116:”) to show that mice with different sex chromosomes (XX vs. XY) have large sex differences caused by sex chromosomes, not by gonadal hormones; the sex chromosomes affect models of diverse diseases (autoimmune, metabolic, cardiovascular, cancer, neural and behavioral). Arnold’s research shifted the concepts for understanding the biological differences between the sexes, and contributed to the rationale for the US National Institutes of Health to increase focus on sex differences in preclinical research. It also led to the discovery of specific X and Y genes that cause sex differences in mouse models of disease, therefore increasing understanding of sex-biasing functions of genes on the mammalian X and Y chromosome.
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of the brain, including in humans. The report inspired the discovery of numerous other structural sex differences in the brains of other vertebrate species such as humans and other mammals. The identification of groups of cells that differed, in specific brain regions of males and females, moved the study of sexual differentiation to the cellular and molecular level, ultimately enabling the discovery of the molecular mechanisms of sexual differentiation in the brain. Arnold and co-workers uncovered hormonal control of cellular mechanisms (cell death, dendritic growth, cell growth, synapse elimination) that cause differential nervous system development in males and females.
20:
46:(UCLA). His research has included the discovery of large structural sex differences in the central nervous system, and he studies of how gonadal hormones and sex chromosome genes cause sex differences in numerous tissues. His research program has suggested revisions to concepts of mammalian sexual differentiation and forms a foundation for understanding sex difference in disease. Arnold was born in
102:
and Arnold reported the first example of large morphological sex differences in the brain of any vertebrate, in the neural circuit controlling singing in passerine birds. The report triggered a reevaluation of the magnitude and significance of biological sex differences in the structure and function
81:
and
Hiroshi Asanuma. Since 1976 he has been on the faculty at UCLA, serving as Associate Director of the UCLA Brain Research Institute (1989-2001), Chair of the Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology (2001-2009), and Director of the UCLA Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology of the Brain
106:
Arnold's study of a gynandromorphic (half genetic male, half genetic female) zebra finch suggested that not all sex differences in brain and behavior are caused by gonadal hormones, as had been believed. The two sides of the
111:
brain differed in the degree of masculinity of the neural song circuit, implying that sex chromosomes operated within brain cells to contribute to sex differences. Arnold and collaborators used several mouse models (e.g,
382:
Itoh, Yuichiro; Melamed, Esther; Yang, Xia; Kampf, Kathy; Wang, Susanna; Yehya, Nadir; Van Nas, Atila; Replogle, Kirstin; Band, Mark R; Clayton, David F; Schadt, Eric E; Lusis, Aldons J; Arnold, Arthur P (2007).
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Research
Institute (2001-2017). Arnold was the inaugural President of the Society for Behavior Neuroendocrinoloogy (1997-1999). Arnold co-founded the Organization for the Study of Sex Differences (OSSD, 2006,
1148:
1048:
759:
Gorski, Roger A. (June 1985). "The 13th J. A. F. Stevenson
Memorial Lecture Sexual differentiation of the brain: possible mechanisms and implications".
329:
Agate, Robert J.; Grisham, William; Wade, Juli; Mann, Suzanne; Wingfield, John; Schanen, Carolyn; Palotie, Aarno; Arnold, Arthur P. (15 April 2003).
212:
Breedlove, S. Marc; Arnold, Arthur P. (31 October 1980). "Hormone
Accumulation in a Sexually Dimorphic Motor Nucleus of the Rat Spinal Cord".
955:
Schlinger, Barney A.; Carruth, Laura; de Vries, Geert J.; Xu, Jun (June 2011). "State-of-the art (Arnold) behavioral neuroendocrinology".
698:
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164:
Arthur Arnold
Innovator Lecture established in 2019 by the Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology of the UCLA Brain Research Institute.
43:
249:
Nottebohm, Fernando; Arnold, Arthur P. (8 October 1976). "Sexual
Dimorphism in Vocal Control Areas of the Songbird Brain".
175:
Nottebohm, Fernando; Arnold, Arthur P. (8 October 1976). "Sexual
Dimorphism in Vocal Control Areas of the Songbird Brain".
794:
Breedlove , SM (1992). "Sexual
Differentiation of the Brain and Behavior". In Becker, JB; Breedlove, SM; Crews, D (eds.).
61:
Arnold received an A.B. degree in
Psychology from Grinnell College (1967) and Ph.D. in Neurobiology and Behavior from
113:
716:
Harding, C (2004). "Learning from Bird Brains: How the Study of
Songbird Brains Revolutionized Neuroscience".
1118:
30:(born March 16, 1946) is an American biologist who specializes in sex differences in physiology and disease,
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87:
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Daniel S. Lehrman Lifetime Achievement Award from Society for Behavioral Neuroendocrinology, 2010,
811:"The spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus: Firsts in androgen-dependent neural sex differences"
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Arthur Arnold Lecture established in 2018 by Organization for the Study of Sex Differences
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Arnold has mentored 13 Ph.D. students, 24 postdoctoral fellows, and 6 M.S. students.
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331:"Neural, not gonadal, origin of brain sex differences in a gynandromorphic finch"
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42:. He is Distinguished Professor of Integrative Biology & Physiology at the
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516:"Four Core Genotypes and XY* mouse models: Update on impact on SABV research"
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Inaugural President, Society for Behavioral Neuroendocrinology, 1997-1999,
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1049:"Genes that escape silencing on the second X chromosome may drive disease"
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729:
621:
Schlinger BA (2022). "Arthur P. Arnold". In Nelson, RJ; Weil, ZM (eds.).
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860:"Split-Sex Animals Are Unusual, Yes, but Not as Rare as You'd Think"
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86:) and was Founding Editor-in-Chief of the OSSD’s official journal,
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39:
31:
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Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1998
385:"Dosage compensation is less effective in birds than in mammals"
155:
Robert Goy Lecture, University of Wisconsin Primate Center, 2016
636:
Mackel, R; Pavlides, C (2000). "Hiroshi Asanuma (1926-2000)".
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Ainsworth, Claire (October 2017). "Sex and the single cell".
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Frank Beach Lecture, University of California, Berkeley, 1988
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1000:"Policy: NIH to balance sex in cell and animal studies"
699:"Brains May Differ In Women And Men; Brain Differences"
430:"The end of gonad-centric sex determination in mammals"
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Ainsworth, Claire (1 February 2015). "Sex redefined".
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Biographical History of Behavioral Neuroendocrinology
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Clayton, Janine A.; Collins, Francis S. (May 2014).
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328:
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McCarthy, Margaret M; Arnold, Arthur P (June 2011).
663:"Cover story: The sexes: how they differ and why".
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Magoun Lecture, UCLA Brain Research Institute, 2003
145:https://sbn.org/awards/daniel-s-lehrman-award.aspx
809:Sengelaub, Dale R.; Forger, Nancy G. (May 2008).
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158:Charles Sawyer Distinguished Lecture, UCLA, 2019
1068:"X chromosome agents of sexual differentiation"
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761:Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
559:"X chromosome agents of sexual differentiation"
335:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
288:"Reframing sexual differentiation of the brain"
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131:Fellow, John Simon Guggenheim Foundation, 1998
1149:University of California, Los Angeles faculty
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473:"A general theory of sexual differentiation"
798:. Cambridge MA: MIT Press. pp. 39–68.
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139:https://sbn.org/about/presidents.aspx
44:University of California, Los Angeles
1066:Arnold, Arthur P. (September 2022).
697:Schmeck, Harold M. (25 March 1980).
557:Arnold, Arthur P. (September 2022).
471:Arnold, Arthur P. (2 January 2017).
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514:Arnold, Arthur P. (December 2020).
428:Arnold, Arthur P. (February 2012).
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65:(1974), where he was mentored by
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1084:10.1038/s41574-022-00697-0
1047:Dance, A (March 4, 2020).
575:10.1038/s41574-022-00697-0
88:Biology of Sex Differences
63:The Rockefeller University
446:10.1016/j.tig.2011.10.004
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796:Behavioral Endocrinology
1124:UCLA Arnold Lab webpage
680:Journal of NIH Research
356:10.1073/pnas.0636925100
234:10.1126/science.7423210
271:10.1126/science.959852
197:10.1126/science.959852
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957:Hormones and Behavior
815:Hormones and Behavior
686:: 28–33, 52–58. 1995.
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730:10.1038/laban0504-28
169:Notable Publications
128:Phi Beta Kappa, 1966
28:Arthur Palmer Arnold
23:Dr. Arthur P. Arnold
926:2015Natur.518..288A
678:"Landmark Papers".
347:2003PNAS..100.4873A
292:Nature Neuroscience
263:1976Sci...194..211N
226:1980Sci...210..564B
189:1976Sci...194..211N
114:Four Core Genotypes
864:The New York Times
703:The New York Times
625:. Springer Verlag.
434:Trends in Genetics
389:Journal of Biology
100:Fernando Nottebohm
67:Fernando Nottebohm
36:neuroendocrinology
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16:American biologist
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123:Awards and Honors
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601:References
98:In 1976,
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781:4041997
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