769:"Officials approached him with a request to try something different to make it look better. He replied with a calm 'After the bell'... He occupied himself contentedly in last position for the first three of four laps. The lead man, Vogt, obviously meant to sacrifice himself for the others by setting a furious pace. The bell sounded, announcing the last lap, and still Zimmerman was apparently happy to follow in last position and seemed intent on staying there. But then, in the final turn, he emerged from the rear position like a rocket, passed the other three at a stupefying pace which gave them no chance to come back at him, and sailed on across the line 20 meters clear of the second man."
571:
403:
658:
639:
620:
590:
518:
499:
480:
340:
29:
551:
371:
743:"To tell the truth, our American in his city clothes barely gives any impression of being the superman that we were expecting. He is tall (1m80), not especially elegant in his little hat, phlegmatic and nonchalant, never making one step faster than another. Can this really be this superior man, the athlete who beats everyone? I can tell you that, so far as I'm concerned, my illusions vanished the moment I saw him."
751:"He puts out his hand much in the same fashion as a 'young person' who is dying of ennui. It is a sort of here-you-are-do-what-you-will-with-it-but-oh-let-it-be-soon kind of handshake... He has been compared to a farmer's boy by virtue of a knack he possesses of ambling along rather than walking erect, as becomes a militiaman crossing the barrackyard."
781:"Zimmerman's Australian tour had its highlights, but the strain of constant racing and travel was catching up with him. He promptly followed that tour by returning to Europe, where he couldn't live up to his reputation. Breyer speculated that Zimmerman didn't even try seriously. It was Zimmerman's ninth season and he may have been burned out."
700:, its badge of a winged foot on the chest. He disliked the weather but got on well with his British rivals. That summer he took the national mile, five-mile, 25-mile and 50-mile championships, all on the track. He was greeted as a hero on returning to the USA but he left behind him the bruised principles of the amateur NCU.
232:
on which he sat above a 55-inch wheel, a smaller wheel following. He abandoned that in 1891 for a Star bicycle, which had the larger wheel at the back and was propelled by pedals to be pushed up and down. A further novelty was that both pedals could be brought to the top of the pedaling stroke at the
205:
eighties or low nineties, on modern machines and tires, only rarely get below 13 sec. There is, unfortunately, no direct evidence of
Zimmerman's performances over the 220 yards, for the very simple reason that in those days it was not customary to mark off the 220 yards mark nor to take times from it.
274:
tracks – and we made a regular circuit, going from one town to another and riding practically every day. It was often the case that the riders, after spending several hours on a train, would be obliged to go immediately to the track where they were billed to appear and, without any warming up,
785:
Zimmerman rode without great success in Europe in 1896 but his charisma and following was such that, even no longer his former self, he was invited back to France for exhibition races until 1904. In 1902, he made a solo appearance at a meeting in Asbury Park, riding a mile behind motor-pace in 1:49
191:
Zimmerman won more than 1,000 races thanks to exceptional acceleration and the ability to pedal unusually fast. He was
American national champion in 1890, 1891 and 1892. In 1892 he won the British one-mile and five-mile championships. In 1893 he won the ICA world sprint and 10 km championships
773:
His fame led to acclaim throughout the world. In
Victoria, Australia, the governor's wife invited him to demonstrate cycling in the ballroom of the state palace. In Sydney, he drew a crowd of 27,000. In Adelaide, he was greeted by thousands, and he was toasted in champagne by the mayor and given a
760:
on the
Buffalo track. The race, the Grand Prix de Bordeaux matched him against a Scotsman called Vogt, known for his speed over 440 yards, André, who was a track favorite, and a former French champion called Hermet who, in the custom of the day, had also competed under a pseudonym, Dervil. (Riders
711:
and
Raleigh's advertising showed him riding its bicycles. The NCU assumed that Zimmerman had been paid, which offended the agreement it had made with the International Cycling Association that an amateur is "One who has never engaged in, nor assisted in, nor taught any athletic exercise for money,
195:
He turned professional in 1894 and won the sprint championship of France. His performances include a 100m flying start in 5.4 seconds, an average of 66.6 km/h. Claims that he could ride the last 200m of a sprint match in 12 seconds are less established. Bill Mills, who investigated the claims
809:
He died in
Atlanta, Georgia on October 22, 1936, aged 67. He had had a heart attack. Posters advertising his appearances are still auctioned. In 2003, a battered black-and-white Raleigh poster proclaiming his status as world champion – 'over 2,300 prizes during 1892' – sold for $ 800.
715:
The NCU banned
Zimmerman from Britain, but a weakness in the ICA appeared when the League of American Wheelmen and the associations of other countries took no notice: There was no insistence in the rules that all member countries had to recognize the decisions of others. Zimmerman instead went to
240:
His speed and pedaling speed earned him the nickname The Jersey
Skeeter. On a bike weighing 12 kg, on soft tires 38mm across, without toe-straps and on a gear of 17 x 7 (in today's half-inch pitch, the gear would be 34 x 14) he rode the last 200m of a race in Paris in 12 seconds. The cycling
689:
listed his winnings in 1892 as including 29 bicycles, several horses and carriages, half a dozen pianos, a house, land, furniture and "enough silver plates, medals and jewellery to stock a jewellery store." In 1893, he won 15 bicycles, 15 jewellery rings, 15 diamonds, 14 medals, two cups, seven
851:
Zimmerman would have had to be pedal almost twice as fast as a modern sprinter using a higher gear. The faster he pedaled, the more his feet would have lifted from the pedals. Riders in Mills' time strapped their feet to the pedals. In modern times, the rider's shoes clip to the pedal and are
204:
It seemed to be a commonly held opinion that he invariably covered the last 220 in 12 seconds flat, despite the fact that he rode a gear of 68 inches with 6½-inch cranks... and no toestraps! Now this, if true, would be a phenomenal performance, seeing that our moderns, with gears in the high
761:
frequently competed under names of their own fancy in early races. The first long-distance race, from Paris to Rouen in 1869, included a Peter the First, Johnson of
Brussels, several identified only by initials or a first name, and a British woman who called herself Miss America.)
252:"He was reputed to win 47 races in one week, which probably included heats, from the quarter-mile to 25 miles, and finished some seasons with 100 or more victories – feats comparable to the 267 strikeouts , or the four seasons with 30 or more victories by his contemporary
241:
mathematician, Dave Lefèvre, says that according to whether that was exactly 12 seconds or closer to 13, and depending on the precise size of the wheel (which could have been larger then), Zimmerman may have pedaled at 170 to 185 revolutions a minute. The cycling journalist
764:
Zimmerman won the first of three rounds so easily that officials asked him to make the next heats closer, to please the public. In
English, they said: "Arthur, show us the range of your talents and, if you can, show us something new." The writer Owen Mulholland said:
608:
603:
536:
468:
531:
735:
Zimmerman saw his chance and negotiated with a theater agent in Paris to ride in 25 meetings, most of them in the city. Zimmerman demanded to be paid in gold and made his sponsorship contract with Raleigh properly open.
755:
First impressions – "he looks as though he eats nothing but string", the French reporter said of his lean appearance – were soon dispelled. Zimmerman's first match was the meeting that preceded the finish of
684:
Zimmerman went further. In just one race, the Springfield College Diamond Jubilee mile in 1892, Zimmerman won two horses, a harness and a buckboard, total value $ 1,000 or more than twice the national annual wage.
1028:
It recognized Zimmerman as an amateur despite the likelihood that by modern standards he was a professional. It did not, however, recognise black people at all, deciding in 1894 that they could not be members.
305:
The winners received a gold medal and all participants a silver medal. The table shows what would have happened had gold, bronze and silver medals been awarded to the first three as is current practise.
288:(NCU) in England were the world's most prestigious and were considered the unofficial championships of the world. The NCU, which had a particularly strict definition of an amateur, proposed to create an
690:
studs, eight watches, a tract of land, six clocks, four scarf pins, nine pieces of silverware, two bronzes, two wagons and a piano. According to the French historian, Pierre Chany, he even won coffins.
218:, the son of a real estate broker known as T.A., and grew up in Freehold. There he excelled at county level in high jump, long jump and triple jump, competing for the military school he attended.
677:
The American champion George M. Hendee, from Springfield, Massachusetts, although an amateur, profited from the crowds and therefore the ticket sales he could bring to cycling tracks, or
302:
being held there. Zimmerman dominated them, although the distance from the center of world cycling in Europe limited the number of riders and Americans won two of the three gold medals.
270:"The racing in those days extended over a greater part of the country. Nearly every state and county fair had bicycle racing as an attraction. rode principally on dirt tracks –
463:
563:
712:
nor knowingly competed with or against a professional for a prize of any description... Or who is recognised as an amateur by the ruling body of his country."
1626:
724:
There had been, despite or because of the prizes and probable appearance money for amateurs, no real professional track racing in the United States outside
631:
510:
826:
1631:
806:
called in to remember old times. Zimmerman still received invitations to race but turned them down, saying when he was 48 that he had rheumatism.
728:. There were still no professional world championships. The position in the USA changed when a sports goods manufacturer and baseball enthusiast,
725:
1621:
1616:
582:
852:
strapped as well. Zimmerman had metal hooks - toeclips - into which to push his feet but little else to help him turn the pedals that fast.
1183:
739:
His arrival in the French capital was preceded by extensive newspaper coverage – and greeted with disillusion. One paper wrote:
298:
The first world championships were allocated to the United States, which organized them in Chicago to profit from crowds drawn to the
179:
riders and winner of the first world championship in 1893. His prizes as an amateur were a consideration in the establishment of the
1121:
Victor Breyer, French journalist and later a founder of the Union Cycliste Internationale and deputy organizer of the Tour de France
693:
He became one of the first riders to cash in on his fame, lending his name to Zimmy shoes, Zimmy toe-clips and Zimmy clothes.
707:
had recognized him as amateur. But things changed when Zimmerman returned to London in 1893. Now he had two bicycles from
284:
Cycling had become a widespread sport in the 19th century but there were no world championships. The championships of the
732:(1850–1915), hired Walter Sanger and two other riders to ride Spalding bicycles and to compete in Spalding shirts.
292:, open to national organizations whose views of amateurism were similar to its own, and to organize world championships.
1646:
289:
180:
1636:
1641:
299:
214:
Zimmerman, known as "Zimmy" or "Zim", was a lean, athletic-looking man who stood 5 ft 11 in. He was born in
1176:
830:
704:
650:
491:
234:
795:
1461:
1169:
1378:
799:
708:
237:
national half-mile championship, setting a world record of 29.5 seconds for the last 440 yards.
697:
556:
376:
285:
1037:
ICA, London, 1892: "Rules for the conduct of the amateur cycling championships of the world"
221:"I liked it so well that I jumped in the game with all the spirit that was in me," he said.
1611:
1606:
1298:
696:
In 1892, the British NCU invited him to ride in London, where he rode in the jersey of the
1497:
1258:
8:
1388:
1228:
262:
1303:
1544:
757:
215:
74:
1529:
1288:
777:
But the end was coming. Zimmerman was never the same after Australia. Peter Nye says:
1524:
681:. Crowds of 23,000 attended some races and Hendee could devote his life to cycling.
542:
253:
1446:
28:
1373:
1363:
1353:
1218:
1192:
176:
90:
1348:
1333:
1283:
1223:
1213:
729:
192:
in Chicago, Illinois. In the same year, he won 101 of the 110 races he disputed.
1313:
1554:
1549:
1534:
1476:
1456:
1451:
1393:
1338:
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1233:
225:
1600:
1414:
1368:
1358:
1328:
1308:
1268:
1248:
1243:
663:
644:
625:
595:
523:
504:
485:
408:
345:
703:
The British had been in no position to query Zimmerman's status because the
1539:
1471:
1466:
1409:
1383:
1323:
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1253:
1238:
242:
1581:
1441:
1343:
1318:
1293:
1273:
803:
233:
same time, which the makers claimed gave better acceleration. He won the
173:
716:
race in Ireland and France, and the next year, he turned professional.
266:
in 1912 what it had been like, racing as an amateur from 1887 to 1893:
678:
1161:
271:
924:
576:
229:
887:
885:
172:(June 11, 1869 – October 22, 1936) was one of the world's great
882:
934:
932:
1075:, 26 November 1894, quoting undated issue of British Sport
295:
Both proposals had a direct effect on Zimmerman's career.
929:
245:
says that at the least he would have ridden at 160rpm.
907:
905:
903:
901:
871:
869:
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1099:
American Bicycle Racing, Rodale Press, U.S.A. p. 16
898:
864:
747:The French were not alone. A British report said:
1598:
794:Zimmerman stopped racing in 1905 and retired to
1112:, 24 November 1895, quoting "a Melbourne paper"
1084:Mulholland, Owen, in Cullagh, James C. (1976),
802:. He ran a hotel and former colleagues such as
275:go out and ride. This happened day after day."
1177:
1627:Sportspeople from Point Pleasant, New Jersey
547:
367:
1184:
1170:
672:
27:
827:"Arthur-Augustus Zimmermann (Etats-Unis)"
399:
861:The Bicycle, UK, 25 August 1943, pp12-13
1632:UCI Track Cycling World Champions (men)
789:
1599:
719:
1165:
457:
454:
451:
448:
427:
279:
1622:Sportspeople from Camden, New Jersey
1617:American cycling road race champions
1191:
13:
1574:
1517:
100:5 ft 11 in (180 cm)
14:
1658:
1061:La Fabuleuse Histoire de Cyclisme
1017:La Fabuleuse Histoire de Cyclisme
940:La Fabuleuse Histoire de Cyclisme
290:International Cycling Association
224:He began cycle-racing at 17 on a
186:
181:International Cycling Association
656:
637:
618:
588:
569:
549:
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497:
478:
401:
369:
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1022:
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996:
983:
970:
957:
1143:New York Times, 23 August 1902
945:
918:
855:
845:
819:
248:The historian Peter Nye says:
1:
1088:, Rodale Press, U.S.A. p. 142
1006:, Rodale Press, U.S.A., p. 16
813:
209:
1097:McCullagh, James C. (1976),
1059:Cited Chany, Pierre (1988),
1002:McCullagh, James C. (1976),
993:, Rodale Press, U.S.A, p. 13
989:McCullagh, James C. (1976),
895:, Rodale Press, U.S.A. p. 13
891:McCullagh, James C. (1976),
786:to please local organizers.
300:World's Columbian Exposition
16:American cyclist (1869–1936)
7:
705:League of American Wheelmen
445:
235:League of American Wheelmen
10:
1663:
796:Point Pleasant, New Jersey
1567:
1510:
1490:
1482:Arthur Augustus Zimmerman
1434:
1427:
1402:
1206:
1199:
967:, John Murray, London, UK
398:
366:
336:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
313:
170:Arthur Augustus Zimmerman
163:
155:
150:
146:
138:
133:
125:
117:
109:
104:
96:
80:
68:
51:
47:Arthur Augustus Zimmerman
43:
38:
26:
21:Arthur Augustus Zimmerman
1647:Cyclists from New Jersey
954:, 30 November 1892, p856
196:for the British weekly,
1637:American track cyclists
1086:American Bicycle Racing
1004:American Bicycle Racing
991:American Bicycle Racing
893:American Bicycle Racing
673:The amateurism question
1642:American male cyclists
1015:Chany, Pierre (1988),
963:McGurn, James (1987),
938:Chany, Pierre (1988),
698:New York Athletic Club
286:National Cycling Union
142:New York Athletic Club
842:, retrieved June 2008
1156:, Norton, U.S.A. p99
1134:, Norton, U.S.A. p52
1050:, Norton, U.S.A. p48
980:, Norton, U.S.A. p47
915:, Norton, U.S.A. p44
879:, Norton, U.S.A. p43
790:Retirement and death
39:Personal information
33:Zimmerman circa 1895
1389:Rik Van Steenbergen
1229:Federico Bahamontes
1152:Nye, Peter (1988),
1130:Nye, Peter (1988),
1046:Nye, Peter (1988),
976:Nye, Peter (1988),
911:Nye, Peter (1988),
875:Nye, Peter (1988),
720:Professional career
310:
263:Newark Evening News
260:Zimmerman told The
23:
1545:Klaus-Peter Thaler
1110:The New York Times
1073:The New York Times
798:on the coast near
687:The New York Times
632:John Patrick Bliss
511:John Patrick Bliss
428:Totals (3 entries)
309:
280:World championship
216:Camden, New Jersey
75:Camden, New Jersey
19:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1563:
1562:
1525:Erik De Vlaeminck
1506:
1505:
1498:FĂ©licia Ballanger
1423:
1422:
1259:Eugène Christophe
670:
669:
666:
647:
628:
598:
579:
560:
543:Lawrence Meintjes
526:
507:
488:
444:
443:
254:Christy Mathewson
167:
166:
151:Professional team
1654:
1572:
1571:
1515:
1514:
1432:
1431:
1374:Georges Speicher
1364:Giuseppe Saronni
1354:Raymond Poulidor
1304:Ferdinand KĂĽbler
1219:Jacques Anquetil
1204:
1203:
1193:UCI Hall of Fame
1186:
1179:
1172:
1163:
1162:
1157:
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1144:
1141:
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1128:
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1029:
1026:
1020:
1013:
1007:
1000:
994:
987:
981:
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961:
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952:Scottish Cyclist
949:
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936:
927:
922:
916:
909:
896:
889:
880:
873:
862:
859:
853:
849:
843:
841:
839:
838:
829:. Archived from
823:
662:
660:
659:
654:
643:
641:
640:
635:
624:
622:
621:
616:
614:Arthur Zimmerman
611:
594:
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591:
586:
575:
573:
572:
567:
564:Charles Albrecht
559:
555:
553:
552:
546:
539:
522:
520:
519:
514:
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501:
500:
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484:
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474:Arthur Zimmerman
471:
446:
411:
407:
405:
404:
379:
375:
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372:
343:
342:
341:
311:
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228:, a traditional
105:Team information
91:Atlanta, Georgia
87:
84:October 22, 1936
31:
24:
22:
18:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1586:
1559:
1530:André Dufraisse
1502:
1486:
1472:Marshall Taylor
1462:Michel Rousseau
1419:
1398:
1349:Francesco Moser
1334:Freddy Maertens
1289:Miguel Induráin
1284:Bernard Hinault
1224:Moreno Argentin
1214:Vittorio Adorni
1195:
1190:
1160:
1154:Hearts of Lions
1151:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1132:Hearts of Lions
1129:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1096:
1092:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1063:, vol 1, p. 112
1058:
1054:
1048:Hearts of Lions
1045:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1019:, vol 1, p. 112
1014:
1010:
1001:
997:
988:
984:
978:Hearts of Lions
975:
971:
965:On Your Bicycle
962:
958:
950:
946:
942:, vol 1, p. 113
937:
930:
923:
919:
913:Hearts of Lions
910:
899:
890:
883:
877:Hearts of Lions
874:
865:
860:
856:
850:
846:
836:
834:
825:
824:
820:
816:
792:
730:Albert Spalding
722:
675:
657:
655:
653:
651:John S. Johnson
638:
636:
634:
619:
617:
615:
607:
606:
589:
587:
585:
570:
568:
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550:
548:
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535:
534:
517:
515:
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498:
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492:John S. Johnson
479:
477:
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467:
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402:
400:
370:
368:
339:
337:
282:
212:
189:
126:Rider type
89:
85:
73:
64:
34:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1660:
1650:
1649:
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1639:
1634:
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1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1592:
1591:
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1587:
1585:
1584:
1578:
1576:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1555:Albert Zweifel
1552:
1550:Rolf Wolfshohl
1547:
1542:
1537:
1535:Roland Liboton
1532:
1527:
1521:
1519:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1477:Arie van Vliet
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1457:Daniel Morelon
1454:
1452:Antonio Maspes
1449:
1447:Michael HĂĽbner
1444:
1438:
1436:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1394:Joop Zoetemelk
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1339:Fiorenzo Magni
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1279:Felice Gimondi
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1234:Ercole Baldini
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1210:
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1201:
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1021:
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969:
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917:
897:
881:
863:
854:
844:
817:
815:
812:
791:
788:
783:
782:
771:
770:
758:Bordeaux–Paris
753:
752:
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718:
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648:
629:
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1540:Renato Longo
1481:
1467:Jef Scherens
1410:Maria Canins
1384:Rik Van Looy
1324:Lucien Lesna
1314:André Leducq
1264:Fausto Coppi
1254:Gianni Bugno
1239:Gino Bartali
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835:. Retrieved
831:the original
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604:10 km Sprint
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243:Pierre Chany
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134:Amateur team
86:(1936-10-22)
1612:1936 deaths
1607:1869 births
1582:Ned Overend
1511:Cyclo-cross
1442:Urs Freuler
1344:Eddy Merckx
1319:Greg LeMond
1294:Jan Janssen
1274:Charly Gaul
804:Alf Goullet
800:Asbury Park
583:B. Ulbricht
198:The Bicycle
1601:Categories
1299:Sean Kelly
837:2008-06-11
814:References
679:velodromes
210:Early life
110:Discipline
557:Transvaal
377:Transvaal
200:, wrote:
156:1894–1896
272:trotting
129:Sprinter
52:Nickname
709:Raleigh
609:details
577:Germany
537:details
532:Stayers
469:details
458:Bronze
455:Silver
409:Germany
230:bicycle
183:(ICA).
174:cycling
159:Raleigh
58:"Zimmy"
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464:Sprint
449:Event
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326:Bronze
323:Silver
317:Nation
177:sprint
97:Height
1491:Women
1428:Track
1403:Women
925:2006
452:Gold
329:Total
121:Rider
113:Track
61:"Zim"
1200:Road
320:Gold
314:Rank
139:1983
118:Role
81:Died
69:Born
1575:Men
1518:Men
1435:Men
1207:Men
1603::
931:^
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353:2
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334:1
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
