296:^
2266:^
2232:^
2190:^
2148:^
2106:^
1970:^
1953:.
1929:.
1882:^
1807:^
1773:^
1732:^
1717:^
1702:^
1461:.
1409:.
1268:r.
1195:.
990:,
936:.
912:.
860:,
823:,
793:,
684:.
653::
625:,
558::
554:;
550::
543:.
532:;
525:;
521:,
429::
425:;
407:.
396:.
388:,
375:c.
361:r.
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302:;
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281:c.
279:;
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6625:"
6622:"
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6582:e
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6568:v
5855:X
5494:V
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4889:)
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2100:.
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